unit10语用学--会话中的威胁面子行为

Acts threatening the hearer’s positive face
indicating (potentially) that the speaker does not care about the hearer’s feelings, interests, wants, etc.
Maximum efficiency.情况紧急，交际效率居于面子需求之上
e.g. Watch out!
Perceive very small threat to the hearer’s face. 对听话人威胁较小
或没有威胁
e.g. Don’t be sad.
S’s power over H.说话人权势远远高于听话人
消极面子是指社会成员希望其行动不被别人干涉，
即有行动的自由和自主决定的自由。（何自然，陈 新仁，2004）
Positive face 积极面子
the positive consistent self-image or “personality”
(crucially including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants. e.g. It’s very kind of you.
Face consists of two aspects:
positive face
Negative face 消极面子
the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights
to non-interference, i.e. to the freedom of action and freedom from imposition. e.g. threat, warning, order, etc.
personal information);
2. Cultures vary in the rating of illocutionary acts in terms of face threat.
10.3 Strategies of doing FTAs
Read Figure 1 on p. 132
Acts threatening the hearer’s negative face
a.
Impose some future act on H, and in doing so exert some pressure on H to do (or refrain from doing) the act. E.g. orders and request, suggestions and advice, reminders, threat, warning;
e.g. Goodness, you cut your hair.
Exaggerate approval with H. 夸张自己对听话人的赞同等
e.g. Your performance is superb. It’s the best I’ve seen.
Intensify interest to H. (to attract or please H) 提高听话人兴趣
c.
Acts threatening the speaker’s positive face
Acts that directly damage S’s positive face,
such as apologies, acceptance of compliment or praise, self-humiliation, and self-contradiction.
According to Brown and Levinson (1978/1987), face
means the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself or herself, or the emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize. negative face
b.
c.
d.
S shows non-cooperation in an activity, e.g. interrupting H’s talk;
S uses address terms and other status-marked identifications in initial encounters in an offensive or embarrassing way, intentionally or accidently.
积极面子是指每个社会成员希望他的愿望受人顺从，
自我形象被人欣赏和赞许。（何自然，陈新仁，2004）
10.2 Face-threatening acts
在会话交际中，以上两种面子都可能受到威胁，例如：
儿子：妈，我想出去玩一下。
母亲：作业做完再说。
室友：哎，这个铃声挺好听的。
我：哪里好听了。
Acts threatening the speaker’s negative face
Acts such as expressing thanks, acceptance of
H’s thanks or H’s apology, excuses, unwilling promises and offers, and the ng FTAs in Conversation
会话中的威胁面子行为
Contents
10.1 The notion of face 10.2 Face-threatening acts 10.3 Strategies of doing FTAs 10.4 Factors behind the strategy choice
Four types:
A. Acts threatening the hearer’s positive face B. C. D.
Acts threatening the hearer’s negative face Acts threatening the speaker’s positive face Acts threatening the speaker’s negative face
e.g. Bring me a bottle of wine.
Positive politeness
is approach-based, which conveys that the potential face
threat is minimized by the assurance that the speaker in general wants to satisfy at least some of the hearer’s wants, and makes the hearer feel good and feel that his value is shared.
e.g. You may find my story most interesting. It’s about...
Use in-group identity markers (nicknames, dialects, ellipsis,
etc.) 表明具有同样的团体身份 e.g. 1. Help me with my bag here, will you mate/buddy? 2. Mind if I smoke?
b.
Predicate some positive act of S toward H, and in doing so put some pressure on H to accept or reject them, and possibly to incur a debt. E.g. offers; Acts that indicate some desire of S toward H or H’s goods, giving H reason to think that he may have to protect the object of S’s desire, or give it to S. e.g. compliments and expressions of envy or admiration.
Bald on record
means doing it in the most direct, clear, unambiguous
way possible.
不使用补救策略，公开的实行威胁面子行为，即说话者用直接公开
的方式向听话人提出建议、请求、给予或邀请。
An MP will do FTA baldly on record if：
10.1 The notion of face --- Goffman
Goffman (1967) defines “face” as “the positive social
value a person effectively claims for himself by the line others assume he has taken during a particular contact. Face is an image of self delineated in terms of approved social attributes.”
通过强调与听话人的共同性来减少面子威胁程度，满足听话人
积极面子需求，使听话人所要求的个人形象与说话人言语中体 现的达到一致。 it includes 12 strategies: