《英语修辞学》第三章
英语修辞学课件
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
As firm as a rock As mute as a fish As strong as a horse As brave as a lion As obstinate as a cow As white as snow As black as ink / pitch As changeable as the weather As wet as a drowned rat As blind as a bat As fat as a pig As proud as a peacock As fresh as a rose
Type One: like
w Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. w Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out.
Metaphor
A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. (Webster‘s New World Dictionary)
All the world‘s a stage, And all men and women merely players; They have their exits and entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages… (Shakespeare, As you Like it ) The first clause sets up the basic comparison. The tenor and vehicle invoked by the first line are elaborated in the lines that follow. The metaphor makes possible for the literary writer to explain things vividly in great detail.
《英语修辞学》第三章
We should note the following essential points:
• 1 In our choice of words, we must pay attention to their meaning, sound, and context of use. • 2 When writing sentences, we must consider their structure, length, and cohesion. • 3 Figures of speech are an important part of our writing armory(宝库).
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2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words 1) Characteristic of English vocabulary: include over a half-million words, and thousands of new ones are added every year. 2) Principles of choosing words: To communicate our ideas precisely and effectively, we should choose the right words that are exact, fresh, vivid, and appropriate. E.g. ① a fond/ loving look, my fond/ loving mother
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Read and comment upon the following paragraph • 1. Before I went to school, I spent my time playing with my friends. When the weather was bad, I had to stay at home and my mother used to try to teach me to read and write. When I was five years old, I started my primary education. My family lived in a small town in Scotland. I used to go home when the bell rang for lunch. After I finished lunch, I quickly ran back to school. We used to play in the school playground before the afternoon classes began. When I was at primary school, I studied very simple subjects. The second world war started after I had been at primary school for three years. In 1942, I sat the entrance examination to junior secondary school.
现代英语修辞学
普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材现代英语修辞学Moder n English Rhetor ic胡曙中编著上海外语教育出版社图书在版编目(CIP)数据现代英语修辞学/胡曙中编著.—上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004ISBN7-81095-185-8Ⅰ.现…Ⅱ.胡…Ⅲ.英语修辞教材Ⅳ.H315中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2004)第014498号早在1982年,我的导师杨小石先生有意要编一本适合我国英语专业使用的英语修辞学教材,为此,他邀请了包括我在内的三位教师一起参加编写,我们商定了编写大纲,也作了具体的分工。
我当时只有35岁,对编写这么一本教材的困难程度并不清楚,但却凭着一股劲,居然勉强地完成了自己那一部分,但是由于他们未能完成自己的部分,我的那一部分最后也就不了了之了。
从那时到现在,时间过去了20多年。
在这20多年中,我读了一些书,作了一些研究,从《英汉修辞比较研究》、《美国新修辞学》到《英语修辞学》,我走了过来。
