英语语言学概论第三章习题及答案
【自学考试】江苏省自考英语语言学概论(27037)填空题与选择题题库及中文翻译最新
第一章绪论填空题或选择题1. A symbol consists of two parts : a concrete form and the meaning which it conveys.一个符号由两个部分组成：一个具体的形式和它所表达的意思。
2.By saying language is arbitrary ,we mean we can’t give a sound reason why such a form ispronounced in this way rather than in that way, and why a particular meaning should be indicated by this form rather than by that form..当说语言是任意的，我们指我们不能合理地解释为什么这个音以这种形式而不是以那种形式发音。
并且为什么以这种形式而不是以那种形式来表明某种特殊的意义。
3. Language has two levels .They are grammatically meaningful level and sound meaninglesslevel.语言有两个层次：语法上有意义的层次和声音上无意义的层次。
4.Human languages have such design features asproductivity ,discreteness ,displacement ,arbitrariness ,cultural transmission ,duality and interchangeability . 人类语言具有以下的甄别性特征：能产性，离散性，不受时空限制的特性，任意性，文化传递性，双重性和互换性。
nguage is a system because every language consists of a set of rules which underlie people’sactual speech or writing .语言是一种体系，因为每种语言都是由一套规则组成的，这些规则表明了人们的真正语言或书面形式。
《英语语言学概论》题与答案
ExercisesI.Multiple Choice1. __________ studies language change over time in contrast to looking at language as it is used at a given moment.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics2. Of all the speech organs, the ______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. In terms of place of articulation, the following sounds [p], [b], [m] and [w]share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental4. A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme5. Which of the following sound description is for [d]?A. voiced labiodental fricativeB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless labiodental fricativeD. voiceless alveolar stop6. What is the phonetic feature of the sound [u]?A. close back shortB. semi-close front shortC. semi-open central shortD. open front short7. Which of the following sentences contain a derivational affix?A. The cows escaped.B. It was raining.C. Those socks are inexpensive.D. She closed the book.8. The morpheme “ed” in the word “worked” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. lexical morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. functional morpheme9. “en-” in “enlarge” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root10. ______ is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme11. Which of the following forms is possible word of English?A. sprokeB. bsarnC. mboodD. coofp12. Which pair of words below shows the relation of antonymy. ______A. flourish—thriveB. intelligent—stupidC. casual—informalD. flog—whip13. We call the relation between “furniture” and “wardrobe” as ______.A. hyponymyB. meronymyC. homophonyD. homonymy14. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures15. In the phrase structure rule “S——>NP VP”, the arrow can be read as______.A.is equal toB.consists ofC.hasD.generates16. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is ______.A. lexicalB. morphemeC. grammaticalD. semantic17. The pair of words “hot” and “cold” are ______.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. co-hyponyms18. Which pair of the following are complementary antonyms?A. alive / deadB. above / belowC. poor / richD. doctor / patient19. What is the relation between the pair of sentences:He likes seafood.He likes crabsA. synonymyB. inconsistencyC. entailmentD. presupposition20. Which pair of the following are homographs?A. piece n. / peace n.B. tear v. / tear n.C. fast adj. / fast v.D. flower n. / rose n.21. Which pair of the following are dialectal synonyms?A. lorry, truckB. kid, childC. collaborator, accompliceD. amaze, astound22. “Lift” and “elevator” form a pair of ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialecticalC. collocationalD. connotative15. All syllables must have a ______.A. onsetB. codaC. nucleusD. consonant23. ______ studies language and speech as they are used at a given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.A. Diachronic linguisticsB. Synchronic linguisticsC. Prescriptive linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics24. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics25. Of the following sound combination, only ______ is permissible in English.A. iblkB. ilbkC. ilkbD. blik26. Which pair of words below shows the relation of synonymy. ______A. drunk—soberB. uncle—auntC. young—oldD. casual—informal27. The sense relationship between “He has been to France” and “He has been to Europe” is ______.A. hyponymyB. antonymyC. presuppositionD. entailment28. In the phrase structure rule “NP—>(Det) N (PP)…”, the arrow can be readas______.A. is equal toB. branches intoC. transformsD. generates29. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][r][s][l][z][n] share the feature of ______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental30. Y’s utterance in the following conversation violates the maxim of ______.X: When is Su san’s farewell party?Y: Sometime next month.