高中英语高频语法之动词的时态、语态与语法填空(思维导图+练习含答案)
高考英语极简语法思维导图与提升专练：第七章 动词时态语态思维导图
主语的状态、能力、特征等
客观规律、科学真理
特殊用法
用在when, if, although引导的状语从句中，“主将从现”、“主祈从现” 用在固定时刻表中，现在表将来
被动形式：was/were done
过去的动作或状态
被动形式：will/shall be done
shall/will do 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。特别 是表示客观性的事情或在某条件下要发生的事情
be going to 被表示已经计划或安排好的事情/有迹象 表明肯定要发生的事情
be about to do 表正好要区做的事情，不与表将来的具体时间状语连用
be to do 表即将发生的事或一种常规性的活动或注定要做的事情
瞬间动词的进行时表将来，如：come, go, begin, leave 等
被动形式：would/should be done
would/should+动词原形
was/were going to+动词原形
was/were to+动词原形
was/were about to+动词原形
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被动形式：will/shall be being done 将来某一时间正在进行的动作
高考英语语法突破：谓语动词
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二、一般过去时 1.表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用
(或有上下文语境暗示)；也可用于表达过去的习惯。
He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. 他说他的启蒙老师至少10年前就死了。 Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.肖华三年前毕业的。
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(4)在hardly/scarcely...when...，no sooner...than...句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示 “一……就……”。当hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. ＝No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 我们刚坐下公交车就开了。 2.在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 After he (had) left the room，the boss came in. 他离开房间后老板进来了。
三、将来进行时 表示将来某时或某一时段正在进行的动作，常表示事情的正常发展。 I’ll be doing jobs about the house tomorrow.明天我将要干些家务活。
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动词的时态和语态-2025年高考英语一轮复习参考答案
动词的时态和语态时态：时态主动被动一般现在时do/does; am/is/are am/is/are done一般过去时did; was/were was/were done 一般将来时will/shall do will/shall be done过去将来时would/should dowas/were going to dowas/were(about)to dowould/should be donewas/were going to be donewas/were(about)to be done现在进行时am/is/are doing am/is/are being done过去进行时was/were doing was/were be ing done将来进行时will/shall be doing现在完成时have/has done have/has been done过去完成时had done had been done将来完成时will have done will have been done2.必备知识考点一一般时知识点1一般现在时1.表示经常性的动作，常与usually，always，often，sometimes，never，every day等表示频度的时间状语连用。
2.表示客观真理、格言或者警句等。
3.表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。
动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return, live, fly等，常用一般现在时表示将来发生的动作。
4.在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
5.以here/there开头引导的倒装句，表示正在发生的动作/状态6.用于文章标题、图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说等。
知识点2一般过去时1. 表示在过去发生的一次性动作或习惯性动作或存在的状态，常用yesterday，last year，in 1995，the other day等作时间状语。
超实用高考英语专题复习：专题04 时态和语态 (复习思维导图+必备知识手册)
专题04动词的时态和语态距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
动词时态的知识网络(以动词do为例)现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般时do / does did shall/will do should/would do进行时am/is/are doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing 完成时have/has did had did shall/will have did should/would have did完成进行时have/has beendoinghad been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing一般时包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和一般过去将来时。
完整版考点详解版高中英语动词时态语态讲解及练习.doc
表格式一般现在时态和语态一般现在时特点要点内容一般现在时是表示现在经常反复发生的动作存概念标志语谓语动词的时态构成谓语动词语态构成形式温馨提示（重要考点）在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态．often ， sometimes ， always ，usually 等频率词连用，every day, every week, every month, every term, every year, once a week ，twice a year ，on Sundays,1be 动词的一般现在时：am isare（"是 "）2当谓语动词是行为动词的时候：（ 1）当主语不是第三人称单数的时候，一般现在时用行为动词的原形（2）主语是 he,she,it等第三人称单数（除去 I,you 以外的任何一个单数的名词或者代词），动词要变形加 s 或 es．（温馨提示：动词变形要符合两个条件： 1，主语是三单， 2，句子是肯定句）am ／ is ／are + 过去分词1表示位置转移的动词 go ，come ，start ，move ，sail ，leave ，arrive ，stay ，live, fly, get 等可用一般现在时表示按计划“即将”发生的动作，2 在时间和条件状语从句中，都可用现在时表示将来时（即主将从现原则 ,一定要有两个句子）【常见主将从现的标志语有if, as soon as( 一⋯就) unless( 如果不when, before, until (直到⋯才)等从句标志语】1 .He (play) football very well.2. Jenny (has) a good friend?3. Brian （ not live) in China.4. Li Ming with me (be) in Beijing.5. If it （ not rain）tomorrow, we will go to the park.6. Our teacher said that the earth (go)around the sun yesterday.7.He（help）the old man every week .8. The old man（help）by him every week.9.The building(visit) by many people every year.