Lecture 4 The Romantic Period

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英美文学选读第四讲The Neoclassical Period

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Period ( 17th—18th Century, 1660~1798 )
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Background knowledge 2. Features of the neoclassical literature
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1. Background knowledge 1) Historical and cultural backgrounds (1) The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. There was constant strife between the monarch君主 and the parliament议会 , between the Tories英国托利派；王党保守党 and the Whigs英国历史】辉格党(今自由党前身)党员 over the control of the parliament and government, between opposing religious sects宗教派别, between the ruling class and the laboring poor, etc. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence分歧 of values.
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The Enlightenment Movement was in full swing in England during this period. The purpose of this movement was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason, equality and science, claiming that reason should be the only, and the final cause of any human thought and activities.

TheRomanticPeriodLecture美国文学浪漫主义时期

TheRomanticPeriodLecture美国文学浪漫主义时期Lecture 2 The Romantic Period (1800-1865)1. What is Puritanism?2 What is “original sin”?Original sin: the tendency to evil supposedly innate in all human beings, held to be inherited from Adam in consequence of the Fall. The concept of original sin was established by the writings of St. Augustine.3 What are major works by Franklin?(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography（1）Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort 劝告the reader in pithy精练的, memorable sayings.In "The Way to Wealth," which originally appeared in the Almanack, Father Abraham,"a plain clean old Man, with white Locks," quotes Poor Richard at length."A Word to the Wise is enough,"he says. "God helps them that help themselves.""Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise." Poor Richard is a psychologist ("Industry pays Debts, while Despair encreaseth them"),and he always counsels hard work ("Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck").Do not be lazy, he advises, for "One To-day is worth two tomorrow." Sometimes he creates anecdotes to illustrate hispoints: "A little Neglect may breed great Mischief....For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail." Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point: "What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children." "A small leak will sink a great Ship." "Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them."（2）Franklin's Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-improvement. Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is "Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation."A pragmatic实用主义的scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject.Romantic Period1． Brief Introduction 2. Early Romantic Period3 .Summit of Romanticism – American Transcendentalism超自然论，超越主义4. Late Romanticism5. Romantic PoetsDuring the Revolutionary Age,1765-1790, some of the greatest documents of American history wereauthored.In 1776, Thomas Paine authored Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson wrote The Declaration of Independence.In 1781, The Articles of Confederation were ratified.Between 1787 and 1788, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote The Federalist Papers. Finally, in 1787, The Constitution of the United States was drafted and in 1789 it was ratified.（2）The Early National Period of American Literature saw the beginnings of literature that could be truly identified as "American". The writers of this new American literature wrote in the English style, but the settings, themes, and characters人物角色were authentically American. In addition, poets of this time wrote poetry that was relatively independent of English precursors先驱者. Three of the most recognized writers of this time areWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文, James Fenimore Cooper库柏, and Edgar Allan Poe.埃德加·爱伦·坡（女The period1828-1865in American Literature is commonly identified as the Romantic Period in America, but may also be referred to as the American Renaissance or the Age of Transcendentalism超自然论. The writers of this period produced works of originality and excellence that helped shape the ideas, ideals, and literary aims of many American writers. Writers of the American RomanticPeriod includeRalph Waldo Emerson,拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗, Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡, Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔, Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑, Harriet Beecher Stowe哈里特·比彻·斯托,Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹渥斯·朗费罗,Emily Dickinson艾米莉·迪金森, and Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼.Elements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization 两级分化of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agricultural.Romantic Subject Matter主题1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty."2. The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective历史展望: antiquarianism古物研究; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque奇异风格, Gothicism 哥特式风格, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer同性恋者3. Escapism空想；逃避主义 - from American problems.4. Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty:a. Nature as source for the knowledge of the primitive.b. Nature as refuge. 避难所c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitudes态度，看法1. Appeals to imagination; use of the "willing suspension of disbelief."2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality. 亲切，温暖舒适3. Subjectivity. 主观性，主观: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques技术1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.2. Improbable plots.3. Inadequate不充分的，不适当的or unlikely characterization.4. Authorial subjectivity.5. Socially "harmful morality;" a world of "lies."(Compare the above with Realistic T echniques.)6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns. 废弃的；老式的8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective formPhilosophical Patterns哲学的模式1.Nineteenth century marked by the influence of French revolution of 1789and its concepts of liberty自由, fraternity友爱, equality平等:a. Jacksonian democracy杰克逊民主 of the frontier. (Andrew Jackson on the Web)b. Intellectual and spiritual revolution - rise of Unitarianism 政府集权制.c. Middle colonies - utopian experiments like New Harmony, Nashoba,Fourierism傅立叶主义, and the Icarian community.2. America basically middle-class and English - practicing laissez-faire放任政策；不干涉主义(live and let live), modified because of geographical expansion and the need for subsidies forsetting up industries, building of railroads, and others.2.Institution of slavery in the South - myth of the master and slave - WilliamGilmore Simms' modified references to Greek democracy (Pericles' Athens which was based on a slave proletariat, but provided order, welfare and security for all) as a way of maintaing slavery1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?(1) An approach from ancient Greek: Plato 柏拉图(2) A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)Characteristics of romanticism1. Subjectivity 主观性，主观(1) Feeling and emotions, finding truth(2) Emphasis on imagination(3) Emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship,Natural goodness of human beings2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1) unrestrained by classical rules 自然的，无限制的，放纵的(2) full of imagination(3) colloquial language通俗语(4) Freedom of imagination(5) Genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3. back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau卢梭)American Romanticism1. Background(1) Political background and economic development(2) Romantic movement浪漫主义运动 in European countriesDerivative衍生物，派生物– foreign influence2. features(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of“a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1. Several names attached to Irving(1) First American writer(2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3) father of American literature2. life3. works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)(3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus 克里斯多弗·哥伦布（意大利航海家）(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada 格拉纳达（西班牙格拉纳达省会）(5) The Alhambra 阿罕布拉（美国加利福尼亚州的一个城市）；阿尔罕布拉宫（西班牙格拉纳达的摩尔人王宫）Literary career: two parts(1) 1809~1832a. Subjects are either English or Europeanb. Conservative love for the antique(2) 1832~1859: back to US2. style – beautiful(1) gentility文雅, urbanity都市风格；雅致, pleasantness 愉快(2) avoiding moralizing 说教– amusing and entertaining(3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4) vivid and true characters(5) humour – smiling while reading(6) musical languageJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏1. life2. works(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见)(2) The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3) Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲(his masterpiece, a series of five novels) The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3. point of view 观点立场the theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat贵族vs. democrat民主主义者, natural rights vs. legal rights法定权利4. style(1) highly imaginative(2) good at inventing tales 故事(3) good at landscape description(4) conservative 保守派，守旧者(5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6) language and use of dialect not authentic5 .literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.2. Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI. Background: four sources1. Unitarianism 政府集权制(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity 神；神性；神学of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3. Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”超灵 ,上帝4. PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismI. Appearance1836, “Nature” by Emerson ,爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson 美国思想家，诗人）II. Features1. spirit/oversoul 超灵；大灵2. importance of individualism3. nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4. focus in intuition直觉(irrationalism非理性主义and subconsciousness潜意识) III. Influence1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated提倡idealism唯心主义，理想主义t hat was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3. It helped to create the first American renaissance复兴–one of the most prolific period in American literature.Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生（美国作家）1. life2. works(1) Nature(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3. point of view(1) One major element of his philosophy哲学；哲理；人生is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”超灵.(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moralinfluence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual andimmanent God in nature.(3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become betterand even perfect. This iswhat Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.(4) Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.aesthetic ideas 美的；美学的(1) He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2) True poetry and true art should ennoble授予爵位.(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.2. his influenceHenry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗（美国作家及自然主义者）1. life2. works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2) Walden 瓦尔登湖(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3. point of view(1) He did not like the way a materialistic 唯物主义的；唯物论的America was developing and was vehemently 激烈地outspoken on the point.(2) He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system. ?(3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5) He was very critical of modern civilization.(6) “Simplicity…simplify!”(7) He was sorely disgusted with厌恶“the inundations of thedirty institutions of men’s odd-fe llow society”.(8) He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.3 Late RomanticismI. Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1. life2. works(1) Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2) The Scarlet Letter 红字，红色禁恋(3) The House of the Seven Gables(4) The Marble Faun3. point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).(3) He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science.aesthetic ideas美的；美学的；审美的(1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.(2) He was convinced that romance was the predestined注定的form of American narrative. T o tell the truth说实话and satirize 写讽刺作品and yet not to offend冒犯: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.2. style – typical romantic writer(1) the use of symbols(2) revelation启示of characters’ psychology(3) the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4) his stories are parable寓言 (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5) use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty –multiple point of viewHerman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（美国作家1. life2. works(1) Typee(2) Omio(3) Mardi(4) Redburn(5) White Jacket(6) Moby Dick 白鲸记(7) Pierre(8) Billy Budd3. point of view(1) He never seems able to say an affirmative肯定的，积极的yes to life: His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay不”(negative attitude towards life).(2) One of the major themes of his is alienation异化；疏远(far away from each other). Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress. 4 .h style(1) Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2) He tends to write periodic定期 chapters.(3) His rich rhythmical有韵律的prose and his poetic powerhave been profusely commented upon and praised.(4) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5) He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI. Walt Whitman惠特曼1. life2. work: Leaves of Grass草叶集 (9 editions)(1) Song of Myself(2) There Was a Child Went Forth(3) Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4) Democratic Vistas(5) Passage to India(6) Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking1. themes –“Catalogue of American and European thought”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment启蒙运动, idealism唯心主义，理想主义, transcendentalism超越论, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):equality of things and beingsdivinity of everythingimmanence of Goddemocracy民主evolution of cosmos 大波斯菊？multiplicity of natureself-reliant spirit自力更生death, beauty of deathexpansion of Americabrotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)pursuit of love and happiness4 style: “free verse”(1) no fixed rhyme or scheme(2) parallelism, a rhythm节奏；韵律of thought(3) phonetic recurrence(4) the habit of using snapshots(5) the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7) use of conventional image(8) strong tendency to use oral English(9) vocabulary –powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins,some even wrong(10) sentences –catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem linesinfluence(1) His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2) He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood. 使具有欧洲风味(3) He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4) Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.。

