重庆交大道路工程英语
道路工程英语词汇
道路工程英语词汇文章摘要：本文介绍了道路工程英语词汇的分类、特点和常用表达，以表格的形式列举了一些基本的词汇和短语，并给出了相应的中文释义。
本文旨在帮助道路工程专业的学习者和从业者掌握一些专业术语，提高英语交流的能力。
一、词汇分类道路工程英语词汇是指与道路工程相关的专业术语，它涉及到道路工程的各个方面，如规划、设计、施工、维护、管理等。
根据不同的依据，可以将道路工程英语词汇分为以下几类：1. 按照词性分类按照词性分类，可以将道路工程英语词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词等。
例如：词性英文中文名词road道路动词design设计形容词flexible柔性的副词horizontally水平地介词along沿着连词and和2. 按照专业领域分类按照专业领域分类，可以将道路工程英语词汇分为公路工程、城市道路工程、桥梁工程、隧道工程、交通工程等。
例如：专业领域英文中文公路工程highway engineering公路工程城市道路工程urban road engineering城市道路工程桥梁工程bridge engineering桥梁工程隧道工程tunnel engineering隧道工程交通工程traffic engineering交通工程3. 按照技术阶段分类按照技术阶段分类，可以将道路工程英语词汇分为勘察设计、施工管理、运营维护等。
例如：技术阶段英文中文勘察设计survey and design勘察设计施工管理construction management施工管理运营维护operation and maintenance运营维护二、词汇特点道路工程英语词汇具有以下几个特点：1. 精确性道路工程英语词汇要求具有高度的精确性，不能含糊或模糊，要能够准确地表达出专业概念和技术要求。
例如：road surface 路面road base 路基road shoulder 路肩road edge 路缘这些词汇都是指不同的道路部位，不能混淆或替换。
道路工程英语
英汉术语对照索引abrasiveness 磨耗度absolute datum 绝对基面abutment 桥台abutment pier制动墩acceleration lane加速车道accidental load 偶然荷载accommodation lane 专用车道acoustic barrier 隔音墙acting circles of blasting 爆破作用圈additional stake 加桩adjacent curve in one direction 同向曲线admixture 外加剂admixture 反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量aerophoto base 航摄基线aerophoto interpretation 航摄像片判读ageing 老化aggregate 集料(骨料)air hardining 气硬性alignment design (城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element 线形要素alligator cracking 路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection 容许(回弹)弯沉alternativeline 比较线anchored bulkhead abutment 锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment 锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall 锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen 阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic 年平均日交通量anti-creep heap (厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dizzling screen 防炫屏(遮光栅)antiskid heap (厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span 引桥aquitard 隔水层arch bridge 拱桥arch culvert 拱涵arch ring 拱圈arterial highway 干线公路arterial road (厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路asphalt distributor 沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant 沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt remixer 沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer 复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt sand 沥青砂asphalt sprayer 沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen 地沥青at-grade intersection 平面交叉auxiliary lane 附加车道average consistency (of soil) 土的)平均稠度average gradient 平均纵坡aximuth angle 方位角balance weight retaining wall 衡重式挡土墙base course 基层base line 基线basic traffic capacity 基本通行能力beam bridge 梁桥beam level deflectometer 杠杆弯沉仪bearing 支座bearing angle 象限角bearing pile 支承桩platform 承台bed course 垫层bench mark 水准点benched subgrade 台口式路基bending strength 抗弯强度Benkelman beam 杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪)bent cap 盖梁berm 护坡道binder 结合料binder course 联结层bitumen 沥青bitumen (沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen-aggregate ratio 油石比concrete pavement 沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete moxture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous moxture 沥青混合料bituminous pavement 沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement 沥青贯入式路面biuminous surface treatment (沥青)表面处治blasting crater 爆破漏斗blastion for loosening rock 松动爆破blasting for throwing rock 抛掷爆破blastingprocedure 土石方爆破bleeding 泛油blind ditch 盲沟blind drain 盲沟block pavement 块料路面block stone 块石blow up 拱胀boring 钻探boring log (道路)地质柱状图boring machine 钻孔机borrow earth 借土borrow pit 取土坑boundary frame on crossing 道口限界架boundary frame on road 道路限界架boundary line of road construction 道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge 系杆拱桥box culvert 箱涵branch pipe of inlet 雨水口支管branch road (城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge 桥梁bridge decking 桥面系bridge deck pavement 桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contraction installation traction installation 桥面伸缩装置bridge gerder erection equpment 架桥机bridge on slope 坡桥bridge site 桥位bridle road 驮道broken chainage 断链broken stone 碎石broken back curve 断背曲线buried abutment 埋置式桥台bus bay 公交(车辆)停靠站bypass 绕行公路cable bent tower 索塔cable saddle 索鞍cable stayed bridge 斜拉桥(斜张桥)Cableway erecting equipment 缆索吊装设备California bearing ratio (CBR) 加州承载比(CBR)California bearing ratio tester 加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber cruve 路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge 悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge 悬臂式挡土墙capacity of intersection 交叉口通行能力capacity of network 路网通行能力capillary water 毛细水carriage way 车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method 悬臂浇筑法cationic emulsified bitumen 阳离子乳化沥青cattle-pass 畜力车道cementconcrete 水泥混凝土cemint concrete pavement 水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement 水泥混凝土路面center-island 中心岛center lane 中间车道center line of raod 道路中线center line survey 中线测量center stake 中桩central reserve 分隔带channelization 渠化交通shannelization island 导流岛channelized intrersection 分道转弯式交叉口chip 石屑chute 急流槽circular curve 圆曲线circular curve 环路circular test 环道试验city road 城市道路civil engineering fabric 土工织物classified highway 等级公路classified highway 等级道路clay-bound macadam泥结碎石路面clearance 净空clearance above bridge floor 桥面净空clearce of span 桥下净空climatic zoning for highway 公路自然区划climbing lane爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange 苜蓿叶形立体交叉coal tar 煤沥青cobble stone 卵石coefficient of scouring 冲刷系数cohesive soil 粘性土cold laid method 冷铺法cold mixing method 冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar 冷拉钢筋column pier 柱式墩combination-type road system 混合式道路系统compaction 压实compaction test 击实试验compactiontest apparatus 击实仪compactmess test 压实度试验composite beam bridge 联合梁桥composite pipe line 综合管道(综合管廊)compound curve 复曲线concave vertical curve 凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner (水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer (水泥混凝土)路面填缝机concrete mixing plant 水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver 水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机concrete pump 水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw (水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机附录英汉术语对照索引cone penetrantion test 触探试onflict point 冲突点conical slope 锥坡consistency limit (of soil) (土的)稠度界限consolidated subsoil 加固地基consolidation 固结construction by swing 转体架桥法construction height of bridge 桥梁建筑高度construction joint 施工缝construction load 施工荷载construction survey 施工测量continuous beam bridge 连续梁桥contourlinecontraction joint 缩缝control point 路线控制点converging 合流convex vertining wall 凸形竖曲线corduroy road 木排道counterfout retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutmen 扶壁式桥台country road 乡村道路county road 县公路(县道)，乡道creep 徐变critical speed 临界速度cross roads 十字形交叉cross slopecross walk 人行横道cross-sectional profile 横断面图cross-sectional survey 横断面测量crown 路拱crushed stone 碎石crushing strength 压碎值culture 地物culvert 涵洞curb 路缘石curb side strip 路侧带curve length 曲线长curve widening 平曲线加宽curved bridge 弯桥cut 挖方cut cornerfor sight line (路口)截角cut-fill transition 土方调配cut-fill transition 土方调配图cutting 路堑cycle path 自行车道cycle track 自行车道deceleration lane 减速车道deck bridge 上承式桥deflection angle 偏角deflection test 弯沉试验degree of compaction 压实度delay 延误density of road network 道路（网）密度edpth oftunnel 隧道埋深edsign elevation of subgrade 路基设计高程design frequency (排水)设计重现期edsign hourly volume 设计小时交通量design of evevation (城市道路)竖向设计design of vertical alignment 纵断面设计design speed 计算行车速度(设计车速)design traffic capacity 设计通行能力design vehicle 设计车辆design water level 设计水位desiged dldvation 设计高程designedflood frequency 设计洪水频率deslicking treatment 防滑处理Deval abrasion testion machine 狄法尔磨耗试验机（双筒式磨耗试验机）diamond interchange 菱形立体交叉differential photo 微分法测图direction angle 方向角directional interchange 定向式立体交叉diverging 分流dowel bar 传力杆drain opening 泄水口drainage by pumping station (立体交叉)泵站排水drainage ditch 排水沟dressedstone 料石drop water 跌水dry concrtet 干硬性混凝土ductility (of bitumen) (沥青)延度ductilometer (沥青)延度仪dummy joint 假缝dynamic consolidation 强夯法economic speed 经济车速econnomical hauling distance 土方调配经济运距element support 构件支撑elevation 高程(标高)embankment 路堤emergencyparking strip 紧急停车带emulsified bitumen 乳化沥青erecting by floating 浮运架桥法erection by longitudinal pulling method 纵向拖拉法erection by protrusion 悬臂拼装法erection with cableway 缆索吊装法evaporation pond 蒸发池expansion bearing 活动支座expansive soil 膨胀土expantion joint 胀缝expressway (城市)快速路externaldestance 外(矢)距fabricated bridge 装配式桥fabricated steel bridge 装拆式钢桥factories and mines road 厂矿道路factory external transportation line 对外道路factory-in road 厂内道路factory-out road 厂外道路fast lane 内侧车道faulting of slab ends 错台feeder highway 支线公路ferry 渡口fibrous concrete 纤维混凝土field ofviaion 视野fill 填方filled spandrel arch bridge 实腹拱桥final survey 竣工测量fineness 细度fineness modulus 细度模数fixed bearing 固定支座flare wing wall abutment 八字形桥台flared intersection 拓宽路口式交叉口flash 闪点flash point tester (open cup method) 闪点仪(开口杯式)flexible pavement 柔性路面flexible pier 柔性墩floor system桥面系flush curb 平缘石foot way 人行道ford 过水路面forest highway 林区公路forest road 林区道路foundation 基础free style road system 自由式道路系统free way 高速公路free-flow speed 自由车速freeze road 冻板道路freezing and thawing test 冻融试验frost boiling 翻浆frozen soil 冻土full depth asphalt pavement 全厚式沥青(混凝土)路面function planting 功能栽植general scour under bridge opening 桥下一般冲刷geological section (道路)地质剖面图geotextile 土工织物gradation 级配gradation of stone (路用)石料等级grade change point 变坡点grade compensation 纵坡折减grade crossing 平面交叉grade length limitation 坡长限制grade of sideslope 边坡坡度grade separation 简单立体交叉grade-separated junction 立体交叉graded aggregate pavement 级配路面brader 平地机grain composition 颗粒组成granular material 粒料gravel 砾石gravity pier (abutment) 重力式墩、台gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙green belt 绿化带gridiron road system 棋盘式道路系统ground control-point survey 地面控制点测量ground elevation 地面高程ground stereophotogrammetry 地面立体摄影测量guard post 标柱guard rail 护栏guard wall 护墙gully 雨水口gutter 街沟(偏沟)gutter apron 平石gutter drainage 渠道排水half-through bridge 中承式桥hard shoulder 硬路肩hardening 硬化hardness 硬度haul road 运材道路heavy maintenance 大修hectometer stake 百米桩hedge 绿篱height of cut and fill at ceneter stake 中桩填挖高度high strength bolt 高强螺栓high type pavement 高级路面highway 公路highway landscape design 公路景观设计hill-side line 山坡线(山腰线)hilly terrain 重丘区horizontal alignment 