《FACS》附录一(面部表情编码系统)

Appendix I:Index to Video ExamplesAUs and combinations that are illustrated with MPEG video are sorted in AU order in the table below. Each video is cross-referenced to the filename of the video clip, the Manual page containing the scoring commentary, and the sequenceof the clip in the continuous MPEG master video (roughly the order of appearance in the Manual and in the table of scor-ing commentaries). (The digital transfer of the original film examples does not contain the newer examples.) The video clips are in the Examples/Video directory of the CD ROM. (An identical set of video clips in QuickTime® format can be found in the Examples/Video/QT directory.) The continuous MPEG is in the Manual directory. Online viewers can clickth e hyperlinks in the column “Filename of Video Clip” to see the video, and the links in the “Page Number of Scoring Commentary” to see the commentary.AUs Illustrated 11+21+2+41+2+51+4244+555+766+7 (i)6+7 (ii)6+7+126+12 (i)6+12 (ii)6+156+4E3, 7+43E Filename of VideoClipAU1.mpgAU1_2.mpgAU1_2_4.mpgAU1_2_5.mpgAU1_4.mpgAU2.mpgAU4.mpgAU4_5.mpgAU5.mpgAU5_7.mpgAU6only.mpgAU6_7.mpgAU6.mpgAU67_12AU6_12B.mpgAU6_12o.mpgAU6_15.mpgAU6_7_43.mpgPage Numberof ScoringCommentarypage 413page 416page 416page 416page 415page 413page 413page 415page 414page 415page 414page 414page 414page 423page 422page 422page 424page 416Sequence inMPEGMaster21112131031849--6-37-4614Index to Video Examples7 (i) 7 (ii) 7+12 8+26 9 AU7.mpgAU7only.mpgAU7_12o.mpgAU8_26.mpgAU9.mpgpage 414page 414page 422page 429page 4175--70159+16+25 AU9_16.mpg page 418 209+171010+12+16+25 10+12+2510+1410+1510+15+1710+16+2510+1710+17+2310+20+2510+22+2510+23+25 AU9_17.mpgAU10.mpgAU101216.mpgAU101225.mpgAU10_14.mpgAU10_15.mpgAU101517.mpgAU10_16.mpgAU10_17.mpgAU101723.mpgAU102025.mpgAU102225.mpgAU102325.mpgpage 418page 417page 423page 423page 420page 419page 419page 418page 419page 427page 421page 426page 4262216413931232621246133675311 AU11.mpg page 421 3512 (i)12 (ii)12+1512+15+17 12+16+25 12+1712+17+23 12+2312+2412+2612+27131414+17 AU12.mpgAU12only.mpgAU12_15.mpgAU121517.mpgAU121625.mpgAU12_17.mpgAU121723.mpgAU12_23.mpgAU12_24.mpgAU12_26.mpgAU12_27.mpgAU13.mpgAU14.mpgAU14_17.mpgpage 421page 422page 424page 424page 423page 424page 427page 426page 426page 423page 424page 422page 420page 42036-45474044605455424338283214+231515+1715+17+23 15+2316+20+25 16+22+25 16+23+25 16+25 (i) 16+25 (ii) 1717+2317+241818+23192020+23+25 20+2620+272122+23+25 22+252323+26242829303132333435 AU14_23.mpgAU15.mpgAU15_17.mpgAU151723.mpgAU15_23.mpgAU162025.mpgAU162225.mpgAU162325.mpgAU16.mpgAU16ii.mpgAU17.mpgAU17_23.mpgAU17_24.mpgAU18.mpgAU18_23.mpgAD19.mpgAU20.mpgAU202325.mpgAU20_26.mpgAU20_27.mpgAU21.mpgAU222325.mpgAU22_24.mpgAU23.mpgAU23_26.mpgAU24.mpgAU28.mpgAD29.mpgAD30.mpgAU31.mpgAD32.mpgAD33.mpgAD34.mpgAD35.mpgpage 426page 417page 419page 427page 428page 421page 429page 429page 418page 418page 417page 427page 427page 425page 428page 429page 419page 428page 420page 420page 429page 428page 425page 425page 428page 425page 425page 430page 430page 430page 430page 430page 431page 431561825576334686919-1758594862-2766293071654950645152-------Index to Video Examples3637 38; 39 46M55 M57 M59 M60 M61 M68 M69 M83 AD36.mpgAD37.mpgAU38_39.mpgAU46.mpgM55.mpgM57.mpgM59.mpgM60.mpgM61.mpgM68.mpgM69.mpgM83.mpgpage 431page 431page 431page 415page 432page 432page 433page 433page 433page 432page 432page 432--727--------Appendix II:Scores for ReferenceExample Images and VideosThe example images and videos portray AUs to illustrate AU descriptions1. Although every attempt was made to use examples that show only the AUs intended to be represented, this goal was not always achieved because of the difficulty of eliminating all other actions from the performance of the intended AUs. Below are complete FACS scores for each of the example images. These scores contain the intensity score, which is usually not emphasized in the AU descriptions of Section A, a unilateral prefix if unilateral or an asymmetry score (a scoring option) if asymmetrical. These scores allow the careful student to determine more precisely what causes certain appearances in the example images. An example may inadvertently contain a score for an AU that has not been previously discussed. If so, focus on the intended AUs and return to the example later when the as yet unfamiliar