夹具设计-英外文翻译
拨叉加工工艺及夹具设计 英文
拨叉加工工艺及夹具设计英文Title: Process and Fixture Design for Turning OperationsAbstract:This paper explores the process of turning operations using a lathe and the design of fixtures to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the process. The use of acutting tool on a rotating workpiece allows for the creation of cylindrical shapes, grooves, and threads. The process of turning is widely used in manufacturing industries to produce a variety of components with high precision and surface finish.One of the key components in the turning process is the tool holder, which secures the cutting tool in place and provides the necessary rigidity and stability during the cutting operation. The design of the tool holder iscritical in achieving high-quality results, and the selection of the appropriate cutting tool and tool material is equally important.Another important aspect of the turning process is the design of the fixture that holds the workpiece in place. The fixture must provide secure clamping of the workpiece,while also allowing for easy loading and unloading. The design of the fixture must also ensure that the workpiece is positioned accurately and securely to prevent any movement during the cutting operation.In this paper, we will discuss the various types of turning operations and the design considerations for both the tool holder and the fixture. We will also provide examples of fixture designs for specific turning operations, as well as the selection of appropriate cutting tools and tool materials. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to provide insights and practical guidelines for the successful implementation of turning operations in manufacturing processes.。
夹具设计外文翻译
Application and developmentOf case based reasoning in fixture designFixtures are devices that serve as the purpose of holding the workpiece securely and accurately, and maintaining a consistent relationship with respect to the tools while machining. Because the fixture structure depends on the feature of the product and the status of the process planning in the enterprise, its design is the bottleneck during manufacturing, which restrains to improve the efficiency and leadtime. And fixture design is a complicated process, based on experience that needs comprehensive qualitative knowledge about a number of design issues including workpiece configuration, manufacturing processes involved, and machining environment. This is also a very time consuming work when using traditional CAD tools (such as Unigraphics, CATIA or Pro/E), which are good at performing detailed design tasks, but provide few benefits for taking advantage of the previous design experience and resources, which are precisely the key factors in improving the efficiency. The methodology of case based reasoning (CBR) adapts the solution of a previously solved case to build a solution for a new problem with the following four steps: retrieve, reuse, revise, and retain [1]. This is a more useful method than the use of an expert system to simulate human thought because proposing a similar case and applying a few modifications seems to be self explanatory and more intuitive to humans .So various case based design support tools have been developed for numerous areas[2-4], such as in injection molding and design, architectural design, die casting die design, process planning, and also in fixture design. Sun used six digitals to compose the index code that included workpiece shape, machine portion, bushing, the 1st locating device, the 2nd locating device and clamping device[5]. But the system cannot be used for other fixture types except for drill fixtures, and cannot solve the problem of storage of the same index code that needs to be retained, which is very important in CBR[6].1. Construction of a Case Index and Case Library1.1 Case indexThe case index should be composed of all features of the workpiece, which are distinguished from different fixtures. Using all of them would make the operation in convenient. Because the forms of the parts are diverse, and the technology requirements of manufacture in the enterprise also develop continuously, lots of features used as the case index will make the search rate slow, and the main feature unimportant, for the reason that the relative weight which is allotted to every feature must diminish. And on the other hand, it is hard to include all the features in the case index.1.2 Hierarchical form of CaseThe structure similarity of the fixture is represented as the whole fixture similarity, components similarity and component similarity. So the whole fixture case library, components case library, component case library of fixture are formedcorrespondingly. Usually design information of the whole fixture is composed of workpiece information and workpiece procedure information, which represent the fixture satisfying the specifically designing function demand. The whole fixture case is made up of function components, which are described by the function components’ names and numbers. The components case represents the members. (function component and other structure components，main driven parameter, the number, and their constrain relations.) The component case (the lowest layer of the fixture) is the structure of function component and other components. In the modern fixture design there are lots of parametric standard parts and common non standard parts. So the component case library should record the specification parameter and the way in which it keeps them.2. Strategy of Case RetrievalIn the case based design of fixtures ,the most important thing is the retrieval of the similarity, which can help to obtain the most similar case, and to cut down the time of adaptation. According to the requirement of fixture design, the strategy of case retrieval combines the way of the nearest neighbor and knowledge guided. That is, first search on depth, then on breadth; the knowledge guided strategy means to search on the knowledge rule from root to the object, which is firstly searched by the fixture type, then by the shape of the workpiece, thirdly by the locating method. For example, if the case index code includes the milling fixture of fixture type, the search is just for all milling fixtures, then for box of workpiece shape, the third for 1plane+ 2pine of locating method. If there is no match of it, then the search stops on depth, and returns to the upper layer, and retrieves all the relative cases on breadth.2.1 Case adaptationThe modification of the analogical case in the fixture design includes the following