平面线形horizontalcurve 平曲线hot laid method 热铺法hot mixing method 热拌法hot stability (of bitumen) (沥青)热稳性hydraulic computation 水力计算hydraulic computation 水硬性imaginary intersection point 虚交点immersed tunnelling method 沉埋法inbound traffic 入境交通incremental launching method 顶推法industrial district road 工业区道路industrialsolid waste (路用)工业废渣industrial waste base course 工业废渣基层inlet 雨水口inlet submerged culvert 半压力式涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert 无压力式涵洞inorganic binder 无机结合料instrument station 测站intensity of rainstorm 暴雨强度intercepting detch 截水沟interchange 互通式立体交叉interchange woth special bicycle track 分隔式立体交叉intermediate maintenance 中修intermediatetype pavement 中级路面intersection (平面)交叉口intersection angle 交叉角，转角intersection entrance 交叉口进口intersection exit 交叉口出口intersection plan 交叉口平面图intersection point 交点intersection with widened corners 加宽转角式交叉口jack-in method 顶入法kilometer stone 里程碑land slide 坍方lane 车道lane-width车道宽度lateral clear distance of curve (平曲线)横净距lay-by 紧急停车带level of service 道路服务水平leveling course 整平层leveling survey 水准测量light-weight concrete 轻质混凝土lighting facilities of road 道路照明设施lime pile 石灰桩line development 展线linking-up road 联络线，连接道路liquid asphaltic bitumen 液体沥青liquid limit 液限living fence 绿篱load 荷载loading berm 反压护道lading combinations 荷载组合loading plate 承载板lading platetest 承载板试验local scour near pier 桥墩局部冲刷local traffic 境内交通location of line 定线location survey 定测lock bolt support woth shotcrete 喷锚支护loess 黄土longitudinal beam 纵梁longitudinal gradient 纵坡longitudinal joint 纵缝loop ramp 环形匝道Los Angeles abrasion testion machine 洛杉矶磨耗试验机machine (搁板式磨耗试验机)low rype pavement 低级路面main beam 主梁main bridge 主桥maintenance 养护maintenance period 大中修周期manhole 检查井marginal strip 路缘带marshallstability apparatus 马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability test 马歇尔试验masonry bridge 圬工桥maximum annual hourly volume 年最大小时交通量maximum dry unit weight (标准)最大干密度maximum longitudinal gradient 最大纵坡mine tunnelling method 矿山法mineral aggregate 矿料mineral powder 矿粉mini-roundabout 微形环交minimum height of fill (路基)最小填土高度minimum longitudinal gradient 最小纵坡minimum radius of horizontal curve 最小平曲线半径minimum turning radius 汽车最小转弯半径mixed traffic 混合交通mixing method 拌和法mixture 混合料model split 交通方式划分modulus of elasticity 弹性模量modulus of resilience 回弹模量modulus ratio 模量比monthly average daily traffic 月平均日交通量motor way 高速公路mountainous terrain 山岭区movable bridge 开启桥mud 淤泥multiple-leg intersection 多岔交叉mational trunk highway 国家干线公路(国道)matural asphalt 天然沥青natural scour 自然演变冲刷natural subsoil 天然地基navigable water level 通航水位nearside lane 外侧车道net-shaped cracking 路面网裂New Austrian Tunnelling Method 新奥法observation point 测点one-way ramp 单向匝道open cut method 明挖法open cut tunnel 明洞open spandrel arch bridge 空腹拱桥opencast mine road 露天矿山道路operating speed 运行速度iptimum gradation 最佳级配iptimum moisture conter 最佳含水量optimum speed 临界速度organic binder 有机结合料origin-destination study 起迄点调查outboundtraffic 出境交通outlet submerged culvert 压力式涵洞outlet inlet main road 城市出入干道overall speed 区间速度overlay of pavement 罩面overpass grade separation 上跨铁路立体交叉overtaking lane 超车车道overtaking sight distance 超车视距paper location 纸上定线paraffin content test 含蜡量试验parent soil 原状土parking lane 停车车道parking lot停车场parking station 公交(车辆)停靠站part out-part fill subgrade 半填半挖式路基pass 垭口passing bay 错车道patrol maintenance 巡回养护paved crosing 道口铺面pavement 路面pavement pression 路面沉陷pavement recapping 路面翻修pavement slab pumping 路面板唧泥pavement spalling 路面碎裂pavemengthening 路面补强pavementstructure layer 路面结构层附录英汉术语对照索引pavemill 路面铣削机(刨路机)peak hourly volume 高峰小时交通量pedestrian overcrossing 人行天桥pedestrian underpass 人行地道penetration macadam with coated chips 上拌下贯式(沥青)chips 路面penetration method 贯入法penetration test apparatus 长杆贯入仪penetration (of bitumen) (沥青)针入度penetrometer (沥青)针入度仪periodical maintenance 定期养护permaf rost 多年冻土permanent load 永久荷载perviousness test 透水度试验petroleum asphaltic bitumen 石油沥青photo index 像片索引图(镶辑复照图)photo mosaic 像片镶嵌图photogrammetry 摄影测量photographic map 影像地图pier 桥墩pile and pland retaining wall 柱板式挡土墙pile bent pier 排架桩墩pile driver 打桩机pipe culvert 管涵pipe drainage 管道排水pit test 坑探pitching method 铺砌法plain stage of slope 边坡平台plain terrain 平原区plan view (路线)平面图plane design (城市道路)平面设计plane sketch (道路)平面示意图planimetric photo 综合法测图plant mixing method 厂拌法plasticity index 塑限plasticity index 塑性指数poisson’s ratio 泊松比polished stone value 石料磨光值pontoon bridge 浮桥porosity 空隙率porotable pendulum tester 摆式仪possible traffic capacity 可能通行能力post-tensioning method 后张法pot holes 路面坑槽preliminary survey 初测preloading method 预压法prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土prestressed concrete bridge 预应力混凝土桥prestresed steel bar drawing jack 张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶pretensioning method 先张法prime coat 透层productive arterial road 生产干线productive branch road 生产支线profile design 纵断面设计profilometer 路面平整度测定仪proportioning of cement concrete 水泥混凝土配合比protection forest fire-proof road 护林防火道路provincial trunk highway 省干线公路(省道)railroad grade crossing (铁路)道口ramp 匝道rebound deflection 回弹弯沉reclaimedasphalt mixture 再生沥青混合料reclaimed bituminous pavement 再生沥青路面reconnaissance 踏勘red clay 红粘土reference stake 护桩referencion crack 反射裂缝refuge island 安全岛regulating structure 调治构造物reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete bridge 钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete pavement 钢筋混凝土路面reinforced earth retaining wall 加筋土挡土墙relativemoisture content (of soil) (土的)相对含水量relief road 辅道residential street 居住区道路resultant gradient 合成坡度retaining wall 挡土墙revelling of pavement 路面松散reverse curve 反向曲线reverse loop 回头曲线ridge crossing line 越岭线ridge line 山脊线right bridge 正交桥right bridge 正桥rigid frame bridge 刚构桥rigid pavement 刚性路面rigid-type base 刚性基层ring and radial road system 环形辐射式道路系统ripper 松土机riprap 抛石road 道路road alignment 道路线形road appearance 路容road eara per sitizen (城市)人均道路面积road area ratio (城市)道路面积率road axis 道路轴线road bed 路床road bitumen 路用沥青。
道路工程英Microsoft Word 文档
RoadbuildingThe simplest type of road,built to carry little traffic,is made by scraping and pushing the earth with a grader until it has a sloping or rounded surface which will throw off rain. A cross slope of one in fifty is usually enough. For such a road to be reasonably lasting, the soil of which it is built should contain12—18 per cent clay ,5—15per cent silt,and 65—80per cent sand,and some stone or grit.If the natural soil does not contain these proportions, it should be corrected by adding the material which is short. This material is dug from the nearest place,carefully spread over the road,and worked into the surface with a harrow and with a grader. It is then compacted by the traffic if there is not enough money to allow a road roller to be used.One method which has been used for more than 100 years is waterbound macadam.In this ancient method of roadbuilding,a layer of stones from 2cm to 5cm in size is cemented by mud or sund watered into the openings between the stone.This principle,correcting the shortages in the natural soil under the road so as to stengthen it,,is called soil stabilization and iswidely used in modern roadbuilding.It can be used for any or all of the layers of a road.In roads carrying heavy traffic the total thickness of the road may reach 45cm,but the construction varies greatly with the materials available at the site,and with the surfacing chosen.Depending on their wearing surfaces,roads(and air strips)are described either as flexible pavements,surfaced with bitumen,tar,etc,or as rigid pavements,,surfaced with cement concrete.A rigid pavement has a thicker surface than a flexible pavement. No concrete road surface is thinner than 10 cm since any smaller thickness might break up. Usually the thickness is at least 15 cm for a road carrying medium traffic, the minimum of 10cm being used only for roads with slow traffic such as the approach to a house.A flexible pavement has a wearing surface which is often only 5cm thick and may be even less,a simple layer of tar sprayed over a stabilized soil road.Below the wearing surface is a layer of stone or gravel called the base,and below this again there may be a further layer of stone called the sub-base,laid directly on the foundation.Soil stabilization has been widely used in the vast roadbuilding programmes of large countries like the United States where the cost of road construction can be very high.Apart from controlling the proportions of the various grain and stone sizes,careful attenion must be paid to the water content of the soil since this closely affects its compaction.The optimum water content is a very useful idea and is widely used in road specification .It is expressed as the weight of water per cent of dry soil at which the soil can be compacted to its muximum by a stated method (and time) of compaction .The optimum water content varies with the soil and is often between 11 and 14 per cent .Stabilization can also include the spraying of the soil with liquids or the mixing of materials called stabilizers with it .Some stabilizers ofern used are Portland cement, lime ,calcium chloride, waste oils, tars ,or other materials which are cheap at the site of the road .Calcium chlorder (CaCl2),since it absorbs water from the air ,can help to keep a soil wet in dry climate ,preserving the natural cohesion of its clay .In wet climates, the soil beneath the road must be drained. Thisis particularly important in fine-grained soils where the water can be sucked up near the surface by capillary attraction. Freezing of such soils is likely to swell them, lifting the road and breaking its wearing surface. This breaking action is called frost heave. It can be avoided by laying subsoil drains across the road at least 1.3 m beneath the surface at intervals so that any water under the road is carried away from it either into pipes laid along the edges of the road or into ditches or natural open drains at a safe distance away from the road.In all countries with a rapidly growing car population, motorways are an important type of road. Since they are built for fast traffic, cars are not allowed to join them except at a few points and they are therefore described as limited-access roads, and are built to bridge over or under the roads which cross them.At points where other roads are allowed to meet a motorway, called traffic interchanges, a large amount of land is occupied by the bridges and slip roads which make up the typical clover-leaf crossing. The largest motorways, such as the Pennsylvania Turnpike have four traffic lanes in each direction. Most motorways have three lanes each way in addition to the centralstrip which of course carries no traffic and the hard shoulders along each edge which are some 2 m wide and also normally carry no traffic. These roads are often in the United States financed by tolls.Ideal conditions for passenger cars are considered to include traffic lanes 3.7 m wide, hard shoulders along both edges, at least 1.8 m wide, a minimum sight distance of 45 m, and no commercail or other extra wide vehicles. In these condition, a multi-lane road can take per hour a maximum traffic flow of 1,000 cars per lane in the country and 1,500 per lane in a town, but any change for the worse will greatly reduce these values. The effect of commercial vehicles is of course much greater when the road has a few lands than when it has many.Highway subgradeHighway subgrade (or basement soil ) may be defined as the supporting structrure on which pavement and its specail undercourses rest . In cut sections , the subgrade is the original soil lying below the special layers designated as base and subbase material . In fill sections , the subgrade is constructed over the native ground and consists of imported material from nearby roadway cuts or from borrow pits .The cross-sectional shape of the subgrade depends on the type of surfacing , if any , which is to be used . On earth roads , the subgrade , which is also the surface course , is shaped to the standard road cross section . If the road is to be surfaced , the subgrade is graded to the same slope as the finished surface . If the trench method is used , the earth excavated to form a trench is pushed to the sides of the road to form retaining shoulders .Before 1920 attention was focused largely on pavement or other wearing course , and little notice was given to the materials that made up the subgrade or to the manner in which they were placed or compacted . Soon after that date increased vehiclespeeds brought demands for higher standards of alignment and grade , which in turn meant deeper cuts and fills . About the same time , the weight and number of vehicles began increasing , which imposed larger and more numerous wheel loads on the roadway surface . In many instances , subsidence or even total failure of the roadway resulted . Study of such failures indicated that the fault lay in the subgrade and not in the pavement . This in turn led to the investigation of the properties of subgrade soils and of their performance under service conditions .Soils engineers agree that the properties of a soil mixture are influenced more by moisture than by any other cause . Soils that have ample strength and supporting power under one set of moisture conditions may be entirely unsatisfactory if the percentage of moisure changs . One difficulty with soilsin highway subgrades is that they are subject to such moisure changes .Soil grains。
外文翻译道路工程
SCAFFOLDS FAILURES CAUSED BY VEHICLE STRIKES DURING12CONSTRUCTION OF NEW VIADUCT OVER A-18 MOTORWAY IN POLAND34567Zbigniew “Zee” Manko8Professor of Civil and Structural Engineering, Bridge Division, Institute of Civil Engineering 9Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego No. 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland 10Tel./fax (+48) 71 352-92-74 zbigniew.manko@wp.pl11(Corresponding author)12131415Word count: text (3122) + 7 figures (7 × 250 = 1750) + 0 tables (0 × 250 = 0) = 487216Submission date: June 5, 2009.171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546Abstract: The paper is presented cases of failures of steel scaffolds damaged by vehicle strikes 12during the construction of new viaducts over the upgraded A-18 motorway in Poland. After3several vehicle strikes into the scaffold structures their damaged components were no longer4serviceable (considering the safety of the construction works being carried out). This put the5contractor to additional expenses connected with the replacement of the damaged scaffold. The 6causes and consequences of the failures are given and the necessary solutions adopted in the7considered cases – whereby the traffic situation significantly improved – are described.8Moreover, it is proposed to increase the minimum vertical clearance required during the building 9or repairs of bridge structures.101112Keywords: Scaffold Failure, Vehicle Strike, Damaged component, New Object, Viaduct13Construction, Motorway A-18.141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546INTRODUCTION12Formerly in Poland, a little attention was paid to the bridge-specific design and erection of3scaffolds, which was the cause of many serious failures (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8). Today bridge scaffolds are classified as engineering structures and require the detailed design, including 45all aspects, which may occur from their erection, through the full loading of the spans during6concreting, to their dismantling, in accordance with the current guidelines (PN-M-47900-3 (9),7PN-M-47900-1 (10), and PN-M-48090 (11). When new bridge structures are built over transport 8obstacles, the continuity of vehicle traffic must be ensured, particularly on national roads, which9carry traffic through the whole bridge construction period (12), (13), (14).Unfortunately, the heavy trucks (e.g. TIR lorries) and tractor-trailer units carrying various1011machines and equipment drive through the clearance gates shaped in the scaffolds using during 12building of motorway bridge structures most often strike at the new scaffold components already built. It refers these both as well as the trucks of permissible and over normative dimensions1314which mainly conducting to serious damages of scaffolds or their structural elements.15Using as example motorway viaducts WD-14 and WD-12 built over national road A-18 16(which is being upgraded), the failures of the scaffolds erected to build on site the concrete17objects are described and their causes are explained. The cases considered here and the ones18presented previously (1), (2), (7), (13), (14), (15), (16) clearly show the need to modify andupdate the guidelines for erecting scaffolds for the building of road bridge structures. This1920applies particularly to the minimum headroom (vertical clearance) since the current standard one 21is inadequate. The above considerations should be taken into account in the designs of bridgestructures.222324DESCRIPTION OF OLD AND NEW VIADUCT WD-1425The old reinforced concrete viaduct (built in 1934) consisted of two spans having an effective26length l e = 14.00 + 14.00 = 28.00 m. The span overall width was 6.76 m, load class D (200 kN) 27according to the PN-85/S-10030 (17), the vertical clearance – 4.53 m. The viaduct was situated 28at a skew of 45 to the road’s longitudinal axis. Because of the viaduct’s bad technical condition,29it was not worthwhile to upgrade it and so it was demolished (Figure 1).30The new viaduct is located at the 0+179.79 km of Cisowa – Jedrzychowiczki (Henrykow)31local road No. 4918009 being upgraded. The viaduct makes possible the safe crossing of national 32road No. 18 at its 13+634.37 km. The designed viaduct WD-14 is located in the place of the olddemolished one (Figure 1).3334The new reinforced concrete viaduct with a trapezoidal single-girder cross section and a35continuous-beam static scheme has four spans with an effective length l e = 18.00 + 27.00 + 27.00 36+ 18.00 = 90.00 m. The axes of the supports are parallel to the national road and with the37viaduct’s longitudinal axis form an angle of 44.99’. The middle spans cross the two carriageways 38of the national road. There are technological strips and the local road embankment slopes under the extreme spans. The main girder is 1.50 m high and 2.70 m and 3.20 m wide respectively at3940the bottom and top (at the level of the cantilevers’ bottom). The cantilevers’ width varies from 410.21 to 0.40 m and their outreach is 1.90 m. The overall width of the load-carrying structure is7.00 m. The overall width of the viaduct is B = 7.70 m, including the roadway between the curbs4243(6.10 m) and sidewalks with the rigid barriers (2 × 0.80 m). The viaduct’s total surface area44bounded by the deck edges is A = 7.70 × 92.10 = 709.17 m2. The local road’s technical class is L(4), (5). The target traffic clearance under the viaduct is H c = 4.70 m. The viaduct traffic loading4546is as for class B (400 kN) according to the Polish Bridge Load Standard PN-85/S-10030 (17).The viaduct load-carrying structure was made of reinforced concrete and it reposes on 1 supports (abutments) via elastomer bearings (the middle support and the span structures are 2 joined together monolithically). The grade of the load-carrying structure concrete is B35 and the 3 steel grade – 18G2-b.4 The intermediate supports (piers) have the form of oval columns 2.40 m wide and 1.00 m5 thick and they are founded directly on a continuous footing 3.60 × 7.20 m in plan and 1.40 m6 thick. There is B35 and B30 class concrete in respectively the columns and the footing. The7 massive abutments are sunk in the embankment and founded directly on a continuous footing8 4.50 × 1.20 m in cross section. The wing walls are suspended from the abutment body and joined9 with the continuous footing.1011 USE OF SCAFFOLDS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF VIADUCT ON A-18 MOTORWAY 12 Proper working designs of the span scaffolds for the WD-14 – WD-19 viaducts were created. For 13 the already built supports (18) the necessary scaffold and formwork to be used under viaduct 14 spans was designed (19), (20), (21), (22), (23), (24), (25), (26). The grade lines for the new 15 viaducts were taken from their design documentation (18). The elevation of the pavement16 reinforced concrete slabs under the scaffolds was determined based on the levels obtained from 17 geodetic surveys carried out by the building contractor (Figure 2).18 The RöRo scaffolds of type L (20) erected outside the road clearance – on each side two 19 towers in the axis of the load-carrying structure and in addition, more widely spaced scaffolds 20 under the spans’ cantilevers (Figure 3) – were to be used for concreting the spans of the viaduct.21 The spans situated directly above the road clearance were supported by heavy scaffolds 22 H20 type on which double-T (20) steel girders were put up (Figure 2).23 The following scaffold components were used:24 ∙ steel beams – HE-B 160, HE-B 360, HE-B 300, 220M HE; 25 ∙ frame supports – RöRo L supports;26 ∙ grillage supports – HUNNEBECK H20; 27 ∙ pipe bracings – O48.3 × 4.05/S 235;28FIGURE 1 Cross sections of viaduct WD-14 and WD-12 (dimensions for the latter are given in brackets).1various connections, i.e. steel couplers and clamps, etc., conforming to the EngelhardRöRo2standard (16), (20).3Moreover, a template of constant-cross-section formwork (Figure 2) with a single girder 4trapezoidal in cross section was designed and made (21), (22).56DAMAGE TO SCAFFOLDS DURING THEIR ERECTION7General Remarks8During the construction of viaduct WD-14 the structural components of the scaffold near the9drive-through clearance were damaged twice due to the too small standard headroom (insuffi-10cient for the proper location of scaffolds for the construction of bridge spans). The standard11headroom is H = 4.20 m and in many cases, it no longer meets the current service conditions.12Therefore, after the first vehicle struck at the girders of the scaffold situated immediately 13above the road clearance (conforming to the technical documentation approved by the motorway 14supervision authority) the headroom was increased by the available reserve (by redesigning and 15rebuilding the load-bearing structure of the scaffold). This, however, did not help much sincesoon another vehicle hit the lower part of the scaffold located directly above the drive-through.1617After the second vehicle strike, the designers of the scaffold together with the viaduct builder had 18to increase the vertical clearance. They decided that the minimum safe vertical clearance in thisFIGURE 2 Cross section of viaduct WD-14 with structure of scaffold put up above road clearance.case should be H1 = 4.30 1m. At this clearance no 2more vehicle strikes3occurred. The scaffolds 4and the new vertical5clearance were tried out 6on another viaduct, i.e. 7WD-19. The vehicle,8which previously9damaged the scaffold of 10WD-14 this time, drove 11through.1213Description of14Accidents Involving15Vehicles Striking16Scaffold Components 17The first collision18occurred on 2919September 2005. A TIR 20lorry (semi trailer height 21over 4.20 m) from22Ukraine struck the23scaffold and as a result 24got stuck under the span, 25seriously damaging the 26structural components of 27the scaffold.28A few days later29on 3 October 2005 in the 30morning hours, a tractor-31trailer unit transporting 32an excavator struck the 33scaffold components34situated immediately35above the clearance of 36viaduct WD-14. As a37result all the girders were 38knocked off and fell39down onto the roadway 40(Figure 4). Another41strike of this vehicle into 42the scaffold of viaduct 43WD-12 caused two44girders to turn (Figure 5).45The transported46excavator, as the police 47STEPISTEPISTEPI(c)(d)(b)FIGURE3ArrangementofEngelhardRöRoscaffoldsforviaductWD-14:(a)topview,(b)longitudinalsectionA–A(verticalclearanceH=4.2m),(c)longitudinalsectionA–A(verticalclearance4.24m),and(d)longitudinalsectionA–A(verticalclearance4.33m).findings show, probably was stolen from another building site, which explains the driver’s 1 unusual determination to ram all the obstacles on his way. Luckily, at this time, the vehicle 2 traffic on the road was relatively light, there were no construction workers on the scaffolds, no 3 concreting work was being conducted, and so there were no casualties.45 Change of Vertical Clearance in Viaduct WD-146 Because of the relatively low elevation of the spans of viaduct WD-14 over the A-18 motorway,7 nobody expected that the standard vertical clearance of 4.20 m could be insufficient. In the case8 of the other viaduct over the same road, there were substantial reserves in height owing to the9 grade line adopted in the design. Therefore, quite simply and naturally the actual vertical 10 clearances under the scaffolds were much larger than the required minimum of 4.20 m. 11(a)(b)FIGURE 4 View on the damaged scaffold supports in viaduct WD-14 after vehicle struck main girders located above drive-through clearance: (a) view from roadway, (b) side view.(a)(b)FIGURE 5 View of viaduct WD-12 scaffold after vehicle strike: (a) damaged and turned steel girders of scaffold (two girders on Wroclaw side were turned), (b) collapsed reinforcement of span load-bearing structure before planned concreting.In the case of viaduct WD-14, two vehicle strikes into steel girders located above the 1 drive-through clearance occurred whereby the contractor and the designers had to redesign the 2 scaffold structure several times.3 The first alteration in the height of the drive-through clearance under the load-bearing4 girders of the scaffold was made by replacing the HE 360-B girders (10 units) with 16 girders of5 the HE 300-B type because of which the spacing of the main H20 girders decreased from 9.35 m6 to 8.35 m. In this way, a vertical clearance of 4.26 m was obtained. It was thought that there7 would be no more collisions (Figure 3c).8 After the second vehicle strike into the increased (from 4.20 m to 4.26 m) vertical9 clearance it became necessary for safety reasons to redesign the height of the drive-through gate. 10 A detailed analysis of the causes of the damage to the scaffold showed that replacing the HE-B 11 300 girders with shorter ones was out of the question because of the insufficient load-capacity of 12 any shorter girders. It was found, however, that it was possible to reduce the height of the13 formwork trusses situated immediately above the clearance from 0.10 m to 0.06 m. In addition, 14 because of the roadway cross fall (2%) the whole drive-through gate was moved to the edge of 15 the roadway, towards the lowest road grade line whereby a few more reserve centimeters were 16 obtained (Figure 6). In this way a vertical clearance of 4.33 m was obtained at the lowest point of 17 the road (4.36 m at the edge of the clearance), i.e. by 0.13 m larger than the standard clearance of 18 4.20 m and by 0.07 m larger than the other clearance of 4.26 m (Figure 3d). The new drive-19 through height of 4.33 m ensured safe work on the viaduct until its completion. 2021 CONCLUSIONS22 Considering the two cases of scaffold failures on viaducts built on the upgraded A-18 motorway, 23 caused by vehicle strikes into scaffold girders situated above the clearance, in the nearest future 24 the much out-of-date guidelines on the minimum vertical road clearance (4.20 m) required 25 during the construction of bridge structures should be amended. Based on the authors’26 experience in the design, site supervision and use of scaffolds it can be stated that the vertical 27 clearance should not be smaller than 4.30 m instead 4.20 m.28(a) (b)FIGURE 6 Side view of encased scaffold of viaduct WD-14 prior to concreting load-carrying structure after two vehicle strikes into girders located above clearance: (a) H20 scaffolds erected under formwork, (b) drive-through clearance outline shifted to edge of roadway.Until the proper amendments are 1 adopted half measures must be used and 2 in the cases where the height of the drive-3 through clearance cannot be increased 4 above 4.20 m, unbreachable solid drive-5 through gates and warning systems, such 6 as audible and visual signaling devices, 7 warning drivers early that their vehicles 8 exceed the height of the drive-through 9 gate located in front of the road structure 10 should be erected. It should be added that 11 if all the above possibilities have been 12 exhausted, one should contact the road 13 services, which must screen vehicles and 14 direct the ones with excessive height to 15 previously prepared diversions.16 Regardless of the increased road 17 height clearance and additional18 protections (Figure 7), one should always 19 take into account the fact that because of 20 some irresponsible road users there is a 21 real possibility that the scaffold will be 22 damaged.2324 References25 (1) Flaga, K. Technical-Construction Expert Opinion on Causes of Collapse of Viaduct 26 on Skoczow – Cieszyn National Road S-1 in Ogrodzona. Typescript , Cracow, Poland, Aug., 27 2003 (in Polish).28 (2) Flaga, K. Reflections on Collapse of Viaduct in Ogrodzona. 22nd Scientific-Technical 29 Conference on Structural Failures, Prevention–Diagnostics–Repairs–Reconstruction , Szczecin –30 Miedzyzdroje, Poland, May 17–20, 2005, pp. 53–66 (in Polish).31 (3) Furtak, K., and W. Wolowicki. Bridge Scaffolds . Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i 32 Lacznosci (WKiL), Warsaw, Poland 2005 (in Polish).33 (4) Ministry Technical Requirements. Minister of Transport and Marine Economy Order 34 of 2 March 1999 concerning Technical Requirements which Public Roads and their Location 35 Should Meet , Law Gazette (Dz.U.), 1999, No. 43, item 430 (in Polish).36 (5) Ministry Technical Requirements. Minister of Transport and Marine Economy Order 37 of 30 May 2000 concerning Technical Requirements which Road Structures and their Location 38 Should Meet , Law Gazette (Dz.U.), 2000, No. 63, item 735 (in Polish).39 (6) Rowinski, L. Working and Load-Bearing Scaffolds. Polskie Centrum Budownictwa 40 (PCB), Warsaw, Poland 2001 (in Polish).41 (7) Rymsza, J. On Causes of Collapse during Construction of Viaduct over Dual42 Carriageway S-1 on Skoczow – Cieszyn Section. Inzynieria i Budownictwo , Vol. LX, No. 3, 43 2004, pp. 140–143 (in Polish).44 (8) Wolf, M. Bridge Scaffolds and Formworks. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Lacznosci 45 (WKiL), Warsaw, Poland 1964 (in Polish).46 (9) PN-M-47900-3. Standing Working Metal Scaffold. Frame Scaffolds. 1996 (in Polish).47FIGURE 7 View of beam marking height ofclearance (3.70 m) before entry into road section where scaffolds were being erected andreinforcement installed prior to concreting spans (vertical clearance for all viaduct being built was 4.20 m and was larger than clearance height on warning gate where there was exit leading to another road).1(10) PN-M-47900-1. Standing Working Metal Scaffold. Definition. Division and Main2Parameters. 1996 (in Polish).3(11) PN-M-48090. Steel Scaffolds Made from Folding Components for Bridge4Construction. 1996(in Polish).5(12) Glomb, J. Technology of Building Concrete Bridges. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i 6Lacznosci (WKiL), Warsaw, Poland 1982 (in Polish).7(13) Holowaty, J. Case of Damage to Bridge Scaffold Support Caused by Vehicle Strike 8during Concreting of Spans. 21st Scientific-Technical Conference on Structural Failures,Prevention–Diagnostics–Repairs–Reconstruction, Szczecin – Miedzyzdroje, Poland, May 20–91023, 2003, pp. 567–572 (in Polish).11(14) Holowaty, J. Scaffold Structures for Building Overpasses Providing Access to12Bridge Crossing over Regalica River in Szczecin. IV All-Polish Bridge Engineers Conference on 13Bridge Structures and Equipments, Wisla, Poland, Oct. 12–14, 2005, pp. 63–70 (in Polish).14(15) Barzykowski, W., J. Derecki, A. Feder, L. Jaczewski, A. Jarominiak, and M.Pierozynski. Bridge Construction Mechanization. Wydawnictwa Komunikacji i Lacznosci1516(WKiL), Warsaw, Poland 1971 (in Polish).17(16) Construction Equipment Bridge Formworks. Magazyn Autostrady, Special edition,Vol. 37, 2006 (in Polish).1819(17) PN-85/S-10030. Bridge Structures. Loads. The Polish Bridge Load Standard. 1985 20(in Polish).(18) Working Designs Modernization of National Road No. 18 along Section: Olszyna2122Interchange – Golnice Interchange, Section 3. Road Structures WD-14, WD-15, WD-16, WD-2317, WD-18, WD-19. TRANSPROJEKT – WARSZAWA Roads & Bridges Design-Research24Office, Warsaw, Poland 2003 (in Polish).25(19) Technical Guide. Scaffolds. Formworks 2005 (in Polish).26(20) Catalogue. EngelhardRöRo L and H20 Types Scaffolds 1998–2008 (in Polish).(21) Kaluzinski D., and Z. Manko. Designs of Viaducts WD-14 – WD-19. MOSTAR2728Scientific-Research Center for Bridge Construction Development, Wroclaw, Poland 2005 (in29Polish).(22) Kaluzinski, D., and Z. Manko. Designs of Formwork for Viaducts WD-14, WD-15,3031WD-16, WD-17, WD-18, WD-19. MOSTAR Scientific-Research Center for Bridge32Construction Development, Wroclaw, Poland 2005 (in Polish).33(23) Kaluzinski, D., and Z. Manko. EngelhardRöRo Scaffolds. Magazyn Autostrady,34Special Edition, Part I, No. 10, Oct., 2006, pp. 40–48 and Part II, No. 12, Dec., 2006, pp. 84–89 35(in Polish).(24) Kaluzinski, D., and Z. Manko. Damage to Scaffolds during Construction of New3637Viaduct over A-18 Motorway. 23rd Scientific-Technical Conference on Structural Failures,38Prevention–Diagnostics–Repairs–Reconstruction, Szczecin – Miedzyzdroje, Poland, May 23–3926, 2007, pp. 895–902 (in Polish).40(25) Kaluzinski, D. and Z. Manko. Damage to Scaffolds during Construction of New41Viaduct over A-18 Motorway. Magazyn Aurostrady, 2008 (in print) (in Polish).(26) Kaluzinski D., Z. Manko, A. Mordak, and D. Beben. Scaffolds Failures Caused by4243Vehicle Strikes during Construction of New Viaduct over A-18 Motorway. 12th International44Conference and Exhibition on Structural Faults & Repair Extending the Life of Bridges, Concrete +45Composites, Buildings, Masonry + Civil Structures, June 10–12, 2008, Edinburgh, UK, p. 59 (abstract), 46and full paper on CD-ROM.。
重庆交大道路工程英语
重庆交大道路工程英语Unit 1 IntroductionPublic 公共工程（市政工程，公共建设工程）Private contracting ofcivil works 私人承包土建项目Traffic volume 交通量Land surveyor 土地测量员Photogrammetry 摄影测量技术Horizontal and verticalcurvature 平纵线形Slope 边坡，斜坡Earthwork 土方工程Embankment 路堤Cuts and fills 挖方和填方Drains and sewers 排水和排污管道Paving 路面摊铺Asphalt 沥青Concrete slab 混凝土板Wire basket 钢筋网Steel dowel 传力杆，合缝钢条Tine the concrete 混凝土路面拉毛Unit 2 Horizontal AlignmentHorizontal alignment 道路平面线形Vertical alignment 道路纵断面线性Cross section 道路横断面Passing 超车Highway capacity 道路通行能力Cross-section element 道路横断面要素Geometric design 几何设计，线形设计Facility （道路）设施Tangent 直线Circular curve 圆曲线Spiral transition curves 缓和曲线Construction cost 建筑工程成本Right-of-way 路权Right-of-way cost 征地费用Functionalclassification 道路功能分类Level of service 道路服务水平Design speed 设计速度Point of intersection 交点Tangent 切线Back and forwardtangent 前后切线Vertex 顶点Intersecting angle 交角，转角Traverse 导线Central angle 圆心角Radius 半径Point of curvature 直圆点Point of tangency 园直点Point of curve 曲线上任意一点Length of curve 曲线长Tangent of distance 切线长Long chord 弦长Full-chord distance 全弦长度Sub-chord distance 子弦长度External distance 外矩Middle ordinate 中矩Degree of curve 曲率Minimum radius 极限最小半径The minimum radius is a limiting value of curvature 极限最小半径就是曲率的极限最大值Super elevation 超高Side friction factor 路面横向摩擦系数Flat curve 大半径曲线，大弯Maximum permissible degree of curvature 最大允许曲率，即极限最小半径Transition curves 缓和曲线Simple curve 简单型曲线Compound curve 复曲线Reverse curve 反向曲线Spiral curve 螺旋线Consistency 连续性，一致性Broken-back curve 断背曲线High fills 高填方Unit 3 Vertical AlignmentVertical curve 竖曲线Typical（cross0）section 典型横断面，标准横断面Clearance 道路建筑限界，净空Profile grade line 纵断面设计线Straight 直线Elevation 高程Maximum grades 最大纵坡Auxiliary lane 辅助车道Minimum grade 最小纵坡Subgrade 路基Crown slope 路拱横坡Critical length of grade 最大纵坡Passing sight distance 超车视距Volume/capacity ratio 交通量与道路通行能力的比值Parabolic curve 抛物线Vertical point ofcurvature 竖曲线圆直点Vertical point ofintersection 竖曲线的变坡点Vertical point of 竖曲线直圆点tangencyGrade 纵坡，坡度Crest curve 凸形竖曲线Sag curve 凹形竖曲线Headlight sightdistance 头灯视距Stopping sight distance 停车视距LOS A（level of sectionA）自由流LOS B（level of sectionB）稳定流LOS C（level of sectionC）饱和流LOS D（level of sectionD）强制流DHV（design hourlyvolume）设计每小时交通量Emergency escaperamp 紧急避险车道Gravity ramp 重力型避险车道Sand pile ramp 沙堆型避险车道Arrester bed 制动路床型避险车道Descending grade 下坡Ascending grade 上坡Horizontal grade 零坡度Bedding material 路床材料Hidden dip 暗凹Undulating grade line 起伏的坡度线Broken-back grade line 断背曲线K value of 167 orgreater K值为167或者更高Unit 6 Cross-section ElementsNumber of lanes 车道数Volume andcomposition 交通量和交通组成Bicyclists andpedestrians 非机动车驾驶员和行人Traveled way 行车道（道路上的所有行车道）Travel lane 一条行车道Roadway 道路Bicycle and pedestrianfacilities 非机动车和人行道Utility and landscapeareas 公用空间带和绿化带Drainage channels andside slopes 排水沟渠和边坡Clear zone width 路侧净空Typical cross section 典型横断面，标准横断面Urban highway 城市道路Signalized intersection 有交通信号灯控制的交叉口Left turn lane 左转弯车道Through lane 直行车道Right turn lane 右转弯车道Approach roadway 入口车道，进入交叉口的车道Low-volume road 低交通量道路Multilane highway 多车道道路Headlight glare 头灯炫光Barrier 护栏Buffer 缓冲带Shoulder 路肩Surfacing 铺筑面层Stabilized shoulder 稳定土路肩Paved shoulder 硬路肩Widen shoulder 加宽路肩Pedestrian andnon-motorized vehicles 行人和非机动车辆Cross slope 横坡（cross fall）Carriageway 行车道Inward sloping crossfall 向内倾斜横坡One-way cross fall 单坡Hydroplaning of thevehicles 水滑（机动车打滑）Head-on collision 车头碰撞Crash barrier 防撞栏Pavement markings 路面标线Traffic sign 交通标志Unit 8 IntersectionAt-grade 在同一平面上Transit 公共交通Pedestrian curb cutramp 人行道上的缘石坡道Turning lane 转弯车道（turningroadway）Yield sign 让行标志Major road 主要道路Minor road 次要道路Angle of intersection 相交角Skewed intersection 斜交口Intersection leg 相交路段Approach leg 入口路段Departure leg 出口路段Sidewalk 人行道Crosswalk 人行横道（即斑马线横道）Pavement edge corner 路缘石转角Auxiliary lane 辅助车道 Channelizing and divisional inlands 渠化岛，分流岛 Traffic control devices 交通控制设施 Pedestrian signal head 行人交通信号灯 Raised pavement marking 反光标志 Flashing beacon 闪光标志，闪动标灯 Simple intersection 简单交叉口 Flared intersection 宽路口时交叉口，漏斗式交叉口Channelized intersection 渠化式交叉口，分道转弯式交叉口Pedestrian refuge 安全岛，行人安全岛 Cut-through 无障碍通道 Roundabout 环形交叉口 One-way traffic flow 单向车流 Traffic island （道路上的）交通岛，安全岛Painted or flush channelization 用标志标线进行渠化 Raised island 凸起的交通岛，实体凸缘槽化岛Corner island 方向岛 Median or divisional island 中心岛，分离岛 Unit 9 Grade Separations and Interchanges Grade separation and interchanges 分离式立交和互通式立交High volume 大交通量 Highway classification 道路等级划分 Deck grade separation 上跨式分离式立交 Through separation 下穿式分离式立交Partial throughseparation 部分下穿式分离式立交Span 跨径Truss bridge 衔架桥Intersecting leg 相交道路Ramp 匝道Diamond interchange 菱形立交Loop interchange 环形立交Directional interchange 定向式立交Hook interchange 梨形立交Off ramps or partialinterchanges 部分互通式立交Compact diamondinterchange 紧缩型菱形立交Spread diamondinterchange 舒展型菱形立交Ramp terminals 匝道终点Split diamond 分离式菱形立交Exit ramp 出口匝道Cloverleaf interchange 苜蓿叶式立交Two-quadrantcloverleaf interchange 半苜蓿叶式立交Partial Cloverleafinterchange 部分苜蓿叶式立交Four-quadrantCloverleaf interchange 全苜蓿叶式立交Weaving section 交织路段Collector-distributorroad 集散路段Through freewaytraffic 直行高速道路上的车辆Trumpet interchange 喇叭形立交Single pointinterchange 单点立交At-grade interchange 平面交叉 Freeway-to-freeway interchange 高速路连接高速路的互通式立交Map relatability 地图相关性 Traffic pattern 交通出行模式，（航空）起落航线/交通图Bottleneck 瓶颈路段 Four-level interchange 四层立交 Mainline 主线，主要道路 Combination interchange 组合式立交 Two-loop 两个环形匝道 two-direct connection interchange 两个定向匝道的立交 auxiliary lane 辅助车道 loop off-ramp 环形驶离匝道 sign route 标志标牌 Unit 10 Subgrade subgrade 路基 engineering property 工程性质 strength 强度 moisture content 含水率 shrinkage and/or swelling 膨胀或收缩特性 load-bearing capacity 承载能力 degree of compaction 压实度 California Bearing Ratio （CBR ） 加州承载比 Deformation 变形 Groundwater table elevation 地下水位高程 Infiltration 渗透 Porosity 孔隙率Crack 开裂Fine 细集料Frost heave 冻胀Flexible pavement 柔性路面Rigid pavement 刚性路面Grading practice 路基施工方法Soil unit weight 土壤重度Coefficient of lateralearth pressure 侧向土压力系数Resilient modulus 回弹模量Modulus of subgradereaction 土基反应模量Crushed stone 碎石Gravel 砾石Silty grave 粉质土砾Silty sand 粉质砂土Silt 粉土Clay 黏土Stiffness 刚度Elastic modulus 弹性模量Well-graded 级配良好的Shearing resistance 抗剪强度Piston 压头，贯入压头Soil specimen 土体样本Subbase 底基层Granular material 颗粒材料Density 密实度Field compaction 现场压实Variable 变量Dynamic cyclic stress 循环动载Confining stress 围压Triaxial compressionchamber 三轴压力室Triaxial compression 三轴压缩试验test Recoverable deformation 可恢复变形 Durability 耐久性 Roadbed 路床 Pavement blowup 路面隆凸 Pavement disintegration 路面离析 Seasonal modulus 季节性模量 Plate bearing test 承载板实验 Specification技术规范 Unit 13&14 Paving Pavement 路面 Pavement layer 路面结构层 Design life 设计年限 Portland cement concrete pavement 硅酸盐水泥混泥土路面,普通水泥混泥土路面Unbound granular layer 非结合稳定粒料层 Bituminous-bound granular layer 沥青稳定粒料层 Surface layer 面层 Road base 基层（base course ） Bituminous binder 沥青结合料 Wearing course 磨耗层 Binder course 下面层（base course ） Rutting 车辙 Fatigue cracking 疲劳开裂 Composite pavement 复合式路面 Rationale 基本原理 Subbase 底基层，垫层 Granular 颗粒状的Well-graded dense subbase 级配良好且密实度高的底基层Geotextile filter 土工织物滤层Open-graded 开级配Clog-up 堵塞Capping layer 路床Upper reaches 顶部Formation 路床顶面Sub-formation 路床底面Subbase 基层Flexural strength 抗弯强度，抗折强度Jointed unreinforcedconcrete slab 普通混凝土板Jointed reinforcedconcrete slab 钢筋混凝土板Mud-pumping 唧泥Frost-susceptible 易受霜冻的Expansive soil 膨胀土Chemical stabilization 化学稳定化，化学加固Bituminous（asphalticconcrete）pavement 沥青路面Composite pavement 复合式路面Exposed aggregatepavement 碎石路面，粒料路面Transverse joint spacing and reinforcement 横缝的排列和钢筋的布置Jointed plain concrete pavement 普通混凝土路面（JPCP）Jointed reinforced concrete pavement 钢筋混凝土路面（JRCP）Continuously reinforced concrete 连续配筋混凝土路面（CRCP）pavement Prestressed concrete pavement 预应力混凝土路面（PCP）Dowel 传力杆Warping and curlingstresses 翘曲应力Steel bar 钢筋Steel mesh 钢筋网Post-tensioning 后张预应力Compressive force 压力Rehabilitation（overlays）翻新（加铺层）Empirical analysismethod 经验法Mechanistic analysismethod 理论法Mechanistic-empiricalanalysis method 半经验法ASSHO（American association of state highway officials）美国各州公路工作者协会ASSHTO （Americanassociation of state highway and transportation officials）美国国有公路运输管理员协会Stresses，strains，anddeflection 应力，应变和挠曲Environmental loads 环境荷载Damage model 损伤模型Distress failure criteria 失效原则Faulting 断裂Thermal cracking 高温开裂，热裂解distress model 破坏模型elastic layer theory 弹性层状体系理论 finite element theory 有限元法 asphalt institute manual series （MS-1）design method 沥青协会设计法 Portland cement association （PCA ）design procedure PCA 设计方法，波特兰水泥协会设计方法 Resilient modulus （Mr ）material characterization 材料的回弹模量 Seasonal material and moisture variation 材料性质的季节性变化和湿度变化 Mechanistically determined coefficients of drainage 排水系数 Load transfer 荷载传递 Mechanistic input parameter 理论参数 Thermal conductivity 导热性 Field verification 实地验证 Multi-layered elastic structure 多层弹性空间体 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比 Horizontal tensile strain 横向正应变 Vertical compressive strain 纵向正应变 Fatigue failure 疲劳破坏，疲劳失效 Chevron N-layer program 雪佛兰N 层路面设计方法AASHTO mechanistic empirical pavement design guide美国AASTHO 沥青路面厚度设计指南Shell pavement design method SHELL设计法SHELL 沥青路面厚度设计法。
道路工程英语词汇
abrasiveness 磨耗度absolute datum 绝对基面abutment 桥台abutment pier 制动墩acceleration lane 加速车道accidental load 偶然荷载accommodation lane 专用车道acoustic barrier 隔音墙acting circles of blasting爆破作用圈additional stake加桩adjacent curve in one direction同向曲线admixture外加剂adverse grade for safety反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerophoto base航摄基线aerophoto interpretation航摄像片判读aging 老化aggregate集料(骨料)air hardening气硬性alignment design(城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element线形要素alligator cracking路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection容许(回弹)弯沉alternative line比较线anchored bulkhead abutment锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead retaining wall锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic年平均日交通量anti-creep heap(厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dazzling screen防炫屏(遮光栅) antiskid heap(厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span引桥aquitard 隔水层arch bridge拱桥arch culvert拱涵arch ring拱圈arterial highway干线公路arterial road(厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路asphalt distributor沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt paver沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt sand沥青砂asphalt sprayer沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen地沥青at-grade intersection平面交叉auxiliary lane附加车道average consistency(of soil)(土的)平均稠度average gradient平均纵坡azimuth angle方位角balance weight retaining wall衡重式挡土墙base course基层base line基线basic traffic capacity基本通行能力beam bridge梁桥beam level deflectometer杠杆弯沉仪bearing支座bearing angle象限角bearing pile支承桩bearing platform承台bed course垫层bench mark水准点benched subgrade台口式路基bending strength抗弯强度Benkelman beam杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪)bent cap盖梁berm护坡道binder结合料binder course联结层bitumen沥青bitumen extractor(沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen-aggregate ratio油石比bituminous concrete mixture沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete pavement沥青混凝土路面bituminous macadam mixture沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement沥青碎石路面bituminous mixture沥青混合料bituminous pavement沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement沥青贯入式路面bituminous surface treatment(沥青)表面处治blasting crater爆破漏斗blasting for loosening rock松动爆破blasting for throwing rock抛掷爆破blasting procedure土石方爆破bleeding泛油blind ditch盲沟blind drain盲沟block pavement块为路面block stone块石blow up拱胀boring钻探开孔boring log(道路)地质柱状图boring machine钻孔机borrow earth借土borrow pit取土坑boundary frame on crossing道口限界架boundary frame on road道路限界架boundary line of road construction道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge系杆拱桥box culvert箱涵branch pipe of inlet雨水口支管branch road(城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge桥梁bridge decking桥面系bridge deck pavement桥面铺装bridge floor expansion and contraction installation桥面伸缩装置bridge girder erection equipment架桥机bridge on slope坡桥bridge site桥位bridge road驮道broken chainage断链broken stone碎石broken back curve断背曲线buried abutment埋置式桥台bus bay公交(车辆)停靠站bypass公交绕行公路cable bent tower索塔cable saddle索鞍cable stayed bridge斜拉桥(斜张桥) cableway erecting equipment缆索吊装设备California bearing ratio(CBR)加州承载比(CBR) California bearing ratio tester加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber curve路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever retaining wall悬臂式挡土墙capacity of intersection交叉口通行能力capacity of network路网通行能力capillary water毛细水carriage way车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method悬臂浇筑法cationic emulsified bitumen阳离子乳化沥青cattle-pass畜力车道cement concrete水泥混凝土cement concrete mixture水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement水泥混凝土路面center-island中心岛center lane中间车道center line of road道路中线center line survey中线测量center stake中桩central reserve分隔带channelization渠化交通channelization island导流岛channelized intersection分道转弯式交叉口chip石屑chute急流槽circular curve圆曲线circular road环路circular test环道试验city road城市道路civil engineering fabric土工织物classified highway等级公路classified road等级道路clay-bound macadam泥结碎石路面clearance净空clearance above bridge floor桥面净空clearance of span桥下净空climatic zoning for highway公路自然区划climbing lane爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉coal tar煤沥青cobble stone卵石coefficient of scouring冲刷系数cohesive soil粘性土cold laid method冷铺法cold mixing method冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar冷拉钢筋column pier柱式墩combination-type road system混合式道路系统compaction压实compaction test击实试验compaction test apparatus击实仪compactness test压实度试验composite beam bridge联合梁桥composite pipe line综合管道(综合管廊) compound curve复曲线concave vertical curve凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner(水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer(水泥混凝土)路面填缝机concrete mixing plant水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机concrete pump水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw(水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机cone penetration test触探试验conflict point冲突点conical slope锥坡consistency limit(of soil)(土的)稠度界限consolidated subsoil加固地基consolidation固结construction by swing转体架桥法construction height of bridge桥梁建筑高度construction joint施工缝construction load施工荷载construction survey施工测量continuous beam bridge连续梁桥contour line等高线contraction joint缩缝control point路线控制点converging合流convex vertical curve凸形竖曲线corduroy road木排道counterfort retaining wall扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutment扶壁式桥台country road乡村道路county road县公路(县道)，乡道creep徐变critical speed临界速度cross roads十字形交叉cross slope横坡cross walk人行横道cross-sectional profile横断面图cross-sectional survey横断面测量crown路拱crushed stone碎石crushing strength压碎值culture地物culvert涵洞curb路缘石curb side strip路侧带curve length曲线长curve widening平曲线加宽curved bridge弯桥cut挖方cut corner for sight line(路口)截角cut-fill transition土方调配cut-fill transition program土方调配图cutting路堑cycle path自行车道cycle track自行车道deceleration lane减速车道deck bridge上承式桥deflection angle偏角deflection test弯沉试验degree of compaction压实度delay延误density of road network道路(网)密度depth of tunnel隧道埋深design elevation of subgrade路基设计高程design frequency(排水)设计重现期design hourly volume设计小时交通量design of elevation(城市道路)竖向设计design of vertical alignment纵断面设计design speed计算行车速度(设计车速) design traffic capacity设计通行能力design vehicle设计车辆design water level设计水位designed elevation设计高程designed flood frequency设计洪水频率dislicking treatment防滑处理Deval abrasion testing machine狄法尔磨耗试验机(双筒式磨耗试验机)diamond interchange菱形立体交叉differential photo微分法测图direction angle方向角directional interchange方向式立体交叉diverging分流dowel bar传力杆drain opening泄水口drainage by pumping station(立体交叉)泵站排水drainage ditch排水沟dressed stone料石drop water跌水dry concrete干硬性混凝土ductility(of bitumen)(沥青)延度ductilometer(沥青)延度仪dummy joint假缝dynamic consolidation强夯法economic speed经济车速economical hauling distance土方调配经济运距element support构件支撑elevation高程(标高)embankment路堤emergency parking strip紧急停车带emulsified bitumen乳化沥青erecting by floating浮运架桥法erection by longitudinal pulling method纵向拖拉法erection by protrusion悬臂拼装法erection with cableway缆索吊装法evaporation pond蒸发池expansion bearing活动支座expansive soil膨胀土expansion joint胀缝expressway(城市)快速路external distance外(矢)距fabricated bridge装配式桥fabricated steel bridge装拆式钢桥factories and mines road厂矿道路factory external transportation line对外道路factory-in road厂内道路factory-out road厂外道路fast lane内侧车道faulting of slab ends错台feeder highway支线公路ferry渡口fibrous concrete纤维混凝土field of vision视野fill填方filled spandrel arch bridge实腹拱桥final survey竣工测量fineness细度fineness modulus细度模数fixed bearing固定支座flare wing wall abutment八字形桥台flared intersection拓宽路口式交叉口flash point闪点flash point tester(open cup method)闪点仪(开口杯式)flexible pavement柔性路面flexible pier柔性墩floor system桥面系flush curb平缘石foot way人道道ford过水路面forest highway林区公路forest road林区道路foundation基础free style road system自由式道路系统free way高速公路free-flow speed自由车速freeze road冻板道路freezing and thawing test冻融试验frost boiling翻浆frozen soil冻土full depth asphalt pavement全厚式沥青(混凝土)路面function planting功能栽植general scour under bridge opening桥下一般冲刷geological section(道路)地质剖面图geotextile土工织物gradation级配gradation of stone(路用)石料等级grade change point变坡点grade compensation纵坡折减grade crossing平面交叉grade length limitation坡长限制grade of side slope边坡坡度grade separation简单立体交叉grade-separated junction立体交叉graded aggregate pavement级配路面grader平地机grain composition颗粒组成granular