AU is discussed. The scores for the examples will help to under- stand the relevance of the examples for scoring decisions made in practical scoring situations after FACS training is com- plete. The commentaries present the evidence for the AUs scored and the intensity assigned, and discuss why other AUs were not scored. Any difficulties in scoring are highlighted. In the scoring of the video, the scores pertain to the maximum extent of the movement in the clip and include all the actions of significance, regardless of the complexities that might be introduced by the event scoring in Chapter 11.If you are reading online, click the thumbnail to view the image in an external viewer, click the page number link to move to the Manual page containing the image, or click on the “(Get Neutral)” link to see the neutral for the person in an exter- nal viewer.Image Name &Example Image Page Numberpage 465 FACS ScoreRationaleThe face is not showing any action, often called a neutral face. Theface is not actually at rest because the eyes are open, the jaw isclosed, etc., but no AU can be scored. This neural face is the base-line for scoring AUs in the example images of this person, andsimilar states of “neutral” faces are used most often as baselines inactual scoring situations, although other baselines can also be used,as discussed in Chapter 11.1. The images of the AU examples for FACS were photographed and scored for the first edition under the Minimum Requirements andCo-occurrence rules of the original FACS Manual. For this version of the Manual, these photos were scanned into digital images, re- cropped, and then re-scored using the Intensity Criteria approach. Differences in the scoring techniques, especially eliminating Min-imum Requirements, changed the rules that originally assessed the quality of the photos as examples. Minor deviations from the intended actions occur in the examples, but the portrayals do not contradict the AU’s description.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos4i page 466(Get Neutral)4ii page 466(Get Neutral)w0 page 465(Get Neutral)w4 page 465(Get Neutral) V4C+38A4D4B+38ASlight to marked vertical wrinkles appear in the glabella and theeyebrows are pulled together markedly. The inner parts of the eye-brows are pulled down a trace on the right and slightly on the leftwith traces of wrinkling at the corners. Notice the skin bunchingthat begins above the middle of each eyebrow and continues moremedial making shallow waves, a sure sign of AU 4, and the bunch-ing of skin in the glabella. The 4 meets criteria for the C level onthe basis of the pulling together. Because the skin bunching abovethe eyebrows is a trace greater on the left, and the left eyebrow islowered a trace more, asymmetry is L1 and the V prefix isassigned to the 4. How about AU 1 because of the arch in the firsthorizontal wrinkle above the glabella? This change is due to thebunched skin in the glabella bending that wrinkle up. ConsideringAU 5 because of the harsh quality in the eye? There is no hard evi-dence for 5, which you can confirm by covering the eyebrows witha card. The trace of nostril flaring in the changed shape of thethinned nostril wings is sufficient for 38A.Severe vertical wrinkles and skin bunching between the eyebrows,severe drawing together of the eyebrows, and severe to extremeeyebrow lowering put this 4 at the D intensity. Both lowering anddrawing together of the eyebrows has increased from image 4i, butthe lowering has increased much more. Notice that the other signsof 4 listed for image 4i have also increased. The arch in the lowesthorizontal furrow of the forehead has straightened because of thelowering and pulling down of the glabella. Again, there is no evi-dence of AU 5 when looking closely at only the eyelid. The darkshadow between the lips should not entice the coder to score 25because 25 requires certainty, but they are certainly closed.The neutral face shows the appearance of a lowered, slanting eye-brow, a permanent feature. Also, note the furrows beyond the lipcorners, deepened parts of the nasolabial furrow. These furrowsand the wrinkling in the forehead are asymmetrical. The eye coverfold is virtually hidden, making action of 5 more difficult to detect.The eyebrows are slightly lowered and pulled together and slightvertical wrinkles form between the