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner31. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the ______because this kind of speech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. constative actC. perlocutionary actD. illocutionary act32. We call the relation between “vehicle” and “car” as ______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy33. Which of the following pairs differs from the others in the sense relation? ______A. good, badB. long, shortC. big, smallD. innocent, guilty34. As far as manners of articulation are concerned, which of the followingdiffers from the others? ______A.[p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [f]35. Which pair of the following belong to meronymy?A. animal, tigerB. hand, fingerC. livestock, dogD. furniture, dresser36. “-En” in “blacken” is a(n) ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. free rootD. bound root37. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.A. formB. structureC. meaningD. sound pattern38. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called____.missivesB. directivesB.expressivesD. declaratives39. The illocutionary point of the____ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationsB. expressivesmissivesD. directives40. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of______.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. mannerII. Blank filling1.Productivityor___ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produceand understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before.2.Some antonyms are g radable_ because there are often intermediate forms betweenthe two members of a pair.3.Duality is the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds andletters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.4.According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.5.Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular languageare called sequential rules.6.Root_ constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of itsmeaning.7.A suffix is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original wordand it may change its part of speech.8.In terms of morphemic analysis, derivation can be viewed as the addition ofaffixes to stems to form new words.9.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts ofwords, e.g. –s, -er, -ed and –ing, which are called bound______ morphemes. 10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.nuguge _is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.12.Saussure put forward two important concepts. Langue_ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.13.Broad transcription is normally used in dictionary and teachingtextbooks for general purposes.14.The root _ constitutes the core of the word and carries the majorcomponent of its meaning.15.Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change thepart of speech of the original word.16. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakersto talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.17. An independent unit of meaning that can be used freely by itself is calleda free _ morpheme.18.Clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the same one phoneme /l/. They nevertake the same position in sound combinations; thus they are said to be incomplementary distribution.19.Stem is the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create amore complex form that may be another stem or a word.20.Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.21.The two sounds [p] and [p h] are in complementary distribution, and they areknown as allophones of the phoneme /p/.22. _Syntax_______ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.23. Cooperative Principle (CP) is proposed by Paul Grice .24. “Words are names or labels for things.” This view is called naming theory insemantic studies.25. The sentence “My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor” is a contradition.III. True or false questions.( T ) 1. “Where did he buy the beer” presupposes “He bought the beer”.( F) 2. Sense and reference are the same aspects of meaning.( F ) 3. A word’s category can be told straightforward from its meaning.( T ) 4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.(T ) 5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is grammatical.( T ) 6. “The student’’ in the sentence ‘The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked thestudent” belong to the same syntactic category.( F ) 7. Compounds with a preposition are in the category of the prepositional part of the compound.(T ) 8. Like other phrases, Infl takes an NP as its specifier and a VP category as its complement.( T ) 9. Linguistic context is concerned with the probability of words or expressions co-occurring or collocating with each other.( T ) 10. When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.