three cases:1) The substitution of components and the component;2) Adjusting the dimension of components and the component while the form remains;3) The redesign of the model.If the components and component of the fixture are common objects, they can be edited, substituted and deleted with tools, which have been designed.2.2 Case storageBefore saving a new fixture case in the case library, the designer must consider whether the saving is valuable. If the case does not increase the knowledge of the system, it is not necessary to store it in the case library. If it is valuable, then the designer must analyze it before saving it to see whether the case is stored as a prototype case or as reference case. A prototype case is a representation that can describe the main features of a case family. A case family consists of those cases whose index codes have the same first 13 digits and different last three digits in the case library. The last three digits of a prototype case are always “000”. A reference case belongs to the same family as the prototype case and is distinguished by the different last three digits.From the concept that has been explained, the following strategies are adopted:1) If a new case matches any existing case family, it has the same first 13 digits as an existing prototype case, so the case is not saved because it is represented well by the prototype case. Or is just saved as a reference case (the last 3 digits are not “000”, and not the same with others) in the case library.2) If a new case matches any existing case family and is thought to be better at representing this case family than the previous prototype case, then the prototype case is substituted by this new case, and the previous prototype case is saved as a reference case.3) If a new case does not match any existing case family, a new case family will be generated automatically and the case is stored as the prototype case in the case library.3. ConclusionCBR, as a problem solving methodology, is a more efficient method than an expert system to simulate human thought, and has been developed in many domains where knowledge is difficult to acquire. The advantages of the CBR are as follows: it resembles human thought more closely; the building of a case library which has self learning ability by saving new cases is easier and faster than the building of a rule library; and it supports a better transfer and explanation of new knowledge that is more different than the rule library. A proposed fixture design framework on the CBR has been implemented by using Visual C ++, UG/Open API in U n graphics with Oracle as database support, which also has been integrated with the 32D parametric common component library, common components library and typical fixture library. The prototype system, developed here, is used for the aviation project, and aids the fixture designers to improve the design efficiency and reuse previous design resources.基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。
模具夹具类中英文表述
模具夹具类中英文表述(总34页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除模具/夹具的相关中英文表述dowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘销flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧楔goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶头冲孔headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢一、入水：gate进入位：gate location水口形式：gate type大水口：edge gate细水口： pin-point gate水口大小：gate size转水口：switching runner/gate 唧嘴口径：sprue diameter二、流道: runner热流道：hot runner,hot manifold热嘴冷流道: hot sprue/cold runner唧嘴直流: direct sprue gate圆形流道：round(full/half runner流道电脑分析：mold flow analysis流道平衡:runner balance热嘴：hot sprue热流道板：hot manifold发热管：cartridge heater探针: thermocouples插头：connector plug插座： connector socket密封/封料： seal三、运水：water line喉塞：line lpug喉管：tube塑胶管：plastic tube快速接头：jiffy quick connector plug/socker 四、模具零件：mold components三板模：3-plate mold二板模：2-plate mold边钉/导边：leader pin/guide pin边司/导套：bushing/guide bushing中托司：shoulder guide bushing中托边L：guide pin顶针板：ejector retainner plate托板：support plate螺丝： screw管钉：dowel pin开模槽：ply bar scot内模管位：core/cavity inter-lock顶针：ejector pin司筒：ejector sleeve司筒针：ejector pin推板：stripper plate缩呵：movable core,return core core puller 扣机（尼龙拉勾）：nylon latch lock斜顶：lifter模胚（架）： mold base上内模：cavity insert下内模：core insert行位（滑块）： slide镶件：insert压座/斜鸡：wedge耐磨板/油板：wedge wear plate压条：plate撑头: support pillar唧嘴： sprue bushing挡板：stop plate定位圈：locating ring锁扣：latch扣鸡：parting lock set推杆：push bar栓打螺丝：S.H.S.B顶板：eracuretun活动臂：lever arm分流锥：spure sperader水口司:bush垃圾钉：stop pin隔片：buffle弹弓柱：spring rod弹弓:die spring中托司：ejector guide bush中托边：ejector guide pin镶针：pin销子：dowel pin波子弹弓：ball catch喉塞: pipe plug锁模块：lock plate斜顶：angle from pin斜顶杆：angle ejector rod尼龙拉勾：parting locks活动臂：lever arm复位键、提前回杆：early return bar气阀：valves斜导边：angle pin术语：terms承压平面平衡：parting surface support balance 模排气：parting line venting回针碰料位：return pin and cavity interference 模总高超出啤机规格：mold base shut hight顶针碰运水：water line interferes withejector pin料位出上/下模：part from cavith (core) side模胚原身出料位：cavity direct cut on A-plate,core direct cut on B-plate. 不准用镶件： Do not use (core/cavity) insert用铍铜做镶件： use beryllium copper insert初步（正式）模图设计：preliinary (final) mold design反呵：reverse core弹弓压缩量：spring compressed length稳定性好：good stability,stable强度不够：insufficient rigidity均匀冷却：even cooling扣模：sticking热膨胀：thero expansion公差：tolorance铜公(电极）：copper electrodedowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘销flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧楔goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶头冲孔headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条形码flow chart流程窗体assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate坐标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave 凹convex凸short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疪shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill钻boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机模具工程类plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度factor系数upward向上downward向下press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙weight重量total wt.总重量punch wt.上模重量五金零件类inner guiding post内导柱inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块101个热处理常用英文词汇1. indication 缺陷2. test specimen 试样3. bar 棒材4. stock 原料5. billet 方钢，钢方坯6. bloom 钢坯,钢锭7. section 型材8. steel ingot 钢锭9. blank 坯料，半成品10. cast steel 铸钢11. nodular cast iron 球墨铸铁12. ductile cast iron 球墨铸铁13. bronze 青铜14. brass 黄铜15. copper 合金16. stainless steel不锈钢17. decarburization 脱碳18. scale 氧化皮19. anneal 退火20. process anneal 进行退火21. quenching 淬火22. normalizing 正火23. Charpy impact text 夏比冲击试验24. fatigue 疲劳25. tensile testing 拉伸试验26. solution 固溶处理27. aging 时效处理28. Vickers hardness维氏硬度29. Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度30. Brinell hardness 布氏硬度31. hardness tester硬度计32. descale 除污，除氧化皮等33. ferrite 铁素体34. austenite 奥氏体35. martensite马氏体36. cementite 渗碳体37. iron carbide 渗碳体38. solid solution 固溶体39. sorbite 索氏体40. bainite 贝氏体41. pearlite 珠光体42. nodular fine pearlite/ troostite屈氏体43. black oxide coating 发黑44. grain 晶粒45. chromium 铬46. cadmium 镉47. tungsten 钨48. molybdenum 钼49. manganese 锰50. vanadium 钒51. molybdenum 钼52. silicon 硅53. sulfer/sulphur 硫54. phosphor/ phosphorus 磷55. nitrided 氮化的56. case hardening 表面硬化，表面淬硬57. air cooling 空冷58. furnace cooling 炉冷59. oil cooling 油冷60. electrocladding /plating 电镀61. brittleness 脆性62. strength 强度63. rigidity 刚性,刚度64. creep 蠕变65. deflection 挠度66. elongation 延伸率67. yield strength 屈服强度68. elastoplasticity 弹塑性69. metallographic structure 金相组织70. metallographic test 金相试验71. carbon content 含碳量72. induction hardening 感应淬火73. impedance matching 感应淬火74. hardening and tempering 调质75. crack 裂纹76. shrinkage 缩孔，疏松77. forging 锻（件）78. casting 铸（件）79. rolling 轧（件）80. drawing 拉（件）81. shot blasting 喷丸（处理）82. grit blasting 喷钢砂（处理）83. sand blasting 喷砂（处理）84. carburizing 渗碳85. nitriding 渗氮86. ageing/aging 时效87. grain size 晶粒度88. pore 气孔89. sonim 夹砂90. cinder inclusion 夹渣91. lattice晶格92. abrasion/abrasive/rub/wear/wearing resistance (property) 耐磨性93. spectrum analysis光谱分析94. heat/thermal treatment 热处理95. inclusion 夹杂物96. segregation 偏析97. picking 酸洗，酸浸98. residual stress 残余应力99. remaining stress 残余应力100. relaxation of residual stress 消除残余应力101. stress relief 应力释放机械类常用英语：冲压模具-零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具burnishing die 挤光模landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具button die 镶入式圆形凹模loading shoe mold 料套式模具center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具loose detail mold 活零件模具chill mold 冷硬用铸模loose mold 活动式模具clod hobbing 冷挤压制模louvering die 百叶窗冲切模composite dies 复合模具manifold die 分歧管模具counter punch 反凸模modular mold 组合式模具double stack mold 双层模具multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具electroformed mold 电铸成形模multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具expander die 扩径模offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具extrusion die 挤出模palletizing die 叠层模family mold 反套制品模具plaster mold 石膏模blank through dies 漏件式落料模porous mold 通气性模具duplicated cavity plate 复板模positive mold 全压式模具fantail die 扇尾形模具pressure die 压紧模fishtail die 鱼尾形模具profile die 轮廓模flash mold 溢料式模具progressive die 顺序模gypsum mold 石膏铸模protable mold 手提式模具hot-runner mold 热流道模具prototype mold 雏形试验模具ingot mold 钢锭模punching die 落料模lancing die 切口模aising(embossing) 压花起伏成形re-entrant mold 倒角式模具sectional die 拼合模runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具sectional die 对合模具segment mold 组合模semi-positive mold 半全压式模具shaper 定型模套single cavity mold 单腔模具solid forging die 整体锻模split forging die 拼合锻模split mold 双并式模具sprueless mold 无注道残料模具squeezing die 挤压模stretch form die 拉伸成形模sweeping mold 平刮铸模swing die 振动模具three plates mold 三片式模具trimming die 切边模unit mold 单元式模具universal mold 通用模具unscrewing mold 退扣式模具yoke type die 轭型模塑料成形模具 mould for plastics热塑性塑料模 mould for thermoplastics热固性塑料模 mould for thermosets压缩模 compression mould压注模、传递模 transfer mould注射模 injection mould热塑性塑料注射模 injection mould for thermoplastics热固性塑料注射模 injection mould for thermoses成形零件定模 stationary mould fixed half动模 movable mould moving half定模座板 fixed clamp plate, top clamping plate. top plate动模座板 moving clamp plate. bottom clamping plate. bottom plate 上模座板 upper clamping plate下模座板 lower clamping plate凹模固定板 cavity-retainer plate型芯固定板 core-retainer plate凸模固定板 punch-retainer plate模套 chase. bolster. frame支承板 backing plate. supprr plate垫块 spacer parallel支架 ejector housing. mould base leg模具工程常用词汇英汉对照die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合designing, to design设计design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓document folder文件夹file folder资料夹to put file in order整理资料spare tools location手工备品仓first count初盘人first check初盘复棹人second count 复盘人second check复盘复核人equipment设备waste materials废料work in progress product在制品casing = containerazation装箱quantity of physical invetory second count 复盘点数量quantity of customs count会计师盘,点数量the first page第一联filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查end-user/using unit(department)使用单位summary of year-end physical inventory bills年终盘点截止单据汇总表bill name单据名称This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department)本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部)Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表blank and waste sheet NO.空白与作废单号plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点sample样品incoming material to be inspected进货待验description品名steel/rolled steel钢材material statistics sheet物料统计明细表meeting minutes会议记录meeting type 会别distribution department分发单位location地点chairman主席present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁***********************************************************。
夹具设计英文文献
A review and analysis of current computer-aided fixture design approachesIain Boyle, Yiming Rong, David C. BrownKeywords:Computer-aided fixture designFixture designFixture planningFixture verificationSetup planningUnit designABSTRACTA key characteristic of the modern market place is the consumer demand for variety. To respond effectively to this demand, manufacturers need to ensure that their manufacturing practices are sufficiently flexible to allow them to achieve rapid product development. Fixturing, which involves using fixtures to secure work pieces during machining so that they can be transformed into parts that meet required design specifications, is a significant contributing factor towards achieving manufacturing flexibility. To enable flexible fixturing, considerable levels of research effort have been devoted to supporting the process of fixture design through the development of computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) tools and approaches. This paper contains a review of these research efforts. Over seventy-five CAFD tools and approaches are reviewed in terms of the fixture design phases they support and the underlying technology upon which they are based. The primary conclusion of the review is that while significant advances have been made in supporting fixture design, there are primarily two research issues that require further effort. The first of these is that current CAFD research is segmented in nature and there remains a need to provide more cohesive fixture design support. Secondly, a greater focus is required on supporting the detailed design of a fixture’s physical structure.2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents1. Introduction (2)2. Fixture design (2)3. Current CAFD approaches (4)3.1 Setup planning (4)3.1.1 Approaches to setup planning (4)3.2 Fixture planning (4)3.2.1 Approaches to defining the fixturing requirement (6)3.2.2 Approaches to non-optimized layout planning (6)3.2.3 Approaches to layout planning optimization (6)3.3 Unit design (7)3.3.1 Approaches to conceptual unit design (7)3.3.2 Approaches to detailed unit design (7)3.4 Verification (8)3.4.1 Approaches to constraining requirements verification (8)3.4.2 Approaches to tolerance requirements verification (8)3.4.3 Approaches to collision detection requirements verification (8)3.4.4 Approaches to usability and affordability requirements verification (9)3.5 Representation of fixturing information (9)4. An analysis of CAFD research (9)4.1 The segmented nature of CAFD research (9)4.2 Effectively supporting unit design (10)4.3 Comprehensively formulating the fixturing requirement (10)4.4 Validating CAFD research outputs (10)5. Conclusion (10)References (10)1. IntroductionA key concern for manufacturing companies is developing the ability to design and produce a variety of high quality products within short timeframes. Quick release of a new product into the market place, ahead of any competitors, is a crucial factor in being able to secure a higher percentage of the market place and increased profit margin. As a result of the consumer desire for variety, batch production of products is now more the norm than mass production, which has resulted in the need for manufacturers to develop flexible manufacturing practices to achieve a rapid turnaround in product development.A number of factors contribute to an organization’s ability to achieve flexible manufacturing, one of which is the use of fixtures during production in which work pieces go through a number of machining operations to produce individual parts which are subsequently assembled into products. Fixtures are used to rapidly, accurately, and securely position work pieces during machining such that all machined parts fall within the design specifications for that part. This accuracy facilitates the interchangeability of parts that is prevalent in much of modern manufacturing where many different products feature common parts.The costs associated with fixturing can account for 10–20% of the total cost of a manufacturing system [1]. These costs relate not only to fixture manufacture, assembly, and operation, but also to their design. Hence there are significant benefits to be reaped by reducing the design costs associated with fixturing and two approaches have been adopted in pursuit of this aim. One has concentrated on developing flexible fixturing systems, such as the use of phase-changing materials to hold work pieces in place [2] and the development of commercial modular fixture systems. However, the significant limitation of the flexible fixturing mantra is that it does not address the difficulty of designing fixtures. To combat this problem, a second research approach has been to develop computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) systems that support and simplify the fixture design process and it is this research that is reviewed within this paper.Section 2 describes the principal phases of and the wide variety of requirements driving the fixture design process. Subsequently in Section 3 an overview of research efforts that havefocused upon the development of techniques and tools for supporting these individual phases of the design process is provided. Section 4 critiques these efforts to identify current gaps in CAFD research, and finally the paper concludes by offering some potential directions for future CAFD research. Before proceeding, it is worth noting that there have been previous reviews of fixturing research, most recently Bi and Zhang [1] and Pehlivan and Summers [3]. Bi and Zhang, while providing some details on CAFD research, tend to focus upon the development of flexible fixturing systems, and Pehlivan and Summers focus upon information integration within fixture design. The value of this paper is that it provides an in-depth review and critique of current CAFD techniques and tools and how they provide support across the entire fixture design process.2. Fixture designThis section outlines the main features of fixtures and more pertinently of the fixture design process against which research efforts will be reviewed and critiqued in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. Physically a fixture consists of devices that support and clamp a work piece [4,5]. Fig.1 represents a typical example of a fixture in which the work piece rests on locators that accurately locate it. Clamps hold the work piece against the locators during machining thus securing the work piece’s location. The locating units themselves consist of the locator supporting unit and the locator that contacts the work piece. The clamping units consist of a clamp supporting unit and a clamp that contacts the work piece and exerts a clamping force to restrain it.Typically the design process by which such fixtures are created has four phases: setup planning, fixture planning, unit design, and verification, as illustrated in Fig. 2 , which is adapted from Kang et al. [6]. During setup planning work piece and machining information is analyzed to determine the number of setups required to perform all necessary machining operations and the appropriate locating datums for each setup. A setup represents the combination of processes that can be performed on a work piece without having to alter the position or orientation of the work piece manually. To generate a fixture for each setup the fixture planning, unit design, and verification phases are executed.During fixture planning, the fixturing requirements for a setup are generated and the layout plan, which represents the first step towards a solution to these requirements is generated. This layout plan details the work piece surfaces with which the fixture’s locating and clamping units will establish contact, together with the surface positions of the locating and clamping points. The number and position of locating points must be such that a work piece’s six degrees of freedom (Fig. 3 ) are adequately constrained during machining [7] and there are a variety of conceptual locating point layouts that can facilitate this, such as the 3-2-1 locating principle [4]. In the third phase, suitable unit designs (i.e., the locating and clamping units) are generated and the fixture is subsequently tested during the verification phase to ensure that it satisfies the fixturing requirements driving the design process. It is worth noting that verification of setups and fixture plans can take place as they are generated and prior to unit design.Fixturing requirements, which although not shown in Kang et al.