二十世纪欧美文学简史考试大纲 说明
外国文学考试大纲
外国文学考试大纲一、考试范围：本门课教学大纲所设置的内容均为考试范围。
二、考试要求：本大纲在每个章节都提出了具体的考核要求。
凡属于“识记”部分的内容，要求学生努力记忆，并在各种情况下准确辨识。
“理解”部分要求学生不仅熟知其概念，还要理解其原理，并能够联系有关作家作品等文学现象及在文学史上的作用和意义加以简略说明。
凡要求“掌握”的内容，必须做到能够运用有关理论和知识，分析文学现象和作家作品中的重要问题，强调对综合能力的考察。
总之，学生要在“识记”、“理解”、“掌握”三个知识层次上认真学习，系统把握，并能融会贯通。
三、命题说明：本大纲是本课程考试命题的依据。
本课程考试命题的内容范围、能力层次和考试重点均以本大纲规定的考核目标为依据。
在命题时，每份试卷中“识记”性试题的比例应占40％；“理解”性试题应占30％；“掌握”性试题应占30％。
三者可在5％上下浮动。
试题的难易度分为易、较易、较难、难四种，其分数比例一般以2：3：3：2为宜。
注意试题的难度只是一个概念，各种题型都存在不同的难度，命题时要加以妥善处理。
第一章古希腊、罗马文学第一节古希腊文学概述考核目标与考核知识点1、识记：古希腊、罗马是欧洲文化的发源地。
没有奴隶制就没有希腊国家和罗马帝国，“没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲”。
古希腊文学的分期，各个时期的主要文学成就。
2、理解：早期欧洲文学的各种样式及其产生的社会文化背景。
3、掌握：奴隶主民主制与古希腊文学繁荣之间的关系。
第二节神话考核目标与考核知识点1、识记：希腊神话中主要的神的名字。
2、理解：俄林波斯神统。
3、掌握：希腊神话的特征；希腊神话的价值，希腊神话不只是“希腊艺术的武库，而且是它的土壤”；希腊神话与人类原始社会的不同发展阶段。
第三节荷马史诗考核目标与考核知识点1、识记：《荷马史诗》的基本情节线索，主要英雄人物。
2、理解：《荷马史诗》的主题思想。
3、掌握：《荷马史诗》中的主要英雄形象（阿喀琉斯、赫克托耳、俄底修斯）；《荷马史诗》的思想艺术价值；《伊利亚特》与《奥德赛》的异同；比较《荷马史诗》与《埃涅阿斯纪》。
二十世纪欧美文学各章重点
二十世纪欧美文学各章重点第一章重点问题1.表现主义的艺术特征ν2.卡夫卡的主要作品3.《变形记》的内容、艺术特点ν4.《饥饿艺术家》、《地洞》的内容ν5.《城堡》的朦胧性所代来的多解性6.卡夫卡小说的特征ν7.对卡夫卡的主要评价ν8.为什么说卡夫卡是现代主义的奠基第二章重点问题1.意识流小说产生的哲学和心理学背景ν2.意识流的三层含义3.意识流小说的特征及主要表现手法ν4.对意识流小说定义的争论ν5.意识流小说代表作家作品6.福克纳的主要作品（《我弥留之际》等）、创作特点（评价）ν7.《喧哗与骚动》的内容、班吉叙事的意义8.乔伊斯的生平和创作简况9.《尤利西斯》的内容、在结构上与《奥德赛》的对应关系，对《尤利西斯》的评价第三章重点问题1.存在主义文学的主题和艺术特点2.萨特主要作品的内容ν3..“处境剧”（“处境小说”）的含义ν4.《恶心》所表现的存在主义观点5.加缪主要作品的内容ν6.《局外人》、《鼠疫》所表现的存在主义观点ν7.零度写作的含义第四章重点问题1．新小说的革命性、19世纪现实主义小说的特征2．娜塔丽•萨洛特的主要作品，“潜对话”的内涵3．米歇尔•布托尔的主要作品4．克洛德•西蒙的主要作品5. 罗伯—格里耶的主要作品，《嫉妒》的内容、题目的双关含义、艺术特点第五章重点问题1.拉美魔幻现实主义的艺术特征2.关于拉美魔幻现实主义的争论3.拉美魔幻现实主义的代表作家作品4.马尔克斯的主要作品5.《百年孤独》的内容、孤独主题6.《百年孤独》的所反映的魔幻现实主义艺术特点7.《百年孤独》的叙事特点。
欧洲文学史考试大纲
欧洲文学史考试大纲文学史发展历程图公元前5世纪上古文学神话、戏剧、荷马史诗5-11世纪中古文学但丁、英雄史诗、骑士文学、城市文学14-16世纪资产阶级文学莎士比亚、文艺复兴、人文主义17世纪古典主义文学莫里哀18世纪启蒙文学歌德19世纪初浪漫主义文学拜伦、雨果、批判现实主义自然主义、颓废文学19世纪末-20世纪初两种突出现象预示欧洲文学时代来临19世纪中后期现实主义文学西欧文学：司汤达、巴尔扎克、狄更斯东北欧文学：易卜生美国文学：马克吐温俄国文学：普希金、果戈里、托尔斯泰非主潮文学自然主义、唯美主义、前期象征主义第一章1、欧洲文学起点：古希腊罗马文学2、古希腊文学发展的三个阶段：公元前12世纪--前8世纪从氏族向奴隶社会过渡阶段产生神话和史诗8 BC--4 BC 中叶古典时期，即奴隶制全胜时期产生悲剧、喜剧、散文和文艺理论6 BC--4 BC 中叶希腊化时期文学崇尚修辞技巧，内容贫乏，主要成就是新喜剧3、古希腊文学内在文化精神4、古希腊戏剧三大悲剧诗人及其代表作：埃斯库罗斯：《被缚的普罗米修斯》（《普罗米修斯三部曲》被释放的、带火的）、《阿伽门农》（《俄瑞斯忒斯三部曲》奠酒人、报仇神）索福克勒斯：《俄狄浦斯王》、《安提戈涅》欧里庇得斯：《美狄亚》、《特洛伊妇女》、《希波吕托斯》5、古罗马奥古斯都时期三大诗人及其代表作：维吉尔(普布留斯·维吉留斯·马罗):其作品有《牧歌集》、《农事诗》、史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》贺拉斯（昆图斯·贺拉斯·弗拉库斯):代表作有《诗艺》等。
奥维德（普布留斯.奥维第乌斯.纳索): 代表作《变形记》，《爱的艺术》和《爱情三论》6、《荷马史诗》中两大史诗的异同点相同点：均以神和英雄为主人公；都肯定生活，具有积极的入世精神；都写了十年的事；都极擅用比喻和博喻；格律相同，节奏感强，宜于吟诵。
不同点：《伊利亚特》：写战争，勇，神性，男性，集体，具有阳刚之美的雄伟风格，是浪漫主义的，十年只写四天，结构紧凑，用第三人称。
《二十世纪欧美文学
0078《二十世纪欧美文学》2012年6月期末考试指导二、知识点第一章：二十世纪前半期现实主义文学研究1、大概了解二十世纪前半期现实主义文学的思想特征和艺术特征。
2、了解肖伯纳的生平，知道肖伯纳的代表作品《巴巴拉少校》，掌握这一作品中的“讨论”技巧。
(1) 《巴巴拉少校》中的“讨论”技巧《巴巴拉少校》一贯以讨论精彩著称。
为了将观众的注意力吸引到讨论上来，肖伯纳对构成传统戏剧核心的情节要素进行了消解，用以打破观众的期待和幻觉。
比如，巴巴拉的未婚夫柯森斯，按照一般读者观众的审美标准，是很差劲的。
戏中这样介绍他：“身体瘦弱，头发稀薄”，年龄比巴巴拉大不少岁。
巴巴拉虽然年轻，但在美貌方面并未显得出色。
二人的相爱毫无诗意可言，但作者也不去写他们如何没有诗意，以期引起读者观众的关注。
他们外表不相配，还有柯森斯的伪装和最后的“投靠”，这些最容易出戏的地方，作者都让我们失望了。
他根本不去写它。
安德谢夫与妻子分居，这是传统戏剧可以大作文章的地方，为什么分居？许多年未见面，见面时也没有太多的惊讶，只有安德谢夫认错人的幽默，其他人也似乎并不感到有什么特别的地方。
再就是继承权的争夺。
如果是传统戏剧家，会将它演绎地淋漓尽致。
作者在此处根本不屑于停留。
确实如肖伯纳所说：“在新的剧本中，戏剧通过一些不安定的理想与另一些不安定的理想之间的冲突而产生，而不是通过庸俗的爱情、贪婪、慷慨、怨恨、野心、误解、怪诞行为之类不提出任何道德问题的东西。
”。
讨论压倒了一切，有强烈的反浪漫主义的倾向。
这种对传统情节要素的消解，本身制造了一种悬念：观众每每期待，因为似乎那些元素都出现了，观众开始沿着旧的欣赏习惯去预想主人公的命运。
但那些元素都没有展开，而转到了另外的方向。
期望，失望，再期望，观众的心理就这样被吸引和激荡着。
因此，肖伯纳戏剧的可读性、可观性是很强的。
肖伯纳的“讨论”是剧情进展的唯一动力，也就是说，它起了结构戏剧的作用。
讨论的展开，遵循辩证法的“三段论”原理，即正题——反题——合题。
20世纪欧美文学史 期末考试复习(推荐文档)
20世纪欧美文学史期末考试复习整理一、名词解释1、后期象征主义：象征主义是西方现代主义文学运动中出现最早、影响最大的文学流派，它分为前后两个时期。
前期象征主义流行于19世纪后半叶的法国。
第一次世界大战后，后期象征主义应运而生，20世纪20年代，后期象征主义达到高潮。
（2）后期象征主义一是更注重诗歌的复杂性、暗示性、神秘性和音乐，强调通过象征，实现灵魂与灵魂的对话，实现已知世界与未知世界的对话；二是创作变得愈来愈隐秘与个人化，诗人仿佛神庙中祈祷的神甫，试图在喃喃自语是创造某种奥秘的迷；三是更加强调形式的“纯粹”，试图创造一种“纯诗”。
（3）后期象征主义代表作家有：瓦雷里、里尔克、庞德、叶芝和艾略特。
2、意识流小说：二十世纪初期兴起的文学流派。
20年代出现于英国，代表作家为乔伊斯和弗吉尼亚∙沃尔夫。
在法国和美国以普鲁斯特和福克纳为代表。
其理论基础包括法国哲学家柏格森提出的“心理时间”和美国心理学家威廉詹姆斯的《心理学原理》。
（“意识流”一词首先在此书中提出）意识流小说主要包括内心独白，内部分析，感观印象三种基本形式，它使文学描写领域从社会表层进入意识深层，打破了传统小说基本上按故事发生的先后来安排情节的直线结构方法，使故事情节随着人的意识而展开，不受时间，空间，逻辑，因果关系的制约，靠自由联想把各个部分连接起来。
在时间上产生大幅度跳跃和倒错，产生逻辑上模糊，混乱的感觉。
3、荒诞派戏剧：是指第二次世界大战后旅居法国巴黎的一群剧作家开创的一种戏剧流派。
兴起于20世纪50年代。
该戏剧流派得名于英国批评家马丁∙艾思林。
荒诞派戏剧的哲学基础是存在主义，它拒绝用传统的、理智的手法去反映荒诞的生活，而主张用荒诞的手法直接表现荒诞的存在。
荒诞派戏剧家提倡纯粹戏剧性、通过直喻把握世界，他们放弃了形象塑造与戏剧冲突，运用支离破碎的舞台直观场景、奇特怪异的道具、颠三倒四的对话、混乱不堪的思维，表现现实的丑恶与恐怖、人生的痛苦与绝望，达到一种抽象的荒诞效果。
美国文学简史复习纲要
