词法翻译
翻译技巧一词法翻译法
翻译技巧一词法翻译法词法中文翻译法是一种将英文涉及的词法结构准确转换成中文的翻译方法。
以下是一些词法翻译的技巧：1.词性转换：根据英文词的词性，在中文中选择相应的词性来进行翻译。
例如，将英文动词翻译为中文动词，将英文名词翻译为中文名词等。
2.词序调整：英语中的语序往往与中文不一致，因此在翻译过程中需要调整词语的顺序。
例如，在英文中形容词通常在名词之前，而在中文中通常在名词之后。
3. 词义转换：有些词在不同的语言中具有不同的意义，因此需要根据上下文选择合适的词义进行翻译。
例如，英文单词“present”既可以指“礼物”，也可以指“现在”。
在翻译时需要根据具体语境选择合适的中文词义。
4. 拆分合并：有些英文词在中文中需要拆分成多个词进行翻译，反之亦然。
例如，英文单词“breakfast”可以拆分成“早餐”进行翻译，中文词组“飞机场”可以合并成英文单词“airport”。
5.排序问题：中文和英文在表达时间、地点等信息时，顺序不同。
在翻译过程中需要注意将这些信息按照正确的顺序表达出来。
6. 同音词替换：有些英文词在发音上与中文词相似，可以使用同音词进行翻译。
例如，英文单词“flower”可以使用中文词“花”进行翻译。
7. 翻译成习惯用语：有些英文词没有直接对应的中文词，可以根据上下文和中文语境，将其翻译成习惯用语。
例如，英文表达“keep your chin up”可以翻译成中文的“保持乐观”。
总之，词法中文翻译法需要考虑词性转换、词序调整、词义转换、拆分合并、排序问题、同音词替换和翻译成习惯用语等方面的技巧，以确保翻译准确、地道。
英译中技巧
英译中翻译技巧一、翻译总的原则1. 表达应建立在理解的基础上。
2．翻译时既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的习惯。
3．翻译不可太拘泥于原文的形式。
二、翻译技巧1．词法翻译1.1增词译法为使译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致起来，使得译文在与原文在内容、形式和精神等三方面都对等起来，需在原文的基础上添加必要的词、词组、分句或完整句。
e.g. 1) They were frank and candid with each other in a relaxed way.译文：他们相互之间开诚布公、直言不讳而且气氛十分轻松。
2)Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed.译文：准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？3)Our rushing is understandable, but costly.译文：人们的忙碌是可以理解的，但是为此付出的代价却是昂贵的。
试比较：1) 他喜欢指出别人的缺点，但用意是好的。
译文：He likes to point out other people’s shortcomin gs, but he means well.(增加主语)2)屋里准有人，我听见有人声。
译文：There must be someone in the room, for I heard a voice. (增加连接词)说明：增词译法在英译汉中主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分；在汉译英中一般是增添原文中为了语言简洁而被省去的成分如，主语、宾语、物主代词、连接词、介词等1.2减词译法就是把原文中需要的译文中不需要的词、词组等在翻译时加以省略，以适应译文语法和习惯表达法的需要。
e.g. 1)One must make painstaking effort before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language.(省略主语)译文：要掌握一门外语，非下苦功不可。
词法翻译
Amplification（增词法） （增词法）
By amplification we mean supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear, to make it more like the language translated into. Of course words thus supplied must indispensable either syntactically or semantically. In other words, a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to the original. There are two kinds: 1)Words for syntactic construction—to secure correctness, 2)Words supplied for semantic completion—to secure clearness. Both aim at making the version expressive and readily understood by the reader.