eyebrows, sufficient to score4B. The marked thinning and flaring of the nostrils is sufficient toscore 38A in a still image.1 page 466(Get Neutral)2 page 466(Get Neutral)5i page 467(Get Neutral)5ii page 467(Get Neutral)w5i page 467(Get Neutral)1B+38AV2C+38A5B5E5B+38AThe inner corners of the eyebrows are lifted slightly, the skin of theglabella and forehead above it is lifted slightly, and wrinklesdeepen slightly and a trace of new ones form in the center of theforehead. Someone might contend that either the wrinkling or theinner brow raise is marked, and therefore the score should be 1C,but compare these changes to those in the image 1+2 below andother images where AU 1 is at much greater intensity and re-cali-brate. There is no sign of AUs 2, 4, 5, 6, or 7 whatsoever. In thelower face, nostril flaring evident in the raised and thinned nostrilwing and increased nostril size is marked, A level in a still image.The outer part of the eyebrow raise is pronounced. The wrinklingabove the right outer eyebrow has increased markedly, and thewrinkling on the left is pronounced. Increased exposure of the eyecover fold and skin is pronounced. The score is 2C.There is nosign that the inner corners of the eyebrows are raised, althoughthey may be drawn laterally, and wrinkling in the center of theforehead has not changed in shape or position. Although thesewrinkles may have deepened somewhat, the changes in the outerpart of the wrinkles due to 2 can explain this change. Thus, AU 1 iseliminated.The greater number and depth of wrinkling on the leftmakes the asymmetry trace (L1), so assign the prefix V. The slightchanges in the nostril again indicate 38A.AU 5 is hard to see here because the eyebrows are set low and theeye cover fold has little exposure. The upper eyelid is pulled up,the medial part virtually disappearing into the revulsion margin ofthe eye cover fold. More sclera around the upper part of the iris isrevealed The inner corner of the eye shows more mucosa andsclera. In the neutral photo, no sclera is exposed and the upper eye-lid covers the top part of the iris, but here, we can extrapolate fromthe shape of the upper eyelid that virtually the entire iris isexposed, if we could see under the eye cover fold obscuring the topof the iris. This change is sufficient to score 5B on this person.The upper eyelid is raised to about the maximum and a maximumamount of sclera shows above the iris. The bulging, staring appear-ance is present without doubt. This evidence is sufficient to score5E. The lower eyelid is somewhat raised and straightened, cover-ing more of the iris, but this is due to the maximum 5 pulling up onthe lower eyelid; but there is no 7 in this item. (A 7 would wrinklethe lower eyelid and pull it up onto the eyeball, causing a bulgeand straightening it much more -- see item 7 below.)The upper eyelid is raised to reveal virtually the entire top of theiris, sufficient to score 5B as the top of the iris is covered in neu-tral. Slight flaring and thinning of the nostrils is sufficient to score38A.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videosw5ii page 467(Get Neutral)7 page 468(Get Neutral)6 page 468(Get Neutral)w7 page 468(Get Neutral)5E7CG7D+6C4A+7CThe upper eyelid is raised to reveal sclera in the maximum range,evident on the right side, sufficient to score 5E. Notice that themaximum 5 has stretched and lifted the lower eyelid a trace, butthere is no action of AU 7 in this item.The lower eyelid is raised markedly and straightened slightly, caus-ing slight bulging, and the narrowing of the eye aperture is markedto pronounced, sufficient to score 7C. No other actions are detect-able in this item.The infraorbital triangle is raised markedly, pushing skin below theeye up, slightly deepening the nasolabial furrow, and pulling up theskin of the upper lip a trace. Marked crow’s feet wrinkles form atthe eye corners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle israised and the lateral part of the eyebrow is lowered slightly,changing the shape of the eye cover fold as the outer ring of orbic-ular muscle constricts. This evidence is sufficient to score 6C.Even though the action of 6 is expected to push up skin below theeye and wrinkle the lower eyelid, the eyelid in this item is pulledfar up on the eyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce,causing severe bulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and nar-rowing of the eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelidis drawn markedly to the inner corner of the eye, narrowingseverely the angle around the lacrimal gland. The upper eyelid islowered, contributing to the changes in the eye cover fold pro-duced by the action of 6. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D.Both the wrinkling and the narrowing due to 7 are a trace greateron the right, or R1, so the prefix G is assigned. Even though thecorners of the lips are turned up a trace and the nasolabial furrowbeyond the lip corners is pulled laterally a trace, these effects areprobably due to the AU 6 pulling, and no AU 12 is scored here,lacking evidence from the movement.The lower lid is raised and straightened markedly on the eyeball,causing pronounced bulging and narrowing of the eye aperture,sufficient to score 7C. Notice how the skin of the lower eyelid isdrawn in towards the inner eye corners to affect the angle of theeyelid around the lacrimal duct. A trace of vertical wrinklingbetween the eyebrows, a trace of brow lowering, especially theright, is sufficient to score 4A.w6 page 468(Get Neutral)43i page 469(Get Neutral)43ii page 469(Get Neutral)43iii page 469(Get Neutral)7E page 469(Get Neutral) 6C+7D43B43D43E7EThe raise of the infraorbital triangle is pronounced, the deepeningof the nasolabial furrow is marked, and skin of the upper lip israised a trace. Pronounced crow’s feet wrinkles form at the eyecorners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle is raisedseverely, and the infraorbital furrow is deepened severely. This evi-dence is sufficient to score 6C. The action of 6 pushes up skinbelow the eye, but the eyelid in this item is pulled far up on theeyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce, causing severebulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and severely narrowingthe eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelid is drawnseverely to the inner corner of the eye, narrowing the angle aroundthe lacrimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D. Theeyebrows may be lowered a trace, but the 6 can explain this effect.The upper eyelid is relaxed and drooping down slightly, sufficientto score 43B. Note that the shape of the lower eyelid is littlechanged from neutral and there is no additional wrinkling. Be sureto compare the appearance of relaxing the upper eyelid in 43 tothat resulting from the tensing of the orbicular muscle that isapparent in the 6 and 7 items above.Again, this appearance results from relaxing the upper eyelid, andthe eyelids are almost together (closed), but the gap between themcan still be seen, especially in the medial parts and around the lac-rimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 43D. Compare thisappearance to the next item, which shows the eyelids closed.The eyes are closed in 43E. Notice that when the eyes are closed,you see the upper eyelashes laying on the skin of the lower lid andlittle or nothing of the lower eyelashes. No sclera or mucosa can beseen. No evidence of any other action is present in this example.The lower lid is pulled and stretched maximally on the eyeball,hiding most of the iris, and bulging and tensing of the lower eyelidis extreme. This evidence is sufficient to score 7E.Note that without a counteracting tension in the upper lid, the eyewould close and be scored 7E+43E, but the tension in the uppereyelid is always active to keep the eyes open, so there is no need toscore AU 5 in such an ordinary situation, and the appearancechanges here do not meet any of the guidelines for scoring AU 5.When both 7 and 5 act so that 5 is scored, the appearance is differ-ent from this item, as you can see in the 5+7 item below.