美国文学简史复习纲要美国文学简史复习纲要Colonial Period 殖民时期(1600s-仃90s) America n Purita nism 美国清教主义：self-exam in ati on /self-improveme nt I. Jon atha nEdwards (1703-1758)Calvi nist加尔文教徒II. Benjami nFran kli n 本杰明富兰克林(1706-1790)(1) PoorRichard 's Almanac(2) The Autobiography 自传Early America nRoma nticism 早期美国浪漫主义时期(1800s-1840s )1. features(1) As alogical result of the foreignand n ative factors at work,America n roma nticismwasboth imitative and in depe ndent. II. Washi ngto nlrvi ng 华盛顿欧文(1783-1859)1. several names attached to Irving(1) firstAmerican writer(2) themessenger sent from the newworld to the old world(3) father ofAmerican literature 美国文学之父2. works(1) The Sketch Book 见闻札记:RipVan Win kle , The Lege nd of SleepyHollowIII. JamesFe ni more Cooper 库柏(1789-1851)1. works⑴Leatherstocking Tales 皮袜子故事集:TheDeerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfi nder, The Pion eer, ThePrairie2. literary achievementsCooper 's LeatherstockingTales effectively approximates theAmerica n n ati onal experie nee ofadve nture into theWest. He turnedthe west and fron tier as a useablepast and he helped toin troducewestern traditi on to America n literature. Summitof Roma nticism - NewEn gla ndTra nsce nden talism/America nRen aissanee新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)I. Appearanee 提出1836, “Nature ” byEmers on爱默生、《论自然》II. Features1. spirit/oversoul2. importanee of individualism3. nature - symbol of spirit/God4. focus in intuition (irrationalisman dsubc on scious ness)III. In flue nee1. It helped to create the firstAmerica n ren aissa nee 美国文学复兴- one ofthe most prolific period inAmerican literature 、independentAmerica nculture.IV. RalphWaldo Emerson (1802-1882 )1. works(1) Nature —the manifestoofAmerica n Tran sce nden talism. 《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。
美国文学考核大纲
《美国文学作品选读》课程考核大纲【考核目的】了解学生对基本文学概念、文学流派及代表作家、文学表现手法、文学人物、文学现象和各种文学术语的掌握。
考核学生对文学作品的理解分析能力和鉴赏能力，帮助学生认识到本课程的学习重点和难点，为以后的深入学习提供可依靠的途径和方法。
【课程学习的基础】《美国文学史及作品选读》课是英语专业的必修课，学生在此前应完成了精读、泛读、写作等基本技能训练，掌握了一定的专业知识和技能，具备一定的语言表达能力和分析论述能力。
先修课程不在考核范围之内。
【考核的内容范围】本课程的考核主要包括基本文学概念、文学流派及代表作家、文学表现手法、文学人物、文学现象和各种文学术语。
【考核的具体内容】第一部分文学基础知识介绍知识点：1．什么是文学2．文学的基本概念和要素3．学习文学的方法4．美国文学历史简介考核目标：1．识记：文学的基本分类2．理解：文学的基本概念和要素3．运用：学习文学的有效方法和途径第二部分殖民时期的文学知识点：1．美国殖民时期文学概述2．北美拓殖的开始3．美国清教主义思想4．美国清教主义思想对早期美国文学的影响5．殖民时期的代表作家及作品考核目标：1．识记：（1）安妮•布雷兹特里特（Anne Bradstreet）（2）爱德华•泰勒（Edward Taylor）（3）迈克尔•维哥斯沃斯(Michael Wigglesworth) 及代表作品2．理解：早期北美殖民地时期文学状况3．运用：殖民地时期文学的主要特征第三部分独立革命时期的文学知识点：1．独立时期文学的主要特征2．启蒙运动及主要思想3．启蒙运动的代表：本杰明•富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）考核目标：1．识记：（1）托马斯•杰弗逊（2）托马斯•潘恩(Thomas Paine) （3）本杰明•富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）2．理解：启蒙运动3．运用：（1）启蒙运动的主要思想（2）本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin）的思想意识及精神风貌第四部分浪漫主义时期的文学1．英格兰超验主义2．欧洲浪漫主义文学的影响3．美国浪漫主义文学的特4．美国本土文学的崛起及其特征5．浪漫主义时期代表作家及作品考核目标：1．识记：（1）华盛顿•欧文（Washington Irving）（2）詹姆斯•弗尼莫•库柏（James Fenimore Cooper）（3）威廉姆•卡兰•布赖恩特（William Cullen Bryant）（4）埃德加•爱伦•坡（Edgar Allan Poe）（5）纳撒尼尔•霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）（6）拉多夫•瓦尔多•爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson) （7）亨利•大卫•梭罗（Henry David Thoreau）（8）赫曼•麦尔维尔（HermanMelville）（9）沃尔特•惠特曼（Walt Whitman）（10）艾米莉•狄金森（Emily Dickinson）及其作品。
20世纪欧美文学考试说明
20世纪欧美文学考试说明一、课程介绍外国文学是四川广播电视大学为培养和提高学生的审美能力、艺术修养和写作能力而开设的一门专业课。
它具有较为广泛的知识内容，较强的思想性和艺术性，是一门综合性的学科。
汉语言文学专业在专科阶段已学习了从古希腊罗马文学到20世纪的欧美文学以及从古代到现代的亚非文学，但对20世纪的欧美文学给予的重视程度不够。
于是，我们在汉语言文学专业专升本阶段开设了20世纪欧美外国文学这门课程。
本课程的主教材是《二十世纪欧美文学简史》（李明滨主编，北京大学出版社，2000年版）。
该教材将20世纪欧美文学以第二次世界大战为界限分成前后两大历史时期，设为上下两编。
重点介绍重要的文学现象、流派和作家；对于其余的情况只作一般的面上的概括，基本上做到了有点有面，点面兼顾，重点突出。
辅助教材《二十世纪欧美文学作品选》与主教材配合使用。
二、考试内容与考核目标上篇第一章1900-1939欧美文学概论1.重点掌握1-1现实主义文学与现代主义文学两大潮流并存的情况2.一般掌握2-1 现实主义文学占据重要地位2-1-1 批判现实主义文学有了长足的进展2-1-2 苏联社会主义现实主义文学为现实主义文学开辟了新的天地2-2 现代主义流派纷呈，主要有未来主义、超现实主义、后期象征主义、表现主义、意识流小说等3.了解3-1社会概况与文学思潮19世纪末20世纪初，世界历史进入帝国主义和无产阶级革命时代。
1914-1918的第一次世界大战。
1917年俄国的十月革命，第一个社会主义国家——苏联诞生。
在苏联，出现了以反映社会主义革命和建设为中心内容的社会主义现实主义文学。
在西方，盛行表现危机意识的现代主义文学。
第二章法国文学和南欧文学1.重点掌握1-1 《约翰·克利斯朵夫》的主人公形象1-2 《追忆逝水年华》的主题及其艺术特色2.一般掌握2-1 超现实主义、后期象征主义、未来主义的理论主张、艺术特征。
2-2 “自动写作法”、“傻剧”、隐逸派诗歌2-3 《母与子》的认识价值和审美价值3.了解3-1本期法国文学在诗歌、小说、戏剧方面的代表人物及代表作品3-1-1 阿波利奈尔上承象征主义，下启超现实主义，给法国抒情诗注入了新的活力。
欧洲文学史(考试范围)
前言：一、为配合《外国文学史大纲》的学习及复习，我们决定编发这份复习提纲，重点提示必须掌握的各个时期文学史上发生的文学思潮、文学现象、文学社团等基本知识以及各时期的代表作家和作品。
二、各面授辅导教师在帮助学员掌握欧洲文学的基本知识、了解欧洲文学各时期代表作家的成就、地位、影响，以及欧洲文学的发展脉络，提高文学作品分析鉴赏水平的同时，重点突出，不仅将作家作品讲深讲透，而且使学员掌握分析方法。
三、学员应以自学为主，面授为辅，培养阅读教材、作品以及独立思考的能力，并力争在辅导教师的指导下熟练掌握基本知识，认真钻研教材和取得重要成就的作家作品，勤学苦读，相互交流促进。
几点说明：此次编发《外国文学史》参考答案，目的是为了帮助修习本课程的学员在复习时能有一个基本遵循的提纲，但需要补充说明的是：①此材料仅供各站师生参考，非为标准答案；②对于《外国文学史》中的“概念”等需要掌握的知识类内容，勿须用原话复述，只要学员将其“要素”、“要点”总括全面，用自己的语言逻辑组织起来即可。