（一）英译汉常用的增益法
I．增加原文中省略的部分 1. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power used. （power后省略了can be） 自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道， 原子可以分裂，原子能可以 可以利用。 可以 2. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money.（money后省略了are soon parted） 愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃 很快放弃手里 很快放弃 的钱。
第二章 翻译技巧：词法翻译法
一、词的选择和意义引申考研翻译的过程和核心解题策略一、理解应以原文，拆分语法结构二、改变原文顺序，组合汉语译文词义选择和词义引申词义的选择和词义引申是考研翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。
1.在1994年72)题a leader of the new school contends 中，school 是“学派”的意思，而不是“学校”的意思；2.在1996年74）题elegant system 中，elegent是“完美，完善”的意思，而不是“优雅”的意思；3.在2001年75）题And home appliances will become so smart that ...中，smart 是“智能化”的意思，而不是“聪明”的意思；4.在2003年75）题like the concept of set in mathematics 中，set 是“集，集合”，而不是“一套，放置”等意思；5.在2004年62）题we are obliged to them 中，obliged是“感谢，感激”，而不是“被迫”的意思。
词义的选择例1.I’ll see her home tonight.今晚我送她回家。
例2. India is the home of elephants.印度是大象的生长地。
例3.He’s at home with the classics.他精通古典文学。
例4.New homes are for sale.新房出售。
例5.She’s at home where she is.她在哪儿都自由自在。
例6.Maternity homr costs in America have gone up sharply.美国妇产医院收费已经急剧上涨。
例7.Much is produced here for home market.这里为国内市场生产了许多产品。
例8.He looks on London as his home.他把伦敦看成是他的故乡。
翻译技巧一：词法翻译法
词义的选择
英语与世界上任何一种语言一样 都存在着一词多义的现象。所谓 一词多义，是指同一个词在同一 种词性中，具有几个不同的词义。 在英语与汉语中，很难找到一词 一义的对应情况，这就需要在翻 译过程中理解英语原文中单词的 意思，然后努力地寻找在汉语中 与这个英语单词具有相同意义的 常用表达方法。就home这个词而 言，大多数人都知道有“家”的 意思，但是，上下文不一样， home的翻译就完全不一样。
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Байду номын сангаас
delicate vase 容易碰碎的花瓶 delicate diplomatic question 微妙的外交问题 delicate surgical operation 难做的外科手术 delicate ear for music 对音乐有鉴赏力 delicate sense of smell 灵敏的嗅觉 delicate food 美味的食物
•
• • •
•
（一）根据词性确定词义
• 如：book这个单词，在作名 词时，意思是“书，书籍”； 用作动词却常表示“预订， 预约”的意思。又如：while 作连词时，有 “当...的时候， 而，虽然”等意思；作名词 时，却指“片刻，一会儿”； 作动词，又有“消磨”的意 思。遇到这种情况，如果不 弄清楚词性，常常就会将词 义搞错，进而影响原文的正 确理解和准确翻译。因此在 翻译中，我们可以根据语法 关系来辨别关键词的词性， 以便能准确的判断词义。
动词work在翻译时如果上下文不同，汉语习惯搭配也不一样，翻译时应 该选择不同的词义来表达。 • I think your suggestion will work. 我想你的建议行得通。 • The new treatment works like magic. 新疗法疗效神奇。 • My watch doesn‟t work. 我的表不走了。 • The sea works high. 海浪汹涌起伏。 • She worked her way to the front. 她好不容易才挤到前面。 • The root of the pine tree worked down between the stones. 松树的树根在石缝间扎下去。 • The new regulation is working well 新规定执行得很顺利。
第二章 词法翻译一般技巧(1--7法)
18)一语道破
hit the nail on the head
19) 充耳不闻 20) 出人头地 21) 吹毛求疵 22) 破釜沉舟 23) 大惊小怪 24) 大海捞针 25) 颠倒黑白 26) 得意忘形 27) 攀龙附凤 28) 大发雷霆 29) 骑虎难下 30) 视而不见
委员会提出那个提案，他们就把它否 决了。
They killed the motion when it came from the committee.
5）不顾具体搭配
由于不同语言有不同的选择限制，汉英两种语言中 某些对应的词语搭配范围是不尽相同的。 首先，使用范围大小不同。 其次，可引申的程度或引申义不同。 最后，上下义词的搭配分工不同。在汉语中泛指一 般动作的动词只能与泛指一般事物的名词搭配，表 示具体动作的动词往往只能与表示具体事物的名词 搭配；英语一般不受此限制。
汉译英句子翻译实例：
41) 这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。 The economic situation in these countries is on the downgrade. 42) 为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 In order to throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries. 43) 扪心自问，他不得不承认自己是错了。 By searching his heart he could not but admit that he was in the wrong. 44) 他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气很高，准备再打一个漂亮仗。 Every one of them rolled up his sleeves for battle, high in morale and ready to win another brilliant victory. 45) 我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场球。 We must do our level best to win this game.
