西方文化 考核i
意大利文化考试题及答案
意大利文化考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 意大利的首都是哪个城市？A. 米兰B. 罗马C. 佛罗伦萨D. 威尼斯答案：B2. 意大利的官方语言是什么？A. 法语B. 德语C. 意大利语D. 西班牙语答案：C3. 以下哪位艺术家不是意大利人？A. 达芬奇B. 米开朗基罗C. 毕加索D. 拉斐尔答案：C4. 意大利著名的比萨斜塔位于哪个城市？A. 罗马B. 米兰C. 比萨D. 佛罗伦萨答案：C5. 以下哪部作品不是意大利作曲家普契尼的作品？A. 《蝴蝶夫人》B. 《图兰朵》C. 《卡门》D. 《托斯卡》答案：C6. 意大利的国花是什么？A. 玫瑰B. 郁金香C. 雏菊D. 紫罗兰答案：D7. 意大利的货币单位是什么？A. 欧元B. 英镑C. 美元D. 里拉答案：A8. 意大利的哪个地区以生产葡萄酒而闻名？A. 托斯卡纳B. 威尼斯C. 米兰D. 罗马答案：A9. 意大利的哪个节日与狂欢节有关？A. 圣周B. 圣诞节C. 复活节D. 威尼斯狂欢节答案：D10. 意大利的哪个城市以时尚和设计而闻名？A. 罗马B. 米兰C. 佛罗伦萨D. 威尼斯答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 意大利的国歌是________。
答案：《马梅利之歌》12. 意大利的著名画家卡拉瓦乔以其________风格的画作而闻名。
答案：现实主义13. 意大利的________是世界七大奇迹之一。
答案：罗马斗兽场14. 意大利的________是联合国教科文组织认定的世界文化遗产。
答案：威尼斯15. 意大利的________是欧洲最大的火山。
答案：维苏威火山16. 意大利的________是该国最著名的时装品牌之一。
答案：阿玛尼17. 意大利的________是该国最著名的汽车制造商之一。
答案：法拉利18. 意大利的________是该国最著名的足球俱乐部之一。
答案：尤文图斯19. 意大利的________是该国最著名的电影节之一。
西方文化期末考试题
西方文化期期末考试试题班级：姓名：分数：一、写出下面单词或短语的中文意思。
(20%)1. apology______2. company_______3. appreciate_______4. attendto_______5.somewhat_______6.neglect______7.favor_______8.awkward _______9.stay out of one’s way_______10.gratitude______rm____ 12.by all means______13.decline______14.drop in_____15.in a mess_____ 16.punctual______17.overnight______18.courtesy_______19.vacant______20.hesitation______二、判断题（20分)1.At the dinner table when you want some salt, you say “please pass me the salt” instead of stretching out your arms to reach for it.2. Americans say “excuse me”more often and on more occasions than the Chinese people.3.We say “sorry” when we need to pass in front of someone.4.”Thank you”means that you appreciate what someone has done for you very often, very small and most ordinary things.5.People in the West thank people all day long.6.Some Japanese students make excessive expressions of gratitude, which give Westerners the sense of empty thanks and insincerity.7.Over doing apology actually is a right behavior in the American8.Americans often plan social gatherings on short notice.9.If a friend has invited you to drop in by any time, it is best to call before visiting to make sure it is convenient for them.10.If you have accepted the invitation, you should get to the place at the fixed time, or 15 minutes after that.三、把下面句子翻译成中文（20分）1. If the guest is a lady, most men in the room will stand up when she comes in.2.On the street, men almost always walk or cross the street on the side of the ladies which is closer to the traffic.3.A man is introduced to a woman, unless he is much older and more senior. As a general rule, younger ones are introduced to elder ones.4.The ladies in the sitting room will not stand up whether the new comer is a man or a woman..5.It is considered bad manners in the West to leave one’s food on the plate.6.In the United States, it is impolite to keep asking someone again and again or press something on him.7.Americans are very direct. If they want something, they will ask for it. If not, they will say, “No, thanks.”8.Americans are taught that “Honesty is the policy.”9.When you go to the United States, you had better “do as the Romans do.”10.In America, public restrooms are located in gasoline stations, airports, and bus and railroad stations, restaurants, libraries, large stores, theaters.四、选择正确的单词填空。
西方文化问答题(1)
1.Summarize in your own words the contributions of the Greek culture to the modern western civilization. In what wayThe spirit of free inquiry, the theory and practice of democracy, the major forms of art and literature and philosophical thought, and the emphasis on individual freedom and individual responsibility---these are the splendid legacy of Greece to humanity.2.Greeks and Romans:cultural similarities and differencesThe Romans were ready to learn from other cultures, esp. Greek culture. To a large degree, it was the Romans who brought Greek culture to world attention.Similarities :Language,Greek and Latin work in a similar way, for they both belong to the Into-European family.political ideas,The citizen-assembly plays an important role in both political life.Artistic styles,The Romans recognized the richness of Greek art and architecture, and they sought to emulate the Greek masters -- and the Greek styles and themes -- in their own art. religious beliefs,As the Greeks, the Romans believed in many gods. Also for them a different god looked after a different part of life.Differences:Polis vs Cosmopolitanism, the Greeks had thought of the world as consisting of city-states. The Romans came to think of the entire world as a city in which every man might enjoy privileges of citizenship. They looked forward to a world composed of the most diverse elements and people.Self-interest vs duty,The Romans did not see their public and private roles as necessarily conflicting with one another. The height of one's wisdom was to know one's duty and then to do it, and not to pursue self-interest. In this sense, the Romans were natural Stoics.Chaos vs order,The Romans were optimistic about life whereas the Greeks were not. The Greeks saw chaos in the world. The Romans experienced that same chaos but held out for the possibility of bringing order out of that chaos. The Romans managed to translate their thought into actions.3.Give a brief introduction to Locke’s life, ideas and great works.John Locke (1632–1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. He was also an economic writer, oppositional political activist, and finally a revolutionary whose cause ultimately triumphed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Much of Locke’s work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. For the individual, Locke wants each of us to seek truth by reasoning rather than simply accept the opinion of authorities. On the level of institutions it becomes important to distinguish the legitimate from the illegitimate functions of institutions and to make the corresponding distinction for the uses of force by these institutions.4.one or two db figures of the Enlightenment and their central ideas.Voltaire and Montesquieu are two of the representative figures of the Enlightenment. Voltaire exposed the dark side of France such as the corruption and injustice of Christianity by launching his theory on human nature. Also, he argued for the freedom and equality of ordinary people.Montesquieu’s political theory developed the principle of dividing political power although the principle itself was not his invention. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the establishment of the modern Western state by exposing the nature of state and human beings in his great work Spirit of Law .For Montesquieu, it was climate that contributed most to the formation of a society and he believed it was shown in national character, political system, marriage codes, religion, and the use of slavery.5.The significance of the EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment, a period that Thomas Paine called the Age of Reason, was a great movement giving much impetus to the growth of social and cultural forces of the human civilization. With rationalism as the core of the Enlightenment, it cast doubt upon and strongly criticizing Christian theology and religious obscurantism, while promoting the dissemination of the new ideas of freedom, equality and democracy among the masses of people. The ideas of liberty, equality and democracy started from the Enlightenment have affected the human behaviors in the historical process towards the modern world.6.Enlightenment is linked to the drastic changes leading to the modern world? The Enlightenment initiated the drastic changes leading to the modern world. It served as a continuation of the Renaissance and provided the impetus for the successive growth of social and cultural forces of modern civilization. This movement is characterized by reason, casting its doubt upon and strongly criticizing Christian theology and religious obscurantism while promoting the dissemination of the new ideas of freedom, equality and democracy among the masses of people. This brought under serious attack the feudal autocracy and Christian Church hegemony,and laying a solid political and intellectual foundation for the approaching bourgeois revolution.7.The origin and the major concerns of Romanticism. Give examples.Romanticism originated out of the craving for individual freedom by the young intellectuals who could not tolerate ideological and intellectual oppression derived from classicism and rationalism imposed by the ruling class and traditional culture.To some extent it was a reaction against the Enlightenment and the 18th-century rationalism and materialism in general. It demanded more reasonable attention to human passion and individuality as a way to reach real human emancipation and freedom.The major concerns of Romanticism comparised individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, enthusiasm for nationalism and often expressed an air of disillusionment.8.Realistic writers ,shared the common points of realism.All the realistic novels share the following points:i. criticism of the dark forces of societyii.sympathy for the poor, the good and the weak iii.attacks against the system or other deep-rooted social evilsiv. a mixture of diverse ideas9.The similarities and dissimilarities between realism and naturalism?The similarities of realism and naturalism lie in the fact that they both aim to describe real life and try to reveal the nature of social reality, especially the dark side of human society. But in the ways of representation, they differ in the following aspects: first, the naturalist writer does not focus on a typical environment or typical characters for representation of reality, and instead, they would attempt to depict real life as it is by sticking to the inherent factor which would usually lead to he cause or motivation of certain events or behaviours; Second, the naturalist writer emphasizes more of the influence of environment on human nature and behaviour by exposing the dark and evil aspect of human society which is not just similar to social realism buteven more violent and barbarous and emotional.10.Utilitarianism is established by Jeremy Bentham and perfected by John Stuart Mill. Can you explain what utilitarianism is and compare the different ideas Bentham and Mill held. Utilitarianism holds two basic principles: the psychological principle of the association of ideas and the achievement of the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. Both Bentham and Mill agree that utilitarianism includes not only the pursuit of happiness, but also the avoidance of pain. But to Bentham, utility could only differ in degree and quantity. To Mill, utility is also different in quality and happiness could be classified by advantages. He argued that sensible, emotional and moral happiness was much more valuable than physical happiness. 11.O n e representative character from German classical philosophers ,make a brief remark on his contribution.Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century German classical philosopher. He is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe and of the late Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy which influenced European philosophy through and after his lifetime. He also published important works of epistemology, as well as works relevant to religion, law, and history. His most important works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and epistemology, and highlights Kant’s own contribution to these areas. Kant’s great con tribution lies in his interpretation of human epistemology: the ultimate nature of reality of the “things in themselves”remains forever unaccessible to the human mind and what we can know is only its phenomena.12.The features and contributions of classical economics.Classical economics is widely regarded as the beginning of modern economic thought. It is the idea that the free market can regulate itself. Its founders or early representatives include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus.Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is usually considered to mark the beginning of classical economics. The theories of the classical school, which dominated economic thinking in Great Britain until about 1870, focused on economic growth and economic freedom, stressing laissez-faire ideas and free competition.Classical economists attempted to explain economic growth of the early capitalist society and believe the efficacy of the market has become dominant in Western economics. It is also the important source of Marxist political economics.ment on the contribution and limitations of utopian socialism.Utopian socialism refers to the beliefs held by early socialist or quasi-socialist intellectuals who created hypothetical visions of perfect egalitarian and communalist societies without practical consideration of actual conditions of the capitalist society they lived in and thus could not carry out their ideals in real social circumstances due to the powerful hindrance