【英美文学】武大老师的课件英国文学浪漫主义时期TheRomanticPeriod

Romanticism / the Romantic Movement

an attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of arts in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid19th century. a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18thcentury rationalism and physical materialism in general. emphasizing the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the
New poetic features

language: simple, everyday life speech, common vocabulary and accent dialect e.g. Blake, Wordsworth form: lyrics(sonnet, ode), narrative (ballad) purpose: emotional, confessional and visionary/prophetic principles: imagination

Part VII The Romantic Period

2. The literary trends
2.1 Romanticism A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places. Many of the ideas of English Romanticism were first expressed by the poets, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
Teaching contents: 1. The Historical Background 2. The literary trends 2.1 Romanticism 2.2 The Main characteristics of Romanticism 2.3 The features of Romantic Poetry 2.4 Passive /escapist Romanticists and active romanticists 2.5 Lake Poets

2.2 The main characteristics of romanticism

The English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the parliament. It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson. In a word, there are various other characteristic of Romanticism, but these six—the protest against the bondage of rules, the return to nature and the human heart, the interest in old sagas and medieval Romans as suggestive of a heroic age, the sympathy for the toilers of the world, the emphasis upon individual genius, and the return to Milton and the Elizabethan for literary models— are the most noticeable and the most interesting.

No.4 The Romantic Period

the star spangled banner Oh, say can you see, by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? O say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
II.
Washington Irving (1783-1859) 1. Literary Status
Father of American literature

The first professional American writer The first American Romantic writer The first American short story writer The first American imaginative writer to be recognized by the Europeans

The Romantic Period

The Romantic Period (1798-1832)Definition of Romanticism1. As a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have begun in 1789 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Ref orm Bill in the Parliament. It was first started in Germany.2. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude towa rd the existing social and political conditions.3. The Romantics saw both the corru ption and injustice of the feudal societie s and the fundamental inhumanity of th e economic, social and political forcesof capitalism.4. The leading romantic thinkers dem onstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th -century writers and philosophers.5. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to t he outer world of social civilization to t he inner world of the human spirit.6. Romanticism tends to see the indi vidual as the very center of all life andall experience.Historical Background of the PeriodA. The French Revolution.1. The French Revolution 1784-1794. It marked the end of French feudalism and the beginning of capitalism.2. The revolution aroused the sympathy from English people.3. When Jacobite took the power of French Revolution, the English ruling cl ass was frightened. They formed allianc e with the ruling class of other countries to fight the Napoleonic War.4. In the Storm of Bastille, many poli tical criminals were released. Joan of A rc became a national heroine.5. Great thinkers in the revolution:a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher, wrote Du Contrat Social and Emile in 1762b. 1790, Edmund Burke published Re flections on the Revolution in France. He was conservative.c. 1791-1792,Thomas Paine and hisDeclaration of Rights of Man.d. 1793, William Godwin's Inquiry Concerning Political Justicee. William Cobbet whom Marx once extolled as "an instinctive defender of t he masses of the people against the e ncroachment of the bourgeoisie."B. The Industrial Revolution1. The primarily agricultural society w as replaced by a modern industrializedone.2. The Industrial Revolution forced pe ople to work in factory. It gives birth to the conflicts between factory owners a nd workers. The labors stroke for the i mprovement of working and living condi tions. There are two famous events: Lu ddite's Destruction of Machinery and Peterloo Massacre.3. 1810-1811, Luddite's Destruction of Machinery. Workers thought the inventi on of machinery took away their life from lands. They felt hatred toward machine.4. 1819, Peterloo Massacre, in the te xtile city Manchester. Workers gathered for the improvement of living and work ing conditions. Troops killed 9 and wounded hundreds.5. During the Industrial Revolution, the English society was often called "JUN GLE". It implies "the survival of the fitte st" --- cruelty, the hardship of working class.6. 1832, the Reform Bill gave capitalists the power of the nation.The Romantic Movement started in G ermany -- "the storm and stress" move ment. Leading figure Goethe.Feature of Romanticism1. Expressiveness.a. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. The Romantics believed that p oetry could purify both individual soulsand the society.b. Wordsworth's theory of poetry is c alling for simple themes drawn from hu mble life expressed in the language ofordinary people.c. The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.d. The Romantics believed that objec t should be the expression of the writer 's emotion, impression and beliefs.2. Imagination. It is in solitude, in co mmunication with the natural universe, t hat man can exercise this most valuable of faculties, the imagination.3. Worship of Nature. Nature is not o nly the major source of poetic imagery,but also provides the dominant subjectmatter.4. To escape from a world that had become excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic and ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times an d places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted.Lake poet or passive Romantic poet: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey - oldand conservative.Active Romantic poet: Byron, Shelly, Keats - young and revolutionary.5. Romantics also tend to be nationa listic, defending the great poets and dra matists of their own national heritage a gainst the advocates of classical rules.6. Romantic writers are always seeki ng for the Absolute, the Ideal through t he transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poe tic language, versification and design, a nd constructed a variety of forms on ori ginal principles of organization and style。

