海明威女性分析：英语版

On Hemingway Female1.IntroductionThrough a series of critical views of the female image of Hemingway's, This paper analyzes Hemingway's several typical female image, proving that Hemingway has a really deep explanation in the women in his creation process. And we can also know the female aspect in the social context of that time, It reflects Hemingway's writing is based on their own creative consciousness and understanding of human nature to shape one and another bright female image. His creative talents and his outlook of women is showed at the same time.2.Hemingway's female image became the focus of criticsHemingway is also called "male chauvinist pigs" and "feminist supporters," In fact, this is largely a wishful thinking of the critics. In "The Art of Short Stories," Hemingway wrote ," Female characters are the most difficult to deal with. But when someone present the criticism that there is no such woman you wrote, you do not worry about it. It just shows that your female characters are unlike their female characters." It is because of his strong feminist consciousness and the focus of female characters, the creation is so difficult. Looking at the Hemingway 's major works, from the early short stories, until the "The Old Man and the Sea", it is not di fficult to find writers‟ women consciousness. This awareness has its consistency ,not changing because of the different time, location and person. And the consistency rightly shows contradiction of writer‟s dealing with the female characters. Whether it is "a pig" or "Daddy Hemingway" or partial in the view, his female characters for Hemingway is shaped only according to their own creative consciousness and purpose and his grasp of human nature, and there are no extreme side. The image of women in Hemingway…s works reflects his concepts of the role and understanding of women, all of these are closely linked with his thoughts, the life history and the culture of that era.2.1Criticism of Hemingway’ s works’smearing and being hostile tofemale imagesIt is well known that Hemingway in the United States has an important position in the literary history, his contribution to American literature is an indisputable fact, However, the image of Hemingway's female critics has been aroused heated arguments,and sometimes Hemingway's attitudes to women are the focus in the critic world.A considerable number of critics thinks that Hemingway was a male chauvinist, in response to it, his work is more of a "tough guy" image, and a kind of discrimination against women in his eyes. After the rise of feminism, Hemingway's female characters suffered more praise or blame. Some activists have not been satisfied with the so-called macho and dismissed it as "misogyny complex" or even worse, a "male chauvinist pigs".Some critics and biographers tend to excavate materials from the private life of Ernest Hemingway, interpreting their work, analyzing the figures. This seems quite natural to come to the conclusion of Hemingway‟s being hatred of women. He has repeatedly accused his mother as "she is a bitch," "That bitch!" For a woman giving his life and a love, this is indeed an insult to be added. He has not a happy marriage relationship. Hemingway had attacked Fitzgerald‟s wife Zelda that he was jealous Fitzgerald‟s talents to interfere his writing process. This is also listed as an example of his hostility toward women. Won him the Nobel Prize in Literature, "The Old Man and the Sea" is obviously a work concerning about the world of men - the book actually has no female role. His male characters owned "grace under pressure" and is a"tough guy", while female characters often seem to be as a foil or the opposite existence. Therefore, Edmund Wilson ,as the representative of part of the critics, pointed out the people in Hemingway‟s works as "male chauvinist pigs."2.2 Hemingway’s women image tend to feministRobert. Keluser and other critics took Albright. Anshly, Maria and other female characters as the basis that: Hemingway is a feminist writer. His work has a strong feminist tendencies. Many female characters should not have been cast aside, but should be sympathetic to, even admirable. This view has been affirmation for the first time to the repeatedly ignored or disparaged female characters of Hemingway's and certainly refreshes, and it has its unique feature. In his novels, there is not lack of feminist consciousness of Hemingway, and several of them were launched from the female consciousness. Hemingway also shows his own feelings in shaping their women characters on different occasions at different times. "I always thought that living in the same rigid criteria men is much easier than women. Neither a man will be like a woman to follow so rigid and strict guidelines, nor to imagine a man himself like a woman having the same good criteria, unless a real effort to do. "If there is no women consciousness , how to understand women?3. Analysis of the female image in Hemingway’s works3.1 Causes of the Female ImageAs an outstanding representative of "Lost