③对于文学史上著名作家作品的学习与掌握，更不必强求一致，仁者见仁，智者见智，学员只需立足于作品本身去认识，分析论述，谈自己的看法及见解既已达到了学习之目的。
参考答案第一章古希腊、罗马文学1、神话神话是“通过人民的幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身”；是“用想象和借助想象征服自然力，支配自然力，把自然力加以形象化。
”希腊神话是原始氏族社会的精神产物，反映了“人类社会的童年”的世界观和原始氏族社会的生活状况。
她是古希腊人集体的口头创作，后经诗人们的整理和艺术加工，成为古希腊早期文学的主要成果之一。
神话的特点：①希腊神话的艺术和哲理的方式，系统地反映了氏族社会生活最本质的面貌，内容丰富而复杂。
②希腊神话与现实生活紧密结合，富于艺术表现力和想象力。
③神与人同形同性，神是人格化了的形象，神具有人的性格和情欲，但神长生不死，具有无比的法术和智慧，具有超凡的力量。
美国文学期末考试复习大纲
美国文学期末考试复习大纲Ⅰ. 文学史1.American Puritanism (美国请教主义):Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century.I.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the ―elect‖ can be saved.2.Influence(1)A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calli ng into beinga literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writing: diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip Freneau(7)Jonathan Edwards(8)Benjamin Franklin2.American Enlightenment (美国启蒙运动):Enlightenment is a philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms.The American Enlightenment is a term sometimes employed to describe the intellectual culture of the British North American colonies and the early United States (as they became following the American Revolution).It is commonly dated from 1750—1820.Among the leading intellectual figures of this period are Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776—18201.Background: American Revolution——historicalEuropean Enlightenment2.Basic Assumptions:(1)Reg ard ―enlightenment‖ or ―education‖ as the principle means for development of society(2)Show concern for civil rights, democracy in government and tolerance rather than earlier religious mysticism(3)Reconsider the relationship between man & God. Brief-Deism (natural religion)3.Transcendentalism (超验主义):Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about1836 to 1860.It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature (1836) and Self-reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden (1854).I.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1)Fatherhood of God(2)Brotherhood of men(3)Leadership of Jesus(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5)Continued progress of mankind(6)Divinity of mankind(7)Depravity of mankind2.Romantic Idealism: Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3.Oriental mysticism: Center of the world is ―oversoul‖4.Puritanism: Eloquent expression in transcendentalismII.Appearance1836, ―Nature‖ by EmersonIII.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature.It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often becameopportunism, and the desire to ―get on‖ obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period in American literature.4.Dark Romanticism1.Dark Romanticism & Gothic FictionSimilarities: darkness, supernatural, featuring charactersDifferences: sheer horror——Gothic Fiction’s purposedark mystery & skepticism of man——Dark Romance’s purpose2.Dark Romanticism——reaction against transcendentalismDark Romanticism is a literary subgenre that emerged from the transcendental philosophical movement popular in 19th century America. Some writers, including Poe, Hawthorne and Melville, found transcendental belief far too optimistic and egotistical and reacted by modifying.3.Dark Romanticism & Transcendentalism:Dark Romantics are much less confident about the notion that perfection is an innate equality of mankind, as believed by transcendentalists. Dark Romantics present individuals as prone to sin and self-destruction, not as inherently possessing divinity and wisdom.While both groups believe nature is a deep spiritual force, Dark Romanticism views it in a much more sinister light than does transcendentalism, which sees nature as a divine & universal organic mediator. For Dark Romantics, the natural world is dark, decaying, and mysterious, when it does reveal truth to man, its revelations are evil.Transcendentalists advocate social reform when appropriate, works of Dark Romanticism frequently show individuals, falling in their attempts to make changes for the better.4.Fiction:⑪ General term for invented storiesNovel, short story, novellas, romance, fable etc.