George Brown
饭店服务英语unit1-2 Reception
Leading-in
The Front Desk is the window and nerve center of a hotel where guests will be registered and assigned rooms, luggage handled, information provided and checkouts processed.
Step 2
Ask the guest whether he or she has a reservation with the hotel. a. Have you made a reservation, sir? b. Under whose name was it made? c. How did you make the reservation, by fax or telephone? d. Did you reconfirm the booking? e. Sorry, there isn’t any room available; would you like us to try another hotel for you, sir?
Words for This unit
tour leader [n.领队] Clerk [n.书记员；办事员] Schedule [n.时间表,时刻表] check-out time [n.结帐时间] morning call [n.叫醒电话] Notify [vt.通知,告知;报告] Deposit [n.定金] Extra [adj.额外的；外加的] hotel voucher/coupon [n.优惠券,礼券] Inconvenience [n.不方便] Cashier [n.出纳员] incidental charge [n.杂费] Extend [v.延长,扩大]
酒店英语视听说课件
请您写下来好吗? 请不要挂电话好吗?
请问您要订一间双人房吗? 请问您要喝茶还是咖啡? 请问您介意坐在这里吗?
4) 在提供建议协助､征求意见时,可使用Shall I ...? 或Would you like me to do ...?
Shall I make the reservation for you? Shall I draw you a map?
一间双人房要多少钱呢? 每天收费多少? 有优惠/折扣吗? 每天380元,送早餐｡
We can do a standard /deluxe double room for RMB350 per night.
我们有标准/豪华双人房,每天每间350元｡ We charge RMB600 for a deluxe twin per night. The price/rate for a minimum of 5 rooms is 20 percent off. 如果起订5间房,房价可以享受20%的优惠｡ I’m sorry, there is no discount. There’s a reduction for children. We have already cut the price very fine.
请问要我为您安排预约吗? 请问要我为您画一张地图吗?
Role-playing
• Each group should make a reservation. Every member should be clear the role you are going to play. Try your best to use some correct and effective sentences.
对不起,我们现在没有空房｡ 很抱歉,所有的客房都已经订满了｡
George Gordon Byron乔治-拜伦简介
George Gordon Byron乔治·拜伦简介1788-1824 Hours of Idliness懒散的时刻;English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage,Cantos I and II,Canto III 1818恰罗德·哈罗德游记;Ode to the Framers of the Frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;Oriental Tales东方叙事诗(The Bride of Abydos阿比道斯的新娘;The Corsa海盗;The Siege of Corinth柯林斯之围);Manfred曼弗雷德;The Age of Bronze青铜世纪;Don Juan 唐·璜名诗：She Walks in Beauty;The Isles of GreeceIntroductionbyname Lord Byronborn January 22, 1788, London, Englanddied April 19, 1824, Missolonghi, GreeceBritish Romantic poet and satirist whose poetry and personality captured the imagination of Europe. Renowned as the “gloomy egoist” of his autobiographical poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–18) in the 19th century, he is now more generally esteemed for the satiric realism of Don Juan (1819–24).Life and careerByron was the son of the handsome and profligate Captain John “Mad Jack” Byron and his second wife, Catherine Gordon, a Scots heiress. After her husband had squandered most of her fortune, Mrs. Byron took her infant son to Aberdeen, Scotland, where they lived in lodgings on a meagre income; the captain died in France in 1791. George Gordon Byron had been born with a clubfoot and early developed an extreme sensitivity to his lameness. In 1798, at age 10, he unexpectedly inherited the title and estates of his great-uncle William, the 5th Baron Byron. His mother proudly took him to England, where the boy fell in love with the ghostly halls and spacious ruins of Newstead Abbey, which had been presented to the Byrons by Henry VIII. After living at Newstead for a while, Byron was sent to school in London, and in 1801 he went to Harrow, one of England's most prestigious schools. In 1803 he fell in love with his distant cousin, Mary Chaworth, who was older and already engaged, and when she rejected him she becamethe symbol for Byron of idealized and unattainable love. He probably met Augusta Byron, his half sister from his father's first marriage, that same year.In 1805 Byron entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he piled up debts at an alarming rate and indulged in the conventional vices of undergraduates there. The signs of his incipient sexual ambivalence became more pronounced in what he later described as “a violent, though pure, love and passio n” for a young chorister, John Edleston. Despite Byron's strong attachment to boys, often idealized as in the case of Edleston, his attachment to women throughout his life is sufficient indication of the strength of his heterosexual drive. In 1806 Byron had his early poems privately printed in a volume entitled Fugitive Pieces, and that same year he formed at Trinity what was to be a close, lifelong friendship with John Cam Hobhouse, who stirred his interest in liberal Whiggism.Byron's first published volume of poetry, Hours of Idleness, appeared in 1807. A sarcastic critique of the book in The Edinburgh Review provoked his retaliation in 1809 with a couplet satire, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, in which he attacked the contemporary literary scene. This work gained him his first recognition.On reaching his majority in 1809, Byron took his seat in the House of Lords, and then embarked with Hobhouse on a grand tour. They sailed to Lisbon, crossed Spain, and proceeded by Gibraltar and Malta to Greece, where they ventured inland to Ioánnina and to Tepelene in Albania. In Greece Byron began Childe Harolde's Pilgrimage, which he continued in Athens. In March 1810 he sailed with Hobhouse for Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey), visited the site of Troy, and swam the Hellespont (present-day Dardanelles) in imitation of Leander. Byron's sojourn in Greece made a lasting impression on him. The Greeks' free and open frankness contrasted strongly with English reserve and hypocrisy and served to broaden his views of men and manners. He delighted in the sunshine and the moral tolerance of the people.Byron arrived back in London in July 1811, and his mother died before he could reach her at Newstead. In February 1812 he made his first speech in the House of Lords, a humanitarian plea opposing harsh Tory measures against riotous Nottingham weavers. At the beginning of March, the first two cantos of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage were published by John