一一般现在时（一）定义：主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等He usually goes to work at 7 o ’clock every morning.The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.（二）标志词：always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever ，every week (day, year, month ⋯ ),once /twice a week, on Sundays,（三）谓语动词构成：1be 动词的一般现在时：am is are（"是"，“在”）2当谓语动词是行为动词的时候：（ 1）当主语不是第三人称单数的时候，一般现在时用行为动词的原形（2）主语是 he,she,it 等第三人称单数（除去 I,you 以外的任何一个单数的名词或者代词），动词要变形加 s 或 es．（温馨提示：动词变形要符合两个条件：1，主语是三单，2，句子是肯定句）（四） .基本结构：1，肯定句：主语+谓语（ +其他的）He loves sports.Jane is an outgoing girl.（主语 He 是三单，又是肯定句，所以谓语动词发生变形，加上了s）Tom and Tim both have medium height.He has a big mouth.We like the dog very much.2，否定句：主语+don’t或者doesn’t+动词原形+其他(在 be 或者后面加上do does) Candy doesn’t do her housework every day.We don’t dance .He isn’t a worker.3，一般疑问句：Do (Does)+ 主语 +动词原形 +其他？（把be 或者 do does 提到主语的前面）Does she like English? Yes,she does.No,she doesn’t.Do you swim in summer?Are you a teacher?4，特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句Where does Tom come from?（五 )一般现在时态用法（1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与这样的时间状语连用：eg: We always help each other.It often snows in winter. I get up early every morning.（2）表示主语现在的特征、性格、能力等。
高中英语动词时态及语态专项练习试题和答案解析(可编辑修改word版)
高中英语动词时态和语态专项练习题语境中的时态和语态具有灵活多变的特点，因此找出隐含于上下文中的时间信息，正确认定动作行为所发生的时间是解题的关键。
做动词时态和语态填空题时，常常按以下几个步骤：(1)注意题干所提供的信息，如语境、情景以及说话人的情感;(2)根据句中的时间状语以及一些副词判断时态;(3)考虑语态;(4)考虑时态的一致性。
另外，复习时，还要涉及到短暂性动词与延续性动词，这两个概念一定要搞清。
短暂性动词用于进行时态和完成时态都要受到限制。
1.(2002 全国高考题)-You haven't said a word about my new coat，Brenda.Do you like it?-I'm sorry I anything about it sooner.I certainly think it's pretty on you.A.wasn't sayingB.don't sayC.won't sayD.didn't say2.(2002 全国高考题)I wonder why Jenny us recently.We should have heard from her by now.A.hasn't writtenB.doesn't writeC.won't writeD.hadn't written3.(2003 北京春季高考题)-When will you come to see me，Dad?-I will go to see you when you the training course.A.will have finishedB.will finishC.are finishingD.finish4.(2003 北京春季高考题)-How long at this job?-Since 1990.A.were you employedB.have you been employedC.had you been employedD.will you be employed5.(2003 上海春季高考题)By the end of last year，another new gymnasiumin Beijing.A.would be completedB.was being completedC.has been completedD.had been completed6.(2002 北京高考题)The little girl her heart out because sheher toy bear and believed she wasn't ever going to find it.A.had cried; lostB.cried; had lostC.has cried; has lostD.cries; has lost7.(2002 北京高考题)-Excuse me，sir.Would you do me a favor?-Of course.What is it?-I if you could tell me how to fill out this form.A.had wonderedB.was wonderingC.would wonderD.did wonder8.(2002 上海高考题)He will have learned English for eight years by the time he from the university next year.A.will graduateB.will have graduatedC.graduatesD.is to graduate9.(2002 上海高考题)I feel it is your husband who for the spoiled child.A.is to blameB.is going to blameC.is to be blameD.should blame10.He has been writing the composition the whole morning and he still.A.has beenB.doesC.hasD.is11.If city noises from increasing，people shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A.are not kept; will have toB.are not kept; have toC.do not keep; will have toD.do not keep; have to12.The price ，but I doubt whether it will remain so.A.went downB.will go downC.has gone downD.was going down13.-How long each other before they married?-For about a year.A.h ave they known; getB.d id they know; getC.d o they know; are going to getD.h ad they known; got14.You can't move in right now.The house .A.has paintedB.is paintedC.is being paintedD.is painting15.-Hey，look where you are going!-Oh，I'm terribly sorry. .A.I'm not noticingB.I wasn't noticingC.I haven't noticedD.I don't notice16.The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.A.was travelingB.traveledC.had been travelingD.was to travel17.