[6] are typically generated during the fixture planning phase, can be grouped into six class es ( Table 1 ). The ‘‘physical’’requirements class is the most basic and relates to ensuring the fixture can physically support the work piece. The ‘‘tolerance’’requirements relate to ensuring that the locating tolerances aresufficient to locate the work piece accurately and similarly the‘‘constraining’’ requirements focus on maintaining this accuracy as the work piece and fixture are subjected to machining forces. The ‘‘affordability’’ requirements relate to ensuring the fixture represents value, for example in terms of material, operating, and assembly/disassembly costs.The ‘‘collision detection’’ requirements focus upon ensuring that the fixture does not collide with the machining path, the work piece, or indeed itself. The ‘‘usability’’ requirements relate to fixture ergonomics and include for example needs related to ensuring that a fixture features error-proofing to prevent incorrect insertion of a work piece, and chip shedding, where the fixture assists in the removal of machined chips from the work piece.As with many design situations, the conflicting nature of these requirements is problematic. For example a heavy fixture can be advantageous in terms of stability but can adversely affect cost (due to increased material costs) and usability (because the increased weight may hinder manual handling). Such conflicts add to the complexity of fixture design and contribute to the need for the CAFD research reviewed in Section 3.Table 1Fixturing requirements.Generic requirement Abstract sub-requirement examplesPhysical ●The fixture must be physically capable of accommodatingthe work piece geometry and weight.●The fixture must allow access to the work piece features tobe machined.Toleranc e ●The fixture locating tolerances should be sufficient to satisfypart design tolerances.Constraining●The fixture shall ensure work piece stability (i.e., ensure thatwork piece force and moment equilibrium are maintained).●The fixture shall ensure that the fixture/work piece stiffness issufficient to prevent deformation from occurring that could resultin design tolerances not being achieved.Affordabilit y ●The fixture cost shall not exceed desired levels.●The fixture assembly/disassembly times shall not exceeddesired levels.●The fixture operation time shall not exceed desired levels. CollisionPrevention●The fixture shall not cause tool path–fixture collisions to occur.●The fixture shall cause work piece–fixture collisions to occur(other than at the designated locating and clamping positions).●The fixture shall not cause fixture–fixture collisions to occur(other than at the designated fixture component connectionpoints).Usabilit y ●The fixture weight shall not exceed desired levels.●The fixture shall not cause surface damage at the workpiece/fixture interface.●The fixture shall provide tool guidance to designated workpiece features.●The fixture shall ensure error-proofing (i.e., the fixture shouldprevent incorrect insertion of the work piece into the fixture).●The fixture shall facilitate chip shedding (i.e., the fixture shouldprovide a means for allowing machined chips to flow awayfrom the work piece and fixture).3. Current CAFD approachesThis section describes current CAFD research efforts, focusing on the manner in which they support the four phases of fixture design. Table 2 provides a summary of research efforts based upon the design phases they support, the fixture requirements they seek to address (boldtext highlights that the requirement is addressed to a significant degree of depth, whilst normal text that the degree of depth is lesser in nature), and the underlying technology upon which they are primarily based. Sections 3.1–3.4 describes different approaches for supporting setup planning, fixture planning, unit design, and verification, respectively. In addition, Section 3.5 discusses CAFD research efforts with regard to representing fixturing information.3.1. Setup planningSetup planning involves the identification of machining setups, where an individual setup defines the features that can be machined on a work piece without having to alter the position or orientation of the work piece manually. Thereafter, the remaining phases of the design process focus on developing individual fixtures for each setup that secure the work piece. From a fixturing viewpoint, the key outputs from the setup planning stage are the identification of each required setup and the locating datums (i.e., the primary surfaces that will be used to locate the work piece in the fixture).The key task within setup planning is the grouping or clustering of features that can be machined within a single setup. Machining features can be defined as the volume swept by a cutting tool, and typical examples include holes, slots, surfaces, and pockets [8]. Clustering of these features into individual setups is dependent upon a number of factors (including the tolerance dependencies between features, the capability of the machine tools that will be used to create the features, the direction of the cutting tool approach, and the feature machining precedence order), and a number of techniques have been developed to support setup planning. Graph theory and heuristic reasoning are the most common techniques used to support setup planning, although matrix based techniques and neural networks have also been employed.3.1.1. Approaches to setup planningThe use of graph theory to determine and represent setups has been a particularly popular approach [9–11]. Graphs consist of two sets of elements: vertices, which represent work piece features, and edges, which represent the relationships that exist between features and drive setup identification. Their nature can vary, for example in Sarma and Wright [9] consideration of feature machining precedence relationships is prominent, whereas Huang and Zhang [10] focus upon thetolerance relationships that exist between features. Given that these edges can be weighted in accordance with the tolerance magnitudes, this graph approach can also facilitate the identification of setups that can minimize tolerance stack up errors between setups through the grouping of tight tolerances. However, this can prove problematic given the difficulty of comparing the magnitude of