Murray, and Byron “woke to find himself famous.” The poem describes the travels and reflections of a young man who, disillusioned with a life of pleasure and revelry, looks for distraction in foreign lands. Besides furnishing a travelogue of Byron's own wanderings through the Mediterranean, thefirst two cantos express the melancholy and disillusionment felt by a generation weary of the wars of the post-Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras. In the poem Byron reflects upon the vanity of ambition, the transitory nature of pleasure, and the futility of the search for perfection in the course of a “pilgrimage” through Portugal, Spain, Albania, and Greece. In the wake of Childe Harold's enormous popularity, Byron was lionized in Whig society. The handsome poet was swept into a liaison with the passionate and eccentric Lady Caroline Lamb, and the scandal of an elopement was barely prevented by his friend Hobhouse. She was succeeded as his lover by Lady Oxford, who encouraged Byron's radicalism.During the summer of 1813, Byron apparently entered into intimate relations with his half sister Augusta, now married to Colonel George Leigh. He then carried on a flirtation with Lady Frances Webster as a diversion from this dangerous liaison. The agitations of these two love affairs and the sense of mingled guilt and exultation they aroused in Byron are reflected in the series of gloomy and remorseful Oriental verse tales he wrote at this time: The Giaour(1813); The Bride of Abydos(1813); The Corsair (1814), which sold 10,000 copies on the day of publication; and Lara (1814).Seeking to escape his love affairs in marriage, Byron proposed in September 1814 to Anne Isabella (Annabella) Milbanke. The marriage took place in January 1815, and Lady Byron gave birth to a daughter, Augusta Ada, in December 1815. From the start the marriage was doomed by the gulf between Byron and his unimaginative and humorless wife; and in January 1816 Annabella left Byron to live with her parents, amid swirling rumours centring on his relations with Augusta Leigh and his bisexuality. The couple obtained a legal separation. Wounded by the general moral indignation directed at him, Byron went abroad in April 1816, never to return to England.Byron sailed up the Rhine River into Switzerland and settled at Geneva, near Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Godwin, who had eloped, and Godwin's stepdaughter by a second marriage, Claire Clairmont, with whom Byron had begun an affair in England. In Geneva he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold (1816), which follows Harold from Belgium up the Rhine River to Switzerland. It memorably evokes the historical associations of each place Harold visits, giving pictures of the Battle of Waterloo (whose site Byron visited), of Napoleon and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and of the Swiss mountains and lakes, in verse that expresses both the most aspiring and most melancholy moods. A visit to the Bernese Oberland provided the scenery for the Faustian poetic drama Manfred (1817), whose protagonist reflects Byron's own brooding sense of guilt and the wider frustrationsof the Romantic spirit doomed by the refl ection that man is “half dust, half deity, alike unfit to sink or soar.”At the end of the summer the Shelley party left for England, where Claire gave birth to Byron's illegitimate daughter Allegra in January 1817. In October Byron and Hobhouse departed for Italy. They stopped in Venice, where Byron enjoyed the relaxed customs and morals of the Italians and carried on a love affair with Marianna Segati, his landlord's wife. In May he joined Hobhouse in Rome, gathering impressions that he recorded in a fourth canto of Childe Harold (1818). He also wrote Beppo, a poem in ottava rima that satirically contrasts Italian with English manners in the story of a Venetian menage-à-trois. Back in Venice, Margarita Cogni, a baker's wife, replaced Segati as his mistress, and his descriptions of the vagaries of this “gentle tigress” are among the most entertaining passages in his letters describing life in Italy. The sale of Newstead Abbey in the autumn of 1818 for £94,500 cleared Byron of his debts, which had risen to £34,000, and left him with a generous income.In the light, mock-heroic style of Beppo Byron found the form in which he would write his greatest poem, Don Juan, a satire in the form of a picaresque verse tale. The first two cantos of Don Juan were begun in 1818 and published in July 1819. Byron transformed the legendary libertine Don Juan into an unsophisticated, innocent young man who, though he delightedly succumbs to the beautiful women who pursue him, remains a rational norm against which to view the absurdities and irrationalities of the world. Upon being sent abroad by his mother from his native Sevilla (Seville), Juan survives a shipwreck en route and is cast up on a Greek island, whence he is sold into slavery in Constantinople. He escapes to the Russian army, participates gallantly in the Russians' siege of Ismail, and is sent to St. Petersburg, where he wins the favour of the empress Catherine the Great and is sent by her on a diplomatic mission to England. The poem's story, however, remains merely a peg on which Byron could hang a witty and satirical social commentary. His most consistent targets are, first, the hypocrisy and cant underlying various social and sexual conventions, and, second, the vain ambitions and pretenses of poets, lovers, generals, rulers, and humanity in general. Don Juan remains unfinished; Byron completed 16 cantos and had begun the 17th before his own illness and death. In Don Juan he was able to free himself from the excessive melancholy of Childe Harold and reveal other sides of his character and personality—his satiric wit and his unique view of the comic rather than the tragic discrepancy between reality and appearance.Shelley and other visitors in 1818 found Byron grown fat, with hair long and turning gray, looking