Generation", Hemingway's distinguished position in literary world in the United States and his contribution to the development of American literature has been recorded in history. Hemingway‟s image of women is the fragment and the silhouette of the course of whole Western civilization, which takes male power as the axis. It is also an exact reproduction of literary works. Hemingway‟s contradictory views on women are formed under the influence of cultural background and life experiences in that era, and his views on women has played a huge impact on his life and art.Hemingway lived in the end of 19th century and mid-20th century, this particular turn of the old and new era of cultural ethos and historical events played a very important role in Hemingway's values, world views and concepts of the formation of women. As thousands of years of patriarchal culture, heritage, people's consciousness is invisibly influenced by the patriarchal culture, Hemingway is a writer with a strong sense of male subject, The independence of women he advocated is permitted within the scope of men, and doesn‟t damage the main location. He truly works on women's living conditions, emotional needs, values, and expression. He shows his understanding and support to what the women required including female equality, freedom, liberation, requiring the same right to education, employment, voting rights and this requirements reflect the need of human civilization. Although the patriarchal culture has been on the wane, but several thousand years of cultural domination and influence, everyone of patriarchal culture has "collective unconscious". Hemingway could not completely give up men stand. Though he supported women's liberation movement and enjoy the independent, brave woman, he was afraid of the result women liberation movement developed into, such as the formation of female supremacy, female domination male. so he thinks the right women requested should not threaten the dignity and the authority of men,. It is in this time under the influence of cultural background, Hemingway‟s views of women have become so complex and contradictory.Hemingway was living in a time there is a decline of Western patriarchal culture, but a rise of female consciousness, feminist movement of the twentieth century. As a result of two world wars, the traditional values have been destructed. People confronted a world which Nietzsche predicted an era of "value" evaluation. The so-called"Greenwich Village thought" swept in the United States in 1920s .This thought influenced the lives of men and women profoundly. Many poor writers and artists lived in Greenwich Village, living a unique life, forming a "Greenwich Village thought", to resist the traditional "business - Protestant Christian morality." Hemingway's life circumstances are being wrapped in women: his mother, his four wives, and his lovers. Those women are more or less influenced by" Greenwich Village thought," they have their own personality and temperament. The rising feminist movement, the practice of female life have an impact on the writer, Ernest Hemingway's thoughts, so he clearly recognize in that new era the trend women in the pursuit of self irreversibly. This is why Hemingway can recognize those women who have self-awareness and rebellious spirit from both perspectives of men and women. So fundamentally, the concepts of Hemingway's women is beyond the eternal myth category what Western patriarchal culture called.3.2. Hemingway‘s several female image3.2.1. Perfect image of womenDuring World War I, with the first women's movement achieving orgasm, more and more women have the right to vote and the right to educate. Women's employment has increased and they get economic independence. In1920s "Greenwich Village thought" swept the United States, declaring that "gender equality" of women and men in dress and act. Hemingway indicated that the emancipation of women do not have the formation of opposition to men. Basing on his desire to establish a mutual understanding, mutual trust, mutual support and mutual admiration, he hoped that men and women can complement each other. Thus, Hemingway created a class of beauty, kindness, courage and dedication of the "angel" as the ideal image of women: "A Farewell to Arms" in Catherine, "Whom the Bell Tolls" in the Maria, "Eden" in the The Marita and so on."A Farewell to Arms" is in the background of the First World War in Italy, describing how the war destroyed the people‟ will, killing people's love, condemning people‟s killing each other in the senseless war. But in this crazy and absurd war environment, Hemingway created an ideal image of women, an angelic woman - Catherine. Catherine is the Hemingway of the most gentle, kindest, most romantic and most courageous women. She is a beautiful young British nurse and failed to marry her fiance, who has engaged to her for 8 years and her fiance eventually swallowed by thewar, Catherine is in deep grief. Because of her conservative, traditional pre-war concept, "not give the fiance that he should get," so that their