from both the rulingclass and social customs as well as the economic and cultural developments of their society. However, some of the utopian ideals, such as those about women’s equality and emancipation, were reasonable and attractive to the future of humanity and were consequently taken into the later theory of Marxism.It also has the limitations, like the excessive propaganda about the genius but can’t find the true place of employed labor; trust in the rulers; impractical ideas of human nature and denial of the class struggle.14.Modernism, including its performance and features.Modernism, in its broadest sense, is modern thought, character, or practice. Modernism--despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes, could be regarded basically to be irrational, that is, in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization. History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism. The reason is simple,no one could not reject all the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him . After modernism, particularly the cultural people or intellectuals, have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement, that they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.15.Major schools of modernism, Common techniques of expression.The major schools of modernism are: symbolism, futurism, imagism, expressionism, etc.The common techniques of expression they share are: preference for the symbolic; fascination with the absurd; disillusionment with the traditional(anti-fiction,anti-drama);representation of inwardness.pared with the traditional colonial theory, what kind of new ideas were raised by the post-colonialist criticism?The ultimate goal of post-colonialism is accounting for and combating the residual effects of colonialism on cultures.Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions which underlie the “logic”of colonialism are still active forces today. Exposing and deconstructing the racist,recognizing that they are not simply airy substances but have widespread material consequences for the nature and scale of global inequality makes this project all the more urgent.。
西方文化 试题及答案
西方文化试题及答案题一：列举西方文化的特点，并分别举例说明。
西方文化的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 传统与现代相结合：西方文化在长期的发展过程中，历经多个时期和重大事件的冲击、变革。
因此，它既保留了许多传统文化的元素，又与现代社会相结合，形成了独特的文化风貌。
例如，西方艺术中的古典主义和现代艺术中的抽象主义、概念艺术等风格并存。
2. 科技与创新：西方文化注重科学技术的发展与应用，强调创新和实用性。
西方国家在工业、医学、信息技术等领域取得了世界领先地位。
比如，西方国家在航天技术、人工智能、医学影像等领域的创新和突破。
3. 个人价值与自由：西方文化强调个人的价值和权利，主张尊重个体的自由和独立思考的能力。
西方国家的法律制度、民主制度、言论自由等都是基于这一价值观建立的。
例如，美国宪法中明确规定的人权和自由权利。
4. 多元开放与国际交流：西方文化接纳多元文化，促进国际交流，以开放的心态对待其他文化。
它倡导多元文化的融合与共存，培养全球化视野。
例如，欧洲国家通过欧盟的建立，实现了政治和经济的整合。
题二：从西方文化的角度，分析现代社会中存在的挑战和机遇。
西方文化在现代社会中既面临挑战，也有机遇。
1. 挑战：全球化带来的文化冲击。
随着全球化的推进，西方文化面临来自不同文化的冲击和竞争。
如何保持自身独特性、传统和核心价值面临挑战。
2. 机遇：文化多元促进创新与发展。
西方国家借助全球文化的融合，可以不断吸取其他文化的创新与发展经验。
多元文化的碰撞与融合，可以再次激发西方文化的活力和创造力。
3. 挑战：社会价值观的多元化和冲突。
随着社会的多元化发展，西方国家内部不同文化群体之间的价值观差异可能带来社会矛盾和冲突。
如何实现价值观的平衡与和谐是一个重要的挑战。
4. 机遇：推动全球性的社会问题解决。
作为先进的文化体系，西方文化具备解决全球性社会问题的能力。
例如，西方国家在气候变化、贫富差距、人权保护等领域的实践和经验可以为其他国家提供借鉴和启示。
西方社会文化(英语国家旅游文化)智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年上海旅游高等专科学校
绪论单元测试1.旅游是展示和传承文化的一种重要形式。
（）A:对B:错答案:A2.本课程借用《大河之舞》介绍了美国的踢踏舞。
（）A:对B:错答案:B3.自20世纪80年代以来，文化旅游逐渐成为现代旅游业发展的主流之一。
（）A:对B:错答案:A4.课程借2014年习近平主席访问新西兰，介绍毛利文化。
（）A:对B:错答案:A5.课程借用电影《霍比特人》，介绍澳大利亚的自然风光。
（）A:错B:对答案:A6._____是旅游之魂。
（）A:景点B:文化C:服务D:游客答案:B7.本课程主要介绍了______个英语国家旅游文化。
（）A:8B:7C:5D:6答案:D8.下列哪个国家没有出现在本课程讨论内容中？（）A:澳大利亚B:新西兰C:南非D:爱尔兰答案:C9.本课程借用《爸爸去哪》节目内容推介了哪个国家的风光？（）A:加拿大B:新西兰C:美国D:英国答案:B10.本课程借用《哈利波特与混血王子》电影推介了哪个景点？（）A:尼亚加拉瀑布B:黄石公园C:科罗拉多大峡谷D:莫赫悬崖答案:D第一章测试1.During the First World War, Britain allied with ______.A:Germany and Austria-HungaryB:the Central PowersC:TurkeyD:France and Russia答案:D2.Who was the man that led Britain in the crisis of the Second World War?A:Neville ChamberlainB:George VIC:Theodore RooseveltD:Winston Churchill答案:D3.Over the past one thousand years, the British ______ has been broken onlyonce between 1649 and 1660.A:ParliamentB:MonarchyC:Privy CouncilD:Cabinet答案:B4.Which of the following king was responsible for the complete establishmentof the feudal system in England?A:Alfred the GreatB:Henry IIC:William the ConquerorD:Edward I答案:C5.The English Renaissance was largely literary, and it achieved its finestexpression in the so-called ______.A:Romantic poetryB:Elizabethan poetryC:Elizabethan dramaD:Romantic fiction答案:C6.The favorite beverage of Britain is coffee, which is typically had between 4and 6 pm.A:对B:错答案:B7.The author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll, was aprofessor in Cambridge University.A:错B:对答案:A8.Hong Kong was transferred to China in 1997.A:对B:错答案:A9.London wa s UNESCO’s first City of Literature.A:错B:对答案:A10.Glasgow was recognized as a UNESCO City of Music in 2008.A:错B:对答案:B第二章测试1.Which of the following is not a color of the national flag of the Republic ofIreland?A:GreenB:OrangeC:WhiteD:Red答案:D2.In recent years, Ireland has attracted many international students for thefollowing reasons except ________.A:high education qualityB:competitive tuitionC:comparatively low living costD:convenient transportation答案:D3.“When You Are Old” is a poem written by_______.A:W. B. YeatsB:George Bernard ShawC:Robert BurnsD:William Shakespeare答案:A4._______ is the high season for visitor to Ireland.A:SummerB:WinterC:AutumnD:Spring答案:A5.Who visited China in 1933?A:James JoyceB:HemingwayC:Bernard ShawD:Yeats答案:C6.Jonathan Swift is an Irish satirist.A:对B:错答案:A7. A guided tour given by students in Trinity College is informative and free.A:错B:对答案:A8.Irish people often add some coffee into the pot when they make Irish stew.A:错B:对答案:A9.Kissing the Blarney Stone is believed to make one happier.A:对B:错答案:B10.Irish people are tea lovers and they drink more tea than Chinese people onaverage.A:错B:对答案:B第三章测试1.In “The Old Man and the Sea” Hemingway praises the old man’s attitudetowards________．A:defeat and failureB:natureC:the seaD:his work答案:A2.In order to remember George Washington, ________．