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos4+5 page 470(Get Neutral)w4+5 page 470(Get Neutral)5+7 page 470(Get Neutral)1+4i page 470(Get Neutral)1+4ii page 471(Get Neutral)4C+5C4C+5B+38A5D+7C1C+4C+38A1C+4D+38AThe inner parts of the eyebrows are pulled together slightly form-ing slight vertical wrinkling, and are pulled down markedly, form-ing slight horizontal wrinkles at the inner corners of the eyebrows,sufficient to score 4C. The upper eyelid is raised and tensed againstthe downward movement of the eye cover fold caused by the low-ered eyebrows, and more sclera shows at the upper, side parts ofthe iris, indicating AU 5. Because the 5 occurs with 4, the specialintensity guidelines for 5 with 4 are used to score intensity. We cansee that more of the top part of the iris is revealed than in neutraland the harsh stare is at least marked, so 5C is scored.The eyebrows are markedly lowered and marked vertical wrinklesform between the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4C. The upper eye-lid appears raised from the increased exposure of sclera around theiris. Tension of the upper lid against the eye cover fold is evidentas AU 4 pushes down and AU 5 pushes up. The eyes have a glarethat is not present in the w4 example (cover the eyebrows to com-pare). This evidence is sufficient to score 5B. The marked thinningand flaring of the nostrils is sufficient to score 38A in a still image.The upper eyelid is raised to reveal much more than a hairline ofsclera around the top of the iris, which is partially covered in neu-tral. At least a severe amount of sclera beyond the guideline for theB intensity (virtually all of the top of the iris) is revealed, but not amaximum, sufficient to score 5D. The lower eyelid is raised andstraightened markedly on the eyeball forming a marked bulge, andskin is drawn to the inner eye corner, sufficient to score 7C.The increase in wrinkling in the center of the forehead is marked topronounced, and the raising of the inner corners of the eyebrows ispronounced, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are pulledtogether markedly, and marked vertical wrinkling and bulgingappears between them. Using the guidelines for AU 4 in the com-bination of 1+4, this evidence is sufficient to score 4C. Notice howstraight the eyebrows are compared to the example for AU 1, inthis table above, because the 4 is pulling down the center of eacheyebrow while the 1 is raising the inner corner, which decreasesthe curvature of the eyebrow. The markedly thinned and flarednostrils are sufficient to score 38A.The same signs are apparent in this items as in the previous, but theactions are more intense. The increase in horizontal wrinkling inthe center of the forehead and the raising of the inner corners of theeyebrows are pronounced, about the same as in the previous item.Yet, there is a more bulging, bunched, and knotted appearance tothe center of the forehead because the stronger AU 1 is counter-acted by a stronger AU 4, shown in the severe vertical wrinklingand bulging and wrinkling between the eyebrows, the severe draw-ing together of the eyebrows, and the greater lowering of the eye-brow centers. Also, notice the straightness of the eyebrow and eyecover fold. This evidence is sufficient to score 4D, and the 1remains in the C intensity range. The markedly thinned and flarednostrils are sufficient to score 38A.j0 page 465(Get Neutral) 0 This neutral image serves as a baseline for the j images. Note thepermanent wrinkles in the forehead and at or below the eye cor-ners. Note the greater exposure of the eye cover fold and skin ofthe upper eyelid, compared to the other faces, that makes changesin the upper eyelid easier to detect. There is also more permanentbulging in the glabella than the other faces seen thus far.j1+4 page 471(Get Neutral) 1C+4D+L11B The inner corners of the eyebrows are raised slightly, and the hori- zontal wrinkling in the center of the forehead is increased mark-edly, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are markedly to severelypulled together, forming severe vertical wrinkles and bulgingbetween the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4D (barely) using the cri-teria for 4 in the 1+4 combination. This example shows clearly 1)the triangular shape of the eye cover fold that often appears in 1+4,and 2) how the inner corner of the eyebrow is pulled up by 1 andthe center is pulled down by 4. The middle part of the left nasola-bial furrow is deepened slightly and the skin of the left upper lip isstretched upward a trace, sufficient to score L11B.1+2 page 471(Get Neutral)1+2+4i page 472(Get Neutral)1D+W2D+25A+38A1C+W2C+4BIt should be immediately obvious from the eyebrow raise andwrinkling across the entire forehead that AUs 1 and 2 are involvedin this action, so use the Action Unit Combination description for1+2 to score these actions (or the section on combination 1+2+4,etc. if there were