托福语法17个判错原则 档
托福写作中的低级错误汇总
托福写作中的低级错误汇总托福写作中低级错误其实也是很常见的，而这些问题在托福写作评分标准中也是着重看重的，一个不好就会让分数低下来，那么下面托福写作经验就介绍一下。
1. 词汇失误Example 1: Reading can increase my words, rich my knowledge and enlarge my eyesight。
托福写作经验提到这是考生在描述读书的好处，其优点在于在句子结构方面尽力打造排比结构。
然而，词汇失误严重影响句子理解和整体效果。
“读书可增大词汇量，增长知识，开阔眼界。
”本句中词汇失误频繁出现，如：increase，words，rich ;enlarge my eyesight令人费解。
建议可做如下修改：Revised: Reading can enlarge my vocabulary, enrich my knowledge and broaden my horizons。
Example 2: Sometimes I play with friends from my school。
通过托福写作评分标准可以看出此句是典型的Chinglish，在中文中，可以说“和朋友玩”，但是不可对应为英文的“play with friends”，其意思是把朋友当成了玩具。
play 用作不及物动词时，常接介词with，表示“玩;玩耍”。
例如：The little boy is playing with a yoyo。
Don't play with fire. It is very dangerous。
2.用词不当学生们写的作文里或多或少都会有一些用词不当的问题，但是要注意的是一些最最基本的错误是托福作文中不能犯的。
In the show, if participators answer twenty problems that the host mentioned correctly, they will get five hundreds thousand U.S. dollars as a prize.——problems应改为questions这里的拼写错误不是指在考试时候的误打，而是本身对词汇拼写记忆的错误。
托福口语考试中经常出现的语法错误及解析总结模板计划模板.doc
托福口语考试中经常出现的语法错误及解析总结模板计划模板.doc托福口语考试中经常出现的语法错误及分析错误一：时态混用在托福口语考试中，时态问题是考生在作答的时候最容易出现的问题。
比如很多考生在回答 Why did you choose to study that subject? 时，往往会忽略其中的did 所代表的过去时态，导致失分。
所以考生在学习的时候一定要熟悉并了解英语中的十六种时态比如一般现在，一般过去时，过去将来是，现在实行时，过去实行时，将来实行时等等的具体构成形式，并且要学会熟练的应用。
错误二： there be句型与have/has混杂使用很多考生在使用there be句型的时候，往往想用has 或者 have 表达“有”的概念，所以考生的答案中会出现这样的失误：have many wild animals in my country.其实there be 经表达“有”的含义了，不应该再使用have 了。
There 这个句型已在正式的托福口语考试中，我们应该从以下肯定式，否定式和疑问式三个方面来掌握 there be 句型的应用。
1. 肯定句：在托福口语考试中，当我们想用 there be 句型表达肯定的含义的时候应该采用这个结构： There be+ 主语 +介词短语来表示在某地有某人某物，但需要考生注意的是这里的be 的单复数形式要采取“就近一致”原则例： There are three people in my family. 我家有三口人。
2. 否定式：当在托福口语考试中，考生想采用 there be 句型的否定表达的时候，应该采用 There be +not+ 主语 +介词短语”的结构例：There isn ’t a boy in the room. 房间里没有一个男孩。
3 疑问式： Be there+ 主语 +介词短语?”能够用来表达自己对于某个事物的疑问态度例： Are there any clock in the living room?客厅里有钟吗?错误三，不熟悉形容词比较级与级变化的规则虽然有很多形容词用more 和most 来表达比较级和级，但是并不是所有的形容词都是这样变化的，所以考生在备考托福口语的时候，需要掌握一些基本的形容词的比较级和级的变化规则：1.单音节形容词的比较级和级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成。
托福评分标准与评分对照表
托福评分标准与评分对照表托福考试是评估考生在英语沟通能力方面的标准化考试。
考试的评分标准是被严格制定的，以确保公平和一致性。
评分标准涉及四个方面：听力、阅读、口语和写作。
下面是托福考试的评分标准与评分对照表。
听力评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：未能理解材料的基本内容，没有正确回答问题的能力。
第二档（10-17分）：能够理解基本内容，但对细节理解有限，回答问题的准确性不高。
第三档（18-23分）：能够理解主要意思和一些细节，能够基本回答问题。
第四档（24-30分）：能够准确理解主要内容和细节，能够回答问题，并且运用推理能力理解材料的暗示。
阅读评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：未能理解材料的基本内容，没有正确回答问题的能力。
第二档（10-17分）：能够理解基本内容，但对细节理解有限，回答问题的准确性不高。
第三档（18-24分）：能够理解主要意思和一些细节，但对复杂的文章结构和推理要求有困难。
第四档（25-30分）：能够准确理解主要内容和细节，包括文章结构和推理要求。
口语评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：几乎没有表达能力，没有组织语言的能力。
第二档（10-17分）：能够表达基本观点，但很难组织语言，有很多错误和不连贯之处。
第三档（18-25分）：能够表达主要观点，并且有时能够组织语言，但有时会有错误和不连贯之处。
第四档（26-30分）：能够表达清晰的思想和观点，并且能够有效地组织语言，几乎没有错误或不连贯之处。
写作评分标准与评分对照表：第一档（0-9分）：未能充分理解题目，内容没有明确的观点，并且有很多语法和拼写错误。
第二档（10-17分）：对题目的理解基本正确，但观点不明确，语言有错误和不连贯之处。
第三档（18-25分）：对题目有明确的观点，并且支持观点的逻辑清晰，但可能有一些语法和拼写错误。
第四档（26-30分）：对题目有明确的观点，并能够充分支持观点，语言基本上没有错误或不连贯之处。
托福语法笔记之改错
