初中英语音标发音规则

初中英语英标及发音规则

高付梅

26个英文字母的音标

一、元音和辅音

英语共有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。辅音和元音在英语中的作用，就相当于汉语中的声母和韵母。记录英语音素的符号叫做音标。

元音：元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音.

（A）单元音

a. 前元音：/ i: /, / i /, / e /, / ? /

b. 中元音：/ ?: /, / ? /

c. 后元音：/ ?:/, /? /, / u /, / u: /, /ɑ:/, /Λ /

(B) 双元音（8个）：

a. 合口双元音：/ ei /, / ?u /, / ai /, / au /, /?i/

b. 集中双元音：/ i ? /, / ε?/, / u? /

B. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.

辅音的分类：

按其发音的方法分，有：

a.爆破音/ p /, / b /, / t／, / d /, / k /, / ɡ/

b.摩擦音/ f /，/ v /，/θ/，/ e/，/ s /，/ z /

c.破擦音/ t∫/，/ d?/，/tr/，/dr/，/ts/，/dz/

d.鼻音/ m / , / n /, / ? /

e.旁流音（舌侧音）/ l /

巧记48个国际音标

单元音共十二，四二六前中后。双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。

单元音

/ i: /----Ee

[i:]舌抵下齿，双唇扁平作微笑状，发“一”之长音。此音是长元音，一定注意把音发足。Bb/bi:/、Cc/si:/、Dd/di:/ 、Gg/d?i:/、Tt/ti:/、Vv/vi:/

[i:]是字母e、ea、ee、ie、ei在单词中的发音

(1) e we me he she be fever meter evening

(2) ea eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean

(3) ee three tree green sheep meet beef see seek

(4) ie piece

(5) ei receive ceiling

[i] -----big /big/

舌抵下齿，双唇扁平分开，牙床近于全舌，发短促之“一”音, 发此音要短促而轻快。

[i]是字母e、i、y在单词中的发音，

(1) e begin English pretty cinema decide delicious

(2) i sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss

(3)y boy city very sorry many twenty happy dictionary

[e] --egg /eg/

舌近硬鄂，舌尖顶下齿，牙床半开半合，作微笑状。

Ff〔ef〕、Mm〔em〕、Nn〔en〕、Ss〔es〕

[e]是字母e、ea、a在单词中的发音

(1)e bed red let get leg pen elephant desk better

(2)ea head bread pleasure

(3)a many any

/ ? / ---bag / b?g /

[?] 双唇扁平，舌前微升，舌尖抵住下龈，牙床开，软鄂升起，唇自然开放。

是字母a在闭音节或重读闭音节中的发音。

bad am and at sad hand happy hat map mad black back glad flag man

/ ?: /--bird /b?:d /

[?: ]舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之长音。是字母er、ir、or 或ur在单词中的发音

(1) er her term

(2) ir girl bird first third thirty shirt skirt birthday

(3) or work word world

(4) ur nurse turn hurt Thursday

[ ?]--today / t?'dei /

[?] 舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之短音。是字母a、o、u、

e、or、er、ur 或ar在单词中的发音

(1)a about above along America around banana Canada china

(2)o together tomorrow today police

(3)u autumn

(4)or doctor actor work homework housework vistor mirror forget

(5)er father mother brother sister ruler water dinner driver farmer

(6)ur surprise Saturday

(8)ar dollar

[?:] ---all [?:l]

双唇界于开闭、圆唇之间，牙床半开渐至全开，舌尖卷上再过渡为卷后。是字母o、al、ar、or、oar、our或oor在单词中的发音

(1)o story off

(2)al small wall talk tall hall ball call walk

(3)ar warm quarter

(4)au August autumn daughter

(5)or for short sport more horse

(6)oar board blackboard cardboard

(7)our four your

(8)oor door floor

[?] ---box /b?ks/

双唇稍微向外突出圆形，舌后升起，舌尖不触下齿，发“奥”音是字母a、o在单词中的发音

（1）([w])a want wash watch what

（2）o hot lot not on sorry

[u:]---do[du:]

双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发“屋”之长音。Uu〔ju:〕Ww〔`d?blju:〕

是字母o、u、oo或ou在单词中的发音

（1）o do to who two

（2）u blue glue June

（3）oo food room pool boot school too zoo

（4）ou soup group through

[u] ---put/put/

双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发短促之“屋”音。是字母u、oo或ou在单词中的发音

(1)o woman wolf

(2)oo book look good foot wood

(3)oul could would should

(4)u put sugar full push pull

[ɑ:]---arm/ɑ:m/

双唇张而不圆，牙床大开，舌后微升，舌尖向后升缩微离下齿，发阿之长音。

(1)a fast class last glass plant

(2)ar car farm card far garden party park

[?] --- cup [k?p] Ww〔`d?blju:〕

双唇平放，牙床半开，舌尖抵住下龈，舌后微微升起，发短促之“阿”音是字母o或u在单词中的发音

(1)o come none love other son mother

(2)oo blood flood

(3)ou touch country enough young

(4)u bus sun but cut up us run

双元音

[ei] ---Aa〔ei〕

舌类顶下齿，牙床半开半合，双唇扁平，由发“哀”平稳过渡到发“一”之长音。

Hh〔ei?〕、Jj〔d?ei〕、Kk〔kei〕

是字母a在开音节中的读音。

⑴a name cake game face late gate plane April

⑵ai rain train wait

⑶ay day may okay play today say way

⑷ea great break

⑸ei(gh) eight eighteen eighty

⑹ey they grey

[ai] --eye [ai] Yy〔wai〕

将口张开略圆，舌后升起，舌尖向后收缩，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“一”音。是字母i或y在单词中的读音:

(1)i bike fine find die nine light night high

(2)y my try fly eye

[?i]---oil [?i l]

双唇外突成圆形，发“奥”音逐渐过渡为双唇扁平分开，发“一”之短音。是字母oy和oi在单词中的读音

(1)oy boy toy joy

(2)oi soil voice choice point

[au] --out [aut]

将口张开略圆，渐渐合拢，双唇成圆形，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“屋”音。是字母ou和ow在单词中的发音

(1)ou out about house blouse loud

⑵ow how now cow town

[?u]--old [?uld] Oo〔?u〕

口半开半合，舌后微升，过渡成双唇成圆形，发“欧”之长音。是字母o、oa和ow在单词中的发音

(1)o go no nose home open

(2)oa goat boat coat

(3)ow show know yellow window owner snow

[i?]---ear [i?]

双唇张开岈床由窄至半开舌抵下齿逐渐过渡至上卷，从“一”音过渡到“厄”音。是字母ear、ere、ea、eer在单词中的读音

(1)ea real idea

(2)ear ear hear dear near clear

(3)eer deer cheer beer

(4)ere here

[??]--air[??]

双唇张开后略圆，牙床张开相当宽，舌尖卷上渐至卷后。是字母air、are、ear、ere在单词中的读音

⑴air air hair chair fair

⑵are care hare parent

⑶ear pear wear bear

⑷ere there where

[u?]--hour

双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，发“屋”之长音，然后从“屋”音过渡到“厄”音。是字母our、oor、ure、eer在单词中的读

⑴ure sure

⑵oor poor

⑶our tour

元音

/i:/ fee feed feet tea sea seek

/?/ fit did dick pig pill pity

/e/ bed better beg bell best said

/?/ lab lack bag back banner flag

/ɑ:/ car card bar bath far father

/ ?/ bus sum supper run rush rubber /?:/door four form saw sought sorter / ? /song sock sorry long loss dog / u:/ two tool soon blue school goose / u/ good book stood fool cook put / ?:/ sir serve surface stir turn were /?/ again above arrive reader editor

/e?/ pay pain pace say save rain

/a?/ why wide eye ice lie line

/??/joy join boy point coin choice

/??/beer fear hear here real theatre /e?/ air care dare bear there dairy

/ u?/ tour tourist poor sure during

/?u / low load hoe home hope know /au / now mouse loud mouth allow

辅音

/p/park pig path lamp sleep cap

/b/ bed lab book bit best job

/ t/tea tell meet hat spite waiter

/d/ desk date dice and find red

/ k/ key kiss keep cake ink week

/g/ gate game get egg ago leg

/f/fat fast feel first leaf wife

/v/very vast verb believe have brave /s/ see seek son snow bus less

/z/zoo zero zeal lays size eyes

/θ/think thank thing cloth breath

/e/this that then breathe with bathe /?/ sheep share shave push crash

/?/measure pleasure treasure occasion

/t?/chair cheap rich reach catch

/d?/jeep joke Jane large orange

/tr/tree trip try train trade translate /dr/ dress dry drive drop dream draw /ts/treats streets waits gets meets