Unit 4 词法翻译 - 增词法和省词法
Unit 4. Translation Techniques of Words and Expressions 词法翻译（2）Outline of this unit1. Addition 增词法2. Omission 省词法1. Addition 增词法增补翻译是在原文的基础上，增加一些词语，使译文的语法结构、修辞方式及语言表达符合汉语的行文要求。
要点：增词不增义，增加原文中已省略但汉语表达所需要的词语，不能随心所欲地增加。
增词法的主要类型：语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词修辞方面：名词复数、语气词逻辑方面：表示概括性、承上启下、逻辑关联的词语语法方面：动词、量词、时态词、名词上述这些词汇在英语语法中省略了，但在汉语中不可或缺，译文中要增加。
动词：英语动词呈显性；汉语动词在句中是表意的重心，不可少，并且汉语动词不受形态的约束，运用极为灵活，在汉语中备受青睐。
I fell madly in love with her, and she with me.Histories make men wise, poets witty, the mathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, moral grave, logic and rhetoric able to contend.After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.练习：I am looking forward to the holidays.We won’t retreat, we never have and never will.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.The world needn’t be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other sources of fuel for the future.接下来看增加量词的情况。
词法翻译学生版
第二章词法翻译A word may have different meanings in different contents.The meaning of a word is determined by its contents.词法翻译即根据“表达通顺”的需要在词类层次进行的各种处理，包括词性（类）转换、增词或减词、重复或省略、正译或反译、抽象化和具体化等等方法，以达到“表达通顺”之目的，此类方法，大多属于“此路不通，另辟蹊径”。
第一节词类转译词类转译又叫词性转换。
翻译过程中，为了句子通顺的需要，有时需改变原文的词性，不必也不可拘泥于原文的词性：即不能追求词性的对等。
一、转译成动词：1.Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.2.The government called for the establishment of more technical schools.3.I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.lions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.5.It was a very informative meeting.6.This pupil is a good writer.7.I am no drinker, nor smoker.8.I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brot her is a better teacher than I.9.Rockets have found their application for the exploration of the universe.10. Arrogance and complacency turned out to be his ruin.11. The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.12. Ours is a policy for peace.13. Those Mexicans were great workmen. (jinghao: P.107)14. The Bench was nothing to me but an insensible blunderer.15. He is not an originator, but merely a calculator.二、转译成名词：1. Formality has always characterized their relationship.2. To them, he personified the absolute power.3. It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the conference.4. This instrument is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.6. This problem is no more important than that one.7. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.8. Stevenson is eloquent and elegant—but soft.9. Because of Einstein’s theory, scientists never regarded again regar ded the world as they had before.10. The knowledge of how to communicate in an original, amusing, and spontaneous manner todelight the audience may be of importance to a would-be lecturer.三、转译成形容词。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2012-2013（1）研究生英语翻译理论与实践1词法翻译一、词义的选择（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义。
⏹Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.⏹He likes mathematics more than physics.⏹In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.⏹Like knows like.（二）根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系选择和确定词义。
⏹He is the last man to come.⏹He is the last man to do it.⏹He is the last person for such a job.⏹He should be the last man to blame.⏹He is the last man to consult.⏹This is the last place where I expected to meet you.⏹An area the si ze of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and theypracticed taking off time after time from this restricted space.⏹He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to takeoff.二、词义的引申（一）将词义抽象化的引申1. 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词。
⏹There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of him.⏹Every life has roses and thorns.⏹ 2. 将带有特征性形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词。
⏹In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the1920s that Hit ler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930.⏹See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weekswas never distinct.（二）将词义具体化的引申⏹The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.⏹Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars. The walls ofanti-Semitism were closing in.三、词义的褒贬⏹（一）有些词本身就有褒贬意义，翻译时就应相应地表达出来。
⏹He was a man of high renown.⏹His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.⏹The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.⏹Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.⏹“He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled.⏹We were shocked by his coarse manners.⏹(二) 有些词的词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，翻译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应词来表达。
⏹“After all”, counseled Sonnenfelt, “you’re the only Republican I know with the properacademic credentials.” Kissinger demurred. Such an offer, he said, was highly unlikely.⏹He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had certain reputation. I believe thereputation was not deserved.⏹He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.⏹As a demanding boss, he expected loyalty and dedication from employees.Put the following into Chinese, paying attention to the word “charge”.1. He was charged with murder.2. With a final effort, the troops charged the enemy for the last time.3. How much do you charge for mending the shoes?4. Please charge the shaver for me for I will use it tomorrow.5. Mr. Wilson charged the drinks to his room.6. Demonstrators have charged that the police used excessive force against them.参考答案一、词义的选择（一）根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义。
Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.相同的电荷相斥；不同的电荷相吸。
He likes mathematics more than physics.他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。
In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。
（介词）Like knows like.英雄识英雄。
（二）根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系选择和确定词义。
He is the last man to come.他是最后来的。
He is the last man to do it.他是绝不会干那件事的。
He is the last person for such a job.他最不配干这个工作。
He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。
He is the last man to consult.根本不宜找他商量。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you.我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你。
An area the size of the Hornet’s flight deck was marked off on an airstrip and they practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space.机场上标出了大黄蜂号甲板一样大小的一块地方。
他们一次又一次地练习在这样一块有限的范围内起飞。
He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.他工作时总是坐在椅子边上，好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。
二、词义的引申（一）将词义抽象化的引申。
There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of him.他的性格即残暴又狡猾。
Every life has roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有苦有甜。
（每个人的生活都有悲有喜。
）In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitler’s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930…事实上，在整个二十年代，纳碎党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众好感，以至于在1930年希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特市（德国西部城市）的权利。
See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.在那以后的四个星期，消息时而有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断交替出现，一直没有明朗化。
（二）将词义作具体化的引申。
The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green.我前面的那辆车停了。
我错过了绿灯。
Jewish-owned shops were shut down. Swastikas replaced six-pointed stars.The walls of anti-Semitism were closing in.犹太人的铺子关闭了。
卐字旗取代了六角星旗。
反犹太主义的包围圈一天紧似一天。
三、词义的褒贬（一）有些词本身就有褒贬意义，翻译时就应相应地表达出来。
He was a man of high renown.他是位有名望的人。
His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.他作为流氓的恶名是死后才传开的。
The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。