( F ) 11. Linguistics is the course of language.( F ) 12.In the history of any language the writing system always came into beingbefore the spoken form.( T ) 13. Articulatory phonetics is concerned about how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.( F ) 14. Language system is genetically transmitted.( T) 15. Phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(T) 16. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in aparticular order.( T) 17. Stress has two main semantic functions: distinguish between two words and emphasize the syllable or word.( T) 18. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are closed class words.( T) 19. Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.(T) 20. The more commonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning.( T ) 21. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the Abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply incontext.( F ) 22.Inviting, suggesting, warning, ordering are instances of commissives.( T ) 23. When performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to betrue.(T) 24. Coordination refers top the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.(T ) 25. Traditionally,sentence is the minimum part of language that express meaning.请浏览后下载，资料供参考，期待您的好评与关注！。
语言学概论试题及答案三
语言学概论试题及答案三：一、名词解释1、历时语言学——就各种语言的历史事实用比较的方法去研究它的“亲属”关系和历史发展的,叫历时语言学.2、语言——语言是一种社会现象,是人类最重要的交际工具和进行思维的工具.就语言本身的结构来说,语言是由词汇和语法构成的系统.3、符号——符号是用来代表事物的一种形式,词这样的符号是声音和好处相结合的统一体.任何符号都是由声音和好处两方面构成的.4、语言的二层性——语言是一种分层装置,其底层是一套音位；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分为若干级,第一级是语素,第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子.5、社会现象——语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系.所谓“社会”,就是指生活在一个共同的地域中,说同一种语言,有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体.语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的、共同的；另一方面,语言在人们的使用中能够有不一样的变异、不一样的风格.二、填空1、结构主义语言学包括布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描述语言学三个学派.2、历史比较语言学是在xx世纪逐步发展和完善的,它是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志.3、人的大脑分左右两半球,大脑的左半球控制语言活动,右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维.4、一个符号,如果没有好处,就失去了存在的必要,如果没有声音,我们就无法感知,符号也就失去了存在的物质基础.5、用什么样的语音形式代表什么样的好处,完全是由使用这种语言的社会成员约定俗成.6、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特点.7、语言的底层是一套音位,上层是符号和符号的序列,能够分为若干级,第一级是语素,第二级是词,第三级是句子.8、语言系统中的所有符号,既能够同别的符号组合,又能够被别的符号替换,符号之间的这两种关系是组合和聚合.9、组合是指符号与符号相互之间在功能上的联系,聚合是指符号在性质上的归类.三、决定正误（正确的打钩,错误的打叉）1、文字是人类最重要的交际工具.（×）2、地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言,这说明语言是有阶级性的.（×）3、在现代社会,文字比语言更加重要.（×）4、现代社会,沟通的方式很多,语言的重要性日渐削弱.（×）5、语言是思维的工具,没有语言,人类就无法思维.（√）6、语言和思维互相依存,共同发展.（√）7、任何一种符号,都是由资料和好处两个方面构成的.（×）8、从本质上看,语言其实是一种符号系统.（√）9、人类选择语音而不是色彩、手势作为语言符号的形式,是因为语音比较好听.（×）10、语言符号的约定俗成是指语音形式和好处资料的结合是社会成员共同约定认同的.（√）四、问答题1、语言的作用是什么？同社会有什么样的联系？语言是表达思想、进行交际的工具,是人类最重要的交际工具.语言是一种社会现象和人类社会有紧密的联系.所谓“社会”,就是指生活一个共同的地域中,说同一种语言,有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体,即一般所说的部落、部旅和民族.每一个社会都务必有自我的语言,因为,语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素.人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持.有了语言,生活在社会中的人才能共同生产、共同生活、共同斗争,协调在同自然力的斗争中,在生产物质资料的斗争中的共同行动.没有语言,人与人之间的联系就会中断,社会就会解体.语言对于社会全体成员来说是统一的,共同的,但在人们的使用中能够有不一样的变异、不一样的风格.2、怎样理解语言是一种特殊的社会现象？语言有没有阶级性？为什么？答：语言是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类最重要的交际工具.这首先能够从语音与语义的结合关系以及世界语言的多样性来加以说明.语言都是由语音和语义结合而成的,但相同的好处,在不一样的语言中就能用不一样的声音来表达；在同一语言中也有用相同的声音来表达不一样的好处的情形；可见,语音与语义怎样结合成特定的语言成分决定于必须社会群众的意志,决定于“约定俗成”的社会习惯.其次,从语言与社会相互依存的关系中也能够说明语言是社会现象.一方面,语言依存于社会,语言是随着人类社会的产生而产生的,只有人类才有语言.另一方面,社会不能没有语言,语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志.作为交际工具的语言是全民的,没有阶级性.第一,从语言的创造者和语言的服务对象来看,语言是在许多时代中为全民所创造出来和丰富起来的.人类出现时语言就同时产生了,那时的人类社会不分阶级,语言只能是全民所创造并为全民服务的.第二,从语言本身的状况来看,不一样阶级可能创造并运用一些自我的专门的词和语,构成所谓阶级习惯语,但是阶级习惯语并不就是语言,它没有自我的语法结构和基本词汇.3、什么是语言符号的任意性？从哪些地方看出来语言具有任意性？答：语言符号的任意性是指语言符号的音与义的结合是任意的,由社会约定俗成.不一样语言能够用不一样的音来表示相同的事物（如汉语的“sh ū”和英语的“book”）,也能够用相同的、类似的音来表示不一样的事物（如：汉语的“哀”和英语的“I”）.这些都是符号任意性的表现.4、语言是自然现象还是社会现象？为什么？答：语言是社会现象,它不是自然现象,也不是个人现象.①语言是社会现象和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系,语言随社会的产生而产生,随社会的发展而发展,随社会的分化统一而分化统一,可见,语言绝不是自然现象.②从语言的音义关系能够看出语言不是自然现象,而是由必须的社会集团约定俗成的；如果语言是自然现象,是天生的,世界上的语言就就应是一样的,如果没有区别,而实际上世界上不但有各种各样的语言,还有众多的方言.5、什么是组合关系？什么是聚合关系？它们对于语言运用有什么样的好处？答：语言符号中每个符号都处在既能够和别的符号组合,又能够被别的符号替换这样两种关系中.符号和符号组合起来的关系称为符号的组合关系.语言符号的组合方式处于一个前后相续的链条状,在链条的某一环节上能够互相替换的符号具有某种相同的作用,它的自然地聚集成群,它的彼此的关系叫做聚合关系.组合关系和聚合关系是语言系统中的两种根本关系.不但语言符号（词、语素）处在这两种关系之中,而且构造符号的音位和好处也都处在这两种关系之中.组合关系和聚合关系是组成语言系统的一个纲,是我们观察、分析、归纳错综复杂的语言现象的一把总钥匙.6、语言符号的系统性体此刻哪些方面？答：语言符号不是互不相干的一盘散沙,而是有组织、有条理的系统.语言符号的系统性体此刻语言是一种分层装置,这种装置靠组合和替换来运转.语言的底层是一套音位,上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列,这一层又分若干级.第一级是语素,第二级是由语素构成的词,第三级是由词构成的句子.词和句子都是符号的序列.语言这个分层装置的运转是组合和替换,即符号的组合关系和聚合关系.第三章：语音一、名词解释1、音素：是人类语言从音质角度划分出来的最小的语音单位.2、元音：发音时气流不受阻的音叫元音,如汉语拼音方案中的字母a、e、o、i、u、ü.3、辅音：发音时气流受阻的音叫辅音,汉语拼音方案字母中除a、e、o、i、u、ü之外的其它字母代表的音属于辅音.4、自由变体：音位的自由变体就是能出此刻同样的语言环境之中而不能区别好处的两个或两个以上的音.5、发音部位：指发辅音时气流受阻的部位.