/dz/words birds kinds aids leads

/ h/ head heart how high hand

/ r/ rose rice read river rain pretty

/m/ make much month member same /n/ nice north name need soon

/?/ ink think thank angry thing sing / j/ yard yes yet year your yellow

/ w/ word would world wake window

/ ?/ let life lake bell silk fool

英语字母组合发音规律:

1．开音节

1）以发音的元音字母结尾的单节。例：be，he。

2）以辅音字母（r 除外）+不发音的e结尾的音节。例：make，like。

* 在重读的开音节中元音字母按字母名称读音。

2．闭音节

以一个或几个辅音字母（r 除外）结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节，称为闭音节。例：map，desk，is。

* 在重读的闭音节中元音字母读做短元音。

字母a，e，i，o，u 在重读音节中的读法

字母名称位置读音举例

a /ei/

开音节/ei/ name，take

闭音节/? / map，bag

e /i:/

开音节/i:/ be，he

闭音节/e/ egg，best

i /ai/

开音节/ai/ like，kite

闭音节/i/ bit，fit

o /?u /

开音节/?u/ note，no

闭音节/? / dog，lot

u /ju:/

开音节/ju:/ mute，use

闭音节/? / bus，cut

一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音

元音字母读音例词

a 在开音节中[ei] name plane Jane baby cake

在闭音节中[?] bag dad hat map black back

e 在开音节中[i:] he these me Chinese

在闭音节中[e] bed let pen desk yes egg

i 在开音节中[ai] bike fly drive time nice kite

在闭音节中fish big drink sit milk swim

o 在开音节中[?u] those close go hoe home no

在闭音节中[?] clock not box shop sock

u 在开音节中[ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday，但u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音，例如：June blue ruler super。但u在闭音节中[?] bus cup jump much lunch 二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音

元音字母读音例词

a在[w]音后面[ɑ] want what watch wash quality

a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前[α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father

i在-nd -ld和gh前[ai] find child light high

o在-st -ld前[?u] most postcard old cold

o在m n v th前[?] come monkey love mother

三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音

元音字母读音例词

a [?] China another woman breakfast

[i ] orange comrade village cabbage

e [?]hundred student open weekend

[i ] chicken pocket begin children

i [?]/[i] holiday beautiful family animal

[ai] exercise satellite

o [?] second tonight somebody welcome

[?u] also zero photo

u [?]autumn difficult

[ju(:)] popular congratulation January

动词中的a如果处在开音节位置，a读[ei]音，例如：operate

u处在开音节位置，又在辅音字母j l r s后面时，读[u(:) ]音，例如：July influence February issue

在非重读音节中，许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[?]音，也可以读作[i ]音。

四、-r音节元音字母组合

1、在重读音节中的读音元音字母组合读音例词

⑴、ar 一般发音[α:] car farm dark sharpener

在[w]音后面[?:] warm quarter towards

⑵、or 一般发音[?:] forty morning short

在[w]音后面[?:] word worker worse

⑶、er ir ur [?::] certainly bird Thursday

⑷、辅音字母r双写时，前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如：carry sorry hurry

2、在非重读音节中通常读[?]音，例如：dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday

五、-re音节元音字母组合

1、在重读音节中的读音

are [e?] care dare hare

ere [i?]here meren

ire [ai?] fire hire wiren

ore [?:] more score before

ure [ju?] pure cure

2、在非重读音节中are ere ire ore很少出现，ure在非重读音节中读[e]音，例如：picture pleasure

3、重读元音字母+r+非重读元音字母组时，重读元音字母应按a(e,i,o,u)re 音节拼读规则拼读，字母r读[r]音。例如：parent zero story during inspiring

4、某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如：orange very American paragraph

六、元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音

元音字母组合读音例词

ai/ay [ei] rain wait day play

air [ε?] air hair chair pair repair

al 在f,m,s前后

[?:] small ball talk wall all

[?: l ] always also salt almost

[α:] half calm

au/aw [?:] autumn daughter draw

ea的发音

[i:] teach easy cheap please

[e] heavy bread sweater weather

[ei] break great

ear

[i?] hear dear near clear year

[ε?] bear pear wear swear

[?:] earth learn early

ee [i:] jeep week green three eer [i?] pioneer deer beer

ei/ey

[ei] eight neighbour they

[i:] either key

eu/ew在j l r s后

[ju:] new few newspaper

[u:] flew brew jewelry

ie/ei[s]音之后[i:] piece field receive

oa [?u] coat Joan boat goal

oar/oor [?:] roar board door floor

oi/oy [? i] noise point boy toilet

oo

1. 重读音节词尾的字母组合oo发音素[u:]的音。如:too(太;也),zoo(动物园),

2. 在辅音字母f, l, m, n, p,s,t前的字母组合oo也发音素[u:]的音。如:roof(屋顶),school(学校),room(房间),soon(不久),loop(圈,环),goose(鹅)boot(靴子),tooth(牙齿)等.有二个特例词要特别注意,它就是:wool[u](羊毛);:foot[u](脚);

