第五章-3 长句的翻译
英汉句法翻译(分句、合句与长句)

3.1 分句译法
• 分句译法又称之“拆句法”。就是把英语中较长的句 子译成汉语中较短的句子。
• 从结构上看:英语的句子好比参天大树,枝叶横生; 而汉语的句子则如万顷碧波,层层推进。
• 在下列两种情况下宜于使用分句法: • (1) 原文句子虽不长,但照直译时所得的译文很别
扭,不拆便读不 顺口或容易发生误解。一般将一些单 词或短语译成独立的句子。 • (2) 原文句子冗长,特别是那些曲折迂回,层见跌 出的一大串文字。一般将从句分译成汉语的单句。
• 4. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.
• 他摇了摇头,两目睁得圆圆的,接着又眯成一条线,脸 上露出了愤怒的神色。
3.1.2 将词组或短语译成汉语的句子
• 1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.
• 由于受到顽强抵抗,吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领要地的敌人甚 至还没有能占领外围地带,这一事实使我增强了信心。
指代它,与主句的其他 成分连句成文。
got to know the real people of Egypt.
• 英国人在埃及呆了那么多
年,却从来没有真正了解
埃及人,这是异乎寻常的。
4. It’s quite probable that he is gone.(他已经走了,有那一是条很举可世能的公。)
3.3.1 切断法(顺序法)
• 所谓切断法,就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”, 按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。如:
长句的翻译

长句的翻译一、原序翻译1.请你方考虑,今后货物一经订妥,就不可撤销,我们认为,这样才有助于更好地合作。
We should like to have your consideration that, in the future, orders once placed are not to be cancelled afterwards, which we think will be conducive to better cooperation.2.上海针织公司由37个企业组成,生产规模大,且拥有众多的名牌产品,如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”和“三枪牌”,公司每年的销售额高达13亿人民币。
Shanghai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad production scale; with several well –known local brands such as “Chrysanthemum ”, “Swan” and “Three Guns”, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.二、分译1)汉语长句中若有反问句、反诘句或感叹句,英译时往往要分译。
1.盛夏炎热,一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉,加上轻风拂煦,浑身有说不出的舒坦,忍不住要赞叹一声:莫干山,好一个清凉世界!No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mogan Mountain in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle caress. How cool it is!2.延安虽然还没有战争,但军队天天在前方打仗,后方也唤工作忙,文章太长,有谁来看呢?Although there is as yet no fighting here in Yen’an, our troops are daily engaged in battle, and the people in the rear are busy at work. If articles are too long, who will read them?2)汉语长句中若有比方句,英译时往往要分译。
英语长句的翻译..

二、英语长句的翻译 4、综合法
事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要 求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其 是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就 需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合,主次 分明地对全句进行综合理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。
例. ,
which was established to aid Internet users in finding and sharing online music files known as MP3 files, is perhaps the most wellknown example of peer-to-peer ecommerce, although purists note that Napster is only partially peer-to-peer because it relies on a central database to show which users are sharing music files. 译文:建立的目标是帮助因特网用户发现并分享在线 音乐文件,即人所共知的MP3文件。尽管纯化论者强调:因为它依 赖中央数据库来显示哪一位用户正在分享音乐文件,所以Napster仅 仅是部分对等。但Napster或许是对等电子商务最著名的实例。
英语长句的翻译
英语长句的翻译
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3)语
言结构层次多。
在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: ① 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
长句的翻译

译文: 由于人民生活水平的不断提高以及计划生育, 中国的家庭结构发生着缓慢却又具有实质性的变化, 必须根据这一历史背景考虑人到老年的问题。
分析:这是一个因果句,against 引导一个原因状语从 句。按照汉语先说原因后说结果,先叙述事实后表明 见解的习惯,翻译时需倒译。
【4】Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often wiling to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
down and sending out wireless messages, the lieutenant(中尉) confusedly studying the map to
make out what the messages meant and appealing for aid now and then to the sergeant(中士) .
译文: 这个年轻人走了很远的路之后碰上了一个愚蠢的人,这个 人把一条裤子系在两棵树之间,正在尽全身力气向上跳,想在落 下来时两条腿正好套进两只裤脚里去。
二、逆译法
如果语序跟汉语习惯不同,甚至完全相反时。
2.1 改变定语顺序 (前置到先行词前)
【2】 The battle-scarred old communists who once made stormy revolution unfurled a passionate blueprint today for a modern, peaceful and prosperous China .
Chapter Five 英语长句翻译I