-Is this raincoat yours?-No，mine there behind the door.A.is hangingB.has hangC.hangsD.hang18.I turned around and saw everybody at a man wholoudly in a foreign language.A.was staring; was shoutingB.was staring; shoutingC.staring; shoutingD.stared; shouted19.Henry remained silent for a moment.He .A.thoughtB.had thoughtC.was thinkingD.was thought20.We would like to go and thank him ourselves，but we out his address yet,A.haven't foundB.hadn't foundC.didn't findD.don't find21.Shirley a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished.A.has writtenB.wroteC.had writtenD.was writing22.-Have you got your test result?-Not yet.The papers .A.are not correctingB.h ave not correctedC.a re still being correctedD.h ave already been corrected23.See the clouds! It rain!A.willB.is going toC.mustD.certainly24.Do I have to take this medicine? It so terrible.A.tastesB.is tastingC.is tastedD.has tasted25.Don't take the magazine away.It me.A.is belonged toB.belongs toC.was belonged toD.is belonging to26.Is this the third time that you late?A.have beenB.amC.wasD.had been27.-Do you know when Tom from abroad?-Perhaps it will be a long time before he .A.will come; will comees; will comeC.will come; comeses; comes28.My uncle said that he would telephone but I from him so far.A.didn't hearB.hadn't heardC.haven't heardD.won't hear29.The telephone four times in the last hour，and each time it for my roommate.A.has rung; wasB.has been ringing; isC.had rung; wasD.rang; has been30.A storm by a calm.A.is often being followedB.was often followedC.is often followedD.has often been followed31.The pen I I is on my desk，right under my nose.A.think; lostB.thought; had lostC.think; had lostD.thought; lost32.-We could have walked to the station.It was so near.-Yes，a taxi at all necessary.A.wasn'tB.hadn't beenC.couldn't beD.won't be33.A friend of mine returned to his house after a holiday only to find it .A.to be brokenB.had broken intoC.was brokenD.had been broken into34.They believed that by using computers the production of their factory .A.w ill greatly increaseB.w ould greatly increaseC.w ould be increased greatlyD.w ill have been greatly increased35.His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazines he.A.h ad long been expectedB.h ad long expectedC.h as long expectedD.w as long expected36.-Do you like the new pen?-Yes，it very well.A.is writtenB.is writingC.writesD.wrote37.-Oh，it's you? I didn't recognize you.-I my hair cut，and I new glass.A.had; was wearingB.have had; am wearingC.had; woreD.have had; wear38.As she the newspaper，Granny asleep.A.read; was fallingB.was reading; fellC.was reading; was fallingD.read; fell39.However hard you ，you will never succeed in pleasing her.A.tryB.will tryC.should tryD.would try40.-Can I help you，sir?-Yes，I bought this radio yesterday，but it .A.didn't workB.won't workC.can't workD.doesn't work41.-How are you today?-Oh，I as ill as I do now for a very long time.A.didn't feelB.wasn't feelingC.don't feelD.haven't felt42.When Jack arrived he learned Mary for about an hour.A.had goneB.had set offC.had leftD.had been away43.By this time tomorrow we the machine.A.have repairedB.shall have repairedC.will repairD.would repair44.I don't think Jim saw me，he into space.A.just staredB.was just staringC.has just staredD.had just stared45.Helen her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.A.had left; cameB.has left; comesC.left; had comeD.had left; would come46.-You have left the light on.-Oh，so I have. and turn it off.A.I'll goB.I've goneC.I goD.I'm going47.This is Ted's photo.We miss him a lot.He trying to save a child in earthquake.A.killedB.is killedC.was killedD.was killing48.The notice "No smoking."A.is wroteB.readsC.writesD.is read49.Good care must babies particularly while they are ill.A.takeB.take ofC.be takenD.be taken of50.Shortly after we ，a waiter came over to our table with a smile.A.seatedB.were seatedC.sat ourselvesD.had seated51.