二、填空1、语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节,分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性.2、语音同其它声音一样,也具有音高、音重、音长和音质四个要素.3、人类的发音器官可分为动力（肺）、发音体（声带）、共鸣腔（口、鼻、咽腔）三大部分.4、在发音器官中,唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带等是能够活动的,叫做主动发音器官.5、根据发音特点,音素能够分为元音和辅音两类,例如汉语音节中的声母,主要就是由辅音充当的.6、每个元音的音质是由舌位的高低、前后、嘴唇的圆展三个方面的因素决定的.三、单项选择题解题说明：每题只有一个答案是正确的,请将正确答案的题号填入括号内.1、从自然属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位是（C）.A、元音B、辅音C、音素D、音位2、汉语拼音方案是以（C）字母为基础制订的.A、英语B、法语C、拉丁D、希腊3、汉语拼音中的ü、c、h,国际音标分别写作（B）.A、u c hB、y ts‘ xC、u ch hD、x y k4、下列说法,（A）是正确的.A、音高具有区别好处的作用B、妇女的声带比男子要厚C、汉语中音长具有区别好处的作用D、汉语“天”、“空”两个音节的音高不一样5、下列说法,只有（D）正确.A、振幅越大,声音就越弱B、振幅越大,声音就越长C、频率越多,声音就越低D、频率越多,声音就越高6、对发音器官功能的描述,（B）是正确的.A、声带在发音中的作用是次要的B、舌头的活动,起了调节共鸣器形状的作用C、口腔中最为灵活的部位是上腭D、声带、舌头等是被动发音器官7、关于元音和辅音的区别的描述,（C）是正确的.A、元音发音时光短暂,辅音发音时光较长B、辅音发音响亮,元音发音不响亮C、发辅音气流受阻,发元音气流不受阻D、发元音和辅音发音器官的各个部位均衡紧张8、下列汉语拼音和国际音标对应正确的一组是（C）.A、ē—[e]B、j—[y]C、h—[x]D、b—9、下列发音方法完全相同的一组辅音是（D）.A、[t]—[d]B、—[p]C、[s]—[z]D、[t]—[k]10、下列各组元音区别的描述,（A）是错误的.A、i和y的区别是舌位前后不一样B、u和o的区别是舌位高低不一样C、a和ā的区别是舌位前后不一样D、i和a的区别是舌位高低不一样11、下列各组辅音,区别特征为清浊对立的一组是（D）.A、[x]—[h]B、[t]—[k]C、[s]—[f]D、[z]—[s]12、下列说法,（A）是正确的.A、音位具有区别好处的作用B、音素具有区别好处的作用C、声母具有区别好处的作用D、韵母具有区别好处的作用xx、我们在念“老虎”时,通常要把“老”念成阳平,这种变化叫做（B）.A、同化B、异化C、弱化D、脱落四、分析题1、根据发音特点描述,在下图中用相应的国际音标标出来（6分,每小题1分）①舌面后半低圆唇元音；②舌面前半高不圆唇元音；③舌面前低不圆唇元音；④舌面后半高圆唇元音；⑤舌面前高圆唇元音；⑥舌面后半高不圆唇元音.2、分析下列辅音的发音特点①[k]舌面后,清,不送气,塞音②[x]舌面后,清擦音③双唇,浊,塞音④[ts‘]舌尖后,清,送气,塞擦音3、说明下方各组音素的区别特征①[p]—[p‘]不送气—送气②[s]—[z]清—浊③[tc]—[tc‘]不送气—送气④[y]—圆唇—不圆唇4、用严式国际音标给下方的汉字注音（声调不作要求）.①我们的生活充满阳光[wo][men][te][seh][xuo][tson][man][jah][kuh]②用心参加网上学习[tGi][tGi][ts’an][tGia][wah][sah][Güe][Gi]六、问答题1、听别人说话,在没有看见人的状况下,为什么我们能听出是男子说话还是妇女说话？是大人说话还是小孩说话来呢？请结合语音知识加以说明.答：这是由于男子和妇女、大人和儿童的音高不一样造成的.音高就是声音的高低,它取决于音波的频率.频率大声音就高,频率小声音就低.语音的高低和人的声带的长短、厚薄松紧有关.一般说来,妇女和儿童的声带短而薄,所以说话时声音高一些,男子的声带长而厚,所以说话的声音低一些.这样,我们就根据声音的高低能够在没有看见人的状况下,听出是男子还是女子,是大人还是小孩说话了.2、音高在汉语中具有区别好处的作用,请举例说明.答：汉语的声调有区别词的语音形式的作用.它是由音的高低变化表现出来的.同一个音节,声调不一样,词或语素的语音形式就不一样,因而好处也不一样.例如：“妈、麻、马、骂”的音音、辅音和它的组合的顺序是一样的,都是/ma/,只是由于音高变化不一样才使它们成为语音形式不一样,好处迥异的四个语音单位.可见音高变化产生了调位的不一样,有区别好处的作用.3、举例说明什么是对立？什么是互补？答：音素如果有区别词的语音形式的作用,在汉语中是对立的,人们会把它们认为是完全不一样的两个语音单位,叫音素的对立.例如：不送气的[p]和送气的[p‘],在汉语里有区别词的语音形式的作用,比方“标”[piau]和[p‘iau]“飘”在语音上的不一样仅仅在于前者是不送气的[p],后者是送气的[p‘],但却构成了完全不一样的两个语素.音素如果仅仅是在出现的位置和环境互相补充,彼此处于互补的关系,而不是对立的关系,即它们没有区别词的语音形式的作用,叫音素的互补.如汉语中“哀”、“安”、“啊”、“熬”、“昂”五个词的语音形式用汉语拼音方案写为：ai、an、a、ao、ang,如果仔细比较,“哀”、“安”中的a是前[a],“啊”中的a是中[a],“熬”、“昂”中的a是后[a],这三个音位的a由于没有区别词的语音形式的作用,只是在音节中的位置不一样,构成音素的互补关系.4、汉语音节ban、da、guang中的a,是三个不一样的音素,但却是一个音位,为什么？答：这是因为bau、da、guang中的三个[a]、[A]、[a]是处于互补关系中的相似音素,它们彼此不对立,即不起区别词的语音形式的作用,我们能够把它们归并为一个音位.这种处于互补关系中的各个音素被看成同一个音位在不一样位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不一样的变异形式,语音学上称为音位变体.那里的[a]、[A]、[a]三个音位变体的出现条件是前后有无无音、辅音这种语言环境的制约,叫做音位的条件变体.。
语言学概论 课后参考答案 Charpter3-4 杨 厦门大学
Keys to Linguistics of Xiamen UniversityCharpter 33.1.11. A word is characterized with the following four features: (1) A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal organs. (2) A word is symbolic, i.e. it stands for something else, such as objects, happenings or ideas. (3) A word is part of the large communication system we call language. (4) Words help human beings to interact culturally with one another.2. The relation between the sound or sound combination of a word and its meaning is almost always arbitrary. There is no logical relationship between the sound or the combination of sounds which stands for an entity (including a thing, a happening or an idea) and the entity itself. On the one hand, the same sound may stand for different entities in different languages. On the other hand, the same meaning can be represented by different sound of combination of sounds.3. Apart from the conceptual meaning (also called "denotative", "logical" or "cognitive" meaning),a word normally has various associated meanings, including the connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, and collocative meaning. We can turn to the dictionary for its conceptual meaning. As for its various associated meanings, however, we have to relate the word with its context, including the linguistic context as well as the context of situation and the context of culture.3.1.21. In (prep.) practice (n.), writers (n.) on (prep.) style (n.) have (primary v.) differed (full v.) a (det.) great (adj.) deal (n.) in (prep.) their (pron.) understanding (n.) of (prep.) the (det.) subject (n.), and (conj.) one (num.) source (n.) of (prep.) disagreement (n.) has (primary v.) been (full v.) the (det.) question (n.) "To (prep.) what (pron.) or whom (pron.) do (primary v.) we (pron.) attribute (full v.) style (n.)