考研英语：1995翻译真题精练精讲
考研英语：1995翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试题The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting，classifying，assigning，or promoting students，employees，and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books，magazines，the daily press，and even in Congress.（71）The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools，with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable，meaningless，or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades，research productivity，sales records，or whatever is appropriate.（72）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned，the skills he has developed，or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has，qualitatively，the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information.（73）Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.（74）In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated cannot be well defined. Properly used，they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized，but there are many things they do not do.（75）For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.二、翻译题解（71）The targetiswrong,forin attacking the tests, criticsdivertattention from the faultthatlies withill-informed or incompetent users.句子拆分：拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词The target is wrong, //for in attacking the tests, //critics divert attention from the fault //that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.解析：（1）句子的主干为The target is wrong;后面跟了个for引导的状语从句。
（2）介词短语in attacking the tests作时间状语修饰divert，把for引导的状语从句分隔开了，调整下会有助于理解：for critics divert attention from the fault in attacking the tests（3）the target指前文提到的the standardized educational or psychological tests 词的处理：the target“目标”，根据上下文，翻译时应将其补充完整为“把标准化测试作为抨击的目标”divert attention from“把注意力从…转移开来”，引申为“没有注意到”lie with在于技巧点拨：（1）that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users是由that引导的定语从句，其先行词是the fault。
根据定语从句的翻译方法，可以把这个定语从句组合到其先行词的后面。
（2）ill-informed“不甚了解的，认识不足的”，译文中将其转译为动词（反义词well-informed:熟悉的，见识广的，灵通的）。
（3）incompetent users字面意思“不适当的使用者”，根据句意进行词性转换，转译为动词“使用不当”，使译文更通顺。
完整译文：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当。
(72)Howwell the predictionswill be validatedby later performancedepends uponthe amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom withwhichitis interpreted.句子拆分：拆分点参考：从属连词，过去分词，并列连词How well the predictions will be validated by later performance //depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used //and on the skill and wisdom //with which it is interpreted.解析：（1）句子的主干为How well the predictions will be validated... depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information...and on the skill and wisdom...（2）depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...，此处注意depend后可以加on或upon搭配，需要我们任何时候都要对介词搭配敏感，才不至于掉进专家设的陷阱，而遗漏on the skill and wisdom跟动词depend的关系。
（3）the information used中是过去分词used做定语修饰the information（4）介词短语of the information修饰the amount, reliability, and appropriateness （5）代词it指代the information（6）被动语态的翻译：be validated by为……所证实（借助于“为...所”表被动）；is interpreted解释（译为主动）含有被动意义的过去分词used：the information used 所采用的信息（借助于“所”表被动）词的处理：predictions“预测，预言”，此处根据上下文可知predictions实指standardized tests，体现英语用词的避免太重复，对同一个事物，不断变换说法be validated by为……所证实depends upon取决于reliability可靠性appropriateness适应性interpreted解释技巧点拨：（1）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance中含有一个被动结构。
1995年考研英语真题张剑
1995年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems —the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文
1995年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读理解试题译文Text 1花在广告上的钱和我所知花在任何别的方面的钱一样是值得的，它直接有利于商品以合理的价格快速地销售，从而建立起稳固的国内市场，并使得以有竞争力的价格提供出口成为可能。
通过向公众推出新思想，它极大地促进生活水准的提高。
通过帮助增加商品需求，它确保对劳动力的更大需求，因此成为对付失业的一项有效措施。
它降低了许多服务费用：没有广告，日报的价格将是现在的四倍，电视许可证价格会翻一番，乘汽车或地铁出行也将贵出20%。
也许最重要的是，广告对你所购买的产品和服务的合理价值提供了一种保障。
除了有27个国会法案来监控广告内容外，常做广告者也不敢促销与其广告上的许诺不相符的产品。
他也许会通过误导人的广告暂时愚弄一些人。
但他这样做长不了，因为所幸的是，公众很明智，不会再次购买劣质商品。
如果你看见一种商品不断地打广告，我认为这就是最可靠的证明，商品一定与其宣传名副其实，一定体现良好的价值。
广告对社会的物质利益所作的贡献比我能想到的任何其他力量都要大。
有一点我觉得应该在此提及。
最近我听到一位电视知名人士宣称，他反对广告，因为广告不重信息而重煽情。
他在此划了一条过于清晰的界线。
当然广告总是试图以情相劝。
如果广告内容仅局限于信息——这一点本身也难以做到，如果不是不可能的话，因为即使选择一件衬衫颜色这样的细节也多少隐含劝说之意——广告将变得味同嚼蜡、无人理会了。
但也许这就是那位电视名人所希望的结果。
Text 2看待成长有两种基本态度：一种视其为结果，一种视其为过程。
人们通常视个人成长为易被识别和衡量的一种外在结果或成果。
工人得到提升，学生成绩进步，外国人学会一门新语言——所有这些都是人们取得反映出其努力的可测量的成果之例证。
对比之下，测定个人成长的过程却要艰难得多。
因为从定义来看，它只是一个旅程，而不是沿途特定的路标或标志物。
过程并非道路本身，而是当遭遇新经历和意想不到的坎坷时人们所持的态度和情感，他们的谨慎或勇气。
1995年考研英语真题(张剑)
1995年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
1995年考研英语一真题及详解
1995年阅读理解真题及答案详解Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices， thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.By drawing attention to new ideas， it helps enormously to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand， it ensures an increased need for labour， and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much， the price of your television licence would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all，advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Apart from the fact that twenty seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising， no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long， for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once.If you see an article consistently advertised， it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it， and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was drawing excessively fine distinctions.Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve， for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well known television personality wants.51.By the first sentence of the passage the author means that .［A］ he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising［B］ everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming［C］ advertising costs money like everything else［D］ it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage， which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?［A］ Securing greater fame.［B］ Providing more jobs.［C］ Enhancing living standards.［D］ Reducing newspaper cost.53.The author deems that the well known TV personality is .［A］ very precise in passing his judgement on advertising［B］ interested in nothing but the buyers attention［C］ correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information［D］ obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author s opinion， .［A］ advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information［B］ advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over［C］ there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer［D］ the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement难句1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of.【语法分析】本句主干比较简单：Money is money。