older than his years, and sunk in sexual promiscuity. But a chance meeting with Countess Teresa Gamba Guiccioli,who was only 19 years old and married to a man nearly three times her age, reenergized Byron and changed the course of his life. Byron followed her to Ravenna, and she later accompanied him back to Venice. Byron returned to Ravenna in January 1820 as Teresa's cavalier servente(gentleman-in-waiting) and won the friendship of her father and brother, Counts Ruggero and Pietro Gamba, who initiated him into the secret society of the Carbonari and its revolutionary aims to free Italy from Austrian rule. In Ravenna Byron wrote The Prophecy of Dante; cantos III, IV, and V of Don Juan; the poetic dramas Marino Faliero, Sardanapalus, The Two Foscari, and Cain(all published in 1821); and a satire on the poet Robert Southey, The Vision of Judgment, which contains a devastating parody of that poet laureate's fulsome eulogy of King George III.Byron arrived in Pisa in November 1821, having followed Teresa and the Counts Gamba there after the latter had been expelled from Ravenna for taking part in an abortive uprising. He left his daughter Allegra, who had been sent to him by her mother, to be educated in a convent near Ravenna, where she died the following April. In Pisa Byron again became associated with Shelley, and in early summer of 1822 Byron went to Leghorn (Livorno), where he rented a villa not far from the sea. There in July the poet and essayist Leigh Hunt arrived from England to help Shelley and Byron edit a radical journal, The Liberal. Byron returned to Pisa and housed Hunt and his family in his villa. Despite the drowning of Shelley on July 8, the periodical went forward, and its first number contained The Vision of Judgment. At the end of September Byron moved to Genoa, where Teresa's family had found asylum.Byron's interest in the periodical gradually waned, but he continued to support Hunt and to give manuscripts to The Liberal. After a quarrel with his publisher, John Murray, Byron gave all his later work, including cantos VI to XVI of Don Juan (1823–24), to Leigh Hunt's brother John, publisher of The Liberal.By this time Byron was in search of new adventure. In April 1823 he agreed to act as agent of the London Committee, which had been formed to aid the Greeks in their struggle for independence from the Turks. In July 1823 Byron left Genoa for Cephalonia. He sent £4,000 of his own money to prepare the Greek fleet for sea service and then sailed for Missolonghi on December 29 to join Prince Aléxandros Mavrokordátos, leader of the forces in western Greece.Byron made efforts to unite the various Greek factions and took personal command of a brigade of Souliot soldiers, reputedly the bravest of the Greeks. But a serious illness in February 1824 weakened him, and in April he contracted the fever from which he died at Missolonghi on April 19.Deeply mourned, he became a symbol of disinterested patriotism and a Greek national hero. His body was brought back to England and, refused burial in Westminster Abbey, was placed in the family vault near Newstead. Ironically, 145 years after his death, a memorial to Byron was finally placed on the floor of the Abbey.AssessmentLord Byron's writings are more patently autobiographic than even those of his fellow self-revealing Romantics. Upon close examination, however, the paradox of his complex character can be resolved into understandable elements. Byron early became aware of reality's imperfections, but the skepticism and cynicism bred of his disillusionment coexisted with a lifelong propensity to seek ideal perfection in all of life's experiences. Consequently, he alternated between deep-seated melancholy and humorous mockery in his reaction to the disparity between real life and his unattainable ideals. The melancholy of Childe Harold and the satiric realism of Don Juan are thus two sides of the same coin: the former runs the gamut of the moods of Romantic despair in reaction to life's imperfections, while the latter exhibits the humorous irony attending the unmasking of the hypocritical facade of reality.Byron was initially diverted from his satiric-realistic bent by the success of Childe Harold. He followed this up with the Oriental tales, which reflected the gloomy moods of self-analysis and disenchantment of his years of fame. In Manfred and the third and fourth cantos of Childe Harold he projected the brooding remorse and despair that followed the debacle of his ambitions and love affairs in England. But gradually the relaxed and freer life in Italy opened up again the satiric vein, and he found his forte in the mock-heroic style of Italian verse satire. The ottava rima form, which Byron used in Beppo and Don Juan, was easily adaptable to the digressive commentary, and its final couplet was ideally suited to the deflation of sentimental pretensions:Alas! for Juan and Haidée! they wereSo loving and so lovely—till then never,Excepting our first parents, such a pairHad run the risk of being damn'd for ever;And Haidée, being devout as well as fairHad, doubtless, heard about the Stygian river,And hell and purgatory—but forgotJust in the very crisis she should not.Byron's plays are not as highly regarded as his poetry. He provided Manfred, Cain, and the historical dramas with characters whose exalted rhetoric is replete with Byronic philosophy and self-confession, but these plays are truly successful only insofar as their protagonists reflect aspects of Byron's own personality.Byron was a superb letter writer, conversational, witty, and relaxed, and the 20th-century publication of many previously unknown letters has further enhanced his literary reputation. Whether dealing with love or poetry, he cuts through to the heart of the matter with admirable incisiveness, and his apt and amusing turns of phrase make even his business letters fascinating.Byron showed only that facet of his many-sided nature that was most congenial to each of his friends. To Hobhouse he was