different tolerance types to each other thus Huang [12] includes the use of tolerance factors [13] as a means of facilitating such comparisons, which are refined and extended by Huang and Liu [14] to cater for a greater variety of tolerance types and the case of multiple tolerance requirements being associated with the same set of features.While some methods use undirected graphs to assist setup identification [11] , Yao et al. [15] , Zhang and Lin [16] , and Zhang et al. [17] use directed graphs that facilitate the determination and explicit representation of which features should be used as locating datums ( Fig. 4 ) in addition to setup identification and sequencing. Also, Yao et al. refine the identified setups through consideration of available machine tool capability in a two stage setup planning process.Experiential knowledge, in the form of heuristic reasoning, has also been used to assist setup planning. Its popularity stems from the fact that fixture design effectiveness has been considered to be dependent upon the experience of the fixture designer [18] .To support setup planning, such knowledge has typically been held in the form of empirically derived heuristic rules, although object oriented approaches have on occasion been adopted [19] . For example Gologlu [20] uses heuristic rules together with geometric reasoning to support feature clustering, feature machining precedence, and locating datum selection. Within such heuristic approaches, the focus tends to fall upon rules concerning the physical nature of features and machining processes used to create them [21, 22]. Although some techniques do include feature tolerance considerations [23], their depth of analysis can be less than that found within the graph based techniques [24]. Similarly, kinematic approaches [25] have been used to facilitate a deeper analysis of the impact of tool approach directions upon feature clustering than is typically achieved using rule-based approaches. However, it is worth noting that graph based approaches are often augmented with experiential rule-bases to increase their overall effectiveness [16] .Matrix based approaches have also been used to support setup planning, in which a matrix defining feature clusters is generated and subsequently refined. Ong et al. [26] determine a feature precedence matrix outlining the order in which features can be machined, which is then optimized against a number of cost indicators (such as machine tool cost, change over time, etc.) in a hybrid genetic algorithm-simulated annealing approach through consideration of dynamically changing machine tool capabilities. Hebbal and Mehta [27] generate an initial feature grouping matrix based upon the machine tool approach direction for each feature which is subsequently refined through the application of algorithms that consider locating faces and feature tolerances.Alternatively, the use of neural networks to support setup planning has also been investigated. Neural networks are interconnected networks of simple elements, where the interconnections are ‘‘learned’’ from a set of example data. Once educated, these networks can generate solutions for new problems fed into the network. Ming and Mak [28] use a neural network approach in which feature precedence, tool approach direction, and tolerance relationships are fed into a Kohonen self-organizing neural network to group operations for individual features into setups.3.2. Fixture planningFixture planning involves the comprehensive definition of a fixturing requirement in terms ofthe physical, tolerance, constraining, affordability, collision prevention, and usability requirements listed in Table 1 , and the creation of a fixture layout plan. The layout plan represents the first part of the fixture solution to these requirements, and specifies the position of the locating and clamping points on the work piece. Many layout planning approaches feature verification, particularly with regard to the constraining requirements. Typically this verification forms part of a feedback loop that seeks to optimize the layout plan with respect to these requirements. Techniques used to support fixture planning are now discussed with respect to fixture requirement definition, layout planning, and layout optimization.Fig. 4. A work piece (a) and its directed graphs showing the locating datums (b) (adapted from Zhang et al. [17] ).3.2.1. Approaches to defining the fixturing requirementComprehensive fixture requirement definition has received limited attention, primarily focusing upon the definition of individual requirements within the physical, tolerance, and constraining requirements. For example, Zhang et al. [17] under-take tolerance requirement definition through an analysis of work piece feature tolerances to determine the allowed tolerance at each locating point and the decomposition of that tolerance into its sources. The allowed locating point accuracy is composed of a number of factors, such as the locating unit tolerance, the machine tool tolerance, the work piece deformation at the locating point, and so on. These decomposed tolerance requirements can subsequently drive fixture design: e.g., the tolerance of the locating unit developed in the unit design phase cannot exceed the specified locating unit tolerance. In a similar individualistic vein, definition of the clamping force requirements that clamping units must achieve has also received attention [29,30].In a more holistic approach, Boyle et al. [31] facilitate a comprehensive requirement specification through the use of skeleton requirement sets that provide an initial decomposition of the requirements listed in Table 1, and which are subsequently refined through a series of analyses and interaction with the fixture designer. Hunter et al. [32,33] also focus on functional requirement driven fixture design, but restrict their focus primarily to the physical and constraining requirements.3.2.2. Approaches to non-optimized layout planningLayout planning is concerned with the identification of the locating principle, which defines the number and general arrangement of locating and clamping points, the work piece surfaces they contact, and the surface coordinate positions where contact occurs. For non-optimized layoutplanning, approaches based upon the re-use of experiential knowledge have been used. In addition to rule-based approaches [20,34,35] that are similar in nature to those discussed in Section 3.1, case-based reasoning has also been used. CBR is a general problem solving technique that uses specific knowledge of previous