《堂吉诃德》——the first novel of European⑫ Types of novel:①.Kunstlerroman 成长小说Bildungroman——《麦田守望者》②.Spy novel③.Historical novel④.Campus novel 校园小说⑤.Gothic novel⑥.Epistolary novel⑦.Picaresque novel⑧.Detective novel⑨.Sociological novel⑩.Psychological novel⑬ Elements of fiction:①.Setting (time, place, environment)②.Plot (selected events, cause & effect, structure)——conflict (exposition, rising action/complication, climax, falling action, resolution)③.Character (animal, inanimate things)④.Point of view (first person, third person, multiple)⑤.Theme (different from ―subject‖)⑥.Style (diction, syntax, figure of speech)⑦.Symbol & IronyⅡ. 文学概念1. Allegory (寓言)：Allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning used to teach a moral principle.Allegory is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy.Thus, an allegory is a story with two meanings: a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Many of Hawthorne’s stories are allegories dealing with pride, isolation, love and betray. For example, Y oung Goodman Brown tells Brown’s journey in the forest. After the journey, Brown changed a lot. In fact the story shows Brown’s struggle between goodness and evil and re veals the processes of losing one’s innocence.2. Romance:―Romance‖ is now frequently used as s term to designate a kind of fiction that differs from the novel in being more freely. It is the product of the author’s imagination than the product of an effo rt to represent the actual world with verisimilitude.Romance is a heightened, emotional, and symbolic form of the novel. Romances are not love stories, but serious novels that use special techniques to communicate complex and subtle meanings.Nathaniel Hawthorne is a representative of dark romance, most of his works reveals the dark side of human beings.3. Lyric(抒情诗)：In the modern sense, it is any fairly short poem expressing the personal mood, feeling, or meditation of a single speaker. Lyric poetry is the most extensive category of verse. Lyrics may be composed in almost any meter and on almost every subject, although the most usual emotions presented are those of love and grief. Among the common lyric forms are the sonnet, ode, elegy, and the more personal kinds of hymn.Lyric poetry is genre that does not attempt to tell a story but instead of a more personal nature. It portrays the poet’s own feelings, states of mind, and perceptions.While the genre’s name derived from ―lyre‖, implies that it is intended to be sung, much lyric poetry is meant purely for reading.The most popular form for western lyric poetry to take may be the 14-line sonnet, as practiced by Petrarch and Shakespeare. Lyric poetry shows a bewildering variety of forms, including, increasingly in the 20th century, unrhymed ones.Lyric poetry is the most common type of poetry.5.Allusion:It is one of the figures of speech.An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication.For example, in literature, the snake often represents the evil. It’s an allusion of Bible. In Bible, the snake allured Eve to eat the apple. Thus, they were punished by God.5. T rickster:Trickster always appears in mythology, it’s a kind of literary character.In mythology, and in the study of folklore and relig ion, a trickster is a god, goddess, spirit, man, woman, or anthropomorphic animal who plays tricks or otherwise disobeys normal rules and conventional behavior.Trickster is the ―rebellion‖ that challenges authority.The trickster is a very important archetype in the history of human kind.H e is the ―wise fool‖.It is he, through his creations that destroy the authority.He exists to question and to cause us to question.He is the Destroyer of the world and at the same time the Savior of us all.For example, Robin Hood, he is a thief, who steals the rich to help the poor. On one hand, a thief is supposed to be punished, but on another hand, he steals the money not for himself but to help others. Thus, we call him a trickster.6.Gothic Fiction:Gothic fiction rises in the late of 18th century.The Gothic relates the individual to the infinite universe.Gothic literature pictures the human condition as an ambiguous mixture of good and evil power that cannot be understood completely by human reason.The Gothic novel or short story is any story which can be describe as dark, mysterious, and grotesque. A Gothic story often has supernatural elements that give it a hint of horror/ terror.Gothic fiction is often psychological (from the villain’s perspective)It has romantic elements: the damsel in distress, the ghost of a loverCreates suspense: never