考研英语：1995翻译真题精练精讲
考研英语：1995翻译真题精练精讲
一、全真试题
The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.
All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
（74）In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated cannot be well defined. Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
二、翻译题解
（71）The targetiswrong,forin attacking the tests, criticsdivertattention from the faultthatlies withill-informed or incompetent users.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词
The target is wrong, //for in attacking the tests, //critics divert attention from the fault //that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
解析：
（1）句子的主干为The target is wrong;后面跟了个for引导的状语从句。
（2）介词短语in attacking the tests作时间状语修饰divert，把for引导的状语从句分隔开了，调整下会有助于理解：for critics divert attention from the fault in attacking the tests
（3）the target指前文提到的the standardized educational or psychological tests 词的处理：
the target“目标”，根据上下文，翻译时应将其补充完整为“把标准化测试作为抨击的目标”
divert attention from“把注意力从…转移开来”，引申为“没有注意到”
lie with在于
技巧点拨：
（1）that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users是由that引导的定语从句，其先行词是the fault。根据定语从句的翻译方法，可以把这个定语从句组合到其先行词的后面。
（2）ill-informed“不甚了解的，认识不足的”，译文中将其转译为动词（反义词well-informed:熟悉的，见识广的，灵通的）。
（3）incompetent users字面意思“不适当的使用者”，根据句意进行词性转换，转译为动词“使用不当”，使译文更通顺。
完整译文：
把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
(72)Howwell the predictionswill be validatedby later performancedepends uponthe amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom withwhichitis interpreted.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：从属连词，过去分词，并列连词
How well the predictions will be validated by later performance //depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used //and on the skill and wisdom //with which it is interpreted.
解析：
（1）句子的主干为How well the predictions will be validated... depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information...and on the skill and wisdom...
（2）depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...，此处注意depend后可以加on或upon搭配，需要我们任何时候都要对介词搭配敏感，才不至于掉进专家设的陷阱，而遗漏on the skill and wisdom跟动词depend的关系。
（3）the information used中是过去分词used做定语修饰the information
（4）介词短语of the information修饰the amount, reliability, and appropriateness （5）代词it指代the information
（6）被动语态的翻译：be validated by为……所证实（借助于“为...所”表被动）；
is interpreted解释（译为主动）含有被动意义的过去分词used：the information used 所采用的信息（借助于“所”表被动）
词的处理：
predictions“预测，预言”，此处根据上下文可知predictions实指standardized tests，体现英语用词的避免太重复，对同一个事物，不断变换说法
be validated by为……所证实
depends upon取决于
reliability可靠性
appropriateness适应性
interpreted解释
技巧点拨：
（1）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance中含有一个被动结构。首先how well表程度，常常翻译为：“多么好，怎么样，在多大程度上”。由于表示程度的词在汉语中常常作状语，修饰动词，所以在组合的时候how well应该翻译到主语the predictions之后。Performance常常翻译为“表演”，但是根据词义选择的翻译技巧，联系上下文中的the predictions will be validated by later performance,应该翻译为“表现”。这样可以把整个主语部分直接翻译为“这些预测将在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实”。最后根据被动结构的翻译方法，可以用汉语的“为……所”来代替汉语的“被”字。
（2）with which it is interpreted是which引导的一个定语从句，其先行词是the skill and wisdom。在此代词it应该指代上文中的information,所以it is interpreted如果直接翻译的话，可以翻译为“这些信息被解释”。根据被动结构的翻译方法和定语从句的翻译方法，可以把此定语从句直接放到所修饰的词前面去翻译。
完整译文：
这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。
(73)Whetherto use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situationdepends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：从属连词，并列连词
Whether to use tests, //other kinds of information, //or both in a particular situation //depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience //concerning comparative validity//and upon such factors as cost and availability.
解析：
（1）句子的主干是Whether to use..., or both... depends upon the evidence... and upon... factors...
（2）(depend) upon ... and upon...为并列结构
（3）介词短语in a particular situation作状语，修饰use
（4）介词短语from experience和concerning comparative validity作定语，分别修饰evidence和experience
（5）such ... as...例如，诸如。介词短语as cost and availability作定语修饰factors
词的处理：
both指代前句的tests和other kinds of information
in a particular situation在某一特定情况下
therefore因此
the evidence from experience经验依据
concerning与……有关的
comparative validity相对效度
such factors as...诸如……等因素
availability可以直译为：可获取性；在汉语习惯中，跟“信息”等搭配的，可以是“信息”的“来源”
技巧点拨：
（1）whether引导的主语从句，无须调整语序。而whether...or...是常考结构，常翻译为“究竟是......还是......”。
（2）Depends , therefore, upon the evidence中，副词therefore是一个插入语结构，根据插入结构的翻译方法，可以把它整合到整个句子的最前面。
完整译文：
因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素
(74) In general, the testsworkmost effectivelywhenthe qualities to be measuredcan bemost preciselydefinedand least effectivelywhenwhatisto be measured or predictedcannot bewelldefined.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词，并列连词
In general, //the tests work most effectively //when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined //and least effectively //when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.
解析：
（1）主干是the tests work most effectively ...and least effectively ...