A:a tall monument was built in the capitalB:an expensive car was named after himC:a memorial hall was built in Washington D.C.D:a memorial hall was built in his birthplace答案:Apleted in 1974 in Chicago, ________used to be the tallest building in theworld.A:The Twin TowersB:The Sears TowerC:The Empire state buildingD:The Chrysler Building答案:B4.In the 1930s, the American foreign policy was isolationism, but the ______suddenly changed the whole situation, which propelled the U.S. into World War II.A:Pearl Harbor attackB:bombing of Guam islandC:seizing of American merchant shipsD:sinking of American passenger ships答案:A5.The most important patriotic holiday in the U.S. is ______.A:Veterans’ DayB:HalloweenC:Thanksgiving DayD:Independence Day答案:D6.NATO is a regional economic organization.A:对B:错答案:B7.The United States’ national flag is older than the Union Jack of Britain.A:对B:错答案:A8.The Americans are accustomed to giving tips for those who serve them.A:对B:错答案:A9.Americans no longer use the old British system of measurement while theBritish still use.A:对B:错答案:B10.The U.S. ranks 3rd in the world in terms of population.A:对B:错答案:A第四章测试1.________ is the largest city in Canada.A:MontrealB:OttawaC:TorontoD:Vancouver答案:C2.________ has historically been used as a Canadian symbol.A:The polar bearB:The maple leafC:The penguinD:The eucalyptus leaf答案:B3.. When did Canada recognize the People’s Republic of China?A:In 1970B:In 1978C:In 1976D:In 1972答案:A4.________ was the biggest tourist-generating country for short term visits toCanada in 2016.A:The U.S.B:AustraliaC:ChinaD:The U.K.答案:A5.________ is the capital of Canada.A:TorontoB:MontrealC:VancouverD:Ottawa答案:D6.Margaret Atwood thinks “innovation” should be the central symbol ofCanadian literature.A:对B:错答案:B7.Hockey is Canada’s oldest spor t.A:对B:错答案:B8.The CN Tower is a bit taller than the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in ShanghaiA:对B:错答案:A9.Niagara Falls can be admired in both Canada and Mexico.A:错B:对答案:A10.Canada is famous for its high-quality ice wine.A:错B:对答案:B第五章测试1.________ is the largest city of Australia.A:PerthB:SydneyC:CanberraD:Melbourne答案:B2.The European discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers was in________．A:1708B:1778C:1678D:1606答案:D3.The population of Australia is similar to that of _________.A:LondonB:Washington D.C.C:ShanghaiD:Hong Kong答案:C4.Australia Day marks ________.A:the discovery of AustraliaB:the foundation of the first British colonyC:the foundation of the commonwealth of AustraliaD:independence of Australia答案:B5.Which of the following is not on the Australian Coat of Arms?A:KangarooB:EmuC:KookaburraD:Wattle答案:C6.It is illegal to eat the kangaroo in Australia.A:对B:错答案:B7.Christianity is the official national religion in Australia.A:错B:对答案:A8.Many introduced animals and plants are popular among Australians.A:错B:对答案:A9.The main feature of Australia’s trade is that it has always involved theexchange of raw materials for finished products.A:对B:错答案:A10.Australia used to be a penal colony for British government in history.A:错B:对答案:B第六章测试1.It was________ who came to New Zealand and claimed the land for the British.A:Edward Sibbon WakefieldB:William HobsonC:Abel TasmanD:James Cook答案:D2.Who are the Maori?A:The native island people of New ZealandB:A tribe of indigenous people who lived in America before the arrival of EuropeansC:Ancient nomadic warrior tribes that settled in Great Britain and Ireland D:The original people of Australia答案:A3.What is a Kiwi?A:A fruit from New ZealandB:A bird from New ZealandC:The colloquial demonym for New ZealandersD:All of the above mentioned答案:D4.Which of the following is NOT the official language of New Zealand?A:MāoriB:New Zealand Sign LanguageC:EnglishD:French答案:D5.________ is the capital of New Zealand.A:ChristchurchB:AucklandC:HamiltonD:Wellington答案:D6.The biggest tourist generating country for New Zealand is the US.A:对B:错答案:B7.Over three-quarters of the population live on the North Island because it isflatter than the South Island.A:对B:错答案:A8.New Zealand is similar in size to France.A:对B:错答案:B9.New Zealand has only one time zone.A:对B:错答案:A10.In New Zealand, the head of the state is represented by the Governor General.A:错B:对答案:B。
西方文化概论期末复习完整版
西⽅⽂化概论期末复习完整版1.西⽅最早的⽂明形态：神话。
2.西⽅最早最早的⽂明：⽶诺斯⽂明（克⾥特⽂明）。
∵创造线形⽂字。
3.最早的希腊⼈：阿卡亚⼈。
∵建⽴的迈锡尼⽂明滋养了整个希腊。
爱琴⽂明简表：前26c—前15c 优雅精巧的⽶诺斯⽂明（克⾥特⼈）前16c—前12c 粗犷豪迈的迈锡尼⽂明（阿卡亚⼈）前12c—前8c ⿊暗时代（多利亚⼈）前8c—前4c 希腊城邦时代4.英雄：半⼈半神，神与⼈所⽣，神是理想化的⼈，因此英雄是理想化的⼈。
在古希腊，⼈与⾃⾝区分⽽成为英雄，具有节制、正义、勇敢的美德。
5.希腊⽂明兴起的原因：腓尼基字母传⼊；公元前776年，第⼀届奥林匹克竞技运动会；新兴家族的崛起，农业上以⾎缘为核⼼，商业上以契约为核⼼。
6.⽤公民和城邦相互解释：亚⾥⼠多德《政治学》公民——城邦⾥享有⼀定政治权利并要尽⼀定政治责任和义务的组织者。
城邦——享有⼀定权利同时要尽⼀定责任的⼀定数量的公民共同体。
7.希腊城邦⽂化的中⼼：雅典。
希腊化的中⼼：亚历⼭⼤⾥亚。
8.斯巴达采⽤的国家制度：政治上：建⽴元⽼院，是最⾼权⼒中⼼。
经济上：定期分配⼟地。
⽣活上：原始共产主义制度。
9.希腊城邦的政治制度：前8c—前6c：君主制：⼀个⼈统治，世袭制度，导致独裁、专政。
僭主制：利⽤民众的⼒量夺取政权。
民主制：民众协商的⽅式。
10.贝壳投票法：雅典。
伯利克⾥时代，公民⼤会。
11.前776年，第⼀届奥林匹克竞技运动会的意义：希腊⼈⾃⼰有了记录时间的⽅法，有了纪元，从⽽有了编年史；表明了希腊⼈对美的崇尚；是希腊城邦⽂明的标志。
12.《神谱》作者：赫西俄德通过吟唱。
13.三代神王：乌兰诺斯、克洛诺斯、宙斯。
14.诸神居住地：奥林匹斯⼭。
诸神南下在伯罗奔尼撒平原的奥林匹克祭祀。
奥尔弗斯神秘祭。
《神谱》的⽂化意义：第⼀，通过神系的⽣殖原则反映了⼀种朴素的宇宙起源论和⾃然演化观。
例如：从原始的神“混沌”到宙斯，绝⼤多数神都象征着某种⾃然现象（海神、死神、天神等），这种⾃然的分化和演进过程⼀直延续。
西方文化与礼仪复习题库.doc
A.伦敦大学，牛津大学C.格拉斯哥大学，阿伯丁大学 B 11.历史上咖啡与巧克力的关系包括:B.曼彻斯特大学，剑桥大学 D.圣安德鲁斯大学，普利茅斯大学B.咖啡坐着喝，巧克力躺着喝C.咖啡是贵族饮品，巧克力为平民D.咖啡和巧克力都是贵族B.西方逻辑，辩证逻辑 D.西方逻辑，形式逻辑C.布拉格D.卢森堡 西方文化与礼仪选择题（20分，每题2分，答在横线上）D 1."无边的东方”是指，世界主要文化体系中除了 与 之外，近代以来几乎都被笼统地称为“东方”。
A. 地中海大西洋文化体系，拉丁美洲文化体系B,非洲文化体系，北美大洋洲文化体系C,拉丁美洲文化体系，犹太文化体系D.地中海大西洋文化体系，北美大洋洲文化体系A 2. “原逻辑思维”是指,其为A.东方逻辑，辩证逻辑C.东方逻辑，形式逻辑B 3.欧洲有一个“中国”叫A.法国B.意大利 C 4.哪些国家步行者于过街天桥上的行走速度是悠闲的？A.布拉格，罗马B.慕尼黑，希腊C.马德里，雅典D.罗马，斯德哥尔摩A 5.英国下午茶调制的内容及次序：A.冷牛奶一糖一茶B.茶一糖一冷牛奶C.冷牛奶一茶一糖D.茶一冷牛奶一糖B 6.西餐上餐次序：A. 咖啡或茶一头盘一汤一副菜一主菜一蔬菜类菜肴一甜品B. 头盘—汤—副菜—主菜—蔬菜类菜肴—甜品—咖啡或茶C. 头盘—汤—副菜—蔬菜类菜肴—主菜一甜品—咖啡或茶D. 咖啡或茶一甜品一头盘一汤一副菜一主菜一蔬菜类菜肴B 7.到英国从事商务活动要避开A.9、10月份B.7、8月份C.ll 、12月份D.3月、4月份D 8.第一家咖啡馆出现在 ______________,萨特和波伏娃经常出现的咖啡馆为A.巴黎，花神B.埃塞俄比亚，双偶C.威尼斯，双偶D.君士坦丁堡，花神 A 9.最早把咖啡带回欧洲大陆的是A.意大利人B.荷兰人C.爪哇人D.西班牙人 C 10.以下哪些大学属于英国的古典大学？.名词解释（20分，每题5分，答在白纸上） 地中海大西洋文化体系最早从地中海地区的希腊罗马起源，以后文化中心向西欧移动，形成地中海大西洋文化 体系，也包括东欧、北欧、西欧直到俄罗斯。
西方文化通论题库
选择题：
1. 希腊古典建筑的典型代表是：
a) 吕基亚神庙
b) 罗马斗兽场
c) 华沙皇家城堡
d) 拜占庭圣索菲亚大教堂
2. 下列哪位艺术家是文艺复兴时期的代表人物？
a) 莫奈
b) 达芬奇
c) 梵高
d) 伦勃朗
3. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧不包括：
a) 《哈姆雷特》
b) 《奥赛罗》
c) 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》
d) 《麦克白》
4. “自由女神像”是哪个美国城市的象征？
a) 纽约
b) 华盛顿特区
c) 芝加哥
d) 旧金山
5. 德国哲学家尼采以哪个主题著称？
a) 不可知论
b) 逻辑学
c) 存在主义
d) 辩证法
填空题：
1. 文艺复兴运动起源于（意大利），并逐渐传播到整个欧洲。
2. 著名的绘画作品《蒙娜丽莎》是由（列奥纳多·达·芬奇）创作的。
3. 哥特式建筑以其（尖顶）和飞扶壁的特征而著名。
4. “我思故我在”是由（笛卡尔）提出的哲学思想。
5. 欧洲哲学史上被称为“启蒙时代”的时期是（17至18世纪）。
西方古典文化概论考试 关键点