? In (prep.) the (det.) broadest (adj.) sense (n.), STYLE (n.) can (modal v.) be (primary v.) applied (full v.) to (prep.) both (adv.) spoken (adj.) and (conj.) written (adj.), both (adv.) literary (adj.) and (conj.) non-literary (adj.) varieties (n.) of (prep.) language (n.); but (conj.) by (prep.) tradition (n.), it (pron.) is (full v.) particularly (adv.) associated (full v.) with (prep.) written (adj.) literary (adj.) texts (n.), and (conj.) this (pron.) is (full v.) the (det.) sense (n.) of (prep.) the (det.) term (n.) which (pron.) will (modal v.) concern (full v.) us (pron.).2. No. These two categories of words have different distribution in speech and writing. Lexical words denote objects, happenings, ideas and their attributes, features, and/or manners, thus relating the words with entities existing outside the text. Grammatical words, instead, denote certain grammatical meanings, thus relating one element within the text with another. In speech there are more grammatical words, while in writing there are more lexical words. Moreover, the more formal the style is, the more lexical words there are.3. Open-class words refer to those classes of words to which we can add new words. In English, nouns, notional verbs, adjectives and adverbs belong to this category. Such words normally convey certain semantic contents and thus are also called "content words". Closed-class words refer to those classes to which new words can hardly be added. In English, closed-class words include pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, relatives, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs and the linking verb"to be". Their roles in the linguistic system are partly or wholly grammatical and thus are also called "grammatical words".3.2.11. 1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship2. 1) 3: geo- + -graph + -y 2) 4: inter- +nation + -al + -ly 3) 2: forget + -(t)en4) 1: Washington 5) 2: inform + -ation 6) 4: industry (i) + -al +-iz(e) + -ation7) 3: pre- + dominat(e) + -ant 8) 2: pre- + conscious3. The plural s has 5 morphologically-conditioned allomorphs: (1) -(e)s, as in "cats", "matches"; (2) -(r)en: as in "oxen", "children"; (3) -e-: as in "men", "women"; (4) -ee-, as in "feet", "teeth"; and (5) zero, as in "sheep", "deer".3.2.21. 1) inspire: into 2) intransigent: not 3) insufficient: not 4) insert: into5) insoluble: not 6) intact: not 7) impenetrable: not 8) immutable: not9) illicit: not 10) irretrievable: not2. 1) prince - princess 2) emperor - empress 3) waiter - waitress 4) Paul –Paula 5) fiancé - fiancée 6) hero - heroine 7) king - queen8) ox - cow9) wolf - she-wolf 10) doctor- woman doctor3. 1) operation - operations 2) responsibility - responsibilities3) proposal - proposals 4) modernize - modernization5) beautify - beautifies 6) activate - activates7) funny - funnier 8) friendly - friendlier3.3.11. Inflection refers to the process of adding an affix to a word or changing it in some other way according to the grammatical rules of the language. English inflections are used to express certain grammatical meanings: the plural morpheme {s} to change the noun into the plural-number form, the generative-case morpheme {'s} to indicate the relation of possession, the feminine-gender morpheme {ess} to change the masculine noun into its corresponding feminine-gender form, the third-person singular {s} to change the verb into the third-person singular form, the -ing participle {ing} to change the verb into the -ing participle, the past-form morpheme {ed} to change the verb into the past-tense form, the past-participle morpheme {ed} to change the verb into the -ing participle, the comparative {er} to change an adjective into the comparative-degree form, and the superlative {est} to change an adjective into the superlative-degree form.2. No, inflection is not universal. Different languages have different morphology. There are languages, like Latin and Sanskrit, which abound in inflectional morphemes. There are also languages, like Chinese, which have no inflectional morphemes. Between these two extremes are some intermediate languages, like English, which have comparatively few inflectional morphemes than languages of the first category.3. Omitted.3.3.21. 1) password: word to be passed 2) housewife: wife in charge of a household3) sunshine: shine of the sun 4) milkman: man who sells or delivers milk5) sunflower: plant whose flower faces the sun6) apple pie: pie consisting of a filling of apples7) mosquito net: net to prevent mosquitoes 8) daydream: dream in the daytime9) freezing-point: point at which a liquid freezes 10) flashlight: light of a flash2. Abbreviation refers to the way in which a longer word or expression is abbreviated or shortened. In both English and Chinese, longer words can be abbreviated via clipping, blending, and initials and acronyms. However, differences exist. While English words are made up of letters which can be pronounced into syllables, Chinese words are made up of characters each of which is normally pronounced as a separate syllable. While the English language differentiates blending, initials and acronyms, the Chinese language makes no such differentiation. In Chinese, the major approach to abbreviating a longer expression is usually to combine the first character of each of the constituent words into a shortened expression, in which the constituent characters are pronounced individually. Another commonly-used way of abbreviation in Chinese is to combine a numeral and the head word of a series of parallel constructions, as in "四化".3. The English language normally adds new words to its vocabulary through coinage, compounding, derivation, abbreviation, imitation, and borrowing.3.4.11. 1) 11：他/在/学校/表现/很/好/，是/个/优秀/学生/干部/。