Exercises of the Romantic Period

Exercises of the Romantic PeriodI. Multiple-choice questions:1.Of all the following issues, —— is definitely not the focus of the Romanticwriters in the American literary history.a.Puritan moralityb. human bestialityc.noble savagesd. divinity of man2.Henry David Thoreau’s work, ____, has always been regarded as a masterpieceof the New England Transcendental Movement.a.Waldenb. The Pioneersc.Natured. Song of Myself3.“Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind” is a famousquote from ____’s writings.a.Walt Whitmanb. Henry David Thoreauc.Herman Melvilled. Ralph Waldo Emerson4.The famous 20-year sleep in “Rip Van Winkle” helps to construct the storyin such a way that we are greatly affe cted by Irving’s ____.a.involvement with the passage of timeb. transient beautyziness and corruptibility of human beingsd.supernatural manipulation of man’s life5.According to Emerson,man’s capacity is ____.a.ambiguousb. limitedc.infinited. subsidiary to God6.Moby Dick, the big white whale, is possibly read as symbolic of all the following except____.a.malignancyb. beautyc.adulteryd. God7.According to Hawthorne, romance should be ____.a.both imaginative and creativeb.full of adventuresc.a true record of human lifed.a mixture of facts and fancy8.Which of the following is not emphasized by the New EnglandTranscendentalism?a)Nature is not purely of matter, but alive with God’s overwhelmingpresence.b)Individual human beings are depraved, hence they should be improved.c)Material economy is good for spiritual wealth.d)In every single human being there dwells the divine spirit.9.The pink ribbon appears three times in respectively three places in “YoungGoodman Brown”, which might possibly suggest that ___.a.Goodman Brown’s night trial in the forest might be an illusion.b.Faith is seen to be there with Brown at the witch meeting.c.Hawthorne uses it as an indication of Brown’s physical presence in theforest.d.The pink ribbon is not Faith’s.10. Walt Whitman was a founding figure of American poetry. His innovationsfirst of all lies in his use of ___, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.a.blank verseb. heroic coupletc.free versed. iambic pentameter11.Leaves of Grass commands great attention because of its uniquely poeticembodiment of ___, which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.a.the democratic idealsb. the romantic idealsc.the self-reliance spiritsd. the religious ideas12.According to Whitman, the genuine participation of a poet in a commoncultural effort was to behave as a supreme ___.a.democratb. individualistc.romanticistd. leader13.Whitman is noted for his use of ___ language, which has a lot to do withhis early career as a newspaperman.a.oralb. poeticc.formald. archaic14.In ___, Washington Irving agrees with the protagonist no the preferabilityof the past to the present, of a dream-like world to the real word.a.Yong Goodman Brownb.Rip V an Winklec.Daisy Millerd.The Confidence-ManII. Blank filling:1.Ishmael, the character, is intended as a ______ to Ahab in that the former showsa strong capacity for love and sympathy whereas the latter does not.2.Emerson believed that man’s knowledge of the u niverse lies in an originalrelation with it, rather than in _________.3.The most clearly defined literary movement in the Romantic Period is generallyagreed to be ___________.4.In most of the American Romantic writings, a new emphasis was put on the _______qualities of literature.5.____________ is greatly honored as the American Goldsmith for his literarycraftsmanship.6.By means of _________, Walt Whitman believed, he has turned the poem into anopen field, an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.7.All his life, Hawthorne seemed to be haunted by _________, which he has managedto articulate fully in almost all his works.8.Faith in “Young Goodman Brown” is to a great extent read as a ________ figure,symbolic of the possibility of good in man as a whole.III. T-F statements:1.Emerson and his young fried Edgar Allan Poe are considered the forerunners of theliterary movement of New England Transcendentalism in the 19th century.2.Cooper, one of the 19th century American writers, is generally noted for his“Leather-Stocking Stales”.3.Geoffrey Crayon is a carefully contrived character in Washington Irving’s “The SketchBook” and his optimistic view of the changing society in his time impressed the readers.4.For Emerson and his disciples, material economy is good for spiritual wealth.5.Walt Whitman was also a political poet who wrote a series of poems incorporating hisemotions and feelings during the Civil War, which were gathered as a collection under the title of Drum Taps.6.The forest Y oung Goodman Brown goes to during his night journey is literally a placewhere the evil beings rustle about.7.Ahab seeks to destroy the whale to prove that man is greater than the power that hidesbehind the pasteboard masks of physical reality.8.Rip V an Winkle feels happy and fortunate to be with his family again after he comes backfrom the woods.9.Two juxtapositions are paralleled with one another in Irving’s “Rip V an Winkle”. One isbetween the pre-war and the post-war periods, and the other between a dream-like world and a temporal one.IV. Work-author pairing-up.1. The Scarlet Letter a. Herman Melville2. The Confidence-Man b. Walt Whitman3. The House of Seven Gables c. Nathaniel Hawthorne4. “The Over-Soul” d. Henry David Thoreau5. Walden, or Life in the Woods e. Washington Irving6. Song of Myself f. Ralph Waldo Emerson7. There was a Child Went Forth8. The Sketch Book9.Billy BuddV. Define the literary terms listed below.1.American Puritanism2.Transcendentalism3.Free verseVI. Reading comprehension:Directions: For each of the quotations listed below please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly interpret it.1.“ I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall consume,For every atom belongs to me as good belongs to you.”2.“Standing on the bare ground, --my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinitespace, --all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; thecurrents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.”3.“There was, as usual, a crowd of fold about the door, but none that Rip collected. The verycharacter of the people seemed changed. There was a busy, bustling, disputations tone about it, instead of the accustomed phlegm and drowsy tranquility. He looked in vain for the sage Ni choloas V edder,…”4.“Oh, lonely death on lonely life! Oh, now I feel my topmost greatness lies in my topmost grief.Ho, ho! From all your furthest bounds, pour ye now in, ye bold billows of my whole foregone life, and top this one piled comber of my death! Toward you I roll, thou all-destroying but unconquering whale; to the last I grapple with thee; from hells heart I stab thee; for hates sakeI spit my lat breath at thee. Sink all coffins and all hearses to one common pool! And sinceneither can be mine, let me them tow to pieces, while still chasing thee though tied to thee, thou damned whale!”5.