托福语法笔记之改错词序颠倒一、单个的分词修饰名词时，可前置也可后置，通常后置the region studiedthe studied region二、一个或两个介词的短语修饰名词时，通常后置三、常考的最长的词序the + 最高级+adv+(分词+adj)+noun.+noun.~~~~~~~~~这两个前后不确定the oldest continuously occupied permnant settlement四、动词短语为完成时或被动式，修饰动词短语的adv夹在中间have already donebe well donehave not yet rachbe made originally frombe come chiefly from如果动词短语中有个介词，副词应当放在介词前五、以分词为中心的合成形容词，应将分词置于词尾eating plant animals应改为plant-eating animals同样的还有：warm-blooded animalsbridge-built materialcup-shaped sculpture*选项中的合成形容词便是答案六、more still abundant 错more修饰adj，adv时应紧接在adj/adv的前面more abundantonly, more than, less than修饰数量名词时，应紧接在数量名词前The bridge is only three feet long.七、主系表结构当谓语动词为系动词时，便是主系表结构主＋系＋表对主＋表＋系错表＋系＋主对（倒装句中）to stay warm...rest motionlessremain committed tobecame associated with常考的系动词有：rest, stay, remain, mantain, lie, exist, be, become, turn, get以及感观动词：look, appear, seem, feel, sound, taste*appear, seem 可接不定式：appear to do; seem to do八、多种修饰语的次序限定词|＋数词|＋adj. | +noun.| |描｜大｜新｜｜｜材|包括：指示代词|序数词|述｜小｜旧｜颜｜国｜料|人称代词|基数词|型｜形｜多｜｜｜结|不定代词| |形｜状｜少｜色｜籍｜构|冠词| |容｜长｜｜｜｜内|所有格| |词｜短｜｜｜｜容|The man has the first two beautiful ong old red French sports cars.从句从句名词性从句主，宾表，同位语修饰性从句定语从句状语从句从句=从句引导词+句子从句引导词：标明从句的位置连接代词+不完整句连接副词+完整句(不作成分)who + noun. 错...noun.+which+SVO 错which+noun. 错(但which group)--->在托考中不用prep+which+Vt+O 错noun.+what 错prep what +SVO 错when + V 错where + V 错that用法：定语从句：连接代词，在从句中作为成分，+不完整句主，宾，同位，从句连接adv,不作成分，+完整句that的省略用法that：1，定从that+be 可省2，定从在从句中作宾语可省3，宾从某些Vt后可省略that*当先行词中有：adj最高级，序数词，only,不定代词时，只能用that wether to do句子（主，宾，表，同位语）句子，wether ＋句子错（不可以引导状语从句）句子，whether＋句子＋or not 对平行结构由平行连接词连接两个或两个以上的对象构成一、平衡连接词1. 单一式：and, or, but2. 短语式：as well as, rather than, other than, instead of3. 相关式：both...and, not only ...but alsofrom..to, either...orbetween...and, from...untilthe same as, such as, as ...asneither... nor, not...but, neither...or二、平行的形式X and YX, Y and Z(不常考)X, Y, and Z (常考)三、平行的性质1. 单复数的平行(不是绝对要平行)比如：cells, organs, adn tissuesa heart, veius, and arteries2. 词性的平行绝对，但是无adj的名词例外local, state, and national government 对city and regional planning 对seasonally, or yearly 错~~~~~~~~~~adv. ~~~~~~adj.3. 时态的平行可以不平行，但是必须有相应的不同时间4. 结构形式的平行doing, to do, adj+n, 动+宾结构要平行5. 语态的平行Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank, ~~~~bankingfashion, manufacturing and transportation.6. 排列位置的平行主not only 谓but also 谓对Not only 主谓(倒装)，but also 谓错四、not only...but also的省略1. ...not only...but (also)...2. Not only 主谓(倒)but 主谓3. Not only 主谓(倒),(;)主+also+谓4. Not only... but...as well词性混用一、作表语：形容词和副词的混用1. be + adv. -> be + adj.eg: be rarly -> be rare2. be + noun. + prep -> be + adj. +prepeg: be value for -> be valuable forbe fame for -> be famous for3. be origin based on 错表语唯一be forcibily 错be completely enclosed 对be originally a poem 对be typicaly concerned with 对be generally with 对┏数+noun.be + noun./adj./分词+┃adj.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ┗分词短语┗>adv.二、作宾语时，名词和动名词的混用*原则：名词比动名词优先from their kinding 错food supplying错区别：名词作宾语，后面不可接名词动名词作宾语，后面可接名词动名词前可加the:the making of any work of art动名词前加the 后变化为一个纯粹的名词，不可再加名词了三、状语从句引导词与近义介词/adv.的混用1. when, while/during, in* when, while+ noun. 永远错during + 句子永远错2. although/despitedespite + 句子永远错despite the fact that 对3. even though/even前者为连词，后者为副词even + 句子永远错四、平衡连接词与近义副词的混用1. and/also前连后副V also V 对noun. also noun. 错2. or / else前连后副by scant else by color 错3. but/instead前连后副五、表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词的混用architect -> architecturalinventor -> inventationsculptor -> sculpturepoet -> poem, poetrynovelist -> noveleducator -> educationsettler -> settlementcomposer -> compositionengineer -> engineering六、作定语，名词和形容词的混用原则：表示同一概念的形容词比名词优先eg: certain 比certainty优先当意义不同时，就无所谓优先如：color monitor 彩显colorful monitor 外观彩色的显示器colorful effect 多彩的效果color effect 彩色效果例外：1. 