（2）连词when引导的是状语从句，意思是“当……的时候”，从句中都是被动结构。
词的处理：
in general一般地说，一般来说
work有效，奏效
work most effectively最为有效
be most precisely defined很精确界定
measured测定
技巧点拨：
（1）不定式的被动语态的翻译：the qualities to be measured“所要测定的特征”；to be measured or predicted所要测定或预测的...（翻译成汉语时，都是用汉语的词汇手段来表示被动，例如：所...的）
（2）本句在翻译的时候将一个主从复合句，适当调整成了两个独立的单句（即：the tests work most effectively when..., and the tests work least effectively when...），更符合汉语表达习惯。
完整译文：
一般说来，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
(75) For example, theydo not compensatefor gross social inequality,and thusdo not tellhowable an underprivileged youngstermight have beenhadhegrown upunder more favorable circumstances.
句子拆分：
拆分点参考：标点符号，介词短语，并列连词，从属连词
For example, //they do not compensate //for gross social inequality, //and thus do not tell //how able an underprivileged youngster might have been //had he grown up //under more favorable circumstances.
解析：
（1）主干结构they do not compensate for inequality, and... do not tell how...
（2）介词短语for gross social inequality和under more favorable circumstances 作状语，分别修饰compensate和grown up
（3）how able引导的tell的宾语从句，此宾语从句中how able是表语前置，可还原为... youngster might have been how able，但因为how是特殊疑问词，要置于句首。
（4）句子的最后一个意群是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances，其正常语序为If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances
词的处理：
they指示代词，测试
compensate for弥补
gross social inequality明显的社会不公
and thus因此
tell说明（熟词生义）
underprivileged贫困的、物质条件差的
favorable有利的，良好的（拓展: in favor of支持,有利于）
under more favorable circumstances在较好的环境下
技巧点拨：
（1）they做主语指代不清会导致译文既不通顺也不完整。回到原文，从上文中可以看出，前面两个没有划线句子的主语也是代词，所以代词they应该是指代这段话第一句中的主语the tests（这些测试）。
（2）以上解析中已把虚拟条件句还原，此条件句修饰how引导的宾语从句，翻译时需根据汉语语序将其调整到此宾语从句之前或其谓语动词之前。
完整译文：
例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
三、参考译文
标准化教育测试或心理同在广泛应用于协助选拔、委派或提拔学生、雇员和军事人员;这些测试一直是某些人近年来在书本、杂志、日报，甚至国会中进行抨击的目标。（71）把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到其弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。这些测试本身只是一种工具。它的各种特性可以在规定条件下用适当的精度来测定。测试的结果是在有价值的、无意义的、还是误导的，部分取决于这种工具本身，但主要取决于测试使用者。
所有对未来表现的有见识地的预测都是以在某种程度上了解有关过去的表现为基础的:学校学习成绩、研究效益、销售记录或任何符合需要的信息。（72）这些预测在多大程度上
为的后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何仔细记分的人都知道，所得到的信息总是不完全的，而且这些预测也总是会有错误的。
应该根据这种观点去考察标准化测试。标准化测试提供了快速、客观地得到某些信息的方法，这些信息是有关一个人所学到的知识、他所获得的技能，或者他是属于哪一类型的人。这样得到的信息，从性质上讲，与其它种类的信息一样具有优点或缺点。（73）因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
（74）一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效;而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。这些测试如能恰当使用，就能提供一种快速的方法来获得有关许多人的可比性信息。有时这些测试能鉴别出一些学生，他们很高的潜在能力过去一直没有被承认。但是也有很多事情这些测试是不能胜任的。（75）例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有考生2016考研有个好成绩。
凯程教育：
凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯；
凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里；
信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿；
使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构；
激情：永不言弃，乐观向上；
敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业；
服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作，为学员服务，为学员引路。
如何选择考研辅导班：
在考研准备的过程中，会遇到不少困难，尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说，通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足，可以大大提高复习效率，节省复习时间，大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班，或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。
师资力量：师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素，考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价，询问往届学长然后选择。判断师资力量关键在于综合实力，因为任何一门课程，都不是由一、两个教师包到底的，是一批教师配合的结果。还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。凯程考研名师云集，李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课，对知识点把握和命题方向，欠缺火候。
对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元，考取五道口15人，清华经管金融硕士10人，人大金融硕士15个，中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人，北师大教育学7人，会计硕士保录班考取30人，翻译硕士接近20人，中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。
建校历史：机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素，历史越久，积累的人脉资源更多。例如，凯程教育已经成立10年（2005年），一直以来专注于考研，成功率一直遥遥领先，同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。
有没有实体学校校区：有些机构比较小，就是一个在写字楼里上课，自习，这种环境是不太好的，一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境，大学校园这样环境。凯程有自己的学习校区，有吃住学一体化教学环境，独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全，这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。此外，最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。
94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇英汉对照
94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇（英汉对照） 46) articulate 清晰的表达， 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道；by one’s own account根据某人自己所说，let alone更别提， 48) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系， 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成； 13年 46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰， 47)sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所， 48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 49)blame批评， 50)implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的； 12年 46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致， generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见， 50) track跟踪； 11年 46) erroneous错误的，error错误， 47) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 49) circumstance环境， 50) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列； 10年 46) rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，
考研英语一翻译真题汇总
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population
历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总
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历年考研英语翻译词组汇总(免费下载)
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17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能；远非 19. head into走向；陷入（危机） 20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言 21. make…possible 使…成为可能 22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 1992年 25. refer to…提到；谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如 28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32. only if 只要 33. the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏
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