problems to solve new ones. In applying this approach to layout planning, a layout plan for a work piece is obtained by retrieving the plan used for a similar work piece from a case library containing knowledge of previous work pieces and their layout plans [18,36,37]. Work piece similarity is typically characterized through indexing work pieces according to their part family classification, tolerances, features, and so on. Lin and Huang [38] adopt a similar work piece classification approach, but retrieve layout plans using a neural network. Further work has sought to verify layout plans and repair them if necessary. For example Roy and Liao [39] perform a work piece deformation analysis and if deformation is too great employ heuristic rules to relocate and retest locating and clamping positions.3.2.3. Approaches to layout planning optimizationLayout plan optimization is common within CAFD and occurs with respect to work piece stability and deformation, which are both constraining requirements. Stability based optimization typically focuses upon ensuring a layout plan satisfies the kinematic form closure constraint (in which a set of contacts completely constrain infinitesimal part motion) and augmenting this with optimization against some form of stability based requirement, such as minimizing forces at the locating and/or clamping points [40–42] . Wu and Chan [43] focused on optimizing stability (measuring stability is discussed in Section 3.4) using a Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is a technique frequently employed in deformation based optimization.GAs, which are an example of evolutionary algorithms, are often used to solve optimization problems and draw their inspiration from biological evolution. Applying GAs in support of fixture planning, potential layout plan solutions are encoded as binary strings, tested, evaluated, and subjected to ‘‘biological’’ modification through reproduction, mutation, and crossover to generate improved solutions until an optimal state is reached. Typically deformation testing is employed using a finite element analysis in which a work piece is discretized to create a series of nodes that represent potential locating and clamping contact points, as performed for example by Kashyap and DeVries [44] . Sets of contact points are encoded and tested, and the GA used to develop new contact point sets until an optimum is reached that minimizes work piece deformation caused by machining and clamping forces [45,46]. Rather than use nodes, some CAFD approaches use geometric data (such as spatial coordinates) in the GA, which can offer improved accuracy as they account for the physical distance that exists between nodes [47,48].Pseudo gradient techniques [49] have also been employed to achieve optimization [50,51]. Vallapuzha et al. [52] compared the effectiveness of GA and pseudo gradient optimization, concluding that GAs provided higher quality optimizations given their ability to search for global solutions, whereas pseudo gradient techniques tended to converge on local optimums.Rather than concentrating on fixture designs for individual parts, Kong and Ceglarek [53] define a method that identifies the fixture workspace for a family of parts based on the individual configuration of the fixture locating layout for each part. The method uses Procrustes analysis to identify a preliminary workspace layout that is subjected to pairwise optimization of fixture configurations for a given part family to determine the best superposition of locating points for a family of parts that can be assembled on a single reconfigurable assembly fixture. This buildsupon earlier work by Lee et al. [54] through attempting to simplify the computational demands of the optimization algorithm.3.3. Unit designUnit design involves both the conceptual and detailed definition of the locating and clamping units of a fixture, together with the base plate to which they are attached (Fig. 5). These units consist of a locator or clamp that contacts the work piece and is itself attached to a structural support, which in turn connects with the base plate. These structural supports serve multiple functions, for example providing the locating and clamping units with sufficient rigidity such that the fixture can withstand applied machining and clamping forces and thus result in the part feature design tolerances being obtained, and allowing the clamp or locator to contact the work piece at the appropriate position. Unit design has in general received less attention than both fixture planning and verification, but a number of techniques have been applied to support both conceptual and detailed unit design.3.3.1. Approaches to conceptual unit designConceptual unit design has focused upon the definition of the types and numbers of elements that an individual unit should comprise, as well as their general layout. There are a wide variety of locators, clamps, and structural support elements, each of which can be more suited to some fixturing problems than others. As with both setup planning and fixture layout planning, rule-based approaches have been adopted to support conceptual unit design, in which heuristic rules are used to select preferred elements from which the units should be constructed in response to considerations such as work piece contact features (surface type, surface texture, etc.) and machining operations within the setup [35,55–58]. In addition to using heuristic rules as a means of generating conceptual designs, Kumar et al.[59] use an inductive reasoning technique to create decision trees from which such fixturing rules can be obtained through examination of each decision tree path.Neural network approaches have also been used to support conceptual unit design. Kumar et al. [60] use a combined GA/neural network approach in which a neural network is trained with a selection of previous design problems and their solutions. A GA generates possible solutionswhich are evaluated using the neural network, which subsequently guides the GA. Lin and Huang[38] also use a neural network in a simplified case-based reasoning (CBR) approach in which fixturing problems are coded in terms of their geometrical structure and a neural network used to find similar work pieces and their unit designs. In contrast, Wang and Rong[37] and Boyle et al.