没有表示同一概念的形容词时，只能用名词修饰the city or regional planningBeijing city commercial bankthe state government2. noun. + noun. 为特定含义时，不改为adj.safty glass 防弹玻璃exhibition flights 飞行表演color monitor 彩显3. noun.修饰noun.，表示后一个名词的本质属性，品质，种类时，不改adj. ***noun. + noun. 最后选beauty salon对intelligence test 对＊noun.+noun.在一起 a. 最后选b. 有无同概念形容词c. 看句意七、作修饰语，形容词和副词的混用1.副词永远不能修饰名词up arms -> upper arms注意陷阱：adv. + 同位语* special 永远改especiallyThe common cold, (which is) normally a minor illness, can threatenthe health of patient.2. adj. + adj. + noun.依次修饰关系an old red cara frequent pretty girl(??)3. adv. + 数+ noun. ; 数+ adj. + noun. 对数+ adv. + noun. ; adj. + 数+ noun. 错adv. + 数+ adj. + noun. 对4. ┏adj.┃Vadj. + ┃prep.~~~~ ┃adv.┗>adv. ┃分词短语┗数词谓语动词一、主谓一致1. 主谓的分隔原则S, ---,VO主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔* 主谓一致与主语同位语无关2. 定语从句中的主谓一致...noun.+that/which+V* that, which并不反映单复数one of 复n + that/which + 复Vthe only one of 复n + that/which + 单V3. 随前一致together with, as well as, with, including, of4. 随后一致not 单n. but 复n. + 复Vnot noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V5. 就近一致单n. or 复n.either 单n. or 复n.neither 单n. nor 复n.is he or we... 对he or we are... 对6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词例外：war and peace is/wasblack and white is/wasbread and butter is/wasto love and to be loved is/was7. 百分比结构most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent __+of+n.+V 由名词决定动词的单复数8. 倒装句中的主谓一致There be...between , among 等介词位于句首，即引起倒装Between ...+ be + noun.Among...+ be + noun.主+ 系+ 表主系关系要一致，系表关系可以不一致9. The+ adj.a. 表示“一类人”用复数VThe rich are ridiculousb. 表示某一抽象概念The good is attractive10. one of + 复数noun. + 单Vmore than one 单数noun. + 单数Vmany a + 单noun. + 单Va + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or two news 单数measles 不可数the series 用is/are从上下文得出二、时态1. in + 过去某一时间，用一般现在时2. befort+ 过去年份，用过去完成时3. for/since:for后跟时间段，可用现在完成和一般过去时since 后跟时间点，只能跟现在完成时I have been a teacher for 3 years.I have been a teacher since 1996.I was a teacher for 3 years.4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时时态：现在完成时和一般过去时混用一般现在时和一般过去时混用三、语态考主被的混用一个证明，二个位于，三个需要，四个情感1. 证明：prove(vi) + to be + n./adj.prove(vt) + sth./that +句子my advice rpoved to be wrong2. 位于：locate永远考被动situate 主动：把...放置;确定位置被动：位于3. 需要：need, want, require┏情态动词＋动原┃┏doingneed┃实义动词┃to do ...一般┃┗to be done┗n.词My watch need┏repairing. 主动表被动┗to be repaired. require┏to be donewant ┗doing4. 情感：please, annoy, surprise, moveI am pleased. 主语高兴The news is pleasing. 令人高兴使...高兴（心烦、惊讶、感动）Franklin is so moved.The story is so moving.非谓语动词一、现分与过分的区别现分过分考与不考备注－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－主动被动90%（后置定语，状）进行完成10%（前置定语）┗┏┃动作状态不考┏ a retired general┗ a retirign general 错┏ a fallen fruit 在地下┗ a falling fruit正在掉二、现在分词与过去分词的用法1. 用于名词后作后置定语，等同于定语从句，只考虑主被动Indians who lived in~~~~~~~~~~~~=living分词＝从句2. 用于句首，句末作状语，只考虑主被动非此即彼┏included in/by┗including 分，prep┏involved in┗involving3. 常考的接doing的词enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive,mind, avoid, escape, tolerate, delay, quitspend ... (in) doinghave difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in)doing三、动词不定式的省略用法1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省┗help sb to do = help sb do2. 