sure what is going to happenIt adopts the use of doppelganger theme.The most familiar Gothic fiction to me is The V ampire Diaries. Similar to the Twilight, it tells a love story between the V ampire and a human being. There are many terror scenes with suspense and a doppelganger in the story. Now The V ampire Diaries is made into TV series. In the TV series, a vampire called Damon is my favorite one.7. Kunstlerroman8. Quest:―quest‖ means search, pursue, go on adventure. The Quest myth/ Quest story, similar to Romance is a genre of literature.The background, such as an imbalanced society, is often challenging.The hero leaves the society. His goals are always noble. He is always on the side of goodness, and his enemies are always evil.The hero must undergoes trials: physical tests—slaying a dragon, battling powerful opponents, rescuing maidens in distress etc.Having completed his quest, the hero returns to society to bring about spiritual transformation and restore the perfect human community.The Captain Ahab in Moby Dick is a hero of quest but not a traditional one, he is a villain hero who tries to conquer the nature.9. Iambic Pentameter:10. Point of View(视角)：It is the relationship of the storyteller or narrator, to the story.A story has a first-person point of view if one of the characters, referred to as ―I‖, tells the story.A story has a limited third-person point of view if the narrator reveals the thoughts of only one character but refers to that character as ―he‖ or ―she‖.A narrator who tells the thoughts of all the characters and who tells things that no one character could know uses the omniscient (all-knowing), or third-person, point of view.For example, in Moby Dick, Melville adopted the first-person narrator, Ishmael was the observer who saw the events of the story and played s minor role in the action.Ⅲ. 重要作家及作品Nathanial Hawthorne (纳撒尼尔·霍桑)1.life2.works(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun3.point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life, ―that blackness in Hawthorne‖(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic美学的ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yetnot to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.5.style – typical romantic writer(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters’ psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of viewThe Scarlet Letter, （adultery）1.About the story:(1)The story of Hester Prynne Set: the 17th century(2)What is situated immediately outside the door of the prison in which Hester is kept: A rosebush(3)How does Hester support herself financially: as a seamstress(4)She always wears: black(5)―A‖ represents: adultery2.Major characters in the story:(1)Hester Prynne: wears ―A‖; ―A‖ defines her identity(2)Arthur Dimmesdale: wears ―A‖ in his heart; his soul never in peace (invisible wearer)(3)Roger Chillingworth: the maker of scarlet letter(4)Pearl: the p roduct/result of ―A‖3.Symbolism: (special movement in literature; the use of symbols)In ―The Scarlet Letter‖:(1)The rosebush: passion(2)The forest: an ungovernable place(3)The scarlet letter: adultery; sin(4)Pearl: wildness; passion(5)The meteor: community4.Refuse to take off ―A‖:(1)For Hester, to remove scarlet letter would be to acknowledge the power it has in determining who she is(2)She is determined to transform its meaning and her identity(3)She wants to be the one who controls its meaning(4)She stands as a self-appointed reminder of the evils society can commitYoung Goodman Brown1. Psychological interpretation——Sigmund Freud (the founder of psychology):(1)superego——consciousness——the principle of morality 超我(2)ego——subconsciousness——the principle of reality 自我(3)id——unconsciousness——the principle of pleasure 本我Brown’s journey is psychological as well as physical:Village, a place of light and order——Forest, a place of darkness and wildnessconsciousness——unconsciousnessvillage——superego——FaithBrown——egoforest——id——SatanHawthorne saw the dangers of an overactive suppression of libido and the consequent development of tyrannous superego.2. Men, Women, and the loss of Faith:Despite the literary sexism of his day, Hawthorne portrays women as powerful moral agents.Although Faith is not a three-dimensional character, the story centers on her husband’s rejection of her. Women are victimized.Women——angle in the house——do not have desires, rights and