《英语语言学》答案完整版(可打印修改)
12. Morpheme 词素 It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s. 13. Immediate Constituent 直接成份 It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. 14. Syntax 句法；语法 The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence. 15.semantics 语义学 The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular. 16. Hyponymy 下义关系，上下位关系 When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy. 17. Homonymy 同音异义 It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well. 18.synonymy 同义 It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide. 19. Pragmatics 语用学 The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey. 20. Synchronic 共时性，历时性 It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time. 第一章 语言的起源 概念辨析 The “bow-wow” theory The “yo-heave-ho” theory 思考 “bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？ The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho’ theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort 自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？
语言学概论课后练习答案
Reference Anwers to the ExercisesChapter 1 Language and Linguistics1.1 The Nature of Language，pg3１.1.1 Language Is SystematicEx3.a. This sentence is grammatical, but is nonsensical.b. This sentence is ungrammatical and nonsensical.c. This is a good sentence.d. This is a good sentence.1.1.2 Language Is Symbolic略1.1.3 Arbitrariness，pg7Ex1. According to the concept of arbitrariness, the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between them is a matter of convention. Thus, the name Xiao Long is just a label for the son. However, in Chinese culture dragon was the symbol for the emperor. Thus, the name may have certain associative meanings.Ex2. No. The speaker of a language, based upon the convention established in the speech community, associates linguistic signs with things and concepts. In people’s mind, “p ig” stands for stupidity and laziness. If I name it Pig Hair Shampoo, no one will buy it.Ex3. Words are arbitrary in form, but they are not random in their use. Although the link between form and meaning is arbitrary, there has existed certain relationship between them in the years of use, which can be called rules. The individual does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community.1.1.4 Language Is Primarily V ocal，pg10Ex1. I prefer to use the spoken language. In a supermarket, the spoken language is much more convenient for people to communicate with each other. People do not have the time and necessity to use written language in communication.Ex2. I think listening and speaking should come first. The primary medium of language is sound, and language is primarily vocal. What’s more, children can learn to listen and speak a foreign language more quickly than they can read and write in a foreign language. However, we should not neglect reading and writing, as time goes on.1.1.5 Language Is Human Specific，pg12Ex1. No, I don’t agree to this point of view. Language is human specific. Although dogs can learn the meaning of certain sounds, the number of sounds they can understand is very limited. If we look at the kind of communication among humans, we can not say humans and dogs can not communicate with each other..Ex2. That is only the result of the stimulus-response training. Through this kind of training, a cat may understand the meaning of a few simple sounds, but the number is very limited.Ex3. Human language is primary over animal communication in the following aspects:Humans have the ability to refer to things far remote in time and space. In contrast, it may be impossible for an animal to convey such ability.Humans have the ability to produce and understand an indefinite number of novel utterances, but no animal can communicate creatively with another animal.Learning is much more important as a factor in human language than in animal communication. Human language structure and language use are vastly more complex than any animal communication system.Animal communication systems are closed-ended, but human languages are open-ended.1.1.6 Language Is Used for Communication，pg13Ex1. With advanced technology, humans can use the products of advanced technology like