the facetious companion, humorous, cynical, and realistic, while to Edleston, and to most women, he could be tender, melancholy, and idealistic. But this weakness was also Byron's strength. His chameleon-like character was engendered not by hypocrisy but by sympathy and adaptability, for the side he showed was a real if only partial revelation of his true self. And this mobility of character permitted him to savour and to record the mood and thought of the moment with a sensitivity denied to those tied to the conventions of consistency.Lawrence A. Mamiya Ed.Additional ReadingThe standard edition of Byron's poems is The Complete Poetical Works,ed. by Jerome J. McGann, 7 vol. (1980–93), with valuable information on the poems and their composition. Byron's Letters and Journals,ed. by Leslie A. Marchand, 12 vol. (1973–81), contains many newly discovered letters.A generous sampling is given in Lord Byron: Selected Letters and Journals, ed. by Leslie A. Marchand (1982). A standard modern biography is Leslie A. Marchand, Byron, 3 vol. (1957), which is abridged and updated in his Byron: A Portrait (1970, reissued 1993). More recent biographical discoveries are in Doris Langley Moore, Lord Byron: Accounts Rendered (1974); and Malcolm Elwin, Lord Byron's Wife(1962, reissued 1974). Works of criticism include M.K. Joseph, Byron: The Poet (1964); Leslie A. Marchand, Byron's Poetry: A Critical Introduction (1965); Robert F. Gleckner, Byron and the Ruins of Paradise(1967, reprinted 1980); Edward E. Bostetter (ed.), Twentieth Century Interpretations of Don Juan(1969); Jerome J. McGann, Don Juan in Context(1976); and Peter J. Manning, Byronand His Fictions (1978). Andrew Rutherford (compiler), Byron: The Critical Heritage(1970), collects 19th-century critiques; while Robert F. Gleckner (ed.), Critical Essays on Lord Byron(1991), contains studies from 1960 on.。
George_Bernard_Shaw3(1)
3.play
Shaw began working on his first play destined for production, Widowers' Houses, in 1885 in collaboration with critic William Archer, who supplied the structure. Years later, Shaw tried again and, in 1892, completed the play Widowers' Houses without collaboration., Widowers' Houses, a scathing attack on slumlords, was first performed at London's Royalty Theatre on 9 December 1892. As Shaw's experience and popularity increased, his plays and prefaces became more voluble about reforms he advocated, without diminishing their success as entertainments. Such works, including Caesar and Cleopatra (1898), Man and Superman (1903), Major Barbara (1905) and The Doctor's Dilemma (1906), display Shaw's matured views, for he was approaching 50 when he wrote them.
低维拓扑简介
考研论坛»数学»低维拓扑knight51发表于2005-7-28 08:34低维拓扑<P>下面说说低维拓扑的内容：低维拓扑是微分拓扑的一部分，主要研究3，4维流形与纽结理论。
又叫几何拓扑。
主要以代数拓扑与微分拓扑为工具。
它与微分几何和动力系统关系密切。
国外搞这个方向的也几乎都搞微分几何和动力系统。
我国这个方向北大最牛，美国是伯克利和普林斯顿最牛。
比起代数几何来，它比较好入门。
初学者只需要代数拓扑，微分拓扑，黎曼几何的知识就行了。
美国这方面比较牛，几乎每个搞基础数学研究的都会低维拓扑。
</P><DIV class=postcolor>纠正一下上面的错误，美国也不是每个搞基础数的都精通低维拓扑，而是懂一些低维拓扑的知识。
如果入门后还想更加深入了解它，那还需要读一些双曲几何和拓扑动力系统的书。
</DIV><!-- THE POST --><!-- THE POST --><DIV class=postcolor>下面介绍一下这方面的牛人：Bill Thurston studied at New College, Sarasota, Florida. He received his B.S. from there in 1967 and moved to the University of California at Berkeley to undertake research under Morris Hirsch's and Stephen Smale's supervision. He was awarded his doctorate in 1972 for a thesis entitled Foliations of 3-manifolds which are circle bundles. This work showed the existence of compact leaves in foliations of 3-dimensional manifolds.After completing his Ph.D., Thurston spent the academic year 1972-73 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. Then, in 1973, he was appointed an assistant professor of mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1974 he was appointed professor of mathematics at Princeton University.Throughout this period Thurston worked on foliations. Lawson ([5]) sums up this work:-It is evident that Thurston's contributions to the field of foliations are of considerable depth. However, what sets them apart is their marvellous originality. This is also true of his subsequent work on Teichmüller space and the theory of 3-manifolds.In [8] Wall describes Thurston's contributions which led to him being awarded a Fields Medal in 1982. In fact the1982 Fields Medals were announced at a meeting of the General Assembly of the International Mathematical Union in Warsaw in early August 1982. They were not presented until the International Congress in Warsaw which could not be held in 1982 as scheduled and was delayed until the following year. Lectures on the work of Thurston which led to his receiving the Medal were made at the 1983 International Congress. Wall, giving that address, said:-Thurston has fantastic geometric insight and vision: his ideas have completely revolutionised the study of topology in 2 and 3 dimensions, and brought about a new and fruitful interplaybetween analysis, topology and geometry.Wall [8] goes on to describe Thurston's work in more detail:-The central new idea is that a very large class of closed 3-manifolds should carry a hyperbolic structure - be the quotient of hyperbolic space by a discrete group of isometries, or equivalently, carry a metric of constant negative curvature. Although this is a natural analogue of the situation for 2-manifolds, where such a result is given by Riemann's uniformisation theorem, it is much less plausible - even counter-intuitive - in the 3-dimensional situation.Kleinian groups, which are discrete isometry groups of hyperbolic 3-space, were first studied by Poincaré and a fundamental finiteness theorem was proved by Ahlfors. Thurston's work on Kleinian groups yielded many new results and established a well known conjecture. Sullivan describes this geometrical work in [6], giving the following summary:-Thurston's results are surprising and beautiful. The method is a new level of geometrical analysis - in the sense of powerful geometrical estimation on the one hand, and spatial visualisation and imagination on the other, which are truly remarkable.Thurston's work is summarised by Wall [8]:-Thurston's work has had an enormous influence on 3-dimensional topology. This area has a strong tradition of 'bare hands' techniques and relatively little interaction with other subjects. Direct arguments remain essential, but 3-dimensional topology has now firmly rejoined the main stream of mathematics.Thurston has received many honours in addition to the Fields Medal. He held a Alfred P Sloan Foundation Fellowship in 1974-75. In 1976 his work on foliations led to his being awarded the Oswald Veblen Geometry Prize of the American Mathematical Society. In 1979 he was awarded the Alan T Waterman Award, being the second mathematician to receive such an award (the first being Fefferman in 1976).