needsFallen women——prostitutes, witches, and mad womenFaith to Brown is female sexuality; Satan to Brown is patriarchal authority3. Female images:Innocents vs. Temptresses:(1)Governor’s wife, Goody Cloyse, prostitutes, maidens, witches, Quaker women, Faith(2)Sex is seen as alluring and dangerous(3)Brown is an empty and failed husband and fatherHerman Melville (赫尔曼·麦尔维尔)1.life(1)Typee 《泰皮》(2)Omio 《殴穆》(3)Mardi 《玛地》(4)Redburn 《雷德本》(5)White Jacket 《白外衣》(6)Moby Dick(7)Pierre 《皮埃尔》(8)Billy Budd 《比利·巴德》3.point of view(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ (negative attitudetowards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress4.style(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multipleview of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or onthe route (Moby Dick)Moby Dick《白鲸》：Moby-Dick, often considered the greatest American novel, is a masterpiece with many layers. It is a sea adventure, an exciting chase after a destructive and mysterious creature. The enormous white whale Moby-Dick torments Captain Ahab, who is obsessed with finding and killing Moby-Dick, having lost a leg in a previous encounter with the whale, and Ahab’s burning desire for revenge really is the center of the story. At the novel’s end, Ahab finds and attacks Moby-Dick, but the terrible whale takes Ahab, his ship Pequod, and nearly all its crew down to a watery grave with him.1. An encyclopedia of everythingA Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates (extreme individualism)2. Image of ship: ship on the sea is the human soul search the meaning in the universe.3. Purpose——noble: he think Moby Dick as an evilHero: he is a hero but not a traditional hero (he does not stand for goodness); a villain hero4. Byronic hero (create by Byron): mad, bad, dangerous to know, obsessive——rebellions: challenge the authority; unconventional; right the wrongSatanic: revengeful; rebellious; the fight between God & Satan5. The Pequod——a symbol of doom(named after a native American tribe in Massachusetts; did not long survived of white men(extincted); is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones)The sailors are of different ethics——all people in American (individual)Queequeg’s Coffin——life boat; life6. Theme of Moby Dick:(1)Melville’s bleak view (negative attitude) the sense of futility and meaninglessness of the w orld. His attitude to life is―Everlasting Nay‖. Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futility.The adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless. Ahab tries to control it, which leads to his doom.Modern life——the loss of faith, the sense of futility——well expressed in Moby Dick(2)Alienation (far away from each other): exists between man & man, man & society, and man & nature.(3)Loneliness and suicidal individualism——the basic pattern of 19th century American life(individualism causing disaster and death)——Moby Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism.(4)Rejection and quest:V oyaging for Ishmael has become a journey in quest of knowledge and valuesHenry David Thoreau1.life(1)A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2)Walden(3)A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3.point of view(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw natur e as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritualwell-being.(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)―Simplicity…simplify!‖(7)He was sorely disgusted with ―the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society‖.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.WaldenEdgar Allen PoeI.LifeII.Works1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morguec.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told TalesIII.Themes1.death – predominant t heme in Poe’s writing―Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.