Greek Architecture希腊建筑It has been said that captive Greece conquered victorious Rome, and, as w e have seen, the Romans adopted man y ideas in painting and sculpture from th e Greeks．Roman temples were also strongly influenced by Greek prototypes. G reek columns were built in three styles: Doric, Ionic , Corinthian. Etruscans伊特拉斯坎人Etruscans, who actually dominated early Rome and provided its kings. It is not known how the Etruscans came to occupy the northern territory of Italy. Th ey are not of Indo-European origin and they most likely came from the Near East if not the orient . I many respects, the culture of the Etruscans was ver y similar to that of Mycenae in Greece. Their cities ,twelve in number ,were au tonomous like the city-states of Archaic Greece and were combined in a loose organization which historians have referred to as the Etruscans Confederacy .A s a people, the Etruscans played hard and worked hard. they were not a conte mplative people, but were always busy . they were practical and realistic , whic h became a typical roman trait.The Roman Political system罗马政治体系the and Roman system , like those of Athens and Sparta ,had three major poli tical components, which tended to offset and balance each other. First were th e executives, who were called consuls and had supreme civil and military authori ty. Second came the senate( meaning “council of elders”) an advisory body of e lder statesmen and heads of clans. Third ,there were popular assemblies of cit izens.Mainly three assemblies: the Assembly of Centuries, the Assembly of tr ibes, and the Assembly of Curiae.The Struggle of the ordersOne of the most important aspect of the early history of the roman republic was the “The Struggle of the orders”------a struggle(斗争) between the patrici ans(贵族们) and plebeians（贫民们）.The patricians were a small group of citizens representing less than 10 percent of Rome’s population.Greek sculpture in the 5th century B.C 希腊雕塑Greek sculptors in the 5th century BC had learned to represent the human bod y naturally and easily , in action or at rest ,which departed widely from the r ather rigid form of the earlier kouros. But the realism was touched with ideal qualities: the artists tried to present the image of men and women in their p erfection. This idealized realism appears in a bronze statue of Zeus about to hurl a missile. The body is perfect, the left arm pointing toward the target a nd the right drawn fully back. Every muscleis tensed with power. The unknown sculptor of about 460BC has captured the precise moment of action.In sculpture , the Greeks also got their inspiration from the near east and Egy pt. The first type of free-stand statue was called the ―kouros‖,a young man sta nding rigidly erect in the fashion of Egyptian statues. The female counterpart was called a ―kore‖. The kouros statues dominate the Archiaic period of Greek art.The SophistsIn the middle of fifth century BC , the Greek’s interest in the nature of the material in universe had become less. Philosophy turned toward the study of human beings and the dilemmas in their lives. This moral philosophy has inspire d debate in all subsequent ages. The moral philosophy today still discusses the problem that Greek philosophers discovered: is there anything that we should do ,as our duty , even though it may bring no reward whatever –or is there so me trace of self-interest concealed in every apparently ‖moral‖ act?The first Greeks to undertake this study were the Sophist(meaning in Greek “expect” or ”learned man” )Stoicism斯多葛学派Stoicism(Greek Στοά) was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3RD century BC. The Stoics considered destr uctive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a sage, or p erson of "moral and intellectual perfection," would not suffer such emotions. S toics were concerned with the active relationship between cosmic determinism a nd human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called prohairesis) that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presente d their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how he behaved.论述题Ancient Greek dramaThe Athenian dramatists were the first artists in Western society to examine such basic questions as the rights of the individual , the demands of society u pon the individual and the nature of good and evil. Conflict, the basic stuff of life ,is the constant element Athenian drama. And the greatest poems of the m iddle and late fifth century BC can be found in the tragedies of that period. Tragedy originated in Athens, at festivals honoring the god Dionysus. There wa s a choral song in the festival. It might be that shortly before 500 BC , a sin gle actor began to sing or talk with the chorus , thus allowing the story to be came more complex. In its developed form drama became a vehicle for interpre ting human experience.三大悲剧作家Aeschylus埃斯库罗斯(524-456BC)the first of the great Athenian dramatists was Aeschylus. He was also the first to express the agony that human beings are constantly put in a dilemma , out of which there is no escape but death . In his trilogy of plays , The Oresteia, he deals with this theme.Sophocles 索福克勒斯(496-406BC)The characters in Aeschylus are dramatic types rather than sharply characteri zed individuals. Sophocles carried the evolution of drama.His Oedipus the King is the most famous tragedy and perhaps the most nearly perfect specimen that survives.In this tragedy , what Sophocles wants to show is that well-meaning men are s truggling against their own fates unwisely and vainly: the individual is incapable of affecting the universal laws of human existence.Euripides欧里庇得斯(480—406BC)The last of the three great Greek tragic poets, Euripides, also explored the theme of personal conflict within the polis and the depths of the in dividual with Euripides drama entered a new, more personal phase---the g ods were far less important than human beings. Euripides viewed the hum an soul as a place where opposing forces struggle , where strong passion s such as hatred and jealousy conflict with reason. The essence of Eurip ides’ tragedy is the flawed character—men and women who bring disaster on themselves and their loved ones because their passions overwhelm th eir reason. His most familiar play is Medea.Aristophanes 喜剧作家(448--385BC)The only comedies that can be found now are written by Aristophanes----The Knight.Greek thought希腊思想Socrates苏格拉底From the ranks of the Sophists came Socrates(c.469-399 B.C.), perhaps the mo st noble and wisest Athenian to have ever lived. He transformed philosophy int o an inquiry about the moral responsibility of people. Socrates was concerned w ith the lose of ethical values during the Peloponnesian War. His mission was to persuade young men of Athens to examine their lives in the pursuit of moral tr uth. His method was to question his pupils –even many who were not his pupils –by refuting, correcting , and guiding them. His method is known as the Socrati c dialogue ; it takes the form of question –answer,question-answer, and question -answer. It is a dialectical style as well. Socrates would argue both sides of a question in order to arrive at a conclusion. Then that conclusion was argued aga inst another assumption and so on. Perhaps it is not that difficult to understan d why Socrates was considered a gadfly.Plato柏拉图Plato’s greatest and most enduring work was lengthy dialogue, The Republic. It discusses a number of questions including the nature of justice, statesmanship , ethics and the nature of politics. It is through this work Plato made his great est impact on the future of philosophy with his theory of knowledge. He believ ed there exist two worlds. One is the world that we feel through our senses –sights, touch, taste, sound and smell. But because our sense impressions often fail us and deceive us and the world is always changing , so this world is not ―real.