telephones and the Internet to communication much more easily and freely. Distance is no longer a barrier.Ex2. There may be several causes:The speaker can not express himself or herself clearly.The listener can not understand what the speaker has said.The listener is unwilling to communicate with the speaker.There are misunderstandings because of the different cultural background of the speaker and the listener.Ex3. In intercultural communication, we must pay special attention to the different ways of thinking, acting and speaking between speakers with different cultural backgrounds, for differences in this kind of knowledge may cause trouble in intercultural communication.1.2.1 General Functions of Language略1.2.2 Metafunctions of Language，pg20Ex1. General functions refer to the particular individual uses of language whilst metafunctions refer to the larger, more general purposes underlying language use. A metafunction is capable of describing one or more other functions.Ex2. No. According to Halliday, every sentence in a text is multifunctional and has three metafunctions simultaneously: ideational, interpersonal and textual functions.1.3 The Origin and Classification of Language，略1.4 What Is Linguistics?1.4.1 Definition of Linguistics，pg28Ex2. As a science, linguistics demands a scientific outlook upon language. To conduct a study of language scientifically, we must take an objective view of language and all linguistic phenomena and reflect on it in a detached and unbiased way. Even a local variety with few native speakers may also fall within our investigations. Moreover, we should adopt the general principles of empirical research procedures to observe and analyze data found in natural languages.Ex3. The real object of linguistics is to find out the fundamental rules that underlie all the languages in the world. We need to look into the common features of all languages, the range of variations among languages, the difference between human languages and animal communication, the change and evolution of language, the relation of language to mind and society, and so on.1.4.2 Some Important Distinctions in Linguistics, pg35Ex1. It is very important to study speech in linguistics, because language is primarily vocal. As we know, no community has a written form only, though many have a spoken language only. Children learn spoken language first and most easily. Earlier in the 20th century certain linguists began to doubt the priority of writing. Bloomfield argued that writing was not language but merely a way of recording language. The contemporary linguistics maintains that the spoken language is primary and that writing is essentially a means of representing speech in another medium.Linguistics has stressed the priority of speech because it is the "natural," or primary, medium in which language is manifest, and written language derives from the transference of speech to a secondary, visual medium.Ex2. There is no absolute standard of correctness because linguistics is descriptive, not prescriptive. Different groups of people may use different varieties of language. The correctness in language use should not be prescribed grammatically.1.5 The Scope of Linguistics1.5.1 Use of Linguistics,Omitted1.5.2 Recent DevelopmentsOmitted2.1.2 Articulation of Sounds, pg51.Ex2. When describing individual sound segments, phoneticians and linguists often employ two parameters to examine how sounds are articulated: manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner, sounds are classified into plosives, nasals, fricatives, affricates, approximants, trills and taps. When examined from view of place of articulation, sounds are divided into groups like bilabials, dentals, post-alveolar, retroflex, uvular, glottal, labiodentals, alveolar, palatal, velar and pharyngeal sounds.2.1.3 Characteristics of English Speech SoundsOmitted2.1.4 The Transcription of Sounds, pg56.Ex1. Narrow transcription captures the exact articulatory details of each sound. It records as many features of an utterance as can be ascertained by the person doing the recording. On the contrary, broad transcription is a less subtle transcription. It omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation and is perfectly suitable for many users.2. 2 Phonemes2.2.1 Definition of Phonemes, pg58Ex1. Phoneme is the minimum phonemic unit that is not further analyzable into smaller units. In other words, a phoneme is a block that cannot be broken down into smaller parts; it is the smallest element relevant to phonemic analysis. Allophone is the phonetic variant of a phoneme.Ex3. [p] and [b] are different phonemes because they represent distinctive sounds. In addition, if we substitute one sound for the other, it results in a change of meaning.2.2.2 Minimal Pairs, pg59Ex1. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string, the two words are called minimal pairs. For instance, "deed" and "seed" are minimal pairs, but "deed" and "dog" are not because the vowel and final consonant in these two sounds are different.2.3 Sound Patterns2.3.1 Sequential Constraints, pg63Ex2. These words are not permissible in English. All languages have constraints on the permitted。
