语言学Exercises
语言学Chapter-4--Exercises-含答案
语言学C h a p t e r-4--E x e r c i s e s-含答案(总10页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Chapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, butthere is no limit to the number of sentences nativespeakers of that language are able to produce andcomprehend.3. An endocentric construction is also known as headedconstruction because it has just one head4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another withoutloss of grammaticality belong to the same syntacticcategory.5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories arecommonly recognized and discussed, namely, nounphrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliaryphrase.6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7. Word order plays an important role in the organization ofEnglish sentences.8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 A s________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command2. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at thesame time structurally alone is known as an f__________clause3. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or averb phrase and which says something about the subjectis grammatically called p_________.4. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinateclause is normally called an e_______ clause.6. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sensethat new words are constantly added.7. G_________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase andsentence8. A a__________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s__________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.10. A s__________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1. sentence2. finite3. predicate4. complex5. embedded6. open7. grammatical8. simple9. sentence 10. subjectIII. There are four given choices for each statement below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1 The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is__________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city and Rome 2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5 The phrase “on the half” belongs to ________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that__________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrasesto form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “They were wan ted to remain quiet and notto expose themselves” is a ____________sentenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundD complex Answers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 AIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Hierarchical structureAnswers :1.Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way wordsare combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis forshort, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of itsimmediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake ofconvenience.3. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure thatgroups words into structural constituents and shows thesyntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V. Answer the following questions:1. What are the major types of sentences Illustrate them with examples.2. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4. What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach Illustrate them with examplesAnswers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences.They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of asingle clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John readsextensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word that is called coordinatingconjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for herhistory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to oneof its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small childrenwith children as its head. The exocentric construction,opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as aconstruction whose distribution is not functionallyequivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3.略4. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. Theyare simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a singleclause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John readsextensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word that is called coordinatingconjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. Thetwo clauses in a complex sentence do not have equalstatus, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.。
语言学教程各章节练习及答案
Exercises to Linguistics外语系黄永亮Chapter 1 Invitation to Linguistics1.Define the following terms:Langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community.Parole:parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Prescriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct andstandard”behaviour in using language, i.e. to tell people what they shouldday and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Descriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use, it is said to be descriptive;competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance: Chomsky defines performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Synchronic: The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study;Diachronic: The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Linguistics：Linguistics may be defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language.language： Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.”2.Does the traffic light system have duality, why?No. No discrete units on the first level that can be combined freely in the second level to form meaning. There is only simple one to one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, re-stop, green-go and yellow-get ready to go or stop.munication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialexpression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?Less arbitrary, lack duality, less creative, limited repertoire, emotional-oriented.4.Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics?According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite numbers of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. Thus, Chomsky proposed that linguists should focus on the study of competence, not performance. The distinction of the two terms “competence and performance”represents the orientation of linguistic study. So we can say competence and performance is an important distinction in linguistics.5.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in the following basic ways: Firstly, priority is given, as mentioned earlier, to spoken language. Secondly, focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language. Thirdly, modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature. Linguists endeavor to state objectively the regularities of a language. They aim at finding out how a language is spoken: they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken. Fourthly, modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguists strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general. These features distinguished modern linguistics from traditional grammar. The two are complementary. Not contradictory. Knowledge of both is necessary for a language teacher: knowledge of the latter is necessary for a language learner.Chapter 2 Phonetics1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English1)[❆] voiced dental fricative2)[☞] voiceless alveolar fricative3)[☠] velar nasal4)[♎] voiced alveolar stop5)[☐] voiceless bilabial stop6)[ ] voiceless velar stop7)[●] (alveolar) lateral8)[♓] high front lax unrounded vowel9)[◆:] high back tense rounded vowel10)[ ] low back lax rounded vowel2. How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are described according to manner and place of articulation while vowels are described with four criteria: part of the tongue that is raised; extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate; kind of opening made at the lips; position of soft palate.3. Which sound may be described asa voiced bilabial plosive [♌]a voiced labio-dental fricative [ ]a voiceless velar plosive [ ]4. Why might a photographer ask the person she is photographing to say cheese?The vowel of the word cheese [♓:] is produced with the lips spread, this resemblinga smile.5.Account for the difference in articulation in each of the following pairs of words:coast ghost; ghost boastboast most; ghost mist;The words coast and ghost are distinguished by the fact that the initial segment is voiceless in the case of the former and voiced in the case of the latter.The word ghost and boast are distinguished by the place of articulation of the initial segment, [♑] being velar while [♌] is bilabial.Boast and most are distinguished by the manner of articulation of the initial segment, [❍] being nasal.Most and mist are distinguished by the fact that the former has a rounded back vowel shile the latter has a spread front vowel.Chapter 3 Phonology1.Define the following termsPhonology: Phonology is concerned with the sound system of languages. It is concerned with which sounds a language uses and how the contribution of sounds to thetask of communication.Phone: A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phonesPhoneme: Phoneme is the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive ina particular language.Allophone: Allophone refers any of the different forms of a phoneme is an allophone of it in English. Compare the words peak and speak, for instance. The /☐/ in peak is aspirated; phonetically transcribed as [☐♒] while the /☐/ in speak is unaspirated, phonetically [☐＝ ]. [☐,☐♒] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /☐/. Such variants of a phoneme are called Allophone of the same phoneme.Suprasegmental features:.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called Suprasegmental features. Suprasegmental features include: stress, tone and intonation.2.Transcribe the realization of the past tense morpheme for each of the following words:Waited waved wiped waded. account for the differences.[id] in “waited”and “waded”follows another alveolar plosive. [d] in “waved”follows voiced consonants.[t] in “wiped” follows voiceless consonants, there being voicing assimilation. 3. which of the following would be phonologically acceptable as English words?Thlite grawl dlesher shlink tritch sruck stwondle“grawl” and “tritch”4.Why can we not use the sequence [☠kl] in twinkle as an example of a consonant cluster?The sequence [☠kl] bridges two syllables.5.For each of the following pairs compare the position of the stress. Comment.Economy/economic wonder/wonderfulBeauty/beautiful acid/acidicIn adjectives ending in –ic the stress moves to the following syllable, in adjectives ending in –ful it does not.6.Explain why somebody might choose to stress the following utterances as indicated bythe bold type:a) John want ed to do this today. b) John wanted to do this today. c) John wantedto do this to day.The first utterance implies that John was unable to do what he wanted.The second implies that he was only able to do something else.The third implies that he was only able to do it some other day.Chapter 4 Morphology1.Define the following terms:Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that can not be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Compound:Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc.Allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural morpheme -‘s but it is pronounced differently in different environments as /s/ in cats, as /z/ in dogs and as /iz/ in classes. So /s/, /z/, and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dogs”.Free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.plete the words with suitable negative prefixesa. ir removable g. in humanb. in formal h. ir relevantc. im practicable i. un evitabled. in sensible j. im mobilee. in tangible k. il legalf. il logical l. in discreet3. “Morpheme” is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationshipbetween expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical conceptor a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme?Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, it at the same time covers the grammatical and semantic aspect of linguistic unit. A morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. and independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.4. Identify in the following sentence four bound morphemes. State the function ofeach and say whether each is derivational or inflectional.The teacher’s brother considered the project impossible.The –er and the –‘s of teacher’s are bound morphemes, the former being derivational, as it produces a lexeme that denotes the person who does an action, the latter being an inflectional morpheme, as it indicates possession.The –ed of considered is inflectional, indicating that the action took place in the past. The im- of impossible is derivational, producing a new lexeme that denotes the opposite of possible.Chapter 5 Syntax1.Define the following terms:Category: parts of speech and functions, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate, etc.Concord:also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more wordsin a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of somecategoriesSyntagmatic relation:. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. Paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element presentand the others absent.Deep structure: is defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i. e. the underlying level of structural relationsbetween its different constituentsSurface structure: is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of aconstruction people actually produce and receive.Theme: The Theme is the first constituent of the clause.Rheme: All the rest of the clause is simply labeled the Rheme.2.Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as syntaxgmaticand paradigmatic relations?As the relation between a signifier and signified is arbitrary, the value of a sign can not be determined by itself. To know the identity of a sign, the linguist will have to know the signs it is used together with and those it is substitutable for.The former relation is known as syntagmatic and the latter paradigmatic.3.In what ways is IC analysis better than traditional parsing?In traditional parsing, a sentence is mainly seen as a sequence of individual words, as if it has only a linear structure. IC analysis, however, emphasizes the hierarchical structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.In this way the internal of structure of a sentence is shown more clearly, hence the reason of some ambiguities may be revealed.4.What are the problems in IC analysis?There are some technical problems caused by the binary division and discontinuous constituents. But the main problem is that there are structures whose ambiguities cannot be revealed by IC analysis, e.g. the love of God. In terms of both the treediagram and the label, there is only one structure, but the word God is in two different relations with love, i.e. either as subject or object.5.Clarify the ambiguity in the following sentence by tree diagrams:Old teachers and priests fear blackbirds.SNP VPAdj. NP V NOld fear blackbirds.N Conj. Nteachers and priestsSNP VPNP Conj. N V NAdj. N and priests fear blackbirds.Old teachersChapter 6 Semantics1. defining the following terms:semantics: The subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistics units,words and sentences in particular.Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entitya word denotes.Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.Reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e. to talk about things in context.Synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.Antonymy: is the name for oppositeness relation:hyponymy: a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word (the hyponym) semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g. [+human].2. Some people maintain that there are no true synonyms. If two words mean really thesame, one of them will definitely die out. An example often quoted is the disuse of the word “wireless”, which has been replaced by “radio”. Do you agree? In general what type of meaning we are talking about when we say two words aresynonymous with each other?It is true that there are no absolute synonyms. When we say two words are synonymous with each other, we usually mean they have the same conceptual meaning.3. For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they maynot be considered to be synonyms:man boy toilet loo determined stubbornpavement sidewalk walk runThe words man and boy are principally distinguished be age, the words walk and run by speed. The principal distinction between the words toilet and loo is one of social register. Determined and stubborn are largely distinguished by attitude—a person reluctant to give up is described as determined by those who sympathize and as stubborn by those who do not. The difference between the words pavement and sidewalkis a matter of geography, the former being used in Britain and the latter in America.Chapter 7 Pragmantics1. defining the following terms:Performative:an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed toa constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false. Constative:an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.Locutuonary act: the act of saying something; it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of asentence with determinate sense and reference.Illocutuonary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. Cooperative principle:in making conversation, there is, as Grice holds, a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. He calls this guidingprinciple the Cooperative Principle, CP for short.. It runs as follows:"make your conversational contribution such as is required, at thestage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of thetalk exchange in which you are engaged.”Conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’sknowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one ofthe four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)2. Consider the following dialogue between a man and his daughter. Try to explain the illocutionary force in each of the utterances.[The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes so e popcorn.]Father: I thought you were practicing your violin.Daughter: I need to get the violin stand.Father: Is it under the popcorn?The illocutionary force of “I thought you were practicing your violin”is a criticism of the daughter for her not practicing the violin. That of the daughter’s answer is a defense for herself—I’m going to do that. And that of the father’s retort is a denial of the daughter’s excuse.3.If you ask somebody “Can you open the door?”he answered “Yes”but does not actuallydo it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to see it in the light of speech act theory.I would be angry with him. “Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it rather than a question about his ability. The fact that he answers “Yes” but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.4. A is reading the newspaper. When B asks “What’s on television tonight?” he answers “Nothing.” What does A mean in normal situations? Think of two situations in which this interpretation of “Nothing” will be cancelled.Normally “Nothing” here means “Nothing interesting”. If A adds after “Nothing” “The workers are on strike today” or “There’s going to be a blackout tonight”, then the interpretation of “Nothing interesting’ will be cancelled.。
语言学练习Exercise2
Chapter 2 5
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks. 11. _____ is the smallest linguistic unit. Phoneme 12. According to _____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda. the maximal onset principle
Chapter 2 7
Exercises
II. Choose the best answer. 15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _____ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones D 16. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as _____. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula A
Chapter 2 14
Exercises
III. Decide whether the following statements are true [T] or false [F]. __ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T __ 30. [p] is voiced bilabial stop. F
语言学练习（一,二）
语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。
Exercise 语言和语言学学习资料
Exercise 11 Language and Linguistics语言和语言学1. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. PerformanceC. langueD. Language2. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ andmeanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas3. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission4. The study of language as a whole is often called _______________.A. general linguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. psycholiguisticsD. apllied linguistics5. The descriptiong of a language at some point in time is a study___________A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descrpitveD. prescriptive6. Findings in linguistics studies can often be applied to the solutions of some practicalproblems, the study of such applications is known as __________.A. anthropological linguisticsB. computational linguisticsC. applied linguisticsD. mathematical linguistics7. Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?A. PhonologyB. SyntaxC. PragmaticsD. Speech8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and notto lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behaviour, it is said to be ____.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. Psycholinguistic9. The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” ‘A rose by any othername would smell as sweet’ well illustrates ________.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. Chomsky uses the term _________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’sknowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance11. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue12. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary13. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is________.A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative14. What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual15. The function of the sentence “What a beautiful day!” is ____________.A. performativeB. emotiveC. informativeD. phatic16. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD. semantic…linguistic17. The study of _________ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. computer- linguisticsD. phonology18. __________ is regarded as the “ father of modern linguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Whorf19. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?A. bangB. headacheC. roseD. impolite20. _________ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.A. Morphology and semanticsB. Morphology and syntaxC. Syntax and semanticsD. Morphology and phonology21. The term ________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative22. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ________.A. language is arbitraryB. language is used for communicationC. language is basically vocalD. language is productive23. Which of the following is one of the two core branches of linguistics.A. MorphologyB. sociolinguicticC. psycholinguisticsD. anthropology24. The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by ______.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. the Prague School25. What are the dual structures of language?A. sounds and lettersB. sounds and meaningsC. letters and meaningD. sounds and symbolsExercise 12 Phonetics语音学1. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonant2. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]3. The sound [f] is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative4. A _______ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining thehighest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle5. Liquids are classicified in the light of __________.A. manners of articulationB. place of articualtionC. place of tongueD. non of the above6. In English , there is only one glottal, it is _________.A. [l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]7. The differnce between [u] abd [u:] us caused by _________.A. the openess of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above8. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, EXCEPT________.A. [a:]B. [u:]C. [ æ]D. [u]10. ____________ is the study of all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.A. MorphologyB. PhoneticsC. PhonologyD. Syntax11. Which of the following sounds is a back vowel?A. [i]B.[w]C.[e]D.[u]12. [p] is different from [k] in ___________.A. the manner of articulationB. the shape of lipsC. the vibration of the vocal cordD. the place of articulation13. In terms of the place of articulation，the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of_______.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental14. V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of_______.A. the velumB. the vocal cordsC. the glottisD. the uvula15. [e] is different from [a] in _________.A. the shape of the lipsB. the height of the tongueC. the part of the tongue that is raisedD. the position of the soft place16. Where are the vocal cords?A. In the mouthB. In the nasal cavityC. Above the tongueD. Inside the larynx17. Which of the following does NOT belong to the three resonating cavities?A. the pharynxB. the nasal cavityC. the larynxD. the oral cavity18. “The Adam’s Apple” is ____________.A. a kind of appleB. related to AdamC. the front part of larynxD. on the top of larynx19. Which of the following is NOT true for vowels?A. V owels are sonorants.B. In the production of vowels, there is no obstruction of air.C. Tongue height is one criterion to distinguish vowels.D. V owels are also called obstruents.20. Which of the following English sounds is NOT bilabial?A. [b]B. [m]C. [n]D.[p]Exercise 13 Phonology音位学1. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair2. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features3. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments arecalled the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones5. Which of the following is a typical tone language?A. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above6. Usually, suprasegmental features include________, length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress7. _________ studies the sound system in a certain language.A. PhoneticsB. SemanticsC. PragmaticsD. Phonology8. __________ are used to find the phonemes of a language.A. Minimal pairsB. Free variationC. Constrastive distributionD. Complementary distribution9. If the two similar sound segments never occur in the same phonetic enviornment, then theyare ________.A. two separate phonemesB. two allophones of a phonemeC. two free variations of a phonemeD. a minimal pair10. Which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. Tone11. Where is the primary stress of the word “phonology”?A. phoB. noC. loD. gy12. Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.( )A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbk13. Which of the following groups of words ia a minimal pair?A. but – pubB. wet – whichC. pin-penD. fail- find14. _______ is an indispensible part of a syllable.A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak15. Among the following, the parts of speech that is normally unstressed in an English sentenceare __________.A. NounsB. VerbsC. AdverbsD. Prepositions16. Which of the following is NOT a minimal pair?A. cat / batB. put / butC. jig / pigD. sit / bit17. If two sounds are in complenetray distribution, they are _______ of the same phoneme.A. symbolsB. allophonesC. phonesD. signs18. In the production of a consonants at least ________ articualtiors are involved.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four19. _________ involve more than one manners of articulation.A. StopsB. FricativesC. AffricatesD. Laterals20. V oiceless sounds are produced when the vocal folds are __________.A. closedB. apartC. totally closedD. completely openExercise 14 Morphology形态学1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rulesby which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme2. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences3. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root4. The word “simplifications” has ______ morphemes in it.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 55. The words that contain only one morpheme are called_________.A. bound morphemesB. affixesC. free morphemesD. roots6. Which of the following is NOT a free morpheme?A. bookB. boyishC. betD. child7. The word “sitcom” is a(n)______________.A. blended wordB. abbreviated wordC. compound wordD. clipped word8. Of all the following affixes, which is different from others?A. –fulB.-lyC.-edD. -ity9. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. gas stationB. town-planningC. headacheD. medicare10. The word “fridge” is formed through_________.A. compoundingB. blendingC. clippingD. back formation11. Which of the following is a typical example of back formation?A. editB. writeC. putD. cook12. Which of the following is NOT invented by way of acronym?A. NATOB. APECC. AIDSD. smog13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme?A. [s]B.[z]C. [ei]D.[is]14. Of all the following four words, which one is different from the other three in terms ofword-formation?A. NationalB. E-mailC. BrunchD. Medicare15. How many bound morphemes are there in the word “internationalism”?A. 2B. 4C. 3D. 116. The two aspects to the meaning of a word are denotation and ___________.A. indicationB. connotationC. conversationD. implication17. A ________ word is a combination of two or more words which functions as a single word.A. compoundB. blendC. shortenedD. clipped18. The word “ typhoon” originated in ________.A. JapaneseB. FrenchC. ChineseD. Spanish19. In terms of lexicology, a word is a combination of sound and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. pronunciation20. The different forms of a morpheme are called ________.A. morphsB. free formsC. allomorphsD. roots21. ___________ are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.A. clipped wordsB. compoundsC. blendsD. acronyms22. In the word “internationalism”, _________ is the root.A. interB. nationC. alD. ism23. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. pencil boxB. friedlinessC. deadlineD. upstair24. The basic unit in the study of morphology is ________.A. the internal strucutreB. wordC. the rules by which words are formedD. morpheme25. When the suffix ________ is added to a noun, it usually changes this noun into an adjective.A. lessB. nessC. fullyD. erExercise 15 Syntax句法学1. ________mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.A. PragmaticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Phonetics2. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in themind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical3. ________ put forward the idea that sentence can be defined as the maximum free form.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussure4. What does LAD stand for?A. Language associative districtB. Language associative deviceC. Language aquisicion deviceD. Language aquisicion district5. The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite6. The two clauses in a _______ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence.A. simpleB. complexC. completeD. corordinate7. Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ____ in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD. M. A. K. Halliday8. Transformational rules do not change the basic _______ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure9. According to ICAnalysis, how many ultimate constituents are there in the sentence “John leftyesterday”?A. 2B.3C.4D. 110. TG Grammar studies the relationship between language and __________.A. societyB. cultureC. psychologyD. acquisition11. Which of the following does NOT belong to the key concepts of TG Grammar?A. Deep and surface structureB. Universal grammarC. Language acquisition deviceD. Psychological factors12. __________ proposed the theory of Systemic-functional Grammar.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. SaussureD. Bloomfield13. Different from Chomsky, Halliday studies language from a ________ perspective.A. sociologicalB.psychologicalC. culturalD. conventional14. Chomsky holds the view that language is a form of _______; while Halliday regardslanguage as a form of ___________.A. knowing, thinkingB. knowing, doingC. thinking, doingD. doing, knowing15. A speaker’s actual utteranc e in Chomsky’s terminology is called ___.A. deep structureB. linguistic universalsC. universal grammarD. surface structure16. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consist of ____________elements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 517. Halliday’s Systemic-functional Grammar takes _______ as the object of study.A. actual uses of languageB. ideal speaker’s linguistic compete nceC. children’s languageD. adult’s language18. If we use IC Analysis to analyze the sentence I bought the book at the price of 25 yuanyesterday,, where is the first cut?A. Between yuan and yesterdayB. Between I and boughtC. Between book and atD. Between bought and the19. __________ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, etc) and verb(tense,aspect, etc).A. Parts of speechB. Word classC. Grammatical categoriesD. Functions of words20. What does “IC” stand for as a syntatic notion and anlytical technique?A. Inferntial Connective.B. Immediate Constituent.C. Inflexional Component.D. Implecative Communication.Exercise 16 Semantics语义学1. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong iscalled _____ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational2. The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is ______.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy3. “Interviewer” and “interviewee” are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. relational4. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above5. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms6. _______ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. "Fair" (lovely) and "fare" (money charged for a journey by bus, ship, taxi, etc)B. "Flea" (any of various small, wingless, bloodsucking insects) and "flee" (to escape)C. "Lead" (to guide) and "lead" (metal of a dull bluish-grey colour that melts easily)D. "compliment" (an expression of praise, admiration, or congratulation) and "complement"(something that completes, makes up a whole, or brings to perfection)7. “Clear” and “V ague” are a pair of _____.A. relative antonymsB. derivative antonymsC. root antonymsD. free antonyms8. In the sentence: “ We have courses to make grown man young and young man groan.”________ are used to create an impressive effect.A. homophonesB. homographsC. perfect homonymsD. polysemants9. The group of words _____ make up a semantic field.A. rose, lily, tulip violetB. shoes, socks, glasses, booksC. red, white, rose, milkD. father, teacher, dog, son10. “ Hopeful” and “ hopeless” are called ______ on the basis of morphological structure.A. absolute antonymsB. root antonymsC. derivative antonymsD. contraries11. _______ are used in the sentence “With IBM we have the power to manage the power”.A. homophonesB. homographsC. full homonymsD. polysemants12. _________ is the study of meaning.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. PhoneticsD. Phonology13. _________ put forward the famous classic semantic triangle in semantics.A. Chomsky & HallidayB. Ogden & RichardsC. Austin & LabovD. Wittgenstein & Austin14. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to __________.A. conceptB. the thoughtC. the real worldD. meaning15. “Woman” in “ The woman in the room is pretty” refers to _______, according to semantictriangle.A. thoughtB. referenceC. referentD. linguistic form16. “Politician” and “statesman” are a pair of _____________.A. collocational synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD.dialectal synonyms17. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A. +animate，+male，+human，-adultB. +animate，+male，+human，+adultC. +animate，-male，+human，-adultD. +animate，-male，+human，+adult18. A word with several meanings is called ________.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple19. “Dog” and “pig” are ________.A. co-hyponymsB. superordinateC. hyponymsD. antonyms20. The color “yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its__________.A. conceptual meaningB. cognitive meaningC. associative meaningD. stylistic meaning21. Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effects of ________.A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all of the above22. ________ is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical terms, suchthat the former is included in the latter.A. SynonymyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy23. ________ refers to the semantic phenomenon that a word may have than one meaning.A. HyponymyB. HomonymyC. SynonymyD. Polysemy24. “ Surprise” and “amaze” are a pair of ____________.A. dialectal synonymsB. emotive synonymsC. semantically different synonymsD. stylistic synonyms25. The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by _________.A. lexical itemsB. a grammatical structureC. homonymyD. polysemy26. ________ are used in “There is a beautiful sight at our site”.A. homographsB. homophonesC. antonymsD. synonyms27. Which of the following is different from the other three according to the classification ofantonyms on the basis of morphological structure?A. large & smallB. clear & vagueC. buy & sellD. useful & useless28. Antonyms are used to make a(n) ____ in the saying “ Easy come, easy go”.A. contrastB. cohesionC. ironyD. emphasis29. Sources of homonyms include_____.A. changes in sound and spellingB. borrowingC. shorteningD. all of the above30. Which of the following are contraries?A. old and youngB. dead and aliveC. buy and sellD. west and eastExercise 17 Pragmatics语用学1. A _____ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical2. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning_________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context4. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act5. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ________.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs6. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20th centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century8. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle9. The maxim of ______ requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to theconversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. relationD. manner10. If a sentence is regraded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itbecomes ________.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance11. A: How are you today?B: Fine, and my family is also fine.This conversation flouts the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. maxim12. The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.” Obviously viol atesthe maxim of ________A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the five types of illocutionary acts classified bySearle?A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. initiative14. “Would you like to go to the cinema with me?” is a(n) ____________.A. representativeB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive15. “I now declare the meeting open” is a(n)__________.A. declarationB. directiveC. expressiveD. commissive16. “I promise to come.” is a(n) _________.A. expressiveB. directiveC. declarationD. commissive17. “ I have never seen the man before.” is a(n) _________.A. directiveB. declarationC. representativeD. commissive18. Locutionary act is ___________.A. the act of expressing the speaker’s intentionB. the act of conveying literal meaningC. the act of resulting from the utteranceD. the effect of the speech19. According to Austin, which of the following can be considered as a performative?A. The earth is round.B. I claim that is my watch.C. He isn’t here.D. It’s Wednesday.20. The meaning of an utterance is considered as __________.A. abstarctB. context-dependentC. decontextualizedD. concrete21. “We do things with words”—this is the main idea of __________.A. the Speech Act theoryB. the Co-operative principlesC. the Polite principlesD. pragmatics22. __________ may be used as an example of indirect speech act.A. “ Could you close the door?”B. “ I hereby declare Mr. Clinton elected.”C. “ Good morning.”D. “I command you to report at 6 p.m.”23. For the following conversation:A: Did you go to the cinema last night?”B: I stayed at home.________ is the conversational implicature.A. B. went to the cinema. B. A went to the cinema.C. B. did not go to the cinema.D. A and B went to the cinema together.24. In the following conversation:A: Beirut is in Peru, isn’B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. Quanlity25. In the conversation:A: Where is Mr. Wang?B: Somewhere in Bejing.B violates the ________ Maxim.A. MannerB. RelationC. QuantityD. QuanlityExercise 18 Semantic Change词义演变1. The four major ways of semantic change are ________.A. narrowing, extension, elevation and degradationB. specialization, extension, narrowing and degradationC. narrowing, extension, generalization and degradationD. degradation, extension, elevation and degeneration2. ___________ refers to the stretch of meaning.A. SpecializationB. GeneralizationC. DegradationD. Elevation3. Generalization can be illustrated by the following examples EXCEPT________.A. holidayB. orientationC. sancturyD. shroud4. Which of the following means the shrinking of meaning?A. GeneralizationB. DegradationC. SpecializationD. Elevation。
英语语言学练习
英语语言学练习### English Linguistics ExercisesExercise 1: Phoneme IdentificationIdentify the phonemes in the following words. Write the phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).1. cat2. dog3. tree4. sheep5. fishExercise 2: Morpheme AnalysisAnalyze the following words into their constituent morphemes.1. unbelievable2. rebuild3. understand4. unseen5. multicoloredExercise 3: Word Class IdentificationDetermine the word class (part of speech) of the underlinedword in each sentence.1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.2. She is very interested in linguistics.3. The children were playing in the park.4. He gave her a beautiful gift.5. They are working on the project.Exercise 4: Sentence Structure AnalysisAnalyze the sentence structure by identifying the subject, verb, and object in the following sentences.1. The linguist is studying the syntax of the English language.2. A new theory has been proposed by the researchers.3. What she said surprised everyone in the room.4. To learn a new language is an exciting challenge.5. The book, which was published last year, is a bestseller.Exercise 5: Tense and AspectIdentify the tense and aspect of the verbs in the following sentences.1. She is reading a book.2. They have been working on the project for two years.3. He had finished his homework before the class started.4. We were playing tennis when it started to rain.5. The company will be launching a new product next month.Exercise 6: Passive Voice TransformationTransform the following active voice sentences into passive voice.1. The chef cooks the meal every evening.2. Someone left the door open.3. The teacher assigns homework every week.4. The company produces high-quality products.5. They will build a new bridge over the river.Exercise 7: Modal VerbsFill in the blanks with the correct modal verb to complete the sentences.1. You must be careful when crossing the street.2. She might be at the library.3. We could go for a walk if it doesn't rain.4. He should study harder for the exam.5. They may have already left the building.Exercise 8: Conditional SentencesFormulate the second conditional sentences based on the given situations.1. If she had enough money, _____________ (buy) a new car.2. If it were not for the rain, _____________ (go) for a picnic.3. If he had studied harder, _____________ (pass) the exam.4. If they had known the truth, _____________ (tell) us.5. If you had been there, _____________ (see) the accident.Exercise 9: Direct and Indirect SpeechConvert the following direct speech into indirect speech.1. "I am going to the library," she said.2. "We have finished our homework," they told me.3. "I saw him yesterday," he explained.4. "She will be late," they warned us.5. "I can speak three languages," she boasted.Exercise 10: CollocationMatch the words in the left column with their collocations in the right column.- Left Column:1. make2. take3. give4. have5. leave- Right Column:a. a decisionb. a breakc. a messaged. a vacatione. a mistakeAnswers:1. make a decision2. take a break3. give a message4. have a vacation5. leave a mistake。
英语语言学练习题(8页)
Linguistics supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45.Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言学概率习题库
Exercises1. The following two sentences are said to be ambiguous in meaning. How many interpretations would you give to either of them? What can you do to solve such ambiguity?a. He turned in his grave.b. They gave preference to young men and women.2. Identify the units that have reference and the units that indicate structure:I saw May when I went to the library.3. How would you judge the following two sentences? Are they good or bad sentences?a. The moon is made of brown eggs.b. Moon brown the is of made eggs.c. 慢走，您。
d. 为了安全，给您。
4. How would you classify the following signs? What will these signs mean to you and how do you come to know their meanings? (a)(b) (c)5. When you see smoke coming out of a house, what conclusion will you drawand how do you come to such a conclusion ？6. What does a flushed complexion signify for the physician?7. Onomatopoetic words [拟声词]are said to be iconic by some people. Forthe cuckoo, the sequence of English sounds is /kuku:/, and the sequence ofChinese sounds is "bùgǔ". Do you think both w ords are onomatopoetic?8. A Chinese father names his son Xiao Long (Little Dragon). How wouldyou use the concept of arbitrariness of account for this?9. If you have developed a new shampoo and wanted to put it into themarket, would you name it Pig Hair Shampoo? Why?10. Discuss the relation of arbitrariness andrules.11. When you do shopping in a supermarket,which do you prefer to use, the spokenlanguage or the written? Why?12. In foreign language learning, which one do you think should comefirst, listening and speaking, or reading and writing? Why?13.Some people say that humans and dogs can communicate with eachother. Do you agree?14.In what way do you think is a parrot talking?15.You can tell your cat to lie down. What do you think has happened?16.Please explain the primacy of human language over animal communication.17.Please explain the roles of technology in human communication.18.Sometimes communication may break down. What do you think are the causes for suchbreakdowns?19.What do you think we should pay attention to in intercultural communication?20. Identify the functions of the following sentences.a.I like your house very much.b.I now declare the meeting closed.c.Nice to meet you.d.I met Mary in the library this morning.21. Please explain why some people like poetry.22. When you get hit by a desk in the classroom, what would you do?23.What is the difference between the general functions and the metafunctions?24.Do you agree to the claim that one utterance performs only one function? Why?25.What are the differences be tween Halliday‟s functional theory and the traditional grammar?26. Which theory of the origin of language would you agree to? Why?27. Please list five Chinese onomatopoetic words.28. What are the functions of onomatopoetic words?29.What criteria can be used when we are classifying languages into families?30.Do you agree to the claim that all languages in the world derived from one common ancestor?31.What do you think are the major causes for the language diversity in the world?32. What is difference between the following two sentences? What factors should we take into account when we are decoding them?(a)Open the window.(b)Would you open the window, please?33.How can we conduct a study of language scientifically?34.What is the real object of linguistics?35.What is the importance of studying speech in linguistics?36.What‟s your opinion of correctness in language use?37.Is a standard language possible? Why?38.What do you think are the external factors related to language?39.There have been many translation softwares in the market. Do you think machine translationof texts will be possible?40.What factors are involved in foreign language learning and teaching?41.What changes have you found in linguistic studies?42.What do you think is the proper way to study language?43.Do you think a corpus is always needed in linguistics? Why?44.Please express the distinction between acoustic phonetics and articulatory phonetics.45.How many stages does the speech chain consist of? What activities are involved in the speechchain?46.Do you think spelling is the same as pronunciation in English? If not, give three examples andthen make a comment.47.How does the vocal tract work in the articulation of speech sounds?48.How many types can speech sounds be classified into? What are they?49.Explain the differences among bilabial, dental and labiodental.50.Write the symbols for the vowel in the following words:a) cough b) rough c) friend d) bread e) eat f) call51.Transcribe the following words phonemically:a) symbol b) nineteen c) square d) keyboard e) sofa f) bought52.What are the major differences between vowels and consonants?53.How is broad transcription different from narrow transcription?54.Transcribe the following sentences into IPA:a)Small numbers of adjectives and prepositions also occur in transcripts of early childspeech.b)These two sentences are differently interpreted, yet each of them contains exactly thesame words.55.What is a phoneme? And what is an allophone?56.Transcribe the following words:a) achieves b) sixth c) others d) classes e) measure57.Why do say that [p] and [b] are different phonemes?58.What is a minimal pair?59.For each of the following pairs of consonants supply a minimal pair of English words inwhich the contrast is made in the place indicated: initially, medially, and finally.a) /p/ - /b/ b) /k/ - /g/ c) /f/ - /v/ d) /m/ - /n/ e) /r/ - /l/60.Give phonemic symbols for the underlined part of the following words.a) bought b) ghost c) phases d) ether e) bathe f) northern61.What does the word …distinctive‟mean in the term …distinctive features‟?62.Try to work out the distinctive features for each group of sounds:a) [p, t, b, d] b) [j, w, i, u]63.Describe the similarities and differences between the sounds represented by the underlineletters:a) life, lives b) choice, choose c) deduce, deduction64.The pronunciation of words may be influenced by their spelling. Identify the words in whichpronunciation does not match the spelling.a) Edinburgh b) Wednesday c) Thames d) tortoise e) clothes65.Do you think the following words are permissible in English? Why?a) tpray b) btry c) tgharg66.What does complementary distribution mean?67.Listen carefully to the following two sentences and then try to work out a phonological rule.a)石头很硬。
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语言学Exercises1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___Creativity_______.5. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _____Metalingual function_____.6. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole7. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics8. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.9. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study.10. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __Langue________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.11. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __competence________.12.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.（1） Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F（2） F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French(Swiss) linguist. F（3）All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms(有的有有的没有). F（4）A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic(synchronic) study of language. F（5）Speech and writing came into being at much the same time不对in human history. F13. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above14. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n] （alveolar）B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]15.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant16. Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords17.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share thefeature of ( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental18.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1). [p] is a voiced (voiceless) bilabial stop. F(2). Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. F 19.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _frication_________.20.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without____obstruction______.21.Answer the following questions. (20%)(1) What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.还得加上例子(2) What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004）When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.22. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant23. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics ofvowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]24.Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme25. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones26. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1)When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.T(2)Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. F(3)According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be dividedinto tense vs. lax or long vs. short. T27. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the ____tongue______ and the lips.28. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the ___height_______ to which that part of the tongue is raised.29. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __minimal pair________.30.____Phoneme______ is the smallest linguistic unit.31.__Coarticulation________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually showthe influence of their neighbors.32.In English there are a number of ____vowels glides______, which are producedby moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 33.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions;then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop[d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop [p=](2) low front vowel [æ](3) lateral [l](4) velar nasal [ŋ](5) voiced interdental fricative []34. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice35. Decide whether the following statements are true or false(1) All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and acoda. T(2) The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where toplace a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. F36. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.（2007）A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. SemanticsD. Sociolinguistics37. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words38. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational39. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six40. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems41. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation42. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement43. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph44.Decide whether the following statements are true or false.(1) Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. T(2) Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes areremoved. F(3) In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixeschange the word-class of the base. T(4) In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number ofmorphemes. F(5) Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F45.Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ___solid_______,____hyphenated______ and ___open_______.46.All words may be said to contain a root __morpheme________.47.A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to__close________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to ____open______ class.48.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ____affix______ and_____root_____.49.How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?（厦门大学，2003）Free morpheme and bound morphemeRoot, affix and stemInflectional affix and derivational affix50.__________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existingwords by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition51.The word TB (tuberculosis )is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending52.The words like sitcom is formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy53.The word “motel” comes from “motor + hotel”. This is an example of ________inmorphology.A backformationB conversionC blendingD acronym54.The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is used to mean “thetail of any animal.” This is an example ofA. widening of meaningB. narrowing of meaningC. meaning shiftD. loss of meaning55. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ ispronounced as a word.56.__________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process ofshortening.57.__________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of itsinflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the useof words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.58.Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II（武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation(UNESCO :United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization )58. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?A. A simple sentence.B. A coordinate sentence.C. A complex sentence.D. None of the above.59. Syntax is the study ofA. language functions.B. sentence structures.C. textual organization.D. word formation.60.60. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome61. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate62. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a numberof words to form a complete statement, question or command.63. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means ofIC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004）。