‖ There is a higher world which is independent of this world., the ideal wo rld. The physical world is only the imitations of the ideal world .Plato believed that we must go beyond the evidence of our sense to find ultimate reality( the ideal world). To illustrate our lack of true perception ,Plato uses a famous met aphor in his Republic . imagine men sitting in a cave , facing a wall , with a fir e at their backs. As others carry objects through the cave , in front of the fire, the men see only vague shadows of the objects and therefore cannot make out the reality.Aristotle亚里士多德His investigations , in which he was assisted by his pupils in Athens ,extended to all fields of learning known to the ancients: logic , metaphysics , astronomy , biology, physics ,politics, aesthetics , music, drama ,and poetry among them. Hi s contributions to each of these subjects were not to be surpassed for many c enturies ;not until the fourteenth century did anyone seriously question Aristotl e’s theory of motion. For this Politics he studied the governments of over 150 contemporary states, comparing the merits of each. In the work he distinguishe s three different types of constitution :monarchy , aristocracy, and moderate d emocracy.希腊思想总结唯心主义唯物主义So it can be seen that whereas Plato suggested that man was born with knowle dge, Aristotle argued the knowledge comes from experience .And it can also be seen that in the space of just a few decades, mankind witnessed the essence of those two philosophical traditions which have occupied the western intellectu al traditions for the past 2500 years. Rationalism: knowledge comes before exp erience, and empiricism: knowledge comes after experience.Roman Architecture罗马建筑Road: the most enduring monument to Roman civilization is the impressive network of roads joint everywhere from Britain to Africa.Aqueducts: converged toward the cities , stopping down and carrying fresh water from the mountains.Public baths: the Baths of CaracallaArchitecture: the Romans adapted Greek techniques to Roman taste. The arch and concrete: The Pantheon in Rome the freestanding triumphal arch凯旋门The spread of Christianity基督教的传播Jesus At about the age of 30, he chose 12 men to be his disciples and began preaching. He said that the blessings of God went to the poor , the meek, the pure , those who make peace, and those who seek justice.Paul It was Paul, a Jew, who clarified these crucial issues, reformed Christianity into a distinct and autonomous religion, and infused it with burning missionary fervor. He began to preach in Damascus, and advising and encouraging their members through letters. He began the mission of preaching to the gentiles, which would eventually spread Christianity across the Empire.Hard times In 64 AD, the Emperor Nero did the first official persecution of the Christian in Rome.Basic ideas of the Christian faithFirst, the creation made by God. Second original sin and redemption . Third ,paradise and hell. Forth ,Jesus Christ as the son of God.。
西方文化
2010--2011学年第二学期知行学院外语系期中考查试卷《欧洲文化入门》学号: 200891210224 姓名: 杨凯班级: 08级本科2班成绩：（考试题目及要求）装订线Write a paper around 1000 words on one of the following questions and find a proper title for your work :1. What are the major elements in European culture?2. What were the main features of ancient Greek society?3. What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?4. Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays did each of them write?5. Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about?6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?8. Tell some of Plato's ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle's works that are still influential to day?10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word "Epicurean" in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Requirements:1. Write in English;2. E-mail: youngxv@3. Deadline: May, 13thThe Main Features of Ancient Greek SocietyAncient Olympic GamesThe Olympic Games begun at Olympia in Greece in 776 BC. The Greek calendar was based on the Olympiad, the four-year period between games. The games were staged in the wooded valley of Olympia in Elis. Here the Greeks erected statues and built temples in a grove dedicated to Zeus, supreme among the gods. The greatest shrine was an ivory and gold statue of Zeus. Created by the sculptor Phidias, it was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Scholars have speculated that the games in 776 BC were not the first games, but rather the first games held after they were organized into festivals held every four years as a result of a peace agreement between the city-states of Elis and Pisa. The Eleans traced the founding of the Olympic games to their King Iphitos, who was told by the Delphi Oracle to plant the olive tree from which the victors' wreaths were made.According to Hippias of Elis, who compiled a list of Olympic victors c.400 BC, at first the only Olympic event was a 200-yard dash, called a stadium. This was the only event until 724 BC, when a two-stadia race was added. Two years later the 24-stadia event began, and in 708 the pentathlon was added and wrestling became part of the games. This pentathlon, a five-event match consisted of running, wrestling, leaping, throwing the discus, and hurling the javelin. In time boxing, a chariot race, and other events were included.The victors of these early games were crowned with wreaths from a sacred olive tree that grew behind the temple of Zeus. According to tradition this tree was planted by Hercules (Heracles), founder of the games. The winners marched around the grove to the accompaniment of a flute while admirers chanted songs written by a prominent poet.The Olympic Games