1995年考研英语真题(张剑)
精心整理1995年试题与分析Section ⅠUse of EnglishSleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 1 kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is 2 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more 3 . The new experiments, such as these 4 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 5 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 6 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 7 _examinations of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now8 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 9 bacterial infections of the blood, 10 their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanisrn against disease—had crashed.1. [A] Either [B] Neither [C] Each [D] Any2. [A] intended [B] required [C] assumed [D] inferred3. [A] subtle [B] obvious [C] mysterious [D] doubtful4. [A] maintained [B] described [C] settled [D] afforded5. [A] in the light [B] by virtue [C] with the exception [D] for the purpose6. [A] reduction [B] destruction [C] deprivation [D] restriction7. [A] upon [B] by [C] through [D] with8. [A] paid attention to [B] caught sight of [C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on9. [A] develop [B] produce [C] stimulate [D] induce10. [A] if [B] as if [C] only if [D] if only一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
1995考研英语真题(英一二通用)答案+解析
A
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that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds ________ his argument in favor of the new theory. [A] which to base on [B] on which to base [C] to base on which [D] which to be based on
7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style ________ in a personal one. [A] rather than [B] other than [C] better than [D] less than
25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ________ free medical care. [A] entitled to [B] involved in [C] associated with [D] assigned to
[实用参考]1995年考研英语真题及解析
1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishSleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbPrapid ePemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep. 1 kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis 2 toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepi sevenmore 3 .TheneweGperiments,suchasthese 4 forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietPforSleepResearchinMinnea polis,suggestfascinatingeGplanations 5 ofnon-REMsleep.ForeGample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep 6 is100percentfataltorats,Pet, 7 _eGaminationsofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompletelPnormal.Arese archerhasnow8 themPsterPofwhPtheanimalsdie.Therats 9 bacterialinfectionsoftheblood, 10 theirimmunesPstems—theself-protectingmechanisrnagainstdisease—hadcrashed.1.[A]Either [B]Neither [C]Each [D]AnP2.[A]intended [B]required [C]assumed [D]inferred3.[A]subtle [B]obvious [C]mPsterious [D]doubtful4.[A]maintained [B]described [C]settled [D]afforded5.[A]inthelight [B]bPvirtue [C]withtheeGception[D]forthepurpose6.[A]reduction [B]destruction [C]deprivation [D]restriction7.[A]upon [B]bP [C]through [D]with8.[A]paidattentionto [B]caughtsightof [C]laidemphasison[D]castlighton9.[A]develop [B]produce [C]stimulate [D]induce10.[A]if [B]asif [C]onlPif [D]ifonlP一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。
考研英语1995-阅读真题_全文翻译
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除2010 Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published inthe daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now knownsolely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writingson music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。
1995年专八翻译讲解
• 有人把奥斯丁的作品比作越咀嚼越有味道的橄
榄。
1. Some people compare Austen’s work to an olive, the more you chew it, the more flavor you taste. 2. Some people compare Austen’s works to olives: the more you chew them, the more tasty they become. tips: a. flavor: taste of foods or drinks 味道 b. tasty: food have a fairly strong and pleasant flavor which makes it good to eat 味美 的
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1995年part5
Part FiveThat experiences influence subsequent behavior is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory , remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences .Practice （or review）tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example ,learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who （by ordinary standards）forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage （ input）and forgetting （output）. Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.17. From the evolutionary point of view,__.（A）forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive .（B）if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive（C）the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual' s adaptability（D）sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences18. According to the passage, if a person never forgot ,__.（A）he would survive best（B）he would have a lot of trouble（C）his ability to learn would be enhanced（D）the evolution of memory would stop19. From the last paragraph we know that__.（A）forgetfulness is a response to learning（B）the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system（C）memory is a compensation for forgetting（D）the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs20. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of__.（A）remembering （B）forgetting（C）adapting D）experiencingUnit 2（1995）Part5重点词汇：subsequent（随后的）←sub+sequ+ent，sub-在下，sequ（=follow）词根“跟随”，-ent形容词后缀。