英汉对比与翻译
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英汉语言对比与翻译
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第二小点：‘有人就提前’
Unfortunately, the grey and blue cotton pieces reached us whereas our order was for a selection of the green and orange ones. 很遗憾，我们收到的棉制品是灰色的和蓝色的，而 我们订货时选的是绿色的和桔黄色的。 A fair comparison of quality between our products and similar articles from other sources will convince you of the reasonableness of our quotation. 贵方只要把我们的产品质量与别处的同类产品质量 比一比，就会知道我们的报价是合理的。
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第五小点：抽象变火人
If understanding prevails, WTO is in a position to replace confrontation with agreement; it cannot be pull off. 如果大家能普遍接受的话，WTO就能用协议 取代对抗，而这项工作不能在拖延下去了。
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第三小点：人多挑一个
Spectacular economic results ultimately won impressive staff support for the reformer manager. A.惊人的经济成果最终赢得了职工对这位改革派经 理的热情支持。 B. 到头来，职工们对这位改革派经理取得的惊人的 经济成果给予了热情的支持。 C. 这位改革派经理取得了惊人的经济成果，最终赢 得了职工们热情的支持。 D.这位改革派经理取得了惊人的经济成果，职工们 给予了热情的支持。
左彪-英汉对比与翻译(全)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。 • Positive Transfer （正迁移） Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner‟s awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁 移（促进）。
人在阵地在。 The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑， If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧。 he will find trouble at his doorstep.
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation 左飚
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
左 飚
上海建桥学院 上海海事大学 zuobiao212@
欢迎光临
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们、同学们 我的爸爸、你的妈妈 认真的态度、 认真地学习
英汉对比与翻译(全)
Examples of Negative Transfer
5、他建议我接受这个报价。 He suggested me to accept this offer . He suggested that I (should) accept this offer . He suggested my (me) accepting this offer .
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer 2. Linguistic contrast 欢迎光临 3. Contrast and translation
Causes: • analogical use of one‟s prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 • scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 • unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
Negative Transfer (负迁移): Interference (干扰)
Please translate the following:
英汉句子比较与翻译
英汉句子重心的差异 汉语的习惯是叙事在前，表态在后。 英语的习惯是表态在前，叙事在后。
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends. 我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民 应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友 好相处，这是正确而必要的。
2）汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等 例句： 应该教育儿童说实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth. 发现了错误，一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态 (static)；汉语倾向于多用动词，因而叙述呈 动态(dynamic) 英语句子中，名词与介词占优势 英语句子的静态趋向主要体现在句法的名词化 He failed in this exam, so he felt disherateded. His failure in the exam made him disheartened.
The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成 就，这是我向往已久的。 I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. 贵国政府一再表示，协议中有关香港的安排不是权 宜之计，这种保证使我感到鼓舞。
英汉语对比与翻译
There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里，活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
Lecture One
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起，输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌
C-E: from personal to impersonal
一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱 歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
汉语动词常常重复或重叠
说是的说是，说非的说非，莫衷一是。 Some say “yes” and others say “no”; I don’t know whom to follow. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉 快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
英汉句子比较与翻译
01
傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。
汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
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2
3
5
这个问题必须予以处理。
6
This matter must be dealt with.
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无被动助词
1
看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。
2
例句：
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那里讲什么语言？
4
What language is spoken there?
5
这个任务必须按时完成。
6
This task must be fulfilled in time.
There is nothing wrong with this computer.
这台电脑没有什么毛病。
2 –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。
I worked very hard on this book.
英汉对比与翻译(全)
语义型与形态型
Please translate the following:
不要人云亦云。 Don‟t say what others have said. 这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。 Whether you do the matter or he does it, I‟m afraid neither will do it well. 支农惠农政策不断加强。 Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture. 必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。 Measures must be taken to develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.
Zuo Biao
英 汉 对 比 与 翻 译
Three Parts
1. Language transfer （语言迁移） 2. Linguistic contrast（语言对比） 欢迎光临 （对比与翻译） 3. Contrast and translation
Part One
Language Transfer in FL Learning: Interference or Facilitation?
Two Typesnsfer • Positive Transfer (负迁移) （正迁移） Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误。 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。
英汉语言对比及翻译
思果说：“千万不能跟英文走。” 2
1.刘宓庆.翻译与语言哲学[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001: 78.)