were held without interruptions in ancient Greece. The games were even held in 480 BC during the Persian Wars, and coincided with the Battle of Thermopylae. Although the Olympic games were never suspended, the games of 364 BC were not considered Olympic since the Arkadians had captured the sanctuary and reorganized the games.After the Battle of Chaironeia in 338 BC, Philip of Makedon and his son Alexander gained control over the Greek city-states. They erected the Philippeion (a family memorial) in the sanctuary, and held political meetings at Olympia during each Olympiad. In 146 BC, the Romans gained control of Greece and, therefore, of the Olympic games. In 85 BC, the Roman general Sulla plundered the sanctuary to finance his campaign against Mithridates. Sulla also moved the 175th Olympiad (80 BC) to Rome.The games were held every four years from 776 BC to 393 AD, when they were abolished by the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I. The ancient Olympic Games lasted for 1170 years.The successful campaign to revive the Olympics was started in France by Baron Pierre de Coubertin late in the 19th century. The first of the modern Summer Games opened on Sunday, March 24, 1896, in Athens, Greece. The first race was won by an American college student named James Connolly.Myths and the Olympic GamesPelops mythThere are several Greek myths about how the games were started. The most common myth was the story of the hero Pelops, after whom the Peloponnese is named ("Pelops’ isle"). The story of Pelops was displayed prominently on the east pedimental sculptures of the Temple of Zeus. Pelops was a prince from Lydia in Asia Minor who sought the hand of Hippodamia, the daughter of King Oinomaos of Pisa. Oinomaos challenged his daughter's suitors to a chariot race under the guarantee that any young man who won the chariot race could have Hippodamia as a wife. Any young man who lost the race would be beheaded, and the heads would be used as decoration for the palace of Oinomaos. With the help of his charioteer Myrtilos, Pelops devised a plan to beat Oinomaos in the chariot race. Pelops and Myrtilos secretly replaced the bronze linchpins of the King's chariot with linchpins made of wax. When Oinomaos was about to pass Pelops in the chariot race, the wax melted and Oinomaos was thrown to his death. Pelops married Hippodamia and instituted the Olympic games to celebrate his victory. A different version of the myth refers to the Olympic games as funeral games in the memory of Oinomaos.Hercules (Herakles) mythAnother myth about the origin of the Olympic Games comes from the T enth Olympian Ode of the poet Pindar. He tells the story of how Herakles, on his fifth labor, had to clean the stables of King Augeas of Elis. Herakles approached Augeas and promised to clean the stables for the price of one-tenth of the king's cattle. Augeas agreed, and Herakles rerouted the Kladeos and Alpheos rivers to flow through the stables. Augeas did not fulfill his promise, however, and after Herakles had finished his labors he returned to Elis and waged war on Augeas. Herakles sacked the city of Elis and instituted the Olympic Games in honor of his father, Zeus. It is said that Herakles taught men how to wrestle and measured out the stadium, or the length of the footrace.The Importance of the Olympic GamesThe Importance of Ancient Greek AthleticsThe ancient Greeks were highly competitive and believed strongly in the concept of "agon", or "competition" or "contest". The ultimate Greek goal was to be the best. All aspects of life, especially athletics, were centered around this concept. It was therefore considered one of the greatest honors to win a victory at Olympia. The fact that the only prize given at Olympia was an olive wreath illustrates this point. The athletes competed for honor, not for material goods.Athletics were of prime importance to the Greeks. The education of boys concentrated on athletics and music as well as academic subjects such as philosophy. Education took place in the gymnasion and the palaistra as well as the academy.The Religious Aspects of the Ancient Olympic GamesIn ancient Greece, games were closely connected to the worship of the gods and heroes. Games were held as part of religious ceremonies in honor of deceased heroes, a concept displayed in the funeral games for Patroklos in Book 23 of Homer's epic poem, The Iliad. Games were also held in the context of many ancient fertility festivals. The games at Olympia were connected with both the funeral games of Oinomaos, established by Pelops, and a fertility cult involving any number of gods and goddesses who were worshipped at the site. The Olympic games began to be usurped by the prominent cult of Zeus, and eventually lost much of their religious character.The Olympic Games and the Greek CalendarThe Greek calendar was based on the conception of the four-year Olympiad. When Greek historians referred to dates, they most often referred to a year (i.e., first, second, third, fourth) within the Olympiad that the event occurred. The winner of the stadium race in a given year had the Olympiad named in honor of him. The first Olympiad is therefore known as that of Koroibos of Elis, the winner of the stadium race in 776 BC.The Sacred TruceThe sacred truce was instituted during the month of the Olympiad. Messengers known as "spondorophoroi" carried the word of the truce and announced the date of the games all over the Greek world. The truce called for a cessation of all hostilities for a period of one month (later three months) to allow for the safe travel of athletes to and from Olympia. Armies and armed individuals were barred from entering the sanctuary. In addition, no death penalties could be carried out during the period of the truce.The Internationalization of the Olympic GamesFrom the beginning, the games at Olympia served as a bond between Greeks and strengthened the Greek sense of national unity. During the Hellenistic period, Greeks who came to live in foreign surroundings such as Syria, Asia, and Egypt, strove to hold on to their culture. One of the ways to achieve this was to build athletic facilities and continue their athletic traditions. They organized competitions, and sent competitors from their towns to compete in the Panhellenic games.In the 2nd century A.D., Roman citizenship was extended to everyone within the Roman empire. From then on, the participation of many competitors from outside of Greece in the Olympic games, gave them to a degree, international nature.When the Greek government reinstated the games in 1896, this international character of the competitions was preserved by Baron de Coubertin. Now, 16 centuries later, the Olympic games attract competitors from countries all over the world.。