‖2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV.A esthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy. Poems should not be of moralizing. Hecalls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.V.Style – traditional, but not easy to readVI.R eputation: ―the jingle man‖ (Emerson)VII.His influencesWalt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1)Song of Myself(2)There Was a Child Went Forth(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4)Democratic V istas(5)Passage to India(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes –―Catalogue of American and European thought‖He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):●equality of things and beings●divinity of everything●immanence of God●democracy●evolution of cosmos●multiplicity of nature●self-reliant spirit●death, beauty of death●expansion of America●brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)●pursuit of love and happiness4.style: ―free verse‖(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3)phonetic recurrence(4)the habit of using snapshots(5)the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7)use of conventional image(8)strong tendency to use oral English(9)vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(10)sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5.influence(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2)He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated andEuropeanized mood.(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.Ralph Waldo Emerson (拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生)1.life (American philosopher, poet and essayist; the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism)2.works(1)Nature——his first book expressing the main principle of Transcendentalism. It is regarded as ―American’sDeclaration of Intellec tual Independence‖(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the ―oversoul‖.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of aspiritual and immanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become betterand even perfect. This is what Emerson means by ―the infinitude of man‖.(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by makinghimself.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.5.his influenceWashington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1)A History of New Y ork from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication ofthis.)(3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus(4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageJames Fenimore Cooper1.life (―father of American novelists‖; the creation of the west frontier and its heroes)2.works(1)Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of viewThe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.Benjamin Franklin1.life (printer, enlightener, inventor, scientist, statesman, diplomat)2.works(9)Poor Richard’s Almanac(10)Autobiography——form: the first autobiography of Americanmeaning: American dream & individualismself-improvement; business (contents); prototype of American success (significance); Puritanism and enlightenment spirits 3.contribution(11)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(12)He was called ―the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven‖.(13)Everything seems to meet in this one man –―Jack of all trades‖. Herman Melville thus described him ―master of each and mas tered by none‖.(14)Aid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine1.father of the American Revolution2.propagandist, pamphleteer, a master of persuasion who understands the power of language to move a man to action3.main works:(1)The American Crisis(2)Common Sense(3)The Right of Man(4)The Age of Reason。
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二十世纪欧美文学简史考试大纲声明：本资料非自己原创，收集整理于网络，请忽用于商业用途，如有侵犯作者权益，请直接删除。
一、课程介绍外国文学是四川广播电视大学为培养和提高学生的审美能力、艺术修养和写作能力而开设的一门专业课。
它具有较为广泛的知识内容，较强的思想性和艺术性，是一门综合性的学科。
汉语言文学专业在专科阶段已学习了从古希腊罗马文学到20世纪的欧美文学以及从古代到现代的亚非文学，但对20世纪的欧美文学给予的重视程度不够。
于是，我们在汉语言文学专业专升本阶段开设了20世纪欧美外国文学这门课程。
本课程的主教材是《二十世纪欧美文学简史》（李明滨主编，北京大学出版社，2000年版）。
该教材将20世纪欧美文学以第二次世界大战为界限分成前后两大历史时期，设为上下两编。
重点介绍重要的文学现象、流派和作家；对于其余的情况只作一般的面上的概括，基本上做到了有点有面，点面兼顾，重点突出。
辅助教材《二十世纪欧美文学作品选》与主教材配合使用。
二、考试内容与考核目标上篇第一章1900-1939欧美文学概论1.重点掌握1-1现实主义文学与现代主义文学两大潮流并存的情况2.一般掌握2-1 现实主义文学占据重要地位2-1-1 批判现实主义文学有了长足的进展2-1-2 苏联社会主义现实主义文学为现实主义文学开辟了新的天地2-2 现代主义流派纷呈，主要有未来主义、超现实主义、后期象征主义、表现主义、意识流小说等3.了解3-1社会概况与文学思潮19世纪末20世纪初，世界历史进入帝国主义和无产阶级革命时代。
1914-1918的第一次世界大战。
1917年俄国的十月革命，第一个社会主义国家——苏联诞生。
在苏联，出现了以反映社会主义革命和建设为中心内容的社会主义现实主义文学。
在西方，盛行表现危机意识的现代主义文学。
第二章法国文学和南欧文学1.重点掌握1-1 《约翰·克利斯朵夫》的主人公形象1-2 《追忆逝水年华》的主题及其艺术特色2.一般掌握2-1 超现实主义、后期象征主义、未来主义的理论主张、艺术特征。
2-2 “自动写作法”、“傻剧”、隐逸派诗歌2-3 《母与子》的认识价值和审美价值3.了解3-1本期法国文学在诗歌、小说、戏剧方面的代表人物及代表作品3-1-1 阿波利奈尔上承象征主义，下启超现实主义，给法国抒情诗注入了新的活力。
代表作《醇酒记》收入了《米拉波桥》、《失恋者之歌》、《秋水仙》等诗篇3-1-2 超现实主义运动声势浩大。
查拉、布勒东、阿拉贡等是其代表诗人3-1-3 瓦雷里是法国后期象征主义诗歌的主要代表。