2.思
果. 翻译研究[M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001:23)
汉语的线性序列 与英语的空间结构
关于英汉语言的比喻
英语句子的结构: “葡萄藤型”结构 （grapevine structure），意为在短短的主 干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；
1. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:30
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神 的问题，傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破 坏本国文字的结构与特性，就能传达 异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神， 那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理 论非但是刻船求剑，而且结果是削足 就履，两败俱伤。” 1
英汉语言对比与翻译 (一)
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it certain characteristics.”1
1. 怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳：辽宁教育出版社2005:2
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
刘宓庆：“西方各语种在SLT与TLT之间的 实现形式转换的可行性比汉外翻译大得 多。……即既实现意义对应，又实现形式对 应。这在汉语与西方语言之间的转换中是根
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Examples of Negative Transfer
5. -- Your English is wonderful. -- No, no. My English is still poor. Pragmatic transfer (语用迁移) The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous. 对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌.
Please translate the following:
你再说一个字,我马上走. If you should say one more word, I would go at once. 你死了,我去当和尚. If you should die, I would go and be a monk.
(Time Order 时间先后 时间先后)
他人老心 不老.
Although he has aged physically, he remains young at heart.
(Concession 让步 让步)
Contrast Between English and Chinese Chinese
Examples of Negative Transfer
2. He only eat two meal a day. Morphological transfer (词形迁移) Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese. 在汉语中,名词和动词都没有形态变化.
Two Types of Transfer
Negative Transfer Positive Transfer (负迁移) (正迁移) Errors arise from Errors decrease by analogy. analysis. 类推会产生错误. 分析能减少错误.
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning. 对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习.
Examples of Negative Transfer
3. Shanghai is said to have thirteen million population. Collocation transfer (搭配迁移) The noun renkou, the Chinese equivalent of 'population', can have a numerical pre-modifier. Population的汉语对应词"人口"在汉语中可以用 前置数词来修饰.
Please translate the following:
人到齐就开会. The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云. Don't say what others have said. 帐单撕碎了. The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了. The problem was solved.
What Is Language Transfer?
Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired . Odlin (1989: 27) 迁移是由于目标语与已经习得的语言之 间的相似和差异而产生的 影响. 奥德林
Contrast Between English and Chinese Chinese
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
Examples of Negative Transfer
4. He suggested me to accept this offer . Syntactical transfer (句型迁移) The verb jianyi, the Chinese equivalent of 'suggest', can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese. Suggest的汉语对应词"建议"在汉语中可以用 "动词+宾语+补语"的结构.
人在阵地在. The position will not be given up so long as we are still living. 人无远虑, If one has no long-term considerations, 必有近忧. he will find trouble at his doorstep.
Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion (显性联接) Hypotactic
语义型语言
(以意统形)
Part Two
A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese 英汉语对比研究
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study
Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research. 比较研究着重寻找 语言间的相似点,运用 历时的研究方法. Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research. 对比研究着重寻找 语言间的不同点,运用 共时的研究方法.
Chinese
Lacking inflection in the strict sense 缺少严格意义的 形态变化 老师们,同学们 我的爸爸,你的妈妈 认真的态度, 认真地学习
English
Retaining some inflections 保留一些形态变化 v.(动词): tense, aspect, voice, mood n.(名词): number, case, gender pron.(代词): person, gender, case, number adj.(形容词): degree ad.(副词) : degree
人到齐就开会. The meeting will begin when all are here. 不要人云亦云. Don't say what others have said. Tense (时态) 帐单撕碎了. The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了. The problem was solved. Voice (语 态) 你再说一个字, If you should say one more 我马上走. word, I would go at once. 你死了, If you should die, I would go and 我去当和尚. be a monk. Mood (语气)
Two Types of Transfer
Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误. Positive Transfer (正迁移) Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误.
We could turn negative transfer (interference) into positive (facilitation) by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learner's awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy. 我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异,提高学生避免 或减少类推错误的意识,把负迁移(干扰)转化为正迁 移(促进).
Causes: analogical use of one's prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用 scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少 unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯
形态型语言
(以形驭意)
Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion
树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 科技大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 信息科技大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 北京信息科技大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 ……
English: right-extending heavy-tailed like a peacock
This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack. …