Chapter Five 英语句法翻译I :长句的翻译一.分析句子结构英语修饰语多,联合成分多,结构复杂,导致经常出现长句子。
翻译时要首先弄清句子结构。
在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句中和短语的功能。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定搭配。
二.拆分长句英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句。
因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,化整为零翻译成汉语的短句。
在拆分过程中,要注意英汉两种思维方式和句子结构的差异性。
英汉两种语言思维方式的差异表现在:英语强调主体由近及远,由里及外;汉语主体不突出,主客体融合,方向上由远及近,由次到主。
表现在时间关系上,英语可以先叙述后发生的事情,后叙述先发生的事情,而汉语常常依照时间顺序。
表现在因果关系上,英语常常从果到因,强调果对主体的影响,而汉语则从因到果顺理推移,从解释到结论,从条件到结果。
在叙和议的关系上,英语一般先表态后叙事,而汉语一般先交代事情,后发表议论。
因此,不同的句子有不同的拆分方法。
在语序安排上,有的句子可以按原来的顺序拆分,有的需要颠倒顺序来翻译,也可以将句子的一部分拆出来翻译。
有的句子还需要打破原有结构重新组织。
1 保留语序------顺拆法所谓切断法,就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”,按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。
如:There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.最令女主人失望的是,她花了许多心思或费用来招待客人,可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意,却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡,松软的糕点,或房间内讲究的陈设,而这些可能才是她最感兴趣和引为自豪的。
长句的翻译

分析: (1) 该句的主语为behaviorists, 谓语为 suggest, 宾语为一个从句, 因此整个句子为 Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。 (2) 该句共有五个谓语结构, 它们的谓语动 词分别为suggest, is raised, are, develop, experience等, 这五个谓语结构之间的关系为: Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构为主句; who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为 environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli; 在suggest的宾语从句 中, 主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为 greater intellectual development.
例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
例1. In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him , that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days. 在非洲, 我遇到一个小孩, 他哭得伤心极 了, 我问他时, 他说他饿了两天没吃饭了。
长句的翻译(英译汉)

大学存在的意义和目的不外乎使作为主修某专业的 你们以及作为人的你们能接触到你们的思想需要接 纳的人类思想。这样说的时候,我坚信自己道出了 人文学院全体教师以及专业学院全体教师的心声。
Homework
1、While field visits are complex,time-consuming and relatively costly, they make it much easier to identify inequities in levels of financing and performance across a country and to showcase good local practice.
两代人(即年轻人和老年人)之间的冲突似 乎是所有冲突中最愚蠢的。这样的冲突不过 是现在的自己和将来的自己的冲突或过去的 自己和现在的自己之间的冲突。
2、Anyone considering taking part in the transformation of those forms of older art which seem to us in many ways unsatisfactory, so that they should be more in tune with the changing times, and anyone who does not quail at the prospect of seeking out new forms of expression for new materials and new building function, will find spiritual kinship, observing Borromini’ buildings.
英语长句的翻译