material粒料gravel砾石gravity pier(abutment)重力式墩、台gravity retaining wall重力式挡土墙green belt绿化带gridiron road system棋盘式道路系统ground control-point survey地面控制点测量ground elevation地面高程ground stereophotogrammetry地面立体摄影测量guard post标柱guard rail护栏guard wall护墙gully雨水口gutter街沟(偏沟)gutter apron平石gutter drainage渠道排水half-through bridge中承式桥hard shoulder硬路肩hardening硬化hardness硬度haul road运材道路heavy maintenance大修hectometer stake百米桩hedge绿篱height of cut and fill at center stake中桩填挖高度high strength bolt高强螺栓high type pavement高级路面highway公路highway landscape design公路景观设计hill-side line山坡线(山腰线)hilly terrain重丘区horizontal alignment平面线形horizontal curve平曲线hot laid method热铺法hot mixing method热拌法hot stability(of bitumen)(沥青)热稳性hydraulic computation水力计算hydraulicity水硬性imaginary intersection point虚交点immersed tunnelling method沉埋法inbound traffic入境交通incremental launching method顶推法industrial district road工业区道路industrial solid waste(路用)工业废渣industrial waste base course工业废渣基层inlet雨水口inlet submerged culvert半压力式涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert无压力式涵洞inorganic binder无机结合料instrument station测站intensity of rainstorm暴雨强度intercepting ditch截水沟interchange互通式立体交叉interchange with special bicycle track分隔式立体交叉intermediate maintenance中修intermediate type pavement中级路面intersection(平面)交叉口intersection angle交叉角，转角intersection entrance交叉口进口intersection exit交叉口出口intersection plan交叉口平面图intersection point交点intersection with widened corners 加宽转角式交叉口jack-in method顶入法kilometer stone里程碑land slide坍方lane车道lane-width车道宽度lateral clear distance of curve(平曲线)横净距lay-by紧急停车带level of service道路服务水平leveling course整平层leveling survey水准测量light-weight concrete轻质混凝土lighting facilities of road道路照明设施lime pile石灰桩line development展线linking-up road联络线、连接道路liquid asphaltic bitumen液体沥青liquid limit液限living fence绿篱load荷载loading berm反压护道loading combinations荷载组合loading plate承载板loading plate test承载板试验local scour near pier桥墩局部冲刷local traffic境内交通location of line定线location survey定测lock bolt support with shotcrete喷锚支护loess黄土longitudinal beam纵梁longitudinal gradient纵坡longitudinal joint纵缝loop ramp环形匝道Los Angeles abrasion testing machine洛杉面磨耗试验机(搁板式磨耗试验机)low type pavement低级路面main beam主梁main bridge主桥maintenance养护maintenance period大中修周期manhole检查井marginal strip路缘带Marshall stability apparatus马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability test马歇尔试验masonry bridge圬工桥maximum annual hourly volume年最大小时交通量maximum dry unit weight(标准)最大干密度maximum longitudinal gradient最大纵坡mine tunnelling method矿山法mineral aggregate矿料mineral powder矿粉mini-roundabout微形环交minimum height of fill(路基)最小填土高度minimum longitudinal gradient最小纵坡minimum radius of horizontal curve最小平曲线半径minimum turning radius汽车最小转弯半径mixed traffic混合交通mixing method拌和法mixture混合料model split交通方式划分modulus of elasticity弹性模量modulus of resilience回弹模量modulus ratio模量比monthly average daily traffic月平均日交通量motor way高速公路mountainous terrain山岭区movable bridge开启桥mud淤泥multiple-leg intersection多岔交叉national trunk highway国家干线公路(国道) natural asphalt天然沥青natural scour自然演变冲刷natural subsoil天然地基navigable water level通航水位nearside lane外侧车道net-shaped cracking路面网裂New Austrian Tunnelling Method新奥法observation point测点one-way ramp单向匝道open cut method明挖法open cut tunnel明洞open spandrel arch bridge空腹拱桥opencast mine road露天矿山道路operating speed运行速度optimum gradation最佳级配optimum moisture content最佳含水量optimum speed临界速度organic binder有机结合料origin-destination study起迄点调查outbound traffic出境交通outled submerged culvert压力式涵洞outlet inlet main road城市出入干道overall speed区间速度overlay of pavement罩面overpass grade separation上跨铁路立体交叉overtaking lane超车车道overtaking sight distance超车视距paper location 纸上定线paraffin content test含蜡量试验parent soil原状土parking lane停车车道parking lot停车场parking station公交(车辆)停靠站part-put part-fill subgrade半填半挖式路基pass垭口passing bay错车道patrol maintenance巡回养护paved crossing道口铺面pavement路面pavement depression路面沉陷pavement recapping路面翻修pavement slab pumping路面板唧泥pavement spalling路面碎裂pavement strengthening路面补强pavement structure layer路面结构层pavemill路面铣削机(刨路机)peak hourly volume高峰小时交通量pedestrian overcrossing人行天桥pedestrian underpass人行地道penetration macadam with coated chips上拌下贯式(沥青)路面penetration method贯入法penetration test apparatus长杆贯入仪penetration(of bitumen)(沥青)针入度penetrometer(沥青)针入度仪periodical maintenance定期养护permafrost多年冻土permanent load永久荷载perviousness test透水度试验petroleum asphaltic bitumen石油沥青photo index像片索引图(镶辑复照图) photo mosaic像片镶嵌图photogrammetry摄影测量photographic map影像地图pier桥墩pile and plank retaining wall柱板式挡土墙pile bent pier排架桩墩pile driver打桩机pipe culvert管涵pipe drainage管道排水pit test坑探pitching method铺砌法plain stage of slope边坡平台plain terrain平原区plan view(路线)平面图plane design(城市道路)平面设计plane sketch(道路)平面示意图planimetric photo综合法测图plant mixing method厂拌法plastic limit塑限plasticity index塑性指数poisson's ratio泊松比polished stone value石料磨光值pontoon bridge浮桥porosity空隙率portable pendulum tester摆式仪possible traffic capacity可能通行能力post-tensioning method后张法pot holes路面坑槽preliminary survey初测preloading method预压法prestressed concrete预应力混凝土prestressed concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed steel bar drawing jack张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶pretensioning method先张法prime coat透层productive arterial road生产干线productive branch road生产支线profile design纵断面设计profilometer路面平整度测定仪proportioning of cement concrete水泥混凝土配合比protection forest fire-proof road护林防火道路provincial trunk highway省干线公路(省道) railroad grade crossing(铁路)道口ramp匝道rebound deflection回弹弯沉reclaimed asphalt mixture再生沥青混合料reclaimed bituminous pavement再生沥青路面reconnaissance踏勘red clay红粘土reference stake护桩reflection crack反射裂缝refuge island安全岛regulating structure调治构造物reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete pavement钢筋混凝土路面reinforced earth retaining wall加筋土挡土墙relative moisture content(of soil)(土的)相对含水量relief road辅道residential street居住区道路resultant gradient合成坡度retaining wall挡土墙revelling of pavement路面松散reverse curve反向曲线reverse loop回头曲线ridge crossing line越岭线ridge line山脊线right bridge正交桥right bridge正桥rigid frame bridge刚构桥rigid pavement刚性路面rigid-type base刚性基层ring and radial road system环形辐射式道路系统ripper松土机riprap抛石road道路road alignment道路线形road appearance路容road area per citizen(城市)人均道路面积road area ratio(城市)道路面积率road axis道路轴线road bed路床road bitumen路用沥青road condition路况road condition survey路况调查road crossing(平面)交叉口road crossing design交叉口设计road engineering道路工程road feasibility study(道路工程)可行性研究road improvement改善工程road intersection道路交叉(路线交叉) road mixing method路拌法road network道路网road network planning道路网规划road planting道路绿化road project(道路工程)方案图road trough路槽road way路幅rock breaker凿岩机rock filled gabion石笼roller压路机rolled cement concrete碾压式水泥混凝土rolling terrain微丘区rotary interchange环形立体交叉rotary intersection环形交叉roundabout环形交叉route development展线route of road道路路线route selection选线routine maintenance小修保养rubble片石running speed行驶速度rural road郊区道路saddle back垭口safety belt安全带safety fence防护栅salty soil盐渍土sand砂sand drain(sand pile)砂井sand gravel砂砾sand hazard沙害sand mat of subgrade排水砂垫层sand patch test铺砂试验sand pile砂桩sand protection facilities防沙设施sand ratio砂率sand sweeping回砂sand sweeping equipment回砂机sandy soil砂性土saturated soil饱和土scraper铲运机seal coat封层secondary trunk road(厂内)次干道，(城市)次干路seepage well渗水井segregation离析semi-rigid type base半刚性基层separate facilities分隔设施separator分隔带sheep-foot roll羊足压路机(羊足碾)shelter belt护路林shield盾构(盾构挖掘机)shield tunnelling method盾构法shoulder路肩shrinkage limit缩限side ditch边沟side slope边坡side walk人行道sieve analysis筛分sight distance视距sight distance of intersection路口视距sight line视线sight triangle视距三角形silty soil粉性土simple supported beam bridge简支梁桥single direction thirsted pier单向推力墩single-size aggregate同粒径集料siphon culvert倒虹涵skew bridge斜交桥skew bridge斜桥skid road集材道路slab bridge板桥slab culvert盖板涵slab staggering错位slide滑坡slope protection护坡slump坍落度snow hazard雪害snow plough除雪机snow protection facilities防雪设施soft ground软弱地基soft soil软土softening point tester(ring ball method)(沥青)软化点仪(环—球法)softening point(of bitumen)(沥青)软化点solubility (of bitumen)(沥青)溶解度space headway车头间距space mean speed空间平均速度span跨径span by span method移动支架逐跨施工法spandrel arch腹拱spandrel structure拱上结构special vehicle特种车辆speed-change lane变速车道splitting test劈裂试验spot speed点速度spreading in layers层铺法springing弹簧现象stabilizer稳定土拌和机stabilized soil base course稳定土基层stage for heaping soil and broken rock碎落台staggered junction错位交叉standard axial loading标准轴截steel bar heading press machine钢筋冷墩机steel bridge钢桥steel extension machine钢筋拉伸机stiffness modulus劲度stone coating test石料裹覆试验stone crusher碎石机stone spreader碎石撒布机stopping sight distance停车视距stopping truck heap(厂矿道路)阻车堤street街道street drainage街道排水street planting街道绿化street trees行道树strengthening layer补强层strengthening of structure加固stringer纵梁striping test for aggregate集料剥落试验structural approach limit of tunnel隧道建筑限界sub-high type pavement次高级路面subgrade路基subgrade drainage路基排水submersible bridge漫水桥subsidence沉陷subsoil地基substucture下部结构superelevation超高superelevation runoff超高缓和段superstructure上部结构supported type abutment支撑式桥台surface course面层surface evenness路面平整度surface frost heave路面冻胀surface permeameter路面透水度测定仪surface roughness路面粗糙度surface slipperinness路面滑溜surface water地表水surface-curvature apparatus路面曲率半径测定仪surrounding rock围岩suspension bridge悬索桥switch-back curve回头曲线T intersection丁字形交叉(T形交叉) T-shaped rigid frame bridge T形刚构桥tack coat粘层tangent length切线长tar焦油沥青technical standard of road道路技术标准Telford锥形块石Telford base(锥形)块石基层terrace台地thermal insulation berm保温护道thermal insulation course隔温层thirtieth highest annual hourly volume年第30位最大小时交通量through bridge下承式桥through traffic过境交通tie bar拉杆timber bridge木桥time headway车头时距time mean speed时间平均速度toe of slope(边)坡脚tongue and groove joint企口缝top of slope(边)坡顶topographic feature地貌topographic map地形图topographic survey地形测量topography地形township road乡公路(乡道)traffic assignment交通量分配traffic capacity通行能力traffic composition交通组成traffic density交通密度traffic distribution交通分布traffic flow交通流traffic generation交通发生traffic island交通岛traffic mirror道路反光镜traffic planning道路交通规划traffic safety device交通安全设施traffic square交通广场traffic stream车流traffic survey交通调查traffic volume交通量traffic volume observation station交通量观测站traffic volume prognosis交通量预测traffic volume survey交通量调查transition curve缓和曲线transition slab at bridge head桥头搭板transition zone of cross section断面渐变段transition zone of curve widening加宽缓和段transitional gradient缓和坡段transverse beam横梁transverse joint横缝traverse导线traverse survey导线测量trencher挖沟机triaxial test三轴试验trip出行true joint真缝trumpet interchange喇叭形立体交叉trunk highway干线公路truss bridge桁架桥tunnel(道路)隧道tunnel boring machine隧道掘进机tunnel lining衬砌tunnel portal洞门tunnel support隧道支撑turnaround loop回车道，回车场turning point转点two-way curved arch bridge双曲拱桥two-way ramp双向匝道type of dry and damp soil base土基干湿类型U-shaped abutment U形桥台under-ground pipes comprehensive design管线综合设计underground water地下水underground water level地下水位underpass grade separation下穿铁路立体交叉universal photo全能法测图urban road城市道路valley line沿溪线variable load可变荷载vehicle stream车流vehicular gap车(辆)间净距verge路肩vertical alignment纵面线形vertical curb立缘石(侧石)vertical curve竖曲线vertical profile map(路线)纵断面图viameter路面平整度测定仪vibratory roller振动压路机viscosimeter(沥青)粘度仪viscosity(of bitumen)(沥青)粘(滞)度void ratio孔隙比washout水毁waste弃土waste bank弃土堆water cement ratio水灰比water content含水量water level水位water reducing agent减水剂water stability水稳性water-bound macadam水结碎石路面wearing course磨耗层weaving交织weaving point交织点weaving section交织路段wheel tracking test车辙试验width of subgrade路基宽度workability和易性Y intersection Y形交叉。