“… On the Sabbath-day, when the congregation were singing a holy psalm, he could not listen,because an anthem of sin rushed loudly upon his ear, and drowned all the blessed strain. When the minister spoke from the pulpit, with power and fervid eloquence, and, with his hand on the open bible, of the sacred truths of our religion, and of saint-like lives and triumphant deaths, and of future bliss or misery unutterable, then did Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading, lest the roof should thunder down upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers. Often, awakening suddenly at midnight, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled, and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned pale.VI. Give brief answers to the following questions:1.What are some of the general artistic features of Walt Whitman’s poetry?2.What is generally the view Washington Irving expressed in his “Rip V an Winkle” about theradical changes that happened to the American society in his time?3.How important is “Walden, or Life in the Woods” written by Henry David Thoreau?4.Can we say that when Brown enters the dark forest he is really entering his own evil mind?If yes (or no), please explain.The Exercises of the Realistic PeriodI.Multiple-choice questions:1.Emily Dickinson was sometimes curious about the feeling of death and in one of herpoems she wrote about the ___ of death, the title of the poem is “I heard a Fly buzz whenI di ed”.a.Momentb. sufferingc.happinessd. meaning2.Theodore Dreiser belonged to the school of literary ___, which emphasized heredity andenvironment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presently in special and detailed circumstances.a.naturalismb. realismc. determinismd. humanism3.More than five hundred poems that Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which hergeneral ___ about the relationship between man and nature is well expressed.a.skepticismb. eulogyc. happinessd. denial4.“This is my letter to the World” is a poem expressing Emily Dickson’s ___ about hercommunication with the outside world.a.happinessb. angerc. anxietyd. sorrow5. Though secluded herself in her own house, Emily Dickson was never really indifferent of the outside world, as could be seen in her poems such as “I like to see it lap the Miles”, which describes a ___, an embodiment of modern civilization.b.snake b. animalc. the roadd. train6.In all his novels Theodore Dreiser set himself to project the materialistic American values. Forexample, in “Sister Carrie”, there is not one character whose status is not determined ____.a.hereditarilyb. economicallyc.by his or her literalnessd. historically7.Theodore Dreiser was influenced by many writers whose works he had read. But his trueliterary influences did not come from ___.a.Balzacb. Charles Darwinc.Herbert Spencerd. Ralph Waldo Emerson8.After “The Adventure of Tom Sawyer”, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom’s buddyHuck in a book called ___.a.Life on the Mississippi Riverb.The Golden Agec.Adventures of Huckleberry Finnd.A Connecticut Y ankee in King Arthur’s Court9.Winterbourne is used as a ___ in Henry James’s Daisy Miller.a.protagonistb. narrator of the eventsc.a character of central consciousnessd. persona10.One of the characteristics that have made Mark Twain one of the major literary figures in the19th century American literature is the use of ___.a.vernacularb. interior monologuec.point of viewd. photographic description5.The novelistic technique of projecting the narrative through feelings and thoughts of thecharacters, reached a perfected form in the works of ___.i.Henry James b. William Dean howellsc.Washington Irvingd. Emily Dickinson12. Emily Dickson’s verse is most aptly char acterized as ___.a.exposing the evils of the societyb.paving the way for the following generation of free verse poetsc.sharing the same poetic conventions as Walt Whitmand.exhibiting a sensitiveness to the symbolic implications of experience, such as love,death, immortality and etc.13.Of the following combinations of the works and their authors, the one which is incorrectlypaired is ___.a.The Fall of the House of Usher—Frank Norrisb.Sister Carrie—Theodore Dreiserc.The Red Badge of Courage—Stephen Craned.The Americans—Henry James14. The author of The Portrait of a Lady is best at ___.a.probing into the unsearched secret part of human lifeb. a truthful delineation of the motives, the impulses, the principles that shape the lives ofactual men and women.c.A dramatizing the collisions between two very different cultural systems on aninternational scened.Disclosing the social injustices and evils of civilized society after the Civil War.15. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality are ___.a.transcendentalismb. idealistsc. pessimistsd. impressionistsII.Black-filling.1.Two of the most outstanding features of James’ techniques are ___ and ___.2.In her little lyrics Emily Dickson addresses those issues that concern the whole humanbeings, which include ___, ___,___, ___, and nature.3.As a genre, ___ emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministicforces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailedcircumstances.4.The Post-Civil War era is generally recognized as an age of transformation because ofthe changes that took place, and it is also called ___.5.Winterbourne is ___ in Europe, who has lived there long and can hardly understandDaisy, whose behavior proves to be totally different from that of his.6.In “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”, Mark Twain skillfully worked out thejuxtaposition between wilderness and civilization, or between freedom and restrictionin the paralleled relationship of ___.III.T-F statements.1.Though Mark Twain was writing in a totally different style from that of HenryJames, both of them shared the same concern that literature should be able toproduce some moral or social effects on the readers at large.2.Huck fears God’s punishment so he decides to turn Jim over to his master, however,he makes the right the choice because he eventually comes to know the evil ofslavery system and the wrong it does to the blacks as a whole.3.Twain depicts the typical American boy, while James portrays the typical Americangirl, for both of the imaginative figures stand for some of the important values that are dear to American people.4.Dickson’s poems are usually short and unrhymed, but she never fails to entitle herpoems herself with the first line of each of the poems.5.“The Financier, The Titan, and The Genius” are called Theodore Dreiser’s Trilogyof Desire.6.Winterbourne is used in “Daisy Miller” as a narrator of the whole story, whoendeavors to put Daisy in a sort of formula and comments now and then on her behavior.IV.Identify the author of each of the following:1.The Portrait of a Lady2.Life on the Mississippi3.“This is my letter to the World”4.Sister Carrie5.The Turn of the ScrewV.Define the following literary terms:1.The local color2.American literary naturalism3.American literary realismVI.Give brief answers to the following questions:1.In what way is Twain’s realism differs from James’ realism?2.What are the most important themes of Emily Dickinson’s realism3.Why is “Sister Carrie” considered a naturalistic novels?VII.Reading comprehension:1.“We passed the school, where Children stroveAt Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Field of Gazing Grain—We passed the setting sun—“2.“Poor Winterbourne was amused, perplexed… above all he was charmed. He had neveryet heard a young girl express herself in just this fashion; never at least save in cases where to say such things was to have at the same time some rather complicated consciousness about them. And yet was the to accuse Miss Daisy Miller of an actual ora poetical arriere-pensee, as they said at Geneva? He felt he had lived at Geneva solong as to have morally muddled; he had lost sense for the young American tone…?”The Exercises of the Modern PeriodI.Multiple-choice questions:1.In Robert Frost’s famous poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”, there are forelines like these: “The woods are lovely, dark and deep, /But I have promises to keep, /And miles to go before I sleep, /and miles to go before I sleep.” The second sleep refers to ___.a.dieb. calm downc. fall into sleepd. stop walking2.Of the following American poets, whose work was first recognized in England and then inAmerica?a.Robert Frostb. Walt Whitmanb.Emily Dickinson d. Wallace Stevens3.