</DIV><!-- THE POST -->第2个牛人：Michael Freedman entered the University of California at Berkeley in 1968 and continued his studies at Princeton University in 1969. He was awarded a doctorate by Princeton in 1973 for his doctoral dissertation entitled Codimension-Two Surgery. His thesis supervisor was William Browder.After graduating Freedman was appointed a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California at Berkeley. He held this post from 1973 until 1975 when he became a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. In 1976 he was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California at San Diego.Freedman was promoted to associate professor at San Diego in 1979. He spent the year 1980/81 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton returning to the University of California at San Diego where he was promoted to professor on 1982. He holds this post in addition to the Charles Lee Powell Chair of Mathematics which he was appointed to in 1985.Freedman was awarded a Fields Medal in 1986 for his work on the Poincaré conjecture. The Poincaré conjecture, one of the famous problems of 20th-century mathematics, asserts that a simply connected closed 3-dimensional manifold is a 3-dimensional sphere. The higher dimensional Poincaréconjecture claims that any closed n-manifold which is homotopy equivalent to the n-sphere must be the n-sphere. When n = 3 this is equivalent to the Poincaré conjecture. Smale proved the higher dimensional Poincaré conjecture in 1961 for n at least 5. Freedman proved the conjecture for n = 4 in 1982 but the original conjecture remains open.Milnor, describing Freedman's work which led to the award of a Fields Medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berkeley in 1986, said:-Michael Freedman has not only proved the Poincaré hypothesis for 4-dimensional topological manifolds, thus characterising the sphere S4, but has also given us classification theorems, easy to state and to use but difficult to prove, for much more general 4-manifolds. The simple nature of his results in the topological case must be contrasted with the extreme complications which are now known to occur in the study of differentiable and piecewise linear 4-manifolds. ... Freedman's 1982 proof of the 4-dimensional Poincaré hypothesis was an extraordinary tour de force. His methods were so sharp as to actually provide a complete classification of all compact simply connected topological 4-manifolds, yielding many previously unknown examples of such manifolds, and many previously unknown homeomorphisms between known manifolds.Freedman has received many honours for his work. He was California Scientist of the Year in 1984 and, in the same year, he was made a MacArthur Foundation Fellow and also was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1985 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Science. In addition to being awarded the Fields Medal in 1986, he also received the Veblen Prize from the American Mathematical Society in that year. The citation for the Veblen Prize reads (see [3]):-After the discovery in the early 60s of a proof for the Poincaré conjecture and other properties of simply connected manifolds of dimension greater than four, one of the biggest open problems, besides the three dimensional Poincaré conjecture, was the classification of closed simply connected four manifolds. In his paper, The topology of four-dimensional manifolds, published in the Journal of Differential Geometry (1982), Freedman solved this problem, and in particular, the four-dimensional Poincaré conjecture. The major innovation was the solution of the simply connected surgery problem by proving a homotopy theoretic condition suggested by Casson for embedding a 2-handle, i.e. a thickened disc in a four manifold with boundary.Besides these results about closed simply connected four manifolds, Freedman also proved:(a) Any four manifold properly equivalent to R4 is homeomorphic to R4; a related result holds for S3 R.(b) There is a nonsmoothable closed four manifold.© The four-dimensional Hauptvermutung is false; i.e. there are four manifolds with inequivalent combinatorial triangulations.Finally, we note that the results of the above mentioned paper, together with Donaldson's work, produced the startling example of an exotic smoothing of R4.In his reply Freedman thanked his teachers (who he said included his students) and also gave some fascinating views on mathematics [3]:-My primary interest in geometry is for the light it sheds on the topology of manifolds. Here it seems important to be open to the entire spectrum of geometry, from formal to concrete. By spectrum, I mean the variety of ways in which we can think about mathematical structures. At one extreme the intuition for problems arises almost entirely from mental pictures. At the other extreme the geometric burden is shifted to symbolic and algebraic thinking. Of course this extreme is only a middle ground from the viewpoint of algebra, which is prepared to go much further in the direction of formal operations and abandon geometric intuition altogether.In the same reply Freedman also talks about the influence mathematics can have on the world and