使役动词必省tolet sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb dohave sth done3. 关于感观动词see, hear, notice, feel, watch必须省to┏see sb do 看见整个过程┗see sb doing看见动作正在进行改被动后to 要加回来┏be seen to do┗be seen doing四、动词不定式的固定用法1. 第一“人”the first (sb) to do2. 表“迫使”的动词allow sb to do allow sthpermit sb to do permit sthenable sb to do enable sthcause sb to do cause sthforce sb to do force sth3. 表“倾向”的adj./Vtend to doattemp to dobe (more) likely to dothat + 句子be inclined to dobe apt to dobe liable to do4. 表“目的”的名词The function + of sth. + is to do sth.function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式be able to do -> ability to doenable sb to dodecide to do -> decision to dobe ambitious to do -> ambition to dotry to do -> make great efforts to doattempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do五、动词不定式的其它形式1. 动词不定式的将来式主动：be to do被动：be to be done表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情China is to be one of the most important contries in the world. 被动式与过去分词的区别the surfaces to be gluedthe surfaces glued2. 动词不定式的完成时主动to have done被动to have been done表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前I’m glad to have seen your son yesterday.3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动This plas is difficult to come outeasyhard代词与介词代词一、代词的五种形式间的混用he him himself self主格＜－＞宾格＜－反身代词名词△┃所有格his(A)名词前面应该使用所有格make she debut 错make one’s debut* 双宾语结构例外won him prizes 对（B）反身代词画线－－－＞改宾格要使用的反身代词必须与所在句子主语一致he killed him. 他杀he killed himself 自杀（C）self ,是名词，“自我”，只用于哲学，出现永远错二、代词的单复数him,her--> them, 注意一下三、代词的性别his/her himself/herself四、代词的人与物Although he is employed in hte scientific field, the metric system ~~->itis not used in the U.S.五、关系代词┏which 指代物┃that 指代人或物注意：who与which混用┗who 指代人┏who 主┃whom 宾┗whose 所有格whom image --->只考过一回~~~~->whose*主要考who和whose的混用who + noun. 错whose + V 错介词一、through/throughoutthrough: “穿过”、“通过”，强调动作thro ughout: “贯穿”throughout his lifetime“遍布”throughout the world二、between/amongbetween the stars/trees 两两之间among the two realms 错三、in/inside /intoinside,in 静态，强调状态into 动态，强调动作air inside the houseshoot...into the skyin + 单数noun.(无冠词)，表示某一领域，某一方面，某一行业in shape, in size四、in/for/sincein + 1. 时刻点2. 一段时间for+ 1. prep. + 一段时间2. conj. 并列连词，不能位于句首句子，for 句子since+1. prep., “自从”＋时刻点，完成时2. conj., “因为”Since +句子，句子3. adv., a. 与过去时共用= ago...was...many years since ...b. 与完成时连用，表示过去某个时间某个事件到现在Tom was elected president last term, but he since has devotedlittle fo his spare time to his reponsibility.五、of 遗漏多余六、by1. be done by 只要不是固定词组，就改by2. by doing 只要不是固定词组3. 作品by 作者publication by Franklin七、固定搭配together with = withadv + prep = prep冠词冠词(缺失与多余为重点和难点)(A)1. a与an的区别(发音而非字母)an: herd undergraduate understanding oyster honesta : unique university unite yawn2. a与复数名词的混用an outstanding methods.3. 不定冠词a的遗漏(1)固定短语中a的遗漏a set of, a piece of, a variety of, a series of,a collection of , a wide range ofa wealth of + 不可数名词(information)(2)强调可数名词的单数概念且无其它限定词，必须用不定冠词也就是说，单数可数名词前必须有限定词* v+单数可数名词错prep+单数可数名词错of humid area area可数，所以错of prize fighter fighter可数，所以错of raindrop 亦然例外：a. a part of= part ofpart 永远对b. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用Little Bush, son of George Bush, is runningfor the office of president.c. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用type of , kind of, sort ofd. 