other AUs). This action is also asymmetrical. Theentire eyebrow is raised up extremely, wrinkles are extremely deep-ened and/or extended across the entire forehead, except on theouter right side where they are pronounced, and the eye cover foldis exposed extremely. There is no evidence whatsoever for 4, 5, 6,or 7, and although one might claim the upper eyelid is raised atrace, this change can be easily attributed to the lifting of the eyecover fold by 1+2. The lower face shows little change, except a slitof lip parting that is less than 2mm and a trace of nostril flaringevident in the thinned nostril wings and changed nostril opening.Because the 2 is C on the right and D on the left, and the differencein wrinkling is slight (asymmetry is L2), W is assigned as prefix to2.The raise of the entire brow, together with the flattening and pull-ing together of the eyebrows indicate the presence of 1, 2, and 4 sothe guidelines for scoring the combination 1+2+4 are appropriate.The entire brow is raised markedly, indicating the C intensity forboth 1 and 2, except that on the right side, the 2 is slight and thedifference between the sides is slight, indicating an asymmetryscore of 2 and a prefix of W. The slight pulling together appearsweaker than the raising, with only slight straightening and a traceof bulging between the brows, sufficient to score 4B.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos1+2+4ii 1B+2B+4C+25A+ As in the previous item, the 1+2+4 scoring guidelines are used, butpage 472 (Get Neutral)j1+2+4 page 471(Get Neutral)1+2+5i page 472(Get Neutral)1+2+5ii page 472(Get Neutral)38A1B+2C+4C+5A+V11C1D+2D+5B1E+2E+5Ehere, the brow is less raised and more pulled together. The browraise, and the consequent deepening of the horizontal wrinkles isslight, indicating AUs 1 and 2 at the B intensity. Notice thatalthough the lateral parts of the eyebrows are not raised much morethan in neutral, the brow is very straight, indicating the tensionbetween a stronger AU 4 and AU 2. The pulling together of theeyebrows is pronounced with slight bulging between them, but amarked amount of knotting and twisting in the forehead. This evi-dence is sufficient for 4C. A slit of lip parting that is less than 2mmand a marked nostril flaring evident in the thinned nostril wingsand changed nostril opening is sufficient to score 25A+38A.Evidence of the raising of the entire brow is apparent in the slightto pronounced increase in horizontal wrinkling across the foreheadand the slight to marked raising of parts of the eyebrow. The eye-brows are drawn together slightly, forming marked wrinkling andbulging between the eyebrows, but the center of each eyebrow ispulled down at least markedly. Using the intensity guidelines in thedescription of the 1+2+4 combination, and weighing the evidencefor these AUs, the 1B+2C+4C intensity scores are assigned. Theraise of the upper eyelid is apparent in contrast to neutral, but notquite enough to score B, so 5A is scored. The nasolabial furrow isdeepened in the middle slightly to markedly, with some pulling ofthe skin in the upper lip, sufficient to score 11C. The 11 is strongeron the lefts, as the left lip is raised more and the left infraorbitalfurrow is deeper, a trace of a difference or the prefix V.The obvious eyebrow raise and wrinkling across the entire fore-head indicates AUs 1 and 2 are involved in this action, so the scor-ing guidelines for the 1+2 combination are appropriate. Theraising, wrinkling, exposure of the eye cover fold, and other signsof AUs 1 and 2 are severe to extreme, but not maximum, indicatingthe D intensity. The upper eyelid is raised to expose virtually theentire iris, which is covered in neutral, sufficient to score the Bintensity. Compare the effect of 5 in this item in exposing the iris tothe reveal of the iris in the previous two examples of 1+2+4 andthe item for 1+2, where 5 has not acted.As in the previous item, the guidelines for combination 1+2 areused, and the maximum raising, wrinkling, exposure of the eyecover fold, and other signs indicate AUs 1 and 2 at the E intensity.Likewise, the raising of the upper eyelid and exposure of scleraabove the iris is maximum, indicating 5E. Notice that the lowereyelid appears to have raised up in respect to the iris. This is attrib-utable to the effect of the maximum 5; no other sign of AU 7 ispresent.。