• We hear what they said and view what they did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were in a measure actors with them in the scenes which they describe. • 我们如闻其声,如观其行,如见其人; 我们同情 他们,和他们悲喜与共;他们的感受成为我们 自己的感受,我们觉得仿佛自己是在他们所 描绘的场景中与他们同台扮演着角色.
• It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain. • 从山顶远眺,湖光山色,尽收眼底;这儿风景绝佳,遐迩闻 名. • 译者从最后一个介词短语译起,倒着译到第二个介词短 语,最后才译原句主谓结构. • One could account for what was observed equally well on the theory that the universe had existed forever or on the theory that it was set in motion at some finite time in such a manner as to look as though it had existed forever. • 当时有两种理论摆在大家面前:一种理论认为,宇宙是 一直存在的;另一种理论认为,宇宙是在某个有限的时 刻启动的,但给人的印象却似乎是一直存在的.但是,不 管按照哪种理论,我们都可以很好地解释所观察到的事 实.
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• Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. • 能量是生态系统的流通货币。只有当食物 转化为能量,能量再用来获取更多的食物 以供生长、繁殖和生存,生命才成为可能。
Chapter 5-3 translation of Long sentence 1. 按顺序直译 当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时, 可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。例: • Visual cues from audience can indicate that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. • 听众的反应可能表明,演讲过于拖沓,演讲者在 某一点上讲的太多,或者在某一点上还需要作进 一步的解释。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentences
• Hypotaxis means “subordination”. That is, the words or phrases in a sentence are combined or joined each other through connectives, different forms of nouns, verbs. • Parataxis actually means “of parallel structure”. The words in a phrase and the clauses in a sentence seem to be parallel on the surface because the connectives are often not required or omitted.
Chapter 5-3 translation of Long sentence
• The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new mown hay, are of a simpler nature.
Chapter 5-3 translation of Long Sentences
• 一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语多; (2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentences
• 在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法: –(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把 握句子的结构。 –(2)分析从句和短语的功能, 例如,是否为主语 从句,宾语从句,表语从句等。若是状语, 它是 表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等)。 –(3)注意插入语等其他成分。 –(4)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
2. 倒置(reversing) • 长句翻译中的倒置主要是指句子的前后结 构调换。有时英语长句的叙述顺序与汉语 表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反。 • 例如,表判断的句型:
– 英语:判断部分 + 事实部分 – 汉语:事实部分 + 判断部分
• 这时可以从原文后面译起,逆着原文的顺 序翻译。
பைடு நூலகம்
• Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. • 许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资也要换 取成为白领员工的特殊地位。这在西方倒 是人之常情。(放在句尾,表结论)
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentence
我国著名的语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子 的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。” 由于英语是“法治”的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,
许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相
反,由于是“人治”,语义通过字词直接表达,不同的 意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因, 对于英语里面长而复杂的句子,“英译中”时经常翻译 成许多短小的句子。
• Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, require revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries. • 对于现代科技书籍, 特别是教科书来说, 如 果作者希望自己书中的内容能跟上新思想、 新观点和新发现, 那么就应该每隔较短的时 间, 将书中的内容重新修订。
• The president said at the press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. • 在记者招待会上,由于问题集中于昨天的选举结 果,总统就此发了言。他说他难以解释共和党为 何遭到如此惨败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去 在众议院中长期占有的多数地位。
Chapter 5-1 Translation of Long Sentence
4. 综合法
有些英语长句,若单独使用顺序法、逆序 法或分译法,均不足以传达原文的含义。 此时可采用综合法:或按照时间顺序,或 按照逻辑顺序,有顺有逆、有主有次地对 全句进行综合处理。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentence
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentence • 汉语强调意合(parataxis),结构较松散,因此简 单句较多; 英语强调形合(hypotaxis),结构较严密,因此长 句较多。 • 汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、 不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成 长句; • 而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副 词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分 与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断, 译成汉语分句。
• All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. • 他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开, 就 可以看到电视剧、电影、戏剧、 以及其他各种 各样的文艺节目。至于政论节目以及最新的激动 人心的足球赛事,则更是不在话下。
• But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. • 但是艺术史关注的不仅仅是这些,因为艺 术反映的不单是一个民族的政治价值观, 而且还有他们的宗教信仰、情感和心理状 态。
Step1.那些时常萦绕心头的画面…其实并不复杂。 Step2. …一闻到玫瑰花香或新鲜草料的气息便会 让人记起的画面… Step3.那些时常萦绕心头、一闻到玫瑰花香或新 鲜草料的气息,便会猛然记起的画面,其实并不 复杂。
Chapter 5-3 Translation of Long Sentences
• It remains to be seen whether the reserves of raw materials would be sufficient to supply world economy which would have grown by 500 percent. • 如果世界经济真的以5 倍于现有的速度增 长,那么原材料的储备能否满足其需求, 尚不得而知。
Chapter 5 Translation of Long Sentence
3. 分句法 (splitting) 有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的 关系并不密切。 翻译时可以按照汉语多用 短句的习惯, 把长句化整为零,把从句或 短语化成句子, 分开来叙述。 通常情况下,在原句的关系代词、关系 副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处分 割长句,译成汉语分句。为了使语意连惯, 有时需要适当增加词语。
• There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. • 届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节 目及装有污染监测器的汽车。一旦这些汽 车污染超标(或违规),监测器就会使其 停驶。