表示某一方面的名词可单独使用All cells differ in function, in size, in color, in shape.(B)定冠词(the ,表特指)the astronomy, the nitrogen, the iron, in the histroy, in the nature, of the human hoby, on the right side这些名词前都不能加the1. 表示“独一无二”的事物the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, the Earth2. 关于序数词* 序数词只有作定语修饰noun,才必须加the年代：in the serventeenth century排序：the eight(h) element (is)......* 序数词考两点：a. 加不加theb. 是eight或eithth (单词)陷阱： a. Utah ranks first among...b. A is second only to B.3. adj.最高级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the. the most desolate region(S)the most ... area(s)adj+est 后可以是复数。
托福雅思写作高分语法规则
托福雅思写作高分语法规则规则1修饰语（描述事物的单词或短语）应靠近其修饰的单词或短语。
示例：Purchased last week, the new preparation materials helped the student study.常见错误：Purchased last week, the student studied with her new preparation materials.规则2确保代词指代一个特定的名词，并与其指代名词的单数或复数形式保持一致。
示例：The professor is a favorite at the university, but he is now taking a semester off.常见错误：The professor is a favorite at the university, but they were now taking a semester off.规则3牢记句子主语，确保主语始终与动词保持一致。
示例：Each of the authors involved in writing the book was a sociologist.常见错误：Each of the authors involved in writing the book were sociologists.规则4当一个句子中存在两个或多个并列成分时，应使用同类语法形式。
示例：The teacher thought he was a good student because he turned in his papers on time, tested well on exams and appeared enthusiastic.常见错误：The teacher thought he was a good student because he turned in his papers on time, tested well on exams and his enthusiasm was high.规则5当主语是动作的执行者时，选择主动语态（而非被动语态）。
托福语法笔记之改错篇
托福语法笔记之改错篇语法改错的大框架，希望对大家有所帮助。
托福语法笔记之改错－－词性混用一、作表语：形容词和副词的混用1. be + adv. -> be + adj.eg: be rarly -> be rare2. be + noun. + prep -> be + adj. +prepeg: be value for -> be valuable forbe fame for -> be famous for3. be origin based on 错表语唯一be forcibily 错be completely enclosed 对be originally a poem 对be typicaly concerned with 对be generally with 对托福语法笔记之改错－－平行结构主要特点：由平行连接词连接两个或两个以上的对象构成一、平衡连接词1. 单一式：and, or, but2. 短语式：as well as, rather than, other than, instead of3. 相关式：both...and, not only ...but alsofrom..to, either...orbetween...and, from...untilthe same as, such as, as ...asneither... nor, not...but, neither...or二、平行的形式X and YX, Y and Z(不常考)X, Y, and Z (常考)三、平行的性质1. 单复数的平行(不是绝对要平行)比如：cells, organs, adn tissuesa heart, veius, and arteries2. 词性的平行绝对，但是无adj的名词例外local, state, and national government 对city and regional planning 对seasonally, or yearly 错~~~~~~~~~~adv. ~~~~~~adj.3. 时态的平行可以不平行，但是必须有相应的不同时间4. 结构形式的平行doing, to do, adj+n, 动+宾结构要平行5. 语态的平行Dallas, Texas, has become a national hub of bank,~~~~bankingfashion, manufacturing and transportation.6. 排列位置的平行主not only 谓but also 谓对Not only 主谓(倒装)，but also 谓错四、not only...but also的省略1. ...not only...but (also)...2. Not only 主谓(倒)but 主谓3. Not only 主谓(倒),(;)主+also+谓4. Not only... but...as well二、作宾语时，名词和动名词的混用*原则：名词比动名词优先from their kinding 错food supplying错区别：名词作宾语，后面不可接名词动名词作宾语，后面可接名词动名词前可加the:the making of any work of art 动名词前加the 后变化为一个纯粹的名词，不可再加名词了三、状语从句引导词与近义介词/adv.的混用1. when, while/during, in* when, while+ noun. 永远错during + 句子永远错2. although/despitedespite + 句子永远错despite the fact that 对3. even though/even前者为连词，后者为副词even + 句子永远错四、平衡连接词与近义副词的混用1. and/also前连后副V also V 对noun. also noun. 