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Test Paper of European Culture(The Second Term of 2010-2011)Class _____________ Name_____________________ Score___________Part I Multiple Choice:Read the following unfinished statements or questions carefully. For each unfinished statement or question, four suggested answers marked [ A ], [ B ], [ C ] and [ D ] are given. Choose the one which best completes the statement or answers the question by blackening the corresponding letter ( 40 points ,2 points each ).1. Which of the following is not true about Aristotle?A. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet.B. Aristotle founded the school of the Stoics.C. Aristotle was tutor of Alexander.D. Aristotle wrote many books on logic, politics, poetry, rhetoric and other subjects.2. Which of the following statements is true about the Roman Empire?A. The Roman Empire had never been divided.B. The Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395 A. D.C. The Roman Empire was later called Byzantium.D. The Roman Empire was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century.3. The Bible has been regarded as __________.A. a religious bookB. literatureC. record of great mindsD. all of the above4. The Catholic Church should be characterized as__________.A. a loosely organized religious institutionB. a highly centralized European organizationC. a highly centralized and disciplined international organizationD. a highly centralized and disciplined western organization.5. The Crusades were wars between __________.A. the Arabs and the Christian PilgrimsB. the Turks and the Christians in Western EuropeC. the Christians in Western Europe and the MoslemsD. the Arabs and the Turks6. St. Thomas Aquinas defended in his works __________.A. feudal hierarchy of societyB. divine power of feudal rulersC. the Pope' s supremacy over secular rulersD. all of the above7. The motto Montaigne put down in the essays was __________.A. What do I know?B. I doubt therefore I think.C. Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.D. Only to stand out of my light.8. Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator who __________.A. discovered the Cape of Good HopeB. discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good HopeC. explored the mouth of the AmazonD. was the first to visit Cuba and Haiti9. Which of the following laws was discovered by Newton?A. law of inertia.B. Law of falling bodies.C. Law of" relativity.D. Law of universal gravitation.10. In Locke' s political philosophy, the chief reason for the institution of civil government was __________.A. the protection of private propertyB. the upholding of free thinkingC. the abolishment of the rule of the churchD. regulation of economy11. Which of the following is" not true about the developments of the Industrial Revolution?A. The substitution of water power for human power.B. The introduction of machine.C. The beginning of the factory system.D. The growth of modem capitalism and the working class.12. "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. "This is a remark made by __________.A. V oltaireB. RousseauC. DiderotD. Moliere13. In the works of __________.one can see the spirit of the Age of Reason.A. HandelB. HaydnC. BachD. Mozart14. The poem of Byron' s that was translated into Chinese at the turn of the 20th centuryA. Don JuanB. Defense of PoetryC. Ode to a NightingaleD. Isles of Greece15. Throughout his his, Beethoven struggled to pass on through his music __________.A. the spirit of the French RevolutionB. the spirit of Byronic heroesC. ideas of a moral natureD. the praise of natural beauty16. A work jointly written by Marx and Engels is ________.A. CapitalB. The Manifesto of the Communist PartyC. Thesis on FeuerbachD. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific17. Which author won the Nobel Prize in 1925?A. Thomas HardyB. George EliotC. George Bernard ShawD. Henry James18. Which novel was acclaimed as the greatest of all anti'- slavery manifestoes'?.A. Leaves of GrassB. Uncle Tom's CabinC. The Portrait of a LadyD. Dead Souls19. _______ was the discoverer of X - rays.A. RontgenB. Madame CurieC. RutherfordD. Einstein20. The author of The Interpretation of Dreams wasA. T. S. EliotB. James JoyceC. D. H. Lawrence D. Sigmund FreudPart II MatchingIn the following part there are two columns. The left hand column consists of a list of names. The right hand column consists of a list of rifles, names of organizations or works. Match each name in the left hand column with corresponding title or organization or work in the right hand column and put the number a orb orc etc. in the bracket on the answer sheet. ( 10 points, 1 point each)21. Euclid [ ] (a) Eugene Onegin22. da Vinci [ ] (b) Ten Commandments23. Galileo [ ] ( c ) the Cantos24. T.S. Eliot [ ] (d) Elements25. Milton [ ] (e) Moll Flanders26. Defoe [ ] (f) Last Supper27. Pushkin [ ] (g) The Waste Land28. Mozart [ ] (h) Paradise Lost29. Moses [ ] (i) The Marriage of Figaro30. Ezra Pound [ ] (j) the Starry MessengerGive a one-sentence answer to each of the following questions. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. ( 20 points ,2 points each )31. What are the three styles in Greek architecture?32. What was Marcus Cicero noted for?33. What is the importance of the Middle Ages in terms of development of culture?34. Why was Jan Hus condemned to be burnt at stake?35. What is the theory put forward by Copernicus in his work "The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs" ?36. What is Montesquieu' s redefinition of law?37. Which composer realized the possibility of the clarinet and used it for solo effects?38. What new literary theory was put forward in the preface of "Lyrical Ballads"?39. Who was called the "father" of psychoanalysis?40. Who was the American poet that settled down in London and became a leading figure of the Imagist movement?Explain each of the following terms in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet in around 40 words. ( 20 points,5 points each )41. Leonardo da Vinci42. Thomas Hobbes' s political thought43. Enlightenment44. Black HumorWrite between 100 - 120 words on the following topic in the corresponding space on the answer sheet. (10 points)45. What are the distinctive features of Renaissance art?。