love left irreparably regretted. The first few chapters from the novel can be seen that Catherine's life experience and love experience are richer than Henry. So in their love Catherine comes to be extremely meek and selfless, not for she is ignorance or lack of independence. As Arthur • Ward Horn said: "She's meek is in her first reaction to the death of a loved one, may be an excessive reaction." So, she once fell in love with Henry, never repeating the same mistakes, cherishing the love, which reflected her maturity and loyalty in love. Henry is not serious at first, but getting fun with her, Later he was moved by Catherine‟ s sincere and unselfish love, He turns from a love game player into a passionately devoted loyal lover. In this sense, Catherine is also the same tough guy who, in Hemingway‟s hands, was not only the brave to be unrelenting in the struggle against the plight, but also the winner on the battlefield of life. Henry hopes to ensure the future of their love through the legal form of marriage, while Catherine cherished the true love. Marriage can not guarantee that they will always love each other, especially during the war. However, people can find meaning in love, but not in love they can find eternal life. Catherine attempted to contracept, but eventually fell into the "biological trap",due to death for childbirth bleeding on the operating table. Being courageous and calm when she faced death interpreted Hemingway's "tough guy" image: "A person not born to be defeated, and you shall destroy him, but that is not beat him." Catherine is a image having many a virtue in one - of selfless love and dedication, profound insights on life, a clear understanding of the war, the courage in the face of death. All of these make her well-deserved a “tough guy” among the ranks of Hemingway‟s hands, Catherine is one of the most perfect Hemingway‟s well-characterized image of women.Novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is in a background of the Spanish war as an outstanding anti-fascist novel, focusing on describing the three days and nights in the guerrilla stronghold. Actress Maria is a strong, faithful woman. Her parents suffered a tragic death in the war, and she had been abused by the fascists. When Maria first discovered by the guerrillas, "she is not normal ... ... would not say a word, he kept crying. If who touched her, she would like a soaked to the skin of the dog, not a shaking stop. "Although Maria was abused, loss of virginity, the dauntless spirit she showed was admirable. Although cut off long hair, she did not think it was a shame, but an honor. In Jordan's view, Maria‟s spirit was perfect, she gave Jordan comfort and happiness. And he thinks the three days they spent in the mountains was the best time of life. BecauseMaria brought him vigor and vitality, their love is short, but it is eternal. This is not just sex, but also a fusion of body and soul, love and responsibility. Maria's love for Jordan made him aware of the relation of love and revolution, life and death, personal happiness and human destiny. Therefore, at last Jordan arranged Maria to go with a large force, and left himself alone to do the exploding task. It was for the noble and selfless love between them that Jordan maintained grace under pressure, being brave to face the disaster and death. In short, strong and loyal, Maria is another Hemingway‟s ideal image of women.3.2.2 Rebellious image of womenPrevious comments tend to regard Bright in"The Sun Also Rises", Catherine in "Eden", Mrs. Macomber in "Francis Macomber • short happy life," as the women known as "Vamp", who are not traditional, decaying in moral and tempting men, damaging men‟s main location. In fact, after World War I, women were influenced by "gender equality" thought, breaking the shackles of traditional ethics, breaking into the traditional man scope of activities. Hemingway rationally examined and truly characterized the new life state of rebellious women."The Sun Also Rises" focused on the young generation‟ thoughts and moral crisis after World War I ,showing their inner anguish and loss, and they were known as the "Lost Generation". Novel shaped a rebellious new woman image Bright. During the war, she was a nurse, witnessed the cruelty of war. The war took her first husband‟s life,and made her second husband‟s spirit on the verge of collapse. Bright and the hero Jack fell in love in spirit, but Jack lost sexual capacity in the war and it brought extreme emptiness to Bright so that she constantly searched for lust with men, which made Jack fee painful, but the greatest pain is the pain left from the war, the war made his physical existence be completely negative. Both psychologically and spiritually, Bright has been hurt greatly. To escape the pain, with her bold dress Bright acted daringly and rebelliously. In a soft short skirt, she shattered frankly into public places, flirting in the bar drinking, participating the Basque festival carnival, watching the Panpu Lona…s Bullfight, going everywhere for sensual pleasures. Abandoning