英语句子的基本结构

5 Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词） 6 The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词） 7 When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句） 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（二）句子的具体成分
主语（ 主语（subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主 ： 名词、 一般位于句首。主语可由名词 代词、 体，一般位于句首。主语可由名词、代词、数 不定式、动名词、 词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语 从句等表示 等表示。 从句等表示。
1 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词） 2 We often speak English in class. （代词） 3 One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词） 4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词 面。例如： 及物动词和介词后 及物动词和介词 They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词或 名词短语对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置 定语。如： We students should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teacher, will come to our school.
独立成分
有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成 分 感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 感叹词 肯定词yes 肯定词 否定词no 否定词 称呼语：mum, dad。 称呼语 插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 插入语 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end 情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也 情态词 许,maybe大概,actually实际上,certainly当然，等。
His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语 从句）
状语种类如下
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状 语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句 从句的句子。 从句 复合句包含：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从 名词性从句、 名词性从句 句等。 e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall This is the book that I want. I think that he is right.
定语(attributive)
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
宾语(object) 宾语
宾语补足语(complement of object) 宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词， 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以 还要有一个宾语补语， 外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义 完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为： 完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及 物动词（ 宾语+宾补）。宾补可由 物动词（如make等+宾语 宾补）。宾补可由 等 宾语 宾补）。 名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、 名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短 语和从句充当。 语和从句充当
谓语(predicate)
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词 动作或具有的特征和状态 在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He 、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形 、复合谓语： 构成。 构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
2) 并列句 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号
（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构 成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I don’t hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars.
2、按句子的结构可分三种： 、按句子的结构可分三种：
1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和 一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws for the wall newspapere)
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态， 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一 般位于系动词（ 般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 等 之后。
Our teacher of English is an American. （名词） Is it yours? （代词） The weather has turned cold. （形容词） The speech is exciting. （分词） Three times seven is twenty one? （数词）
简单句、 简单句、并列句和复合句
（一）句子种类两种分类法 1、按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Don’t talk in class 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is!