“For I have had too much / of apple-picking: I am overtired/ Of the great harvest I myselfdesired”. From these lines we can conclude that the speaker ___.a.is happy about the harvestb. is tired of the work of apple-pickingb.is not tired when seeing the harvest d. is indifferent of the job4.In these lines “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; /Petals on a wet, black bouth”, EzraPound uses the figure of speech of ___.a.metaphorb. similec. hyperboled. contrast5.Chinese poetry and philosophy had great influence on ___.a.Robert Frostb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc.Ezra Poundd. Emily Dickinson6.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their ___.a.indestructible spiritb. pessimistic view of lifec. war experienced. masculinity7.O’Neill’s inventiveness seemingly knew no limits. He was constantly experimenting with newstyles and forms for his plays, especially during the twenties when ___ was in full swing.a.symbolismb. expressionismc. romanticismd. realism8.“He got me, aw right. I’m trou. Even him didn’t tink I belonged.” In these sentences takenfrom “The Hairy Ape”, the words “he” and “him” both refer to ___.a.Y ankb. Godc. the ape in the zood. a person unnamed9.Lots of people rushed to Gatsby’s party at the weekend and they clustered around Gatsby’swealth like ___.a.gluttonsb. fliesc. insectsd. moths10.Nick’s night trip to the Indian vi llage and his experience inside the hut can be taken as ___.a.an initiation to pain and sufferingb. a confrontation with evil and sinc.an essential lesson about Indian tripd. a learning process of human connections11.___ is a school of modern painting, whose emphasis is on the formal structure of a work of artand especially on the multiple-perspective viewpoints.a.expressionismb. impressionismc. cubismd. imagism12.In a class which discusses the Imagist Movement in the United States, we will definitely notinclude ___.a.Willam Carlos Williamsb. Ezra Poundc.Gary Snyderd. Wallance Stevens13.A typical modern work will no longer have one of the following as its trademark, that is, a___.a.record of sequence and coherenceb.book of fragments drawn from diverse areas of experiencec.juxtaposition of the past and present, of the history and memoryd.book that begins arbitrarily, advances without explanation, and end without solution.II.Blank-filling:1. Of all the plays that O’Neill wrote most of them are _______, dealing with t he basic issues of human existence and predicament such as life and death.2. Hemingway once said that ________ is a book from which all modern American literature comes.3. “North of Boston” is described by Robert Frost himself as ________, which shows a brilliant insight into New England character and the background that formed it.4. From the analysis of the Chinese _________ Pound learned to anchor his poetic language in concrete, perceptual reality, and to organize images into larger patterns through juxtaposition.5. “Grace under pressure” is actually ________ that Hemingway had been trying to demonstrate in his works.6. The reaction of the husband to the delivery of the baby in “Indian Camp” can possibly be understood as a sign of _________.7. Crates of oranges and lemons arrive at Gatsby house before the weekend and crates of pulpless halves leave after each weekend is over, which presents a picture of _______ and ________.8. The stream of consciousness technique is one of several experiments that modern writers did in which ________ is applied to literature.10.Stein was one of the first to call those American expatriates at the beginnig of the 20th century________________.11.______ is regarded as a spokesman for the alienated youth in the post-war e ra and his “TheCatcher in the Rye” is referred to as a student’s classics.12.When he describes Emily Grierson in “A Rose for Emily”, William Faulkner deliberately usesher hair as a symbol to refer to her character, especially ____________.III.T-F statements:1.“The Hairy Ape” is one of the most important drama written by Eugene O’Neill. Inthis play the Hairy Ape refers to the ape that kills Y ank in the zoo.2.Faulkner’s novels are often regarded as family sagas.3.Fitzgerald is famous in American literature for his description of he Code Hero.4.Ezra Pound was not only a good poet but also an influential literary critic whohelped many poets such as T. S. Eloit, Robert Frost.5.Robert Frost learned particularly from the familiar conventions of nature poetry andof classical pastoral poetry.6.Nick Adams learns through his father on their way back from the Indian camp thatdying is hard and the way to face death depends on individuals.7.Green lights on the end of the docks in “The Great Gatsby” is used by Fitzgerald todenot e exclusively Gatsby’s vision of his reunion with Daisy.8.Faulkner’s concern about the relation of the individual and his action to the past,present, and future is well wrought in displacement in the chronological timesequence.9.Sinclair Lewis, John Steinbeck, and Sherwood Anderson are very important writers,each of whom has, in his own way, contributed a great deal to the 20th centuryAmerican fiction.10.Works produced by Thomas Phychon, Joseph Heller, and John Bath are well knownfor their diversity of interests and their focus of attention on the ethic andmulticultural experiences.IV.Work-author pairing-up.1. The Hairy Ape a. F. Scott Fitzgerald2. The Sound and the Fury b. Eugene O’Neill3. Tender is the Night c. Ernest Hemingway4. For Whom the Bell Tolls d. William Faulkner5. Emperor Jones e. William Faulkner6. After Apple-Picking f. Robert Frost7. Light in August g. Eugene O’Neill8. “The Road Not Taken” h. Ezra Pound9. “In a Station of the Metro” i. Robert FrostV.Define the following literary terms:1.Expressionism2.Imagism3.Lost GenerationVI.Reading comprehension:1.“And why wouldn’t yuh get me? Ain’t we both members of de same club de Hairy Apes?”2. “Do ladies always have such a hard time having babies?” Nick asked. “No, that was very, very exceptional.”“Why did he kill himself, Daddy?”“I don’t know, Nick. He couldn’t stand things, I guess.”3. “I make a pact with you, Walt Whitman—I have detested you long enough,I come to you as a grown child,Who has had a pig-headed father;I am old enough now to make friends.”3.“A wafer of a moon was shining over Gatsby’s house, making the night fine as before,and surviving over Gatsby’s house, making the night fine as before, and surviving thelaughter and the sound of his still glowing garden. A sudden emptiness seemed to flownow from the windows and the great doors, endowing with complete isolation figure ofthe host, who stood on the porch, his hand up in a formal gesture of farewell.”5. “I shall take this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that had made all the difference.”e.Short-answer questions: the three principles of the Imagist Movement led by Pound and please explain thembriefly.2.The poetic world of Robert Frost is that of the rural world, the simple country life, the pastorallandscape. But why is Robert Frost still difficult to understand?3.How important I Nick’s experience at the Indian Camp to his initiation into the world?4.What impression does Gatsby’s first appearance make on the narrator? Was Gatsby what youexpected him to be? Why or why not?。