坦诚地说,前面走过的路不都是一步一个脚印的,但就在这步履艰难的过程中,我逐渐知道了什么是英语修辞,知道了如何来阐释和应用英语修辞。
现在奉献给大家的这本《现代英语修辞学》,承蒙教育部和有关专家的厚爱,被确定为普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材。
我把这本书写成一本英语修辞学的入门书,是想回答许多学生提出的问题:“什么是英语修辞学?”“英语修辞学是不是就是研究英语写作?”“英语修辞学是英语专业的课程,还是语言学的课程?”我希望我的这本书能较为满意地回答这些问题。
在这儿,我想概括一下本书的各章内容和目的:第0章导论解释英语修辞的种种意义,并说明本书的目的———对英语修辞现象的描述、应用和阐释第1章影响修辞活动的要素论述信息、使用场合、受话者之间的关系,说明语气如何反映其间的关系第2章词汇的修辞描述英语选字遣词的修辞规律及其应用第3章句子的修辞描述英语连词组句的修辞规律及其应用第4章 段落的修辞 描述英语段落构成的修辞规律及其应用第5章 语篇的修辞 描述英语语篇构成的修辞规律及其应用第6章 语篇的种类 描述语篇的种类及其特点第7章 语体 描述作为修辞活动综合体的语体特征第8章 修辞手段 描述修辞布局和辞格的规律第9章 理论阐释 简述主要的英语修辞理论第10章 传统与发展 回顾英语修辞学的传统,预测其发展本书主要适合英语专业高年级学生和研究生使用。
《英语修辞与文体》课程教学大纲
英语修辞与文体课程教学大纲English Rhetoric and Stylistics学时数：32学分数：2适用专业：英语本科专业一、课程性质、目的与任务本课程是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业限选课。
通过学习，旨在使学生较系统地了解和掌握英语文体学和修辞学的基本理论和方法，增强对英语文体和修辞的敏感性，提高英语作品的鉴赏能力和英语写作能力以及整体文化素养。
二、课程教学的基本要求本课程采用课堂讲授与讨论相结合、理论探讨与练习相结合的方法实施教学，使学生做到：（一）熟练掌握英语文体学和修辞学的基本理论；（二）较系统地了解英语文体的主要特征和英语修辞的主要方法；（三）能够运用英语文体学和英语修辞学的基本理论和方法分析鉴赏英语作品、指导和改进英语写作。
三、课程教学内容、重点和难点第一章绪论（一）英语文体学和英语修辞学的发展历史和现状（二）英语文体学和英语修辞学的研究范畴（三）学习英语文体学和英语修辞学的目的和意义（四）本课程的基本要求第二章英语文体学第一讲语言要素的文体作用（一）语音（二）词汇（三）句法（四）篇章结构第二讲语体（一）口语体与书面语体（二）正式语体与非正式语体第三讲几种常见的实用英语文体（一）新闻文体（二）公文文体（三）论述和叙述文体（四）科技文体第四讲英语文学文体（一）诗歌（二）小说（三）散文第三章英语修辞学第一讲句法手段（一）长句与短句（二）简单句、并列句与复合句（三）平行与对照（四）层进与突降第二讲词汇手段（一）遣词第三讲语音手段（一）语音手段综述第四讲修辞格（一）明喻、暗喻和类比（二）拟人与拟物（三）借代、提喻与换称（四）夸张、委婉和潜说法（五）隽语与矛盾修饰法（六）反语与讽刺（七）双关与移就四、课程各教学环节要求（一）基本理论和基本概念介绍（二）实例分析（三）课堂讨论（四）练习和复习（五）测试五、学时分配六、课程与其它课程的联系本课程以英语文体学和英语修辞学的基本理论和基本方法为主要教学内容。
英语修辞学课程教学大纲版汇编
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息1．课程编号：325025062．课程名称：英语修辞学3．英文名称：English Rhetoric4. 课程简介：《英语修辞学》是为英语专业本科高年级开设的一门专业选修课，适用于英语专业教师教育方向和应用翻译方向，于第五学期开设，主要讲授英语修辞的基本原理及其应用，以及各类英语文体的语言风格特征，旨在引导学习者全面认识英语的语体特征、文体风格及其修辞要求和技巧，从本质上了解英语语体，掌握各类文体的修辞手段和语言特点，熟悉各种修辞手法，各类英语的功能，掌握语言使用中的“常规”和变异及其在各种文体中所表现出的规律，提高语言使用中的修辞与文体意识，使学习者具备一定的文学批评和对各类文体的分析和鉴赏水平。
二、课程说明1．教学目的和要求：通过本课程的学习，使学习者较系统地了解英语修辞产生的原因及其对提高语言表现力的重要作用认识，增强对英语的理解能力，提高恰当运用英语语言的交际能力。
学会从修辞的观点出发，从英语语言现象入手，对其内涵进行分析，初步掌握对各类文体的语言进行研究、分析和比较的方法。
掌握各种主要的修辞手段，提高实践中运用英语的能力和理解与欣赏英语文体的能力。
2．与相关课程衔接：先修课程：《英语国家概况》、《基础英语》、《英语听说》、《英语阅读》、《英语写作》、《英语语法》、《英国文学》等专业必修课，以及《英语词汇学》、《西方文化入门》等选修课。
并修课程：《高级英语》、《英语语言学》、《英国文学》后续课程：《美国文学》、《学术论文写作》等必修课，《笔译1》、《笔译2》、《口译1》、《口译2》、《实用文体翻译》等专业方向课程，以及《跨文化交际》、《商务英语翻译》、《经贸口译》、《会展口译》、《计算机辅助翻译》等选修课程。
3．学时：本课程周学时为2，共开16周，讲授学时32，总学时32，共计2学分。
4．开课学期：本课程于第五学期开设5．教学方法：以教师为主导、学生为中心。
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
Syllepsis
Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。
He lost the game and his temper. 他输了这一局，大发脾气。
半谐音也可称“无韵”，是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中同一元音重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如：
It’s fair and square affair from the beginning to the end. 这件事自始至终都是光明正大的。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Pun
双关（pun） 就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法，它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮，造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐，既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。 — Why is an empty parse always the same? — Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”，又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着，毫无“变化”了。)
2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
本体和喻体通常一个抽象一个具体，一个熟悉一个陌生
Simile(明喻)
希腊语Metapherein (transfer )转换
无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。 例如：
英语修辞学大纲(新版)
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码020259课程中文名称英语修辞学课程英文名称English Rhetoric课程性质专业必修学分/学时 2/36适用专业英语专业先修课程无推荐教材（参考书）《英语辞格导论》, 张金泉、周丹主编，华中科技大学出版社，2013年版二、课程简介本课程在吸收、借鉴修辞研究的新方法、新成果的基础上，比较系统的介绍了英语修辞理论及常用修辞手法，使学生掌握英语修辞学及修辞手法的基本知识，提高英语语言素养，作为英语专业高年级课程，本课程具有实践性和实用性。
三、教学目的与基本要求通过本课程，提高学生英语口、笔表达的得体性和艺术性，使之对词语的选用更加贴切、句子表义更加清晰和生动；并通过对经典修辞实例的分析和品读，使学生更准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从而提高阅读能力和文学欣赏水平。
四、教学进度表讲（章）次各讲标题名称讲授学时教学周安排备注第一讲绪论 2 1第二讲音韵修辞格 4 2-3第三讲语义修辞格 22 4-15 期中考试占2学时第四讲句法修辞格 4 16-17第五讲总结 2 18（注：以讲或章为单位对教学内容做出学时要求安排。
）五、考核方式和成绩评定办法1、考核方式：闭卷考；2、成绩评定办法：平时成绩（包括课堂表现、提交作业、考勤）占30%，期中考试占10%，期末考试占60%六、内容提要第一周英语修辞学概述教学目的：1）了解修辞学定义及修辞学研究的历史；2）了解修辞学学习的意义及课程设置教学重点：修辞学研究的对象及意义教学难点：修辞的定义教学方法：讲授为主，结合学生讨论教学内容：1）修辞学定义2）修辞学研究历史概述3）英语辞格介绍4）英语修辞学学习的意义5）本门课程考核方式课后思考题：英专学生学习英语修辞学的意义授课时数:2第二周音韵修辞格（头韵、元韵）教学目的：理解并掌握头韵、元韵概念与具体运用教学重点：头韵教学难点：头韵、元韵的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）头韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）元韵定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第三周音韵修辞格（押韵、拟声）教学目的：理解并掌握押韵、拟声的概念与具体运用教学重点：押韵教学难点：押韵、拟声的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）押韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）拟声定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第四周语义修辞格（摹色）教学目的：理解并掌握摹色的概念与具体运用教学重点：颜色词教学难点：摹色具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：摹色定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第五周语义修辞格（明喻）教学目的：1）掌握明喻的概念2）掌握明喻的几种常见形式3）了解as...as...类明喻的翻译教学重点：明喻的几种常见形式教学难点：as...as...类明喻的特征及文化内涵教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第六周语义修辞格（隐喻）教学目的：1）掌握隐喻的定义2）掌握隐喻的分类3）了解延伸式隐喻的定义教学难点：隐喻的分类教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第七周语义层面的修辞格（拟人、双关）教学目的：1）掌握拟人的概念、分类、修辞效果。
英语修辞学 Lecture 1 Introduction of English Rhetoric
移就/转喻
词语修辞格： Semantic Figures of Speech
Synaesthesia 通感 hyperbole/overstatement understatement 低调陈述 Irony 反语 Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法 Paradox 隽语 Euphemism 委婉语 pun 双关
Category 1
交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）： 无论说话或写作，把思想感情表达得明白、 通顺，要求在选词择句时，语意明确、文理 通顺、结构妥贴、语言平易好懂，这样才能 正确地说明客观事物，表达主观意愿，完成 交际任务。 美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）：要求语 言表现得生动、形象，富于说服力和感染力， 最大限度地发挥语言的表达功能，给人以美 的享受。
Parallelism/parallel structure Repetition 反复 Antithesis 对照/对偶 层进 Climax Anti-climax 突降 Ellipsis 省略 Inversion / anastrophe 倒装
排比
Category 2
Passive rhetoric: How to choose the proper words and sentences to express the ideas, and make the language: accuracy, euphonic, and coherent. Active rhetoric: How to apply the figures of speech properly so as to make the content more exact, vivid and lively. It mainly concerns the usage of the figures of speech.
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anonymously.
“Epigram” is often used in reference to a witty statement.