the way that mathematicians should express their ideas:-In the nineteenth century there was a movement, of which Steiner was a principal exponent, to keep geometry pure and ward off the depredations of algebra. Today I think we feel that much of the power of mathematics comes from combining insights from seemingly distant branches of the discipline. Mathematics is not so much a collection of different subjects as a way of thinking. As such, it may be applied to any branch of knowledge. I want to applaud the efforts now being made by mathematicians to publish ideas on education, energy, economics, defence, and world peace. Experience inside mathematics shows that it isn't necessary to be an old hand in an area to make a contribution. Outside mathematics the situation is less clear, but I cannot help feeling that there, too, it is a mistake to leave important issues entirely to experts.In June 1987 Freedman was presented with the National Medal of Science at the White House by President Ronald Reagan. The following year he received the Humboldt Award and, in 1994, he received the Guggenheim Fellowship Award.<DIV class=postcolor>介绍第3个牛人：Simon Donaldson's secondary school education was at Sevenoaks School in Kent which he attended from 1970 to 1975. He then entered Pembroke College, Cambridge where he studied until 1980, receiving his B.A. in 1979. One of his tutors at Cambridge described him as a very good student but certainly not the top student in his year. Apparently he would always come to his tutorials carrying a violin case.In 1980 Donaldson began postgraduate work at Worcester College, Oxford, first under Nigel Hitchen's supervision and later under Atiyah's supervision. Atiyah writes in [2]:-In 1982, when he was a second-year graduate student, Simon Donaldson proved a result that stunned the mathematical world.This result was published by Donaldson in a paper Self-dual connections and the topology of smooth 4-manifolds which appeared in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society in 1983. Atiyah continues his description of Donaldson's work [2]:-Together with the important work of Michael Freedman ..., Donaldson's result implied that there are "exotic" 4-spaces, i.e. 4-dimensional differentiable manifolds which are topologically but not differentiably equivalent to the standard Euclidean 4-space R4. What makes this result so surprising is that n = 4 is the only value for which such exotic n-spaces exist. These exotic 4-spaces have the remarkable property that (unlike R4) they contain compact sets which cannot be contained inside any differentiably embedded 3-sphere !After being awarded his doctorate from Oxford in 1983, Donaldson was appointed a Junior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He spent the academic year 1983-84 at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, After returning to Oxford he was appointed Wallis Professor of Mathematics in 1985, a position he continues to hold.Donaldson has received many honours for his work. He received the Junior Whitehead Prize from the London Mathematical Society in 1985. In the following year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and, also in 1986, he received a Fields Medal at the International Congress at Berkeley. In 1991 Donaldson received the Sir William Hopkins Prize from the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Then, the following year, he received the Royal Medal from the Royal Society. He also received the Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1994:-... for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantons, in particular his discovery of new differential invariants ...Atiyah describes the contribution which led to Donaldson's award of a Fields Medal in [2]. He sums up Donaldson's contribution:-When Donaldson produced his first few results on 4-manifolds, the ideas were so new and foreign to geometers and topologists that they merely gazed in bewildered admiration.Slowly the message has gotten across and now Donaldson's ideas are beginning to be used by others in a variety of ways. ... Donaldson has opened up an entirely new area; unexpected and mysterious phenomena about the geometry of 4-dimensions have been discovered. Moreover the methods are new and extremely subtle, using difficult nonlinear partial differential equations. On the other hand, this theory is firmly in the mainstream of mathematics, having intimate links with the past, incorporating ideas from theoretical physics, and tying in beautifully with algebraic geometry.The article [3] is very interesting and provides both a collection of reminiscences by Donaldson on how he came to make his major discoveries while a graduate student at Oxford and also a survey of areas which he has worked on in recent years. Donaldson writes in [3] that nearly all his work has all come under the headings:-(1) Differential geometry of holomorphic vector bundles.(2) Applications of gauge theory to 4-manifold topology.and he relates his contribution to that of many others in the field.Donaldson's work in summed up by R Stern in [6]:-In 1982 Simon Donaldson began a rich geometrical journey that is leading us to an exciting conclusion to this century. He has created an entirely new and exciting area of research through which much of mathematics passes and which continues to yield mysterious and unexpected phenomena about the topology and geometry of smooth 4-manifolds</DIV><DIV class=postcolor>下面continue介绍第4个牛人：Robion Kirby。
George_Gordon_Byron_拜伦
1788-1824
George Gordon Byron
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron
.Lord George Gordon Byron (1788-1824) was as famous in his lifetime for his personality cult as for his poetry. .He created the concept of the 'Byronic hero' - a defiant, melancholy young man, brooding on some mysterious, unforgivable event in his past. .Byron's influence on European poetry, music, novel, opera, and painting has been immense. .He was the most renowned English-language poet of his day.