错2. or / else前连后副by scant else by color 错3. but/instead前连后副五、表示人的名词与表示物的同根名词的混用architect -> architecturalinventor -> inventationsculptor -> sculpturepoet -> poem, poetrynovelist -> noveleducator -> educationsettler -> settlementcomposer -> compositionengineer -> engineering六、作定语，名词和形容词的混用原则：表示同一概念的形容词比名词优先eg: certain 比certainty优先当意义不同时，就无所谓优先如：color monitor 彩显colorful monitor 外观彩色的显示器colorful effect 多彩的效果color effect 彩色效果例外：1. 没有表示同一概念的形容词时，只能用名词修饰the city or regional planningBeijing city commercial bankthe state government2. noun. + noun. 为特定含义时，不改为adj.safty glass 防弹玻璃exhibition flights 飞行表演color monitor 彩显3. noun.修饰noun.，表示后一个名词的本质属性，品质，种类时，不改adj. ***noun. + noun. 最后选beauty salon对intelligence test 对＊noun.+noun.在一起 a. 最后选b. 有无同概念形容词c. 看句意七、作修饰语，形容词和副词的混用1.副词永远不能修饰名词up arms -> upper arms注意陷阱：adv. + 同位语* special 永远改especiallyThe common cold, (which is) normally a minor illness, can threatenthe health of patient.2. adj. + adj. + noun.依次修饰关系an old red cara frequent pretty girl(??)3. adv. + 数+ noun. ; 数+ adj. + noun. 对数+ adv. + noun. ; adj. + 数+ noun. 错adv. + 数+ adj. + noun. 对托福语法笔记之改错－－从句名词性从句主，宾表，同位语修饰性从句定语从句状语从句从句=从句引导词+句子从句引导词：标明从句的位置连接代词+不完整句连接副词+完整句(不作成分)who + noun.错...noun.+which+SVO错which+noun. 错(但which group)--->在托考中不用prep+which+Vt+O错noun.+what 错prep what +SVO 错when + V错where + V 错that用法：定语从句：连接代词，在从句中作为成分，+不完整句主，宾，同位，从句连接adv,不作成分，+完整句that的省略用法that：1，定从that+be 可省2，定从在从句中作宾语可省3，宾从某些Vt后可省略that*当先行词中有：adj最高级，序数词，only,不定代词时，只能用thatwether to do句子（主，宾，表，同位语）句子，wether ＋句子错（不可以引导状语从句）句子，whether＋句子＋or not 对托福语法笔记之改错－－词序颠倒一、单个的分词修饰名词时，可前置也可后置，通常后置the region studiedthe studied region二、一个或两个介词的短语修饰名词时，通常后置三、常考的最长的词序the + 最高级+adv+(分词+adj)+noun.+noun.~~~~~~~~~这两个前后不确定the oldest continuously occupied permnant settlement四、动词短语为完成时或被动式，修饰动词短语的adv夹在中间have already donebe well donehave not yet rachbe made originally frombe come chiefly from如果动词短语中有个介词，副词应当放在介词前五、以分词为中心的合成形容词，应将分词置于词尾eating plant animals应改为plant-eating animals同样的还有：warm-blooded animalsbridge-built materialcup-shaped sculpture*选项中的合成形容词便是答案六、more still abundant 错more修饰adj，adv时应紧接在adj/adv的前面more abundantonly, more than, less than修饰数量名词时，应紧接在数量名词前The bridge is only three feet long.七、主系表结构当谓语动词为系动词时，便是主系表结构主＋系＋表对主＋表＋系错表＋系＋主对（倒装句中）to stay warm...rest motionlessremain committed tobecame associated with常考的系动词有：rest, stay, remain, mantain, lie, exist, be, become, turn, get以及感观动词：look, appear, seem, feel, sound, taste*appear, seem 可接不定式：appear to do; seem to do八、多种修饰语的次序限定词|＋数词|＋adj. | +noun.| |描｜大｜新｜｜｜材|包括：指示代词|序数词|述｜小｜旧｜颜｜国｜料|人称代词|基数词|型｜形｜多｜｜｜结|不定代词| |形｜状｜少｜色｜籍｜构|冠词| |容｜长｜｜｜｜内|所有格| |词｜短｜｜｜｜容|The man has the first two beautiful ong old red French sports cars.托福语法笔记之改错－－非谓语动词一、现分与过分的区别现分过分考与不考备注－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－主动被动90%（后置定语，状）进行完成10%（前置定语）动作状态不考a retired generala retirign general 错a fallen fruit 在地下a falling fruit正在掉二、现在分词与过去分词的用法1. 用于名词后作后置定语，等同于定语从句，只考虑主被动Indians who lived in~~~~~~~~~~~~=living分词＝从句2. 用于句首，句末作状语，只考虑主被动非此即彼┏included in/by┗including 分，prep┏involved in┗involving3. 常考的接doing的词enjoy , finish, celebrate, suggest, advocate, forgive, mind, avoid, escape, tolerate, delay, quit ，spend ... (in) doing ，have difficulty/trouble/a problem/a hard time (in)doing （还有可以自己继续总结）三、动词不定式的省略用法1. ┏help to do = help do 可省可不省┗help sb to do = help sb do2. 使役动词必省tolet sb do ; make sb do; have sb do ; bid sb dohave sth done3. 