道路工程专业英语翻译
13.4交织区域的分析Weavin g areashave been the subjec t of a greatdeal of resear ch sincethe late 1960s,yet many featur es o f curren t proced uresrely heavil y on judgme nt. This is primar i l y due to the greatdiffic ultyin and cost of collec tingcompre hensi ve data on weavin g operat ions. Weavin g areascoversignif icant length s and genera lly requir e videot aping from elevat ed vantag e points or time-linked separa te observ ation of entrya n d e x i t termin als and visual matchi ng of vehicl es. Furthe r, thereare a largenumber of variab les affect ing weavin g operat ions,and,theref ore, a largenumber of sitesreflec tingthesevariab les wouldneed to be observ ed.自20世纪60年代后期就对交织区域问题进行了大量的研究,然而，许多现行规程的特点主要还是依赖于判断。
这主要是由于在交织运作方面的全面的数据收集存在极大的困难和成本。
道路工程英语词汇(Englishvocabularyforroadengineering)
道路工程英语词汇（English vocabulary for roadengineering）道路工程英语词汇(English vocabulary for road engineering)OneEnglish vocabulary for road engineeringBridge BridgeHighway HighwayEngineering Engineering EngineeringHighway engineering, highway, engineeringSubgrade RoadbasePavement pavementConstructed, constructed, manufactured, constructConstruction (name) constructionLaboratory LaboratoryField inspection of field test(name) test, test (not), test, experimentTest, measurement, measurement, testQuality upper class qualityQualified, qualified, qualifyMaterial materialAsphalt, asphalt, paving (usually asphalt road), asphaltAsphalt (of raw material) bitumenAsphalt bituminousAsphalt mixture bituminous mixtureConcrete concreteReinforced concrete RC (reinforced, concrete)Credit creditSpeed is slow, tempoPlan planAssess evaluationInspection (name) inspection inspectionStandard, standard, standard, qualified standardTechnical industrial technicalTechnical, technical, technological, specialized, technic Cement cementGravel road, gravel road, macadamGravel, gravel and gravel layer gravelReinforcing bars reinforcing, steel, bar or reinfored steel Stone stone quarry stone stone stoneInspector inspectorMeasurement (name) measuringSurveying (and) testing (and) surveying and mapping (name) surveyEquipment and equipment deviceApply for applicationPaving worker paverManager ManagerTwoStrengthening reinforce (enhanced reinforced) Sign signature noticeList table directory listingTabulation tabulation list tableMapping drawingCamera cameraPhoto photos for...... Take photosLime limePetrol gasolineDiesel-oil dieselPlaner plannerPlaned plan, as plannedThe pile column supports the pile into the pile Weld welding welding welding pointWelder welder, welderLaborer worker, worker, auxiliary worker Manpower human, labor, human resourcesHiring, using, using employOccupation hire employmentItem itemDuty, tax, tax, impostResign quit and resignDocument.nbsp documents, documentsTime limit from project durationWeighbridge weigh scalesTransbit theodoliteMention mentions talking about praiseCareer career experienceSkill technical skillsTrade industry businessOwe is in debtOrganization organizations, organizations, groupsTraffic traffic trafficThe spend budget wastes moneyInterest dividends, share interestCost cost, cost, expenseWage salary rewardEarning wage, income, profitCash cash cashTax tax burden to pay taxesDeficit deficit deficitOwner owner (North America) and employer (English speaking) Developer (house, etc owner) client or developerContractor contractorThreeGeneral contractor prime contractor or general contractor Sub contractor nominated contractorProfessional contractor specialist contractor Consulting firm consulting, firm or consultants Consulting Engineer Consulting EngineerArchitect architectConstraction manager, construction managerProject Manager Program ManagerMaterial supplier supplierArchitectural economics contraction EconomicsAsian Development Bank Asian Development BankWorld Bank Group World Bank GroupLearn InstituteAssociation AssociationOrganizational structure organizational styucture Infrastructure InfrastructureEnvironment environmentQuality management system qulity, management, system Quality policy quality policyQuality objectives quality, objectiveFunction, function, position, functionMetered metrologicalIdentification of qualificationReview reviewEfficiency efficiencyVerify verificationCustomer, consumer, customerProcess processProduct productProject, projected, planned projectProgram procedureCharacteristic characteristicLog recordCheck inspectionFile document.nbspInformation informationAbility, capabitily satisfaction, satisfaction Invitation to bid invitation for bidsPublic bidding unlimited competitive open biding Tenderers note instruction to biddersBank guarantee bank guaranteeGuarantee Corporation security companyPayment letter payment guaranteeQualification note statement of qualification FourUnit cost cost per unitCost plan cost planCost price price costThe owner requires client's requirementsTender tender or bid or proposalContract conditions condition, of, contract Contract agreement agreementDrawing drawingsEngineering scale bill, of, quantitiesBid guarantee bid securityInsured offerBid opening tender or bidBid evaluation, bid, evaluation Construction project work itemsLump sum contract lump sum contractSpecial report subjective reportAudit audit auditor auditorMeasurement control measurement control Measuring equipment measureing equipment Technical expert technical expertHabits, routines, customSelect selectionDetermine, determine, definitionQualified conformitySubstandard nonconformityDefect defectPreventive measures preventive action Corrective action corrective actionRework reworkDowngrade regrade Rework repairScrap Serap Compromise concession Release release。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
混凝土路面拉毛
Unit2HorizontalAlignment
Horizontal alignment
道路平面线形
Vertical alignment
道路纵断面线性
Cross section
道路横断面
Passing
超车
Highway capacity
道路通行能力
Cross-section element
方向岛
Median or divisional island
中心岛，分离岛
Unit9GradeSeparations and Interchanges
Grade separation and interchanges
分离式立交和互通式立交
High volume
大交通量
Highway classification
交通量和交通组成
Bicyclists and pedestrians
非机动车驾驶员和行人
Traveled way
行车道（道路上的所有行车道）
Travel lane
一条行车道
Roadway
道路
Bicycle and pedestrian facilities
非机动车和人行道
Utility and landscape areas
Left turn lane
左转弯车道
Through lane
直行车道
Right turn lane
右转弯车道
Approach roadway
入口车道，进入交叉口的车道
Low-volume road
低交通量道路
Multilane highway
多车道道路
Headlight glare
头灯炫光
Barrier
菱形立交
Loop interchange
环形立交
Directional interchange
定向式立交
Hook interchange
梨形立交
Off ramps or partial interchanges
部分互通式立交
Compact diamond interchange
紧缩型菱形立交
Spread diamond interchange
公用空间带和绿化带
Drainage channels and side slopes
排水沟渠和边坡
Clear zone width
路侧净空
Typical cross section
典型横断面，标准横断面
Urban highway
城市道路
Signalized intersection
有交通信号灯控制的交叉口
路缘石转角
Auxiliary lane
辅助车道
Channelizing and divisional inlands
渠化岛，分流岛
Traffic control devices
交通控制设施
Pedestrian signal head
行人交通信号灯
Raised pavement marking
反光标志
紧急避险车道
Gravity ramp
重力型避险车道
Sand pile ramp
沙堆型避险车道
Arrester bed
制动路床型避险车道
Descending grade
下坡
Ascending grade
上坡
Horizontal grade
零坡度
Bedding material
路床材料
Hidden dip
Unit1Introduction
Public
公共工程（市政工程，公共建设工程）
Private contracting of civil works
私ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้承包土建项目
Traffic volume
交通量
Land surveyor
土地测量员
Photogrammetry
摄影测量技术
Horizontal and vertical curvature
Bottleneck
瓶颈路段
Four-level interchange
四层立交
Mainline
主线，主要道路
Combination interchange
组合式立交
Two-loop
Carriageway
行车道
Inward sloping cross fall
向内倾斜横坡
One-way cross fall
单坡
Hydroplaning of the vehicles
水滑（机动车打滑）
Head-on collision
车头碰撞
Crash barrier
防撞栏
Pavement markings
竖曲线圆直点
Vertical point of intersection
竖曲线的变坡点
Vertical point of tangency
竖曲线直圆点
Grade
纵坡，坡度
Crest curve
凸形竖曲线
Sag curve
凹形竖曲线
Headlight sight distance
头灯视距
Stopping sight distance
Simple curve
简单型曲线
Compound curve
复曲线
Reverse curve
反向曲线
Spiral curve
螺旋线
Consistency
连续性，一致性
Broken-back curve
断背曲线
High fills
高填方
Unit3VerticalAlignment
Vertical curve
暗凹
Undulating grade line
起伏的坡度线
Broken-back grade line
断背曲线
K value of 167 or greater
K值为167或者更高
Unit6Cross-section Elements
Number of lanes
车道数
Volume and composition
平纵线形
Slope
边坡，斜坡
Earthwork
土方工程
Embankment
路堤
Cuts and fills
挖方和填方
Drains and sewers
排水和排污管道
Paving
路面摊铺
Asphalt
沥青
Concrete slab
混凝土板
Wire basket
钢筋网
Steel dowel
传力杆，合缝钢条
主要道路
Minor road
次要道路
Angle of intersection
相交角
Skewed intersection
斜交口
Intersection leg
相交路段
Approach leg
入口路段
Departure leg
出口路段
Sidewalk
人行道
Crosswalk
人行横道（即斑马线横道）
Pavement edge corner
道路等级划分
Deck grade separation
上跨式分离式立交
Through separation
下穿式分离式立交
Partial through separation
部分下穿式分离式立交
Span
跨径
Truss bridge
衔架桥
Intersecting leg
相交道路
Ramp
匝道
Diamond interchange
护栏
Buffer
缓冲带
Shoulder
路肩
Surfacing
铺筑面层
Stabilized shoulder
稳定土路肩
Paved shoulder
硬路肩
Widen shoulder
加宽路肩
Pedestrian and non-motorized vehicles
行人和非机动车辆
Cross slope
横坡（cross fall）
喇叭形立交
Single point interchange
单点立交
At-grade interchange
平面交叉
Freeway-to-freeway interchange
高速路连接高速路的互通式立交
Maprelatability
地图相关性
Traffic pattern
交通出行模式，（航空）起落航线/交通图
极限最小半径就是曲率的极限最大值
Super elevation
超高
Side friction factor
路面横向摩擦系数
Flat curve
大半径曲线，大弯
Maximum permissible degree of curvature
最大允许曲率，即极限最小半径
Transition curves
缓和曲线
竖曲线
Typical（cross0）section
典型横断面，标准横断面
Clearance
道路建筑限界，净空
Profile grade line
纵断面设计线
Straight
直线
Elevation
高程
Maximum grades
最大纵坡
Auxiliary lane