3. 字母组合oo在字母d和k前发音素[u]的音。如:good(好),book(书),look(看),特例词:food[u:](食物);

4. 在复合词的非重读音节中的字母组合oo发音素[u]的音。如:bedroom(卧室),classroom(教室)等;

5. 在字母l和d之间的字母组合oo发音素[∧]的音。如:blood(血),flood(洪水)等.

6. 后接r时字母组合oo发音素[?:] door, floor

ou/ow

[au] flower house count down

[?u] know row throw though

[?] young country enough

[u:] group you soup

our

[?:] course your four

[au?] our hour ours

[?:] journey

ui在j l r s后

[ju:i] fluid suicide tuition

[u ] juice fruit suit

七、非重读音节中元音字母组合和字群的读音

元音字母组合或字群读音例词

ai/ay , ei/ey [i] Sunday foreign monkey

ow [?u] yellow sparrow tomorrow

元音字组在非重读音节中读[E]音。例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee -sion -tion [? n] impression nation

-sion在元音字母后[??n] vision decision occasion

-tion在s后[t∫en] question suggestion

-sten [sn] listen

-stle [sl] whistle

-sure [??] pleasure measure

-ture [t∫e] picture culture

八、元音字母组合在复合词非重读音节中的读音

复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号，但其中的元音字母或元音字母组合仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。例如：everyday[ei] handbag[?] blackboard[?:]

有些词随着语言的发展，前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义，融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。例如：sun太阳+ day[ei]日子＞Sunday 星期天holy神圣+ day[ei]日子＞holiday 假日break中断+ fast[α:]斋戒＞breakfast[E] 早餐cup茶杯+ board木板[C:] ＞cupboard[E] 碗柜

九、辅音字母组合的读音

辅音字母组合读音例词

b [b] bike bus bag

[/] bomb tomb

c（1）后跟元音字母a，o，u时，字母c发[k]，例如：cat，come，cut，cake picture coat music；后跟e，i，y时，字母c发[s]，例如：nice，decide，Lucy，face decide cinema。

（2）后跟辅音字母k，r，s，t，以及位于单词最后时，字母c发[k]，例如：black，crossing，politics，dictate，picnic。

（3）单词中有双写字母c，后跟元音字母e或i时第一个c发[k]，第二个c 发[s]，例如：successful，accident；后跟其它元音字母或字母组合时，两个c合发一个[k]，例如：account。

（4）后跟字母组合ei，er，ie或与词尾的字母e组合时，c发[s]，例如：receive，certainly，society；后跟字母组合ia时，c发[∫]，例如：especially。

ch

一般读作[t∫] much chick rich teacher

[k] chemist（化学家），chem-istry（化学），chemical（化学的），Christmas（圣诞节），headache（头痛），school（学校）等6个单词中读[k] [∫] machine

-ck [k] cock pocket black knock

d [d] doctor bread hand day

-dge [d?] bridge fridge

dr- [dr] children driver drink

f [f] five four breakfast

g在e i/y前[g] bag garden go

[d?] orange large German

gh字母组合的读音在中学英语课本中归纳起来主要有“发音”和“不发音”两种情况。

一、gh在下列三种情况下发音

1．gh在词首时，读作/g/。例：ghost/g?u st/

2．词首为字母1，且后跟字母组合augh时，gh读作/f/。例：laugh/la:f/，laughter/'la:ft?/，cough ，enough

3．词尾为字母组合ough时，gh读作/f/。例：enough /i'n? f/，cough/k? f/，rough/r? f/，tough/t? f/

二、gh在下列五种情况下不发音

1．gh 在元音字母i后不发音。例：bright/brait/，fight/fait/，frighten/'fraitn/，high/hai/，light/lait/，might/mait/，night/nait/，right/rait/，