Education
Harrow and Cambrige 1798-1809
10-21
• In his second year at Cambridge, as a published author, he was accepted into a group of older, influential scholars, many of whom remained his closest friends for life. At Cambridge,also, he had become entranced by the beautiful face and angelic singing voice. • while a student, Byron published his first collection of poem , Hours of Idleness《悠闲的时光》(1807-19)，which were cruelly attacked. 悠闲的时光》 ， • Two years later(1809-21),in the form of a satire ,
加拿大多伦多乔治布朗学院(George Brown College)中文宣传册
学士学位学科 开放学科为金融服务、 款客业营运管理、 建筑科学与管理、 护理和幼儿教育。 学制四年。 教学内容融合 理论学习和校外实习或带薪实习。 大学学分转移 乔治布朗的大专文凭也是通往众多加拿大和海外大学继续学习的护照。 更多详情参见学分转移指南 http://transferguide.georgebrown.ca
申请程序
直接向学院国际中心申请
填写附后的国际学生申请表 下载申请表www.georgebrown.ca/ interntl/appl.pdf 递交申请表、65加元申请费及证明文 件*致学院国际中心 收到录取通知书 签署寄返随后收悉的学科选择确认表 并缴费 申请学习许可/签证 按时报到注册并通过学生信息网库 (StuView)选课 通过安大略省学院申请服务中心 (OCAS)申请 在下列地(网)址索取并填写OCAS申请表 @ www.ontariocolleges.ca @ 贵校升学指导办公室 递交申请表、85加元申请费及证明文 件*致安大略省学院申请服务中心 收到录取通知书 签署寄返随后收悉的学科选择确认表 并缴费 申请或核实您的学习许可/签证有效性 按时报到注册并通过学生信息网库 (StuView)选课 * 证明文件: 经公证和译成英文的高中和(或)其 它专上教育毕业文凭/成绩单 英语程度证明，如托福或雅思成绩 图形设计、时装设计、幼儿教育 等部分学科要求的代表作品和(或) 面试
机上考试213分 纸上考试550分 6.0分
第八级结业
第九级结业*
适用
不适用
*不适用于联办学士学位学科，如幼儿教育(C118)
有条件录取
申请者若未达到英语程度要求可望被有条件录取到大专、研究生证书或非联办学 士学位学科。该条件为成功完成乔治布朗强化英语课程第八级或第九级。
研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)课后翻译答案(单独整理的)
Lesson 11.就连乔·巴顿，对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员，都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。
2.显然，考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响，高管们真希望可以回到过去，多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。
他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。
3.埃克森公司瓦尔迪兹漏油事件发生后，在1990 年的一个法案很少引人注意的一项条款中，美国国会将钻机泄漏清理费用的责任上限定为7 500 万美元。
即使对旅游业、渔业等造成的经济损失高达数十亿美元，责任方也仅需要支付7 500 万美元。
4.不过，如果认为我们目前仍然低估的只是那些突然间引人注目的风险，那是非常愚蠢的。
Lesson21It is a cliché,as it is to talk of apocalypse and nightmare,but when something is beyond our experience,we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
2Lest you should ever forget the smallness of being human,the iconic Mount Fuji,instantly reco gnisable yet somehow different on every viewing,is an extinct volcano.唯恐你会忘记作为人类的渺小，标志性富士山，一眼即能认出但不知何故每次观看又呈现出不同景象，就是一座死火山。
3It surprised me,over the following months that the gas attack seemed to dominate the national media coverage,whereas Kobe,after the initial weeks of horrifying footage,slipped somewhat i nto the background.在随后的几个月里，让我吃惊的是毒气攻击似乎占据了国家媒体报道的主要内容，而阪神大地震经过了最初几周骇人听闻的电视报道后，已经退居次位了。
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乔治布朗学院
George Brown College
一、特点及优势
这是一个荣居加拿大最大最活跃城市之心脏地带的学院社会；这是一个拥有追求事业成长的高质量学科、悉心敬业的专家教师队伍、现代化的教学设施以及来自五湖四海的学生群体的高等学府；这就是乔治布朗- 多伦多城市学院，一个诞生于1967年、由政府资助和全面立案、整体规模名列全国前茅的公立学院。
乔治布朗开设一百五十多个学科，传授理论知识和应用技巧，每年吸引数万名来自加拿大和世界各地的学生前来求学。
您将处身在一个美好城市的心脏地带
乔治布朗- 多伦多城市学院地处市中心，地点优势在全国学院中独一无二。
加拿大最大最好的雇主群体尽在咫尺之遥。
在校学生得天独厚，充分享受这座城市带来的社会、娱乐和个性发展的健康体验；学院毗邻誉满全球的艺术馆、博物馆、音乐厅、戏剧院和体育中心；每一个独立校区公共交通便利，实习工作机会伸手可及。
您将在广泛的学科范围中选择学业
乔治布朗学院的一百五十多个学科授予专科证书、大专文凭、研究生证书或学士学位，其全日制学科范围领先全国同行。
学士学位教育继续扩展，目前开放在金融服务、款客业管理和建筑等领域。
所有学科的设置经过商询相关行业、产业和小区领袖而趋于完善，并保持不断更新以适从先进市场的不时之需。
教学内容巧妙地融合课堂理论和现场实践，促使学生掌握理论与实践的平衡，以致步入工作岗位的即刻便能学以致用，从而有效地满足具有前瞻思想的雇佣机构的需求。
学院还向母语非英语的学生提供英语为第二语言的全程培训，帮助他们全面掌握英语的口笔技能。
您将喜爱校园的多元文化环境
联合国推举多伦多为全球最多元文化城市。
身为多伦多城市学院，乔治布朗拥有文化背景各异的学生群体。
在课堂内外与来自世界各地的学友朝夕相处，这种多元文化经历将极大推动您明天的职业生涯。
您将使用先进的学习设施
乔治布朗学院坚信，学生在读期间必须练习和运用所学到的专业技能，因此为所有学科配置了仿真现代工作实景的培训设施。
譬如，微电子学的学生在拥有该行业最新最完整设备的教学中心接受教育；款客旅游中心配备加拿大最好最齐全的烹饪实验室；时装学的学生一直采用最新一代的计算器辅助设计和制造技术。
您将享受全方位的学生服务
以人为本，以学为优。
学院教职人员致力于帮助您适应新环境，提高英语语言能力，让您在校内外渡过愉快和有益的时光。
乔治布朗向每一位学生开放全方位服务，包括学业/ 个人/ 就业咨询、学习辅导、运动设施以及特别活动。
此外，针对国际学生初次接受加拿大教育的特殊需要，学院安排学业导向服务和其它专门活动。
在校国际学生也可以申请奖学金。
一百五十门传授理论知识和应用技巧的学科吸引了来自全国和世界各地的学生
二、学院科系简介
*每年略有调整，以学校网站上所示为准
学校的学科、专业设置
乔治布朗- 多伦多城市学院现有一百五十多个构筑事业成功基础的学科供您选择。
主要门类包括:
∙建筑技术
∙工商学
∙小区服务
∙烹饪艺术
∙幼儿教育
∙金融服务
∙普通文理
∙图形设计
∙健康科学
∙款客与旅游
∙信息技术机械工程
∙微电子学
∙护理学
∙表演艺术
三、费用
*每年略有调整，以学校网站上所示为准
费用( 加拿大元)
基本学费
强化英语课程( 每级别/ 八周) $2,014.00
大专文凭/ 证书/ 研究生证书( 一学年/ 两学期)
不含资料、书籍、学生证、校友会等额外费用
$9,375.00
学士学位( 一学年/ 两学期)
不含资料、书籍、学生证、校友会等额外费用
$12,000.00
带薪实习安置( 一学期) $400.00
服务
寄宿：
每日两餐( 早、晚)
每日三餐( 早、中、晚) $175.00/ 周$190.00/ 周
寄宿安置( 只付一次，不予退还) $100.00
机场迎接( 可选择项目，仅限寄宿申请者) $100.00
医疗保险( 全年) $642.00
其它
公共交通( 全年) $1,044.00
书籍文具( 全年，仅限专上学科) $800.00-$1,000.00
* 价格若遇变化，恕不另行通知。
学院退费政策可能适用。
准确详情敬请参阅学院网址。
四．强化英语课程(IEP)
九个级别--每级八个星期--八个全日制周--周一至周五共计24 小时，每天时间表不一。
（这种课时计划旨在方便您有独立时间去使用语言学习实验室，或参加对话小组，或接受课外辅导）
第六级结束后有意选择商务英语课程者将注册进入商务英语学习
第八级帮助您达到进入大专文凭、证书或研究生证书学科学习的语言程度。
完成该级别意味着乔治布朗学院承认您的英语程度等同于托福成绩550 分(机上考试成绩213 分)。
第九级辅佐您达到进入包含带薪实习内容的研究生证书学科或学士学位学科学习的语言程度。
完成该级别被视为您的英语程度相当于托福成绩580 分(机上考试成绩237 分)。
强化英语课程护送国际学生直升本院大专、研究生证书和学士学位学习，如有疑问请打电话，写信或发电子邮件到乔治布朗学院的国际学生中心。
五、申请条件
大专文凭/ 证书研究生证书学士学位
托福成绩550 分
( 机上考试 213 分 )
550 分
( 机上考试 213 分 )
580 分
( 机上考试 237
分 )
雅思成绩 6.0 分 6.0 分 6.5 分
乔治布朗强化英语课程第八级结业
第八级结业( 非带薪实习
科目 )
第九级结业( 带薪实习科
目 )
第九级结业
乔治布朗入学考
试 ( 仅限多伦
多举行 )
适用适用不适用。