the traditional role of women, Bright was an individual, attractive women. The male characters in the novel ,without exception, obsessed in Bright. Cohen was impressed by her beauty, around her day and night; Kabur‟s heart was extremely painful, drunk every day, expecting her to return to his side; Gorton though not explicitly pursue Bright, but praise her without stop; Using money in exchange for love, Mpiples promised toemploy ten thousand dollars to lure Bright to go on a holiday with him; Lomalo also fell in love with Bright and wanted to marry her. Facing many suitors, she absolutely released her energy in the social communication and sexual charm,around them, and openly said they did not give up any, so it increased her choice for affection. What she has done in a great extent is retaliation for the pain she suffered Because of her not submissive, and her distinctive personality, but got a notoriety "A woman is not feminine". This is only a prejudice. Hemingway saw her as the new women's representative. By this new image, Hemingway clearly conveyed his sympathy and support for new women. Bright's behavior, indicated not only the new women's rebellion against society, but also the "lost generation" in the way of women seeking relief.3.2.3 Neutral image of womenGuan Ming Fu‟s analysis showed that Hemingway prefered the neutral dressed women, and appreciated the independent, autonomous neutral characters of women. Hemingway's mother, a tough character, full of male characteristics did things arbitrarily. While young, he was dressed as a girl, which caused psychological gender confusion. Beautiful, gentle first love Agnes‟ rejection to Hemingway is an unforgettable damage , so that he had psychological barriers to women, making him slide into neutral female preference. Hemingway's former two wives before marriage are both gays, and his mentor Gertrude Stein is a lesbian. Mainly in the early 20th century, as the features of sexual liberation and the appearance of treason, the "new woman" appeared. The whole social environment also significantly affected his views of women. Therefore, the neutral distinctive image of women came to exist in Hemingway's works: Catherine in "Garden of Eden", Casalin in"A Farewell to Arms" in the, Bilal in "Whom the Bell Tolls" and so on.In the "Garden of Eden", David's wife, Catherine‟s neutral image is particularly prominent. When finishing cutting short hair,she said: "This is a surprise. I'm a girl, but now I was a boy. I can do anything, anything, what I can do." With her hair‟s color and length changing, her behavior and thinking also changed dramatically. She was not satisfied with the distribution of authority between men and women, wanting to share and occupy the privilege of men. Forgetting all the ethics, she came into a state of complete depravity. She exchanged sex roles with her husband, and also even arranged for her husband another woman, Marita. She himself found a girlfriend and she was free to bold, obviously having homosexual tendencies. Therefore, in sexual orientation andwork attitude, she tended to behave as men; In handling David's marriage, the intense jealousy made her tend to be women. Therefore, from the appearance to the psychology, she is a neutral image.The image of the heroine Casa Ling in "A Farewell to Arms" is neutral. Casa Ling, who combines the characteristics of women: long hair, beautiful, gentle, humble, to do all things dominated by the views of Henry, to bear the pain of birth and suffer back and forth for Henry and, to fear of torture, but She doesn‟t regret at all. But in spite of the above, the feminine side of women were neutral. Casa Ling Henry inadvertently brought to cut hair, "I took my hair cut, then we two are exactly the same ". Even though she did n‟t cut the hair, her conversation and behavior shows she has a subconscious desire to be neutral. At the end Casa Ling died result from a narrow pelvis while giving birth, the child also died. Offspring are female-specific capabilities and features. Her innate physical defects make her not able to be one hundred percent of women to appear. From this perspective, the image of Casa Ling is neutral."Whom the Bell Tolls," although the wife of Bilal ,a guerrilla, has a feminine appearance ,her personality has demonstrated a clear masculine characteristics, she is a strong, courageous, strong-minded women, owning fighting spirit, forming sharp contrast with her cowardly guerrilla Peer .Fellows evaluated Bilal, "a bit wild," she admits by herself, "I am a quasi-hero if replacing a man." Bilal who lacked femininity and revealed men's features has a strong and neutral characteristics.3.2.4. Sublimation of the Female Image"The Old Man and the Sea" is one of Hemingway's masterpiece, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. There is not a female role in the book, so some critics say that Hemingway only concerned with the world of men, ignored women in the world. In fact, through the analysis of the image of the sea, we found that the sea is the Hemingway …s sublimation