关于感观动词see, hear, notice, feel, watch必须省to┏see sb do 看见整个过程┗see sb doing看见动作正在进行改被动后to 要加回来┏be seen to do┗be seen doing四、动词不定式的固定用法1. 第一“人”the first (sb) to do2. 表“迫使”的动词allow sb to do allow sthpermit sb to do permit sthenable sb to do enable sthcause sb to do cause sthforce sb to do force sth3. 表“倾向”的adj./Vtend to doattemp to dobe (more) likely to dothat + 句子be inclined to dobe apt to dobe liable to do4. 表“目的”的名词The function + of sth. + is to do sth.function, goal, purpose, aim, objective, reason, intention5.与接不定式的V或adj. 同词根的名词也接不定式be able to do -> ability to doenable sb to dodecide to do -> decision to dobe ambitious to do -> ambition to dotry to do -> make great efforts to doattempt(v.) to do -> attempt(n.) to do五、动词不定式的其它形式1. 动词不定式的将来式主动：be to do被动：be to be done表示预计要发生或按计划要发生的事情China is to be one of the most important contries in the world. 被动式与过去分词的区别the surfaces to be gluedthe surfaces glued2. 动词不定式的完成时主动to have done被动to have been done表示不定式的动作发生在谓语之前I’m glad to have seen your son yesterday.3. 某些adj. 后主动表被动This plas is difficult to come outeasyhard托福语法笔记之改错－－谓语动词一、主谓一致1. 主谓的分隔原则S, ---,VO主谓之间可以用定从及省略形式的定从分隔* 主谓一致与主语同位语无关2. 定语从句中的主谓一致...noun.+that/which+V* that, which并不反映单复数one of 复n + that/which + 复Vthe only one of 复n + that/which + 单V3. 随前一致together with, as well as, with, including, of4. 随后一致not 单n. but 复n. + 复Vnot noly 单n. but also 复n. + 复V5. 就近一致单n. or 复n.either 单n. or 复n.neither 单n. nor 复n.is he or we... 对he or we are... 对6. 可数名词and可数名词+复数动词不可数名词and不可数名词+复数动词例外：war and peace is/wasblack and white is/wasbread and butter is/wasto love and to be loved is/was7. 百分比结构most, rest, half, majority, some, 50 percent, one percent __+of+n.+V 由名词决定动词的单复数8. 倒装句中的主谓一致There be...between , among 等介词位于句首，即引起倒装Between ...+ be + noun.Among...+ be + noun.主+ 系+ 表主系关系要一致，系表关系可以不一致9. The+ adj.a. 表示“一类人”用复数VThe rich are ridiculousb. 表示某一抽象概念The good is attractive10. one of + 复数noun. + 单Vmore than one 单数noun. + 单数Vmany a + 单noun. + 单Va + 单noun. or + two + 单V: a day or twonews 单数measles 不可数the series 用is/are从上下文得出二、时态1. in + 过去某一时间，用一般现在时2. befort+ 过去年份，用过去完成时3. for/since:for后跟时间段，可用现在完成和一般过去时since 后跟时间点，只能跟现在完成时I have been a teacher for 3 years.I have been a teacher since 1996.I was a teacher for 3 years.4. 自然现象、真理描述用一般现在时时态：现在完成时和一般过去时混用一般现在时和一般过去时混用三、语态考主被的混用一个证明，二个位于，三个需要，四个情感1. 证明：prove(vi) + to be + n./adj.prove(vt) + sth./that +句子my advice rpoved to be wrong2. 位于：locate永远考被动situate 主动：把...放置;确定位置被动：位于3. 需要：need, want, require4. 情感：please, annoy, surprise, moveI am pleased. 主语高兴The news is pleasing. 令人高兴使...高兴（心烦、惊讶、感动）Franklin is so moved.The story is so moving.托福语法笔记之改错－－冠词(A) 冠词(缺失与多余为重点和难点)1. a与an的区别(发音而非字母)an: herd undergraduate understanding oyster honesta : unique university unite yawn这里补充一点：当时XDF老师刘述讲的：U 开头发[ju]时前面是a,其他是an.其他的元音字母都是他们开头就用an.2. a/an与复数名词的混用an outstanding methods.3. 不定冠词a的遗漏(1)固定短语中a的遗漏a set of, a piece of, a variety of, a series of,a collection of , a wide range ofa wealth of + 不可数名词(information)(2)强调可数名词的单数概念且无其它限定词，必须用不定冠词也就是说，单数可数名词前必须有限定词* v+单数可数名词错prep+单数可数名词错of humid area area可数，所以错of prize fighter fighter可数，所以错of raindrop 亦然例外：a. a part of= part ofpart 永远对b. 表示职务、身份、亲属关系的词可以单独使用Little Bush, son of George Bush, is runningfor the office of president.c. 表示“种类”名词后所接noun可单独使用type of , kind of, sort ofd. 表示某一方面的名词可单独使用All cells differ in function, in size, in color, in shape.