TheRomanticPeriod（真题答案）

TheRomanticPeriod（真题答案）Multiple Choices(200504)1. In his poem “Tyger, Tyger,” William Blake expresses his perception of the “fearful symmetry” of the big cat. The phrase “fearful symmetry” suggests ( )A. the tiger’s two eyes which are dazzlingly bright and symmetrically s etB. the poet’s fear of the predatorC. the analogy of the hammer and the anvilD. the harmony of the two opposite aspects of God’s creation2. “What is his name?”“Bingley.”“Is he married or single?”“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of la rge fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!”The above dialogue must be taken from ( ).A. Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudiceB. E mily Bronte’s Wuthering HeightsC. John Galsworthy’s The Forsyte SagaD. George Eliot’s Midd lemarch3. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except ( ).A. the using of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB. the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC. the humble and rustic life as subject matterD. elegant wording and inflated figures of speech4. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” is an epigrammatic line by（）.A. J. KeatsB. W. BlakeC. W. WordsworthD. P. B. Shelley5. The poems such as “The Chimney Sweeper” are found in both Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by ( ).A. William WordsworthB. William BlakeC. John KeatsD. Lord Gordon Byron(200604)6. In subject matter, W illiam Wordsworth’s poems have two major concerns. One is about nature. The other is about ( ).A. French RevolutionB. literary theoryC. deathD. common life of ordinary people7. Through the character of Elizabeth, Jane Austen emphasizes the importance of ( ) for women.A. marriageB. physical attractivenessC. independence and self-confidenceD. submissive character8. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is love and marriage. Which of the following is not a couple that appeared in Pride and Prejudice?A. Catherine and HeathcliffB. Lydia and WickhamC. Jane and BinleyD. Charlotte and Collins9. The sentence “three or four families in a country village are the very thing to work on” can best reflect the writer’s personal knowledge and range of writing. This writer is ( ).A. Walter ScottB. Thomas HardyC. Jane EyreD. Jane Austen(200607)10. In contrast to the Enlighteners, Romanticists regarded man as ( ).A. a social animalB. an evil creatureC. an individual with potential qualitiesD. a brutal animal11. “As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh! Lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”This part of stanza is taken from ( ).A.P.B. Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”B.G.G. Byron’s “Song for the Luddites”C.S.T. Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”D.W. Wordsworth’s “The Solitary Reaper”12. It is the publication of ( ) that brought George Gordon Byron fame. Byron himself once commented on it by saying “I awoke one morning and found myself famous.”A. Hours of IdlenessB. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage P193C. Don JuanD. Manfred(200704)13. It is generally regarded that Keats’ s most important and mature poems are in the form of______________.A．ode P217B．elegyC．epic D．sonnet14. Which of the following poems is a landmark in English poetry?A．Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge P175B．“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by William WordsworthC．“Remorse ”by Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD．Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman15. The literary form which is fully developed and the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is______________.A．prose B．dramaC．novel D．poetry(200707)16. Which of the following is taken from John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn”?A. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind”?B. “For Godsake hold your tongue, and let me love.”C. “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/Are sweeter”P220D. “The Child is father of the Man.”17. Of the following poets, which is not regarded as “Lake Poets”?A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SoutheyC. William WordsworthD. George Gordon Byron P17518. The four great odes of John Keats include the following EXCEPT ______.A. “Ode on Melancholy”B. “Ode on a Grecian Urn”C. “Ode to a Nightingale”D. “Ode to the West Wind”(200804)19. William Blake’s central concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is_______, which gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.A．youthhood B．childhoodC．happiness D．sorrow20. “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good for-tune, must be in want of a wife.” The quoted part is taken from ______.A．Jane Eyre B．Wuthering HeightsC．Pride and Prejudice D．Sense and Sensibility21. Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, ______ has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity.A．Charlotte Bront? B．Jane AustenC．Emily Bront? D．Ann Radcliffe22. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poeticdrama ______, which is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential.A．Adonais B．Queen MabC．Prometheus Unbound P208D．A Defence of Poetry23. The assertion that poetry originates from “emotion recollected in tranquility” belongs to ______. A．William Wordsworth B．Samuel Taylor ColeridgeC．Robert Southey D．William Blake24. All of the following poems by William Wordsworth are masterpieces on nature EXCEPT __D____.A．“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”B．“An Evening Walk”C．“Tintern Abbey”D．“The Solitary Reaper”P17725. English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have ended in 1832 with______.A．the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament P157 B．the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical BalladsC．the publication of T．S．Eliot’s The waste LandD．the passage of the Bill of Rights in the Parliament(200807)26.The major British Romantic poets Blake,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelley and Keats started a rebellion a gainst the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _____.A. the poetic romanceB. the poetic movementC. the poetic revolutionD. the poetic reformation27. Jane Austen’s main literary concern is about ______.A. human beings in their personal relationships P223B. the love story between the rich and the poorC. maturity achieved through the loss of illusionsD. the daily country life of the upper-middle-class English28. Among the following British Romantic poets ______ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. George Gordon ByronD. John Keats29. All of the following poets are regarded as “Lake Poets” EXCEPT _D_____.A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SoutheyC. William WordsworthD. William Blake30. The declaration that “I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION & Vision，” and that “The Nat ure of my work is visionary or imaginative’’ belongs to ______.A. William Blake P170B. William WordsworthC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. George Gordon Byron31. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?’’ The quoted line comes from ______.A. Shelley’s“Ode to the West Wind’’B. Walt Whitman’s Leaves of GrassC. John Milton’s Paradise LostD. John Keats’“Ode on a Grecian Urn”(200904)32. “Byronic hero” is a figure of the following traits EXCEPT ______.A. being proudB. being of humble origin P195C. being rebelliousD. being mysterious(200907)36. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is_____.A. love and moneyB. money and social statusC. social status and marriageD. love and marriage37. Wordsworth’s_____ is perhaps the most anthologi zed poem in English literature.A. “T o a Skylark”B. “I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud”P177C. “An Evening Walk”D. “My Heart Leaps Up”38. William Blake’s work ______ marks his entry into maturity.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Marriage of Heaven and Hell P169C. Songs of InnocenceD. The Book of Los39. Best of all the Romantic well- known lyric pieces is Shell ey’s_____.A. “The Cloud”B. “To a Skylark”C. “Ode to a Nightingale”D. “Ode to the West Wind”P20740. English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, isgenerally said to have begun with the publication of Wordsworth and Co leridge’s_____.A. Poetical SketchesB. A Defence of PoetryC. Lyrical BalladsD. The Prelude(201004)41. Shelley’ s po litical lyrics ______ is not only a war cry calling upon all working people to rise up against their political oppressors, but an address to them pointing out the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation.A. “Ode to Liberty”B. “Ode to Naples”C. “Ode to the West Wind”D. “Men of England”42. Jane Austen’ s practical idealism is that love should be justified by ______ and di sciplined by self-control.A. reasonB. senseC. rationalityD. sensibility（容易犯错的，不可靠的）43. “Where intelligence was fallible, limited, the Imagination was our hope of contact with eternal forces, with the whole spiritual world.” was said by ______.A. William WordsworthB. William BlakeC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. John Keats44. Because of her sensitivity to universal pattens of humanbehavior, ______ has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity.A. Charlotte BronteB. Jane AustenC. Emily BronteD. Henry Fielding45. Poetry is defined by ______ as “the spontaneous over flow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility”.A. William WordsworthB. William BlakeC. Percy Bysshe ShelleyD. Robert Southey(201007)46. The major theme of Jane Austen's novels is ______ toward which she holds on a practical idealism.A. love and moneyB. marriage and moneyC. love and familyD. love and marriage47. In ______ , Shelley created a Platonic symbol of the spirit of man, a force of beauty and regeneration.A. "To a Skylark"B. "The Cloud"C. "Ode to Liberty"D. Adonais48. Wordsworth's ______ is perhaps the most anthologized poem in English literature.A. "To a Skylark"B. "I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud"C. "An Evening Walk"D. "My Heart Leaps Up"49. The major representatives of the poetic revolution in English Romantic period were Samuel Taylor Coleridge and ______.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. John KeatsD. Percy Bysshe Shelley50. The declaration that "I know that This World is a World of IMAGINATION & Vision," and that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative" belongs to ______.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. George Gordon Byron(201104)51. One of Shelley’ s greatest political lyrics is ________, which was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.A. “Ode to Liberty”B. “Ode to Naples”C. “Sonnet: England in 1819”D. “Men of England”52. Jane Austen’ s first novel ________ tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs.A. Sense and SensibilityB. Pride and PrejudiceC. Northanger AbbeyD. Mansfield Park53. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” thequoted line comes from ________.A. Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”B. Walt Whitman’ s Leaves of GrassC. John Milton’s Paradise LostD. John Keats’“ Ode on a Grecian Urn”54. All of the following poems by William Wordsworth are masterpieces on nature EXCEPT________.A. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”B. “An Evening Walk”C. “Tinter Abbey”D. “The Solitary Reaper”55. William Blake’s ________ marks his entry into maturity.A. Poetical SketchesB. Songs of InnocenceC. Marriage of Heaven and HellD. Songs of Experience56. The work ________ by William Blake is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy world, though not without its evils and sufferings.A. Songs of InnocenceB. Songs of ExperienceC. Poetical SketchesD. Lyrical Ballads(201107)57. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four - act poetic drama ____________ , which is an ex- ultant work in praise of humankind’s potential.A. AdonaisB. Queen MabC. Prometheus UnboundD. Kubla Khan58. Among the Romantic poets ____________ is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. George Gordon ByronD. John Keats59. The major theme of Jane Austen’s novels is____________.A. love and moneyB. money and social statusC. social status and marriageD. love and marriage60. According to the subjects, William Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two gr oups, poems about____________.A. nature and human lifeB. happiness and childhoodC. symbolism and imaginationD. nature and common life61. William Blake’s ____________ composed during the climax of the French Revolution playsthe double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.（预言，预言书）A. The Book of UrizenB. The Book of LosC. Poetical SketchesD. Marriage of Heaven and Hell P169Reading Comprehension(200704)1.“For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,they flash upon that inward eye”Questions:A．Identify the author and the title.B．What does the phrase “inward eye” mean?C．Write out the main idea of the passage in plain English.Answer:A.The title of poem is “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,” whose author is William Wordsworth.B.The phrase “inward eye” refers to human soul.C.This passage mainly expresses the poet’s love for the daffodils. The poet thinks that it is a bliss to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind while he is in solitude.(200807)2.“The river glideth at his own sweet will：Dear God! the very houses seem asleep； And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(from William Wordsworth’s“Composed upon Westminster Bridge”)Questions：A. What figure of speech is used in the quoted lines?B. What does “that mighty heart” refer to?C. What does the poem describe? ？Answer:A.The quoted lines employ personification.B.“That mighty heart” refers to London.C.This poem describes the beauty of London in early morning seeing from the Westminster Bridge.3.“When the stars threw down their spears,And water’d heaven with th eir tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”Questions：A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are takenB. Whom does the “he’’ refer to?C. What does the “Lamb” symbolize? ？Answer:A.This title of t his poem is “The Tyger” written by William Blake.B.The word “he” refers to the God, the Creator.C.“Lamb” symbolizes peace and purity.4.(200904)“Wherefore feed and clothe and saveFrom the cradle to the graveThose ungrateful drones who wouldDrain your sweat- nay, drink your blood?”Questions:A. Identify the poet and the title of the poem from which the stanza is taken.B. What figure of speech is used in Line 2?C. Whom does “drones” refer to?Answer:A.The title of this poem is “A Song: Men of England” written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.B.Metonymy (转喻) is used in Line 2.C.“Drones” mean the male of the honey-bees that do not work, referring here to the parasitic class inhuman society. ？5.(200907)“Behold her, single in the field,Yon solitary Highland lass!Reaping and singing by herself;Stop here, or gently pass!Alone she cuts and binds the grain,And sings a melancholy strain;O listen! For the Vale profoundIs overflowing with the sound.”Questions:A. Identify the poet.B. What’s the rhyme scheme fo r the stanza?C. What’s the theme of the poem?Answer:A.The author of this poem is William Wordsworth.B.It is an iambic verse. The rhyme scheme for this stanza is ababccdd.C.This poem uses the rural figure –the “Highland lass” to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowfulhumanity and its radiant beauty. ？6.(201004)“Wherefore, Bees of England, forgeMany a weapon, chain, and scourge,That these stingless drones may spoilThe forced produce of your toil?”Questions:A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the lines are taken.B. What do you know about the poem’ s writing background?C. What do you think the poet intends to say in the poem?Answer:A.It’s Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “A Song: Men of England”.B.This poem was written in 1819, the year of the Peterloo Massacre.C.The poet intends to call upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors,while pointing out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation. ？7.(201007)"Beside a pumice isle in Baiae's bay,And saw in sleep old palaces and towersQuivering within the wave's intenser day,All overgrown with azure moss and flowersSo sweet, the sense faints picturing them! ThouFor whose path the Atlantic's level powers"(From Shelley's" Ode to the West Wind")Questions:A. In what form is the poem written?B. What does the quotation" the sense faints picturing them" mean?C. What idea does Shelley express in this poem?Answer:A.The poem is written in the terza rima form, deriving from Shelley’s reading of Dante.B.It means that seeing the images so beautiful one feel faint to describe them.C.Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedomfrom the reality.8.(201104)“When the stars threw down their spears,And water’ d heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee?”Questions:A. Who’s the poet of the quoted stanza, and what’s the t itle of the poem?B. Whom does the “he” refer to?C. What does the “Lamb” symbolize?Answer:D.This title of this poem is “The Tyger” written by William Blake.E.The word “he” refers to the God, the Creator.F.“Lamb” symbolizes peace and purity.9. (201107)“Never did sun more beautifully steepIn his first splendor, valley, rock or hill;Ne’er saw I, never felt, a calm so deep !The river glideth at his own sweet will:Dear God! The very houses seem asleep;And all that mighty heart is lying still!”(From Wordsworth’s sonnet Composed upon Westminster Bridge)Questions:A. What does this sonnet describe?B. What does the phrase “mighty heart” refer to?C. The sonnet follows strictly the Italian form. What is the feature of the Italian form of sonnet? Answer:A.The sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morningin London.B.“Mighty heart” refers to London.C.There is a clear division between the octave and the sestet; the rhyme scheme is abbaabba, cdcdcd.Questions and Answers1.(200604) English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworthand Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballad s.Why is Lyrical Ballads considered the milestone to mark the beginning of English Romanticism? Answer:A.In Lyrical Ballads,Wordsworth and Coleridge explored new theories and innovated new techniques inpoetic writing.B.The preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school andWordsworth sets forth his own critical creed of poetry and poet.C.In this work, Wordsworth employs a different style from his early works, that is, simplicity in language,sympathy for the poor, and expressions of inward states of mind.2.(200807) As a leading Romanticist,Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “By ronic Hero”.Briefly explain the literary term “Byronic Hero’’. (See the third paragraph on Page 195 and the first paragraph on Page196).3.(200907)What’s the literary style of Shelley as a Romantic poet?Answer:A.Shelley expressed his love for freedom and his hatred toward tyranny in several of his lyrics.B.Shelley is regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all English poets.C.See the second paragraph on page 209.4.(201004) Briefly introduce Blake’ s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.Answer:A.Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though notwithout its evils and sufferings.B.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with amelancholy tone.C.Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience.Topic Discussion1.(200504) Elizabeth Bennet, the heroine in Pride and Prejudice, is often regarded as the most successfulcharacter created by Jane Austen. M ake a brief comment on Elizabeth’s character.Answer:A. Elizabeth is clever，alert，observant．She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizing the Characters of Bingley`s sisters．She recognizes Mr．Collins’ character in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and With dignity his patronizing proposal．She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam，earning their respect and admiration．B．Fearless and frank，not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh，she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed．She is independent but not infallible in her judgment--taken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham．She cannot be blamed for misjudging Darcy．C．She shows flexibility，discernment，and honesty of mind when she reads Darcy's defense in his letter and admits the justice of mach of what he says．Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him．She recognizes and values true worth when She encounters it in Jane，the Gardiners，and，near the end of the novel，in Darcy．She sees more clearly than her father the danger of sending Lydia to Brighton．D．She is able to control her emotions at times of stress-when she first encounters Darcy at Pemberley；when she realizes that she loves Darcy and has good reason to fear that She has lost him，She waits without repining for time to bring a solution．She is witty，fun—loving，recognizes humor in herself and in others，but ridicualing only folly，nonsense，and inconsistencies. She recognizes the follies of her own family and their shortcomings as well as their virtues．E．She is considerate of others but quite capable of asserting herself when occasion demands．She has a playful and unaffected manner，sunny disposition，natural animation，sense of fun，and sweet reasonableness．She is ready to laugh at herself and everything save "What is Wise and good．"She shows a sense of humor by telling what Darcy has said about her at the Meryton ball2.(200604) Under the influence of the leading romantic thinkers life Kant and the Post-Kantians, Romanticistsdemonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century’s Neoclassicists. Discuss, in relation to the works you know, the difference between Romanticism and Neoclassicism.Answer:A. Neo-classicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus, literary expressions should be of proporti on, unity, harmony and grace. Pope’s An Essay on Criticism advocates grace, wit, and simplicity in language; Fielding’s Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel; Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard displays elegance in style, unified structure, serious tone and moral instruction.B. Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings,” and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were (Wordsworth’s “I Wandered as a Cloud,’’ or “The Solitary Reaper,” or Coler idge’s “Kubla Khan”), the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.C. In a word, Neo-classicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual’s mind (emotion, imagination, temporary experience…) .3.(201007) Please elaborate Wordsworth's theory of poetry, taking examples from the poems you havelearned to support your ideas.Answer:A.Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates inemotion recollected in tranquillity”. (Take “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” as an example. See PPT).B.Wordsworth also maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary peoplewere the raw material of which poetry could and should be made. (Take “The Solitary Reaper”as an example. See page 178 & PPT).。