of female images.The image of the sea permeated in "The Old Man and the Sea". The sea is the material world that old Santiago survived and all of his life.The sea is a woman, and contains a large number of possibilities and its fecundity, so she prepares for the elderly man a gigantic and mysterious fish, providing a showcase for his courage and perseverance. Li Xiaobing (2008) analyzes that in the old man‟s mind, the sea is like a beautiful and plump woman to be attractive, on which he based his life. The old man is old, and he has no wife, no children, no property, but he cherished the sea，Sea treasures wonderful memories of the old man: "He dreamed of Africa when he saw in hischildhood, the dazzling long golden beaches and white beaches, and the towering headlands and brown mountains. He was now back to coast every night, and in dreams heard the rumble of the waves lapping the shore, saw the native line sailing through the waves "The sea is pure and quiet when calm and sunny, when the hot-tempered and self-willed there are monstrous storms. The old man viewed sea as his intimate but fickle lover, "She has love and hate, She sometimes spreads temper, and even mischievous because that she could not control his temper as an attractive woman like moon, the moon can also attract Ocean. " The broad sea is also like a gentle mother, is not only the source all food and clothing comes from, but also the spirit mind lies in. The sea is the god of the old man: " Before it was getting dark, the boat sails over the sea, where Sargasso together weave into a vast, gently rolling along the light wave. The old man thought under that yellow satin was the sea goddess , immersing in the love . "Sea is a symbol of the supreme Creator, fickle, high and unpredictable, hold ing the vitality, its infinite vitality. Her broadness made the old experience enough into the mysteries of the unknown areas of reality, and she is vast enough to allow the old to live in eternity! Hemingway used the "sea" to show a desire of men to women of all: both the lover, and is the mother; both a banshee, but also a goddess; both the fate of the soul, but also the childhood home. This is the female characters Hemingway has never refered to.Through a detailed and in-depth excavation and comprehensive fairly interpretation on Hemingway's work , we found that Hemingway has a strong sense of women. Basing on his point of view of modern civilization, he obverse women's unique position ,to probe profound analysis of the inner world of women, recording their love and hate, pain and joy, confusion and confusion, creating a series of distinctive personality traits of female characters and a women world very different from others.4. ConclusionHemingway is a wonderful writer of greatly artistic talent, he adopted both traditional romanticism, realism, and various modern schools. forming his own writing type. His world is a complex world, which is not easy to clearly understand by us.The literary w orld he created is rich and colorful. It shouldn‟t conclude so simply, or just from one respect.Views of women on Hemingway help us with a more profound understanding thecontents of the works of Hemingway‟s. And these views make us grasp the creative thinking and art style of Hemingway comprehensively. Such Hemingway‟s contradiction in Women reflects the attitudes conducive to gender of him and his contemporary from the side at that time .It helps us not only have a more comprehensive understanding of culture, but also help us to think about gender patterns of modern society. There must be mutual respect to the men and women‟s differences between the sexes, using dialogue, mutual understanding instead of conflicts and confrontation between the sexes. Gender relations will move toward the ultimate harmony, developing into coexistence direction.AcknowledgementsWhile I know it is impossible to name all the people who assisted me with the thesis, I would like to extend my gratitude to the following people. Without their assistance the accomplishment of the thesis is not possible. First I wish to acknowledge my supervisor Mrs.Jiang for his careful and responsible help. At the beginning of my writing, I was at a loss and uneasy. Under Mrs.Jiang expert supervision I built the confidence and finished my contents. The first step allowed me to go on writing. In the writing process, I came across a lot of difficulties and Mrs.Jiang offered me much valuable advice and suggestions. I sincerely thank him for his help at every stage. Without his patient and selfless guidance I would not have finished this thesis smoothly.Then I would like to thank all the teachers and professors who have taught me in the four years‟ studies. It‟s them who bu ilt the foundation of my writing.I also owe sincere thanks to my classmates, my friends and my family for their constant support and encouragement.Last but not the least, I express my sincere thanks to all the authors from whom I have cited in this thesis.Bibliography[1]周杰.《简论海明威笔下女性形象》辽宁师专学报，2007年第6期.[2]赵玉君《父权意识与海明威女性形象的塑造》，山东莱阳农学院。