-You look pale，what troubled you?-I my dead friend.A.am thinking aboutB.was thinking aboutC.had thought aboutD.will think about52.John and I friends for eight years.We first got to know each other at a Christmas party.But we each other a couple of times before that.A.had been; have seenB.have been; have seenC.have been; had seenD.had been; had seen53.Do make sure that you a seat today!A.gotB.getC.shouldD.have get54.We at the house as we of buying it.A.looked; were thinkingB.w ere looking; were thinkingC.w ere looking; thoughtD.l ooked; had thought55.-I'm told that you are leaving for Beijing.-Who so?A.saidB.had saidC.saysD.has said56.I the room to be empty but found it occupied.A.had thoughtB.have thoughtC.didn't thinkD.was thinking57.Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology so rapidly.A.will have changedB.has changedC.is changingD.will change58.I ping-pong quite well，but I haven't had time to play since the new year.A.will playB.have playedC.playedD.play59.Visitors not to touch the exhibits.A.will requestB.are requestedC.are requestingD.request60.They a snowstorm on their way home.A.caught inB.had caughtC.were caughtD.were caught in参考答案：1～5 DADBD 6~10 BBCAD 11～15 ACDCB 16~20 AAACA21～25 DCBAB 26~30 ACCAC 31～35 BADCC 36~40 CBBAD41～45 DDBBA 46~50 ACBDB 51～55 BCBBC5 6~60 ACDBD【解析】1.用过去时表达没能早说之意。
高中英语动词时态与语态专项练习试题填空题附答案解析(2021年整理)
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高中英语动词时态和语态专项练习题1. —You haven't said a word about my new coat，Brenda.Do you like it?-I ’m sorry I ________(say) anything aboutitsooner。
I certainly think it ’s prett y on you。
2.I wonder why Jenny ________（write） us recently。
Weshould have heard from her by now。
4. —How long ___ you _____(employ) at this job —Since1990.5。
By the end of lastyear，another new gym________(complete) inBeijing。
6。
Thelittle girl ________(cry) her heart ou she ________(lose) her toy bear and believed shwasn’t ever going to find it.7. —Excuse me，sir。
高考英语极简语法思维导图与提升专练：第七章 动词时态语态例句练习及答案
【第七章动词时态语态例句】养成良好的答题习惯，是决定成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
主动语态一般现在时He works hard every day to support his family.为了养活家人他每天努力工作。
现在进行时He is working for a company now.目前他正在一家大公司工作。
现在完成时He has already finished his work on the project plan.他已经完成了项目计划的工作。
现在完成进行时He has been working hard all morning, but he hasn’t finished his task.他整个上午都在努力工作，但是还没有完成这个任务。
一般过去时He worked as a volunteer last week. 上周他做志愿者工作了。
过去进行时At this time yesterday he was working with his colleagues.昨天这个时候他正在和同事一起工作。
过去完成时Before I arrived he had begun his work.我到达之前他已经开始工作了。
过去完成进行时When I saw him he was very tired, because he had been working all day.我见他时他很累，因为已经工作一整天了。
一般将来时He will work in a new city next year.明年他将去一个新的城市工作。
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高频语法之动词的时态、语态与语法填空（解析版）一、谓语动词1. 思维导图2. 高考真题再现一、2021年高考真题1.（2021.6新高考1卷语法填空）for the people then to put all those rocks into place.【答案】was【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。
分析句子结构可知，此处应该填谓语动词。
根据空后的提示词then可知，表示当时的情况，故此处谓语动词应用一般过去时；从句主语为it，是第三人称单数形式。
故填was。
2.（2021.6 浙江卷语法填空）most of their furniture.【答案】sold【解析】考查一般过去时。
句意：1861年，林肯被选举为国家总统后，他们租了房子并且卖掉了大部分的家具。
rent和sold为并列谓语，用and连接，所以都用一般过去时。
3.（2021.6全国甲卷语法填空）It 1 (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored（修复）.【答案】was built ;【解析】考查动词的时态/语态以及主谓一致。
根据句子结构可知，空格填写谓语动词，又因it指代前面The Xi'an City Wall，和build是被动关系，且是在the Tang dynasty被建立，故用过去式的被动语态。
本句句意：它最初是在唐代为保护这座城市而建的，现在已经完全修复。
故填was built。
4.（2021.6全国甲卷语法填空）We 6 (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate.【答案】hired【解析】考查动词的时态。
根据句子的结构可知空格应该填写谓语动词，根据后文My bike was old可知，应该为过去的时态，主语为we, 为主动语态，故填hired。
5.（2021.6 浙江卷语法填空）It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Pohomac, but Lincoln's home inpublie.【答案】has proved 或has proven【解析】考查现在完成时。
结合句中since一词，可以判断句子的谓语应该用现在完成时。
句意：自从它开放后，林肯的家已经证明是让游客们不可抵挡地想去参观的。
6.（2021.6 浙江卷语法填空）【答案】was painted【解析】考查一般过去时的被动语态。
句意：这个小房子被粉刷成白色。
房子被粉刷，所以用被动。
动作发生在过去，所以用一般过去时。