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Intellectual Background Thinkers in the later half of the 18th century 1) Rousseau French philosopher the father of romanticism He rejects the worship of reason. “the cult of the individual” 2) Thomas Paine He published The Rights of Man in 1791. assertion of indivts Forerunners or Pre-romantic poets: William Blake, Robert Burns The passive Romantic poets or the “Lake Poets”: William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey The active Romantic poets or the Revolutionary Romantic poets: George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, (John Keats)
粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴，又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃；我久久凝视－－却未领悟这景象所给我的精神至宝。
后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠；这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞；我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐。
Rhyme scheme of each stanza? ababcc Theme? Harmony sings of the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself.
They name thee before me, A knell to mine ear; A shudder comes o'er me--Why wert thou so dear? Thy know not I knew thee who knew thee too well--Long, Long shall I rue thee Too deeply to tell.
Comments on Wordsworth Page 84
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
柯勒律治 Lyrical poet Literary critic
Principal contribution: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner It tells a strange, supernatural sea tale in the form of a ballad.(Page 87)
national liberation movements and democratic movements 2. “the full swing of English Industrial Revolution” brought great wealth to the rich and worsened working and living conditions of the poor
Romanticism “It is a broad artistic and literary movement that affected the whole of Europe and America.” “English Romanticism begun in 1798 … Reform Bill in the Parliament.” Romanticism stresses strong emotions, imagination, nature, freedom from classical art form, and expresses an extreme assertion of the self and the value of individual experience.
Chief Literary Achievements 1)Poetry Romanticists: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats 2) Prose Essayists 3) Novel Two novelists Gothic novel 4) Poetic drama
When we two parted In silence and tears, Half broken-hearted To serve for years, Pale grew thy cheek and cold, Colder thy kiss, Truly that hour foretold Sorrow to this.
William Wordsworth
华兹华斯
Poet
Lyrical Ballads “Preface to Lyrical Ballads” “I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” William Wordsworth’s poetic ideas: Poetry is Spontaneous. Nature inspires Poetry. Common subjects can be poetic.
She Walks in Beauty (background) 她在美中行走她走在美的光彩中，像夜晚皎洁无云而且繁星漫天；明与暗的最美妙的色泽在她的仪容和秋波里呈现：耀目的白天只嫌光太强，它比那光亮柔和而幽暗。
增加或减少一份明与暗就会损害这难言的美。美波动在她乌黑的发上，
或者散布淡淡的光辉
1798
the publication of Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth & Coleridge)
1832
the death of Sir Walter Scott and the passage of the first Reform Bill
Historical Background 1. French Revolution (1789), American Revolution (1775-1783)
昔日依依惜别，泪流默默无言；离恨肝肠断，此别又几年。冷颊向愕然，一吻寒更添；日后伤心事，此刻已预言。
The dew of the morning Suck chill or my brow--It felt like the warning Of what I feel now. Thy cows are all broken, And light is thy fame; I hear thy name spoken, And share in its shame.
“Kubla Khan”
Literary criticism:
Biographia Literaria
The second period of English Romanticism: Active participation in and support to the democratic cause in Britain and Europe. Because of the turbulent and eventful life they chose to live, they also share a sad fate of dying young.
在那脸庞，恬静的思绪
指明它的来处纯洁而珍贵
呵，那额际，那鲜艳的面颊，如此温和，平静，而又脉脉含情，那迷人的微笑，那容颜的光彩，都在说明一个善良的生命：她的头脑安于世间的一切，她的心充溢着真纯的爱情！
When We Two Parted 当初我们两分别 When we two parted In silence and tears, Half broken-hearted To serve for years, Pale grew thy cheek and cold, Colder thy kiss, Truly that hour foretold Sorrow to this.
The passive Romantic poets or the “Lake Poets” They withdrew from the upheavals of the outside world to dwell in the quiet Lake District of England. The active Romantic poets or the Revolutionary Romantic poets They engaged themselves more directly in the struggles and revolutions both at home and abroad.
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 我孤独地漫游，像一朵云我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，突然我看见一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放，它们开在湖畔，开在树下，它们随风嬉舞，随风波荡。
(background)
它们密集如银河的星星，像群星在闪烁一片晶莹，它们沿着海湾向前伸展，通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；一眼看去就有千朵万朵，万花摇首舞得多么高兴。
Byronic Hero: It is derived from Lord Byron and his works. The Byronic Hero is a character type found in his Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Don Juan and other works. The Byronic hero typically exhibits several of the following traits: arrogant, cynical, disrespectful of rank and privilege, emotionally conflicted etc. Emily Bronte’s Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights is a later example.