语言学概论(第三章)
四、音位与音系
音位和音位变体
2.最小对立体：除出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音都相同的两个词 pill[pil]---bill[bil] /p/和/b/ 布[pu]---铺[phu] /p/和/ph/ 最小对立集：只在同一个语音位置上有差别的几个词 pill[pil]、bill[bil]、till[til]、dill[dil]、kill[kil]、gill[ɡil] /p/、/b/、/t/、/d/、/k/、/ɡ/ 布[pu]、铺[phu]、目[mu]、富[fu]、肚[tu]、兔[thu]、怒[nu]、路[lu] /p/、/ph/、/m/、/f/、/t/、/th/、/n/、/l/ beat[bi:t]、bit[bit]、bat[bæt]、bet[bet]、but[bʌt] /i:/、/i/、/æ/、/e/、/ʌ/ 梨[li]、炉[lu]、驴[ly]、拉[la] /i/、/u/、/y/、/a/
一、语音和音系的区别与联系
国际音标 一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素
1. 将国际音标与汉语拼音的字母区分开来 2. 国际音标有严式标音和宽式标音两种方法
二、从声学看语音
语音四要素
1.音高 声波振动频率的高低 2.音强 声音的强弱 3.音长 声波振动持续时间的长短
4.音质 音质指声音的品质、特色
四、音位与音系
音位和音位变体
3.音位变体 /p/ /a/
[p] [ph] [a] [ɑ] 1）条件变体 英语/p/在/s/后是不送气的[p]：speak[spi:k] sport[spɔ:t] 英语/p/在其他位置是送气的[ph]：peak[phi:k] port[phɔ:t] 汉语/a/在韵尾[i]、[n]之前是[a]：来[lai] 安[an] 汉语/a/在[u]、[ŋ]之前是[ɑ]：老[lɑu]、亮[liɑŋ] 2）自由变体 汉语：[n]和[l] （南、兰） [s]和[ʂ]（山、三） 英语：[e]和[I] economics[Ikə„nɔmiks]、[ekə'nɔmiks]
英语语言学概论 Chapter 3phonetics
Speech organs
• Oral cavity: lips, teeth, teeth ridge(alveolar ridge)(齿龈), hard palate(硬腭), soft palate(velum), glottis(声门), vocal cords • lip: labial; • teeth:dental • teeth ridge: alveolar • palate: palatal • velum: velar; glottis: glottal
3.4 coarticulation & IPA
• coarticulation(协调发音): the process of simultaneous and overlapping articulation of speech sounds. “pen’, • IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet(国 际音标) : one symbol stands for one sound and every symbol has a consistent value, 72 symbols for consonants, 25 for vowels. • IPA: International Phonetic Association(国际语音学协会)
• 2 the position of the tongue • The vertical distance between the upper surface of the tongue and the palate: high,mid,low vowels: • Which part of the tongue is raised: • front, central, back vowel:
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2017级英语语言学概论第三章习题请认真填写学号和姓名。
每次答题仅第一次提交有效。
个人信息：[矩阵文本题] *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the first letter given.11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Morpheme)12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：grammatical)13. B________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound)14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d______ affixes. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivative)15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivative)16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：suffix)17. C________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Compounding)18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m______ rules. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：morphological)19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivation)20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：stem)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) （） [单选题] *A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme(正确答案)22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound （）. [单选题] *A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.(正确答案)23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of （）. [单选题] *A. the first elementB. the second element(正确答案)C. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. （） are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [单选题] *A. Free morphemesB. Bound morpheme(正确答案)C. Bound wordsD. Words25. （） is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [单选题] *A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. Morphology(正确答案)D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is （）. [单选题] *A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammatical(正确答案)D. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that （）. [单选题] *A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.(正确答案)28. （） modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. [单选题] *A. Prefixes(正确答案)B. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. （） are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. [单选题] *A. WordsB. Morphemes(正确答案)C. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is （）. [单选题] *A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affix(正确答案)D. a rootIV. Define the following terms.31. Morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.)32. Free morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth¬er morphemes.)33. Bound morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen¬dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.)34. Suffix [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.)35. Derivation [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.)。