7.（2021.1 浙江卷语法填空）It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared, and a BMI【答案】is considered【解析】考查被动语态。
句意：介于19-25的BMI数值被认为是健康的。
分析句子结构a BMI of between 19 and 25 (consider) healthy.可知Consider做谓语，主语是单数，根据句意谓语动词应为被动且时态为一般现在时，故答案为is considered。
8.（2021.1 浙江卷语法填空）【答案】was【解析】考查系动词。
句意：然而在城市里，女人增长数值是1.3，男人增长为1.6。
分析句子结构可知主the gain是单数且该句陈述过去研究数据时态为一般过去时，故答案为was。
二、2020年高考真题1.（2020·新课标I卷语法填空）The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess 61．(touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.【答案】touched【解析】考查时态。
句意：无人月球探测器嫦娥四号——名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神——上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。
此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语last week可知应使用一般过去时，故填touched。
2.（2020·新课标I卷语法填空）＂This really excites scientists,＂Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, ＂because it 67．(mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon 68．(construct) .＂67.【答案】means【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。
句意：“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters说：“因为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。
”根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知，此处也使用一般现在时，主语是it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式means，故填means。
68．【答案】is constructed【解析】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。
句意同上。
分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语construct与主语the moon之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon是单数，故填is constructed。
3．（2020·新课标III卷语法填空）The artist was sure he would 63．(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old nan laughed.【答案】be chosen【解析】考查动词语态。
句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。
本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。
故填be chosen。
4.（2020·山东卷语法填空）The parts of a museum open to the public 40．(call) galleries or rooms.【答案】are called【解析】考查动词时态及语态。
句意:博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。
此处描述的是客观使用，应使用一般现在时；主语与call是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。
故填are called。
5．（2020·新课标III卷语法填空）65（When/As）he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and 66．(point) down the river.【答案】pointed【解析】考查动词时态。
句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河的下游。
根据上文they smiled and可知此处应用一般过去时。
故填pointed。
6.（2020·浙江卷语法填空）And，as more children were born，more food 59．(need).【答案】was needed【解析】考查时态语态。
句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。
分析句子，逻辑主语和need之间表示被动逻辑。
同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。
故此处应用过去时的被动语态。
food为不可数名词。
故填was needed。
7.（2020·浙江卷语法填空）By about 6000 BC，people 61．(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.【答案】had discovered【解析】考查时态。
句意：大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。
分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。
逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。
by + 过去时间译为“到……为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。
故填had discovered.8.（2020·浙江卷语法填空）New methods 65．(mean)that fewer people worked in farming.【答案】meant【解析】考查时态。
句意：新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。
分析句子，主句部分无其他动词，故此处需填时态。
文章的整体时态是过去时，根据时态一致原则此处也应为过去时。
逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。
所以此处填过去时的主动形式。
故填meant。
9.（2020·山东卷语法填空）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38．(form) the core collection of the British Museum 39（which/that）opened in 1759.【答案】formed【解析】考查动词时态。
句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。
此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语in1759可知，应使用一般过去时。
故填formed。
三、2019年高考真题1.【2019·新课标II卷·语法填空】I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I ___66___(make) over the years【答案】have made【解析】考查动词的时态。
根据该定语从句中的时间状语“over the years”可知，此处用现在完成时态，句意：我喜欢到这里来看看我的家人和我这些年来交到的朋友们。
故填have made。
2.【2019·新课标III卷·语法填空】Our hosts shared many of their experiences and___65___(recommend)wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit. For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.【答案】recommended。