收入《幻美集》的《海滨墓园》是其登峰造极之作3-1-4 法朗士长篇小说四部曲《当代史话》：《路旁榆树》、《柳条模型》、《红宝石戒指》、《贝日莱先生在巴黎》3-1-5 巴雷斯的三个长篇小说三部曲：《自我崇拜》、《民族精力的小说》、《东方支柱》3-1-6 亨利·巴比塞的长篇小说《炮火——一个步兵班的日记》3-1-7 纪德的长篇小说《伪币制造者》3-1-8 杜伽尔八卷集的“长河小说”《蒂博一家》3-1-9 梅特林克的代表作《青鸟》3-1-10 克洛岱尔的《缎子鞋》3-1-11 儒尔·罗曼的喜剧《克诺克》3-1-12纪德、吉罗杜、科克托对古典悲剧的改编3-2 本期意大利和希腊文学的代表作家的代表作品3-2-1 意大利皮兰德娄的怪诞剧3-2-2 希腊新诗的奠基人塞菲利斯3-2-3 希腊杰出诗人埃利蒂斯3-3 罗曼·罗兰的生平和创作3-4 普鲁斯特的生平和创作3-5《追忆逝水年华》的成书过程第三章德语国家文学、荷兰文学和北欧文学1.重点掌握1-1 《布登勃洛克一家》故事梗概及艺术特色1-2 “卡夫卡式”小说形成的标志《诉讼》1-3 《城堡》所体现的卡夫卡艺术的基本特点2.一般掌握2-1 德国现代主义文学的三个主要流派：印象主义、新浪漫主义和表现主义2-2 “布拉格德语文学”和“流亡文学”2-3《变形记》的故事梗概和主题思想3.了解3-1 德国20世纪上半叶三位成就最大的现实主义作家及作品3-1-1 亨利希·曼长篇小说《臣仆》、《亨利四世》3-1-2 托马斯·曼长篇小说《布登勃洛克一家》、《魔山》和《浮士德博士》3-1-3 黑塞长篇小说《在轮下》、《荒原狼》、《玻璃珠游戏》3-2 德国文学史上著名的三部战争小说3-2-1 阿·茨威格的《格里沙中士案件》3-2-2 雷恩的《战争》3-2-3 雷马克的《西线无战事》3-3 奥地利文学3-3-1 施尼茨勒是印象主义和心理学派的代表，重要作品剧本《轮舞》3-3-2 霍夫曼斯塔尔的剧本《傻子与死神》、《艾勒克特拉》、《每一个人》3-3-3 李尔克的代表作有《新诗集》等3-4荷兰文学、丹麦文学、挪威文学、瑞典文学、芬兰文学以及冰岛文学3-5 托马斯·曼的生平和创作3-6 卡夫卡的生平和创作第四章英国文学1.重点掌握1-1 《尤利西斯》艺术表现手法上的两个特征2.一般掌握2-1 从精神分析学的理论视角解读《荒原》2-2《荒原》在现代主义诗歌领域的意义2-3 《尤利西斯》的故事梗概、结构特点、主题3.了解3-1本期英国文学的时代背景和受弗洛伊德主义影响的作家的分类3-2 本期英国文学在小说、诗歌、戏剧领域的代表作家及代表作品3-2-1 意识流小说家伍尔芙的代表作《到灯塔去》3-2-2 劳伦斯的代表作《儿子与情人》、《虹》、《查特莱夫人的情人》3-2-3 高尔斯华绥史诗性的巨著《福尔赛世家》3-2-4 杰出的英语文体大师康德拉的《吉姆爷》、《黑暗的中心》等3-2-5 福斯特的理论著作《小说面面观》及小说《通往印度之路》3-2-6 毛姆的重要小说有《人性的枷锁》、《月亮和六便士》等3-2-7 女作家曼斯菲尔德最有名的两个短篇小说《园会》和《帕克大妈的一生》3-2-8 肖伯纳的悲剧《圣女贞德》、喜剧《苹果车》3-2-9叶芝的诗剧《猫和月亮》对荒诞派作家贝克特的代表作《等待戈多》的创作颇有启迪作用3-2-10 叶芝诗歌创作分为三个阶段及各期代表作3-2-11 艾略特的诗歌成就体现在六部诗集：《普鲁弗洛克》、《诗集》、《荒原》、《空心人》、《灰色星期三》、《四个四重奏》3-3 艾略特的批评思想3-4 乔伊斯的生平和创作第五章西班牙文学和葡萄牙文学1.一般掌握1-1 “98年一代”、“新世纪派”、“27年一代”、现场派文学团体、新现实主义流派2.了解2-1-1 乌纳穆诺小说代表作和主要诗作2-1 小说代表作《雾》、《战争中的和平》、《亚伯·桑切斯》、《图拉姨妈》2-1-2 主要诗作有《诗集》、《十四行抒情诗》等2-2 洛尔卡的诗歌和戏剧代表作2-2-1 诗歌代表作《诗集》、《歌集》、《深歌集》、《吉卜赛谣曲集》、《诗人在纽约》等2-2-3 代表剧作有三大悲剧《叶尔玛》、《血的洗礼》、《贝尔纳达·阿尔瓦一家》等第六章俄苏文学和东欧文学1.重点掌握1-1 高尔基创作分期、各期代表作品以及高尔基对苏联文学的重大影响1-1-1 高尔基创作的分期及各期代表作品早期，19世纪90年代是探索时期。
创作可分为两大类：一类是浪漫主义的作品，有《伊则吉尔老婆子》、《鹰之歌》。
另一类是现实主义作品，有《切尔卡什》、《因为烦闷无聊》等。
中期，20世纪头20年，是他为社会主义现实主义文学奠定基础的时期。
有诗歌《海燕之歌》、戏剧《在底层》、特写《一月九日》、长篇小说《母亲》、自传体三部曲的前两部《童年》和《在人间》等。
晚期，十月革命以后，是他为苏联新文学而加紧劳作的时期。
有回忆录《列宁》、长篇小说《阿尔达莫诺夫家的事业》、《克里姆·萨姆金的一生》等1-1-2 高尔基对苏联文学的重大影响2.一般掌握2-1 《母亲》的故事梗概以及小说所体现的社会主义现实主义的基本特征2-2 《静静的顿河》的故事梗概、主题思想以及各方面的成就2-2-1 小说的故事梗概、主题和历史地位2-2-2 小说多方面的成就：①是广泛地表现社会主义革命导致哥萨克乃至整个俄国命运大变化的杰作；②塑造了众多性格鲜明的人物形象，如葛利高里、娜塔利亚、阿克西妮亚等；③宏大的结构和严整的布局。
3.了解3-1 世纪之交至1917年的苏俄文学概况3-1-1批判现实主义作家亚·库普林的长篇小说《决斗》和伊凡·布宁的中篇小说《乡村》3-1-2 介乎现实主义和现代主义之间的作家安德列耶夫，代表作《红日》、《人的一生》、《七个绞刑犯的故事》等3-1-3 现代主义流派：象征派、阿克梅派、未来派3-2 1917年至1939年苏联社会主义现实主义文学在诗歌、小说领域的成就3-2-1 诗歌：别德内依《大街》、马雅可夫斯基《列宁》和《好！》、伊萨可夫斯基《红莓花儿开了》、特瓦尔多夫斯基《春草国》3-2-2 小说：肖洛霍夫《静静的顿河》、绥拉菲莫维奇《铁流》、富尔曼诺夫《恰巴耶夫》、法捷耶夫《毁灭》、阿·托尔斯泰《苦难的历程》和《粮食》、奥斯特洛夫斯基《钢铁是怎样炼成的》3-3 被贬斥的文学的情况3-3-1 巴别尔的《骑兵团》引发“元帅与文豪之争”3-3-2 扎米亚京《我们的主题》3-3-3 布尔加科夫的《不祥的蛋》、《狗心》、《大师与玛格丽特》的艺术特色3-3-4 普拉东诺夫《切尔古尔》、《地槽》、《初生海》3-4 东欧各国文坛呈现繁荣而复杂的局面：现实主义仍然雄踞文坛；现代主义流派相继登场；无产阶级文学蓬勃兴起3-5 东欧各国文坛重点作家的代表作品3-5-1 捷克文学：哈谢克《好兵帅克》、伏契克《第一救生队》和《绞刑架下的报告》3-5-2 南斯拉夫文学：伊奥·安德里奇的波斯尼亚三部曲：《德纳河上的桥》、《特拉夫尼克纪事》、《小姐》3-6 肖洛霍夫的生平和创作第七章美国文学和加拿大文学1.重点掌握1-1 《老人与海》的主题及艺术特色2.一般掌握2-1 尤金·奥尼尔的戏剧作品2-2 福克纳写作手法上的特点2-2-1 他探索各种可能性以使内心活动外部化、客体化；2-2-2 不从横向上看时间而从竖向上分割时间的做法达到登峰造极的程度；2-2-3 创造长句子；2-2-4 对话多南方口语，尤其是黑人口语；叙述语言简明确切，有时富有抒情性和形象性。
2-3 “约克纳帕塔法世系”2-3-1 “约克纳帕塔法世系”的含义2-3-2 “约克纳帕塔法世系”作品：《萨托里斯》、《喧哗与骚动》、《我弥留之际》、《八月之光》、《押沙龙！押沙龙》等2-4 “迷惘的一代”的代表作《太阳照样升起》2-5 《永别了武器》的两个主题：反战和爱情2-6 《丧钟为谁而鸣》的反战主题2-7 “冰山原则”2-8 “硬汉精神”3.了解3-1 美国小说的代表人物的代表作品3-1-1 两种现实主义小说①亨利·詹姆斯《丛林猛兽》等“早期心理分析小说”②哈姆林·加兰《主要的旅行大道》等乡土小说3-1-2 乡土作家和幽默小说①欧·亨利《最后一片叶子》、《麦琪的礼物》等②伊迪斯·华顿《快乐之家》、《天真的年代》等3-1-3 “黑幕揭发者”和厄普顿·辛克莱的《屠场》3-1-4 自然主义和现实主义的交织①杰克·伦敦《铁蹄》、，马丁·伊登》、《海狼》、《荒野的呼唤》和《雪虎》②西奥多·德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》、《珍妮姑娘》、《欲望三部曲》（《金融家》、《巨人》、《斯多葛》）、《美国的悲剧》3-2 本期美国诗歌状况①庞德②弗洛斯特3-3 本期美国戏剧概况3-3-1 尤金·奥尼尔《天边外》、《琼斯皇帝》、《毛猿》等3-3-2 罗伯特·舍伍德《白痴的欢乐》等3-3 本期加拿大英语文学和法语文学概况3-4 福克纳的生平和创作3-5 海明威的生平和创作第八章拉丁美洲文学1.重点掌握1-1 20-50年代拉丁美洲文学的概况：先锋派诗歌、地域主义小说、土著文学和先锋派小说占据主导地位2.一般掌握2-1 1900年-1920年的拉丁美洲文学的概况：现代主义诗歌、现实主义小说和墨西哥大革命小说占据主导地位2-2 阿斯图里亚斯《总统先生》的主要情节、人物形象、艺术技巧以及语言特色2-3 阿斯图里亚斯作为“新叙事文学的先驱者之一”的贡献2-4 博尔赫斯代表作，侦探小说《小径分岔的花园》的主题3.了解3-1 聂鲁达创作的四个分期、各期代表作及聂鲁达的贡献3-2 米斯特拉尔的诗歌创作3-3 阿斯图里亚斯的生平和创作3-4 卡彭铁尔的的“神奇现实主义”和代表作《光明世纪》3-5 博尔赫斯的生平和创作下篇第九章1939-90年代欧美文学概论1.一般掌握1-1 1939-1960欧美文坛概况1-1-1 社会主义现实主义文学急速发展1-1-2 现代主义文学迅速回升，主要有存在主义、荒诞派戏剧、新小说、黑色幽默等1-2 1960-90年代欧美文坛概况：现实主义与现代主义两大流派既相互对立，又相互影响和互有联系，甚至互相渗透，共同构成欧美文学的主潮1-2-1 现实主义仍葆有其生命力①纪实文学繁荣②在美国，战后出现了一代新现实主义作家③在苏联，现实主义文学的发展提出了“全景文学”的概念④社会主义现实主义文学经历了由盛到衰的过程1-2-2 进入六七十年代，西欧、美洲的主要思潮是现代主义①荒诞派戏剧产生于法国，流传到英、美等国②法国的新小说派，传播到欧美和日本③美国的黑色幽默小说④拉丁美洲文学“爆炸”，成绩惊人2.了解2-1 本期社会概况1939年-90年代，发生了几件震动世界的大事件：一是第二次世界大战，二是1954年苏联开始的批判斯大林“个人崇拜”的政治浪潮，三是人造地球卫星上天和宇宙飞船飞行成功，四是东欧国家剧变和苏联解体。