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E.g.
cheap: adj. Its connotative meanings are:
insincere; shallow; mean; ; despicable; contemptible; stingy 不真诚的；肤浅的；小气的；卑鄙的；下流的；低级的
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Connotation is the associative or suggestive meaning of a word. It often implies attitudes, emotions, etc. of the speaker or writer, and is also called implicit meaning.内涵或言外之意：包括单词字面意思之外普通意义的全部内涵 的意义。(Connotation指该词语一定搭配或上下文中出现的其他意义，往往比较 含蓄，带有词语的使用者的主观态度或感情色彩 )
① a fond/ loving look, my fond/ loving mother
fond ② A ______ mother may spoil her child. (fond/ love) ③ In spite of his failure, he has a fond belief in his intelligence. (fond/ love) _____
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2. 1 Using suitable words
(1) Choose the most appropriate words: E.g. (1) Mother Teresa is notorious for her work with the poor and sick in India. (2) Because he did not know either party, the arbitrator was able to take an uninterested view of the dispute. (3) The businessperson has upheld支持 a reputation for deception and deceit. E.g. If there’re four of us in the car, it’ll be cheaper/ less inexpensive to drive than to go by train. During times of mass unemployment, there is a pool of ______ labor cheap for employers. I wish you’d stop making _______ jokes about my friends. cheap
e.g. cheap flattery; a cheap remark; a cheap trick; a cheap crook
假意奉承，下流的话，卑鄙伎俩，卑鄙小人 yellow: n. the color yellow (denotation) Its connotative meanings are: Some people use “yellow” for pornographic literature. The oriental people are called “yellow race” because their skin are yellow. When “yellow” is used to refer to one’s character (性格), it means “cowardly”. In traffic lights, “yellow” suggests a warning.
E.g. “Proverb” would be the appropriate word to use in reference to saying
from the Bible. “Saw” is often used in reference to the wisdom handed down to us
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The denotative meaning is also called “explicit meaning” and connotations can be called “implicit meaning”. A certain “implicit meaning” arises in a certain context when a word, a phrase or a sentence is used by the writer or speaker, and this is the figurative use of the word, phrase or sentence. For example: It was a blow between the eyes. (那是一个沉重的打击。) If the sentence is used to describe a boxing match(拳击赛), the word“ blow” is used literally and is in its denotative sense: a hard hit with a hand. In another context, however, the word may be used in a figurative way to express
English Rhetoric
Chapter Three The Three Levels of Rhetorical Operations: Choice of Words
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
• 1. Three levels of rhetorical operations • 2. Choice of words 2. 1 Using suitable words 2. 2 Denotation and connotation 2. 3 General words and specific words 2. 4 Abstract words and concrete words 2. 5 Short words and long words
expressions as “by the end of” or “when / once the trust is over”. Similarly,
although the need of “ exactness”（确切性） and “accuracy”（准确性） has been stressed in general cases（在一般情况下）， you should also note that on certain occasions（在某些场合）， you have to use vague language so as to moderate your tone（缓和语气） or to be more tactful（策略）, or roundabout （间接性）.
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(2) Be aware of the audience or readers and suit to the occasion:
E.g. Jack’s house was destroyed by fire. Jim went to comfort him and asked him to contact the insurance company. “Cheer up, my friend,” he said, “your insurance claim will be proceeding like a house on a fire, I’m sure.” For instance, when you are writing to ren, you will certainly use different
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1. The three levels of rhetorical operations
Rhetoric involves choice of words, sentence patterns, figures
of speech, organization of paragraphs and composition. This
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2. Choice of words
2. 1 Using suitable words
1) Characteristic of English vocabulary: include over a half-million words, and thousands of new ones are added every year. 2) Principles of choosing words: To communicate our ideas precisely and effectively, we should choose the right words that are exact, fresh, vivid, and appropriate. E.g.
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2.2 Denotation and connotation
1) Definitions: Denotation is the specific, direct, and literal meaning of a word, as described in a dictionary definition. It is also called denotative meaning or explicit meaning. 直接意义：一个词最特定的或最直接的意义；或字面意义 E.g. cheap / inexpensive: low in price, costing little money 价格低的；便 宜的； 花钱不多的（表示价格便宜点基本意思） cheap tickets(特价车票); cheap seats in a theatre（票价低的座位） yellow: n. the color yellow 黄色 adj. of the color of sth.黄色的（表示物体颜色 的基本意思） E.g. A man was killed and his son was seriously injured in an automobile accident. The boy was rushed to a hospital. The surgeon took one look at him and said, “This is my son! I can’t operate on him!”