(B)定冠词(the ,表特指)the astronomy, the nitrogen, the iron, in the histroy,in the nature, of the human hoby, on the right side这些名词前都不能加the1. 表示“独一无二”的事物the Great Wall, the Sun, the Moon, the Earth2. 关于序数词* 序数词只有作定语修饰noun,才必须加the年代：in the serventeenth century排序：the eight(h) element (is)......* 序数词考两点：a. 加不加theb. 是eight或eithth (单词)陷阱： a. Utah ranks first among...b. A is second only to B.3. adj.最高级作前置定语修饰noun,才必须加the. the most desolate region(S)the most ... area(s)adj+est 后可以是复数。
托福写作最容易犯的22种错误清单
托福写作最容易犯的22种错误清单1、结构不平行例子：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books、将一系列的单词连接起来的时候，应当使用词性相同或同一类型的短语。
2、不知所云例子：Many companies began using computers mouth、3、段落过长，不分段，主语与动词一致问题例子：She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time、主语和动词不一致。
4、句子别扭例子：We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed、措辞过长或不清。
换言之，句子显得滑稽可笑。
5、拼写错误主语、动词或宾语有问题例子：I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it、 There was a terrible accident happen yesterday、句子的基本结构有问题，缺少主语、动词或宾语，或者这些成分重复。
6、语气与文章不符例子：I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me、 I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out、语气与文章其他部分不相符，可能是过于正式或者太不正式。
托福写作常见的语法错误都有哪些？
托福写作常见的语法错误都有哪些？独立写作在语言上要求除了语言多样性之外，还要求考生要尽可能地减少语法错误。
但是，人无完人，考生在紧张的考试环境下，会多多少少地犯一些语法错误。
那么托福写作常见的语法错误都有哪些呢?一起来看环球教育小编的整理。
1.名词单复数：考生在作文中经常会不自觉的就省略复数词尾“s”。
错误：A great number of teacher would benefit from government’s funding on increasing teachers’ salary.正确：A great number of teachers would benefit from government’s funding on increasing teachers’ salary.注意：考生一定要清楚可数名词和不可数名词，student，problem等是可数名词;money，water等是不可数名词，不会出现moneys，waters。
同时也要注意一些集合名词是不需要加s的，比如people, 如果加了s之后意义会发生变化。
2)主谓一致：单数的主语与动词复数形式搭配，或者是复数主语与单数第三人称搭配。
错误：Environmental problems, such as air pollution, is detrimental to public health.正确：Environmental problems, such as air pollution, are detrimental to public health.3)时态不一致：描述一件过去的事情，但是写着写着时态变成了现在时。
错误：Mr. Liu and Mr. Zhang were good friends working in one company, but everything changed as a result of rival for a promotion. In order to get promoted, Mr. Liu throw mud at Mr. Zhang by spreading rumors in their colleagues that Mr. Zhang is so means and stubborn that he might deny their colleagues access from promotion, making Mr. Zhang isolated by his colleagues.正确：Mr. Liu and Mr. Zhang were good friends working in one company, but everything changed as a result of rival for a promotion. In order to get promoted, Mr. Liu threw mud at Mr. Zhang by spreading rumors in their colleagues that Mr. Zhang was so means and stubborn that he might deny their colleagues access from promotion, making Mr. Zhang isolated by his colleagues.4)词性误用将名词、动词、形容词词性搞混，出现误用。
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托福语法17个判错原则
2010年11月24日11:31新东方【大中小】【打印】共有评论0条
出国考试：托福语法17个判错原则。
TOEFL语法找错中有一些捷径，这是长期考题重复的必然，总结以下一些希望考生从中误出做题的感觉来：
1 代词划线98%错
2 动词划线80%错
3 小心不定式
4 常用被动态的词
5 平衡连接词
6 倒装(UNTIL，NOT UNTIL)
7 AND 连接，注意多义
8 句首介词和不定式
9 人名，专业术语做同谓语与主语一致
10 IN 和过去分词的连用THAT 后两个逗号错
11 DO和MAKE
12 LIKE和ALIKE
13 SINCE用完成时，IN 用过去时
14 SELF单用
15 双重否定
16 IT IS 和THERE BE，-ING和-ED，EVEN和EVEN THOUGH的替换错误
17 有ALTHOUGH 不用BUT
介词是TOEFL试题中比较活较的词性，而且具有一定的难度。
中国学生一向对介词感到束手无策，因为英文介词种类繁多且词意多变。
不过，TOEFL 涉及的有关介词的题目重复性很强，而且有规律可循。
只要考生善于总结、记忆，还是可以保证得满分的。
介词的题目命题焦点集中在：
(1)含有介词的固定短语
(2)含有特定含义的介词误用。