[31] use a conventional CBR approach to retrieve units in which the fixturing functional requirements form the basis of retrieval, which are then subject to refinement and/or modification during detailed unit design.3.3.2. Approaches to detailed unit designMany, but not all systems that perform conceptual design also perform detailed design, where the dominant techniques are rule, geometry, and behavior based. Detailed design involves the definition of the units in terms of their dimensions, material types, and so on. Geometry, in particular the acting height of locating and clamping units, plays a key role in the design of individual units in which the objective is to select and assemble defined unit elements to provide a unit of suitable acting height [61,62]. An et al. [63] developed a geometry based system in which the dimensions of individual elements were generated in relation to the primary dimension of that element (typically its required height) through parametric dimension relationships. This was augmented with a relationship knowledge base of how different elements could be configured to form a single unit. Similarly, Peng et al. [64] use geometric constraint reasoning to assist in the assembly of user selected elements to form individual units in a more interactive approach.Alternatively, rule-based approaches have also been used to define detailed units, in which work piece and fixture layout information (i.e., the locating and clamping positions) is reasoned over using design rules to select and assemble appropriately sized elements [32,55,56] . In contrast, Mervyn et al. [65] adopt an evolutionary algorithm approach to the development of units, in which layout planning and unit design take place concurrently until a satisfactory solution is reached.Typically, rule and geometry based approaches do not explicitly consider the required strength of units during their design. However for a fixture to achieve its function, it must be able to withstand the machining and clamping forces imposed upon it such that part design tolerances can be met. To address this, a number of behaviorally driven approaches to unit design have been developed that focus upon ensuring units have sufficient strength. Cecil [66] performed some preliminary work on dimensioning strap clamps to prevent failure by stress fracture, but does not consider tolerances or the supporting structural unit. Hurtado and Melkote [67] developed a model for the synthesis of fixturing configurations in simple pin-array type flexible machining fixtures, in which the minimum number of pins, their position, and dimensions are determined that can achieve stability and stiffness goals for a work piece through consideration of the fixture/work piece stiffness matrix, and extended this for modular fixtures [68] . Boyle et al. [31] also consider the required stiffness of more complex unit designs within their case-based reasoning method. Having retrieved a conceptual design that offers the correct type of function, this design’s physical structure is then adapted using dynamically selected adaptation strategies until it offers the correct level of stiffness.3.4. VerificationVerification focuses upon ensuring that developed fixture designs (in terms of their setup plans, layout plans, and physical units) satisfy the fixturing requirements. It should be noted from。
夹具设计中英文对照
Optimization of fixture design with consideration of thermal deformation inface milling考虑端铣中热变形的最佳化夹具设计Huang, YingAbstract摘要Effective methods of fixture design are proposed to reduce machining error caused by cutting heat in face milling. Experiments show that thermal effect is critical to final error in the finish cut and that it dominates cutting accuracy. Therefore, a mathematical model is structured of the cutting heat source on behalf of the cutting tool, and the flatness error generation process in face finishing is demonstrated by computational simulation based on the moving cutting heat source model with FEW Concerning surface flatness due to the moving cutting heat source for relatively thin plate-shaped workpieces, different methodologies have been proposed to reduce flatness error, namely, the application of additional supports and optimization of the fixturing support layout. Cutting experiments and computational analyses show the effectiveness of the additional supports and the optimization methodology applied on the fixture design in view of flatness error due to cutting heat. The proposed methodologies are applicable and beneficial to improve cutting accuracy not only of plate-shaped workpieces but also of other geometry workpieces.用于减小端铣中因切削热而引起的加工误差的有效的夹具设计方法已经被提出。
车床机床夹具类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中北大学信息商务学院本科毕业设计英文参考资料题目 Lathes系名专业姓名学号指导教师2016年6 月2 日译文标题车床简介原文标题Lathes作者(Serope kalpakjian)译名卡尔帕基安国籍美国原文出处/原文：LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavyconstruction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They areheavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statementssimilar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computernumerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.Th e engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn。
专业夹具设计全英文介绍
21
Fixture design
CLAMPING FORCES Mechanical
low cost, relatively low forces Pneumatic
higher cost, relatively low forces, large components
Hydraulic higher initial cost, high forces, reliable, small components
28
50 MPa Threaded Cylinder 42-0010-06 (page F-4)
3.4 kN 30 MPa 5.7 kN 50 MPa
Force diagram
50 MPa 30 MPa
29
Workpieces Sequence valve opens
Oil pressure
Movement of cylinder
the coefficient of
friction (µ) is
normally calculated at 0.1
18
Clamping force F
Total clamping force =Fxµ
Reaction force
Reaction force
TotaPlrcelfaemrapbilneg force =F
24
Force comparison
Standard clamping strap M20 thread
Max. recommended torque 223Nm Max. clamping force 28kN
Hydraulic swing clamp 6951F-11-21 (page 63, metric catalogue) Ø 22 rod, clamping strap Max. oil pressure 35 MPa Clamping force 13.7kN
泵体(II)零件机械加工工艺和专用夹具设计-外文翻译
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题An intelligent fixture design method based on
smart modular fixture unit
译文标题基本的加工工序—切削，镗削和铣削
作者所在系别机电工程学院
作者所在专业机械设计制造及自动化
作者所在班级
作者姓名
作者学号
指导教师姓名
指导教师职称
完成时间
注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
2. 外文原文应以附件的方式置于译文之后。
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基于案例学习的夹具设计石奇，杨海成，李元，国家重点实验室计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造，西北工业大学西安710072，中国【摘要】：夹具是生产活动中不可或缺的一部分。
本文提出了一个基于案例推理的夹具设计系统。
提出的一种新方法的基础上，案例的情况表示是由工件加工特征的知识，处理功能知识和夹具特征知识构成。
运行原型系统的知识表示方法，使用的情况下，是一个更好的方式来改造和解释的设计知识。
【关键词】：基于案例的推理，夹具设计，知识表示，案例检索1.引言工件夹持装置用于在大部分的制造操作，如机加工，装配，检查等。
作为制造规划的一部分，夹具设计的制造可以是一个主要因素。
夹具设计是一个可以在制造，交货时间和产品的成本上的主要贡献者。
由于种类繁多的零部件和制造业务，夹具设计的过程变得更加复杂和不加控制。
此外，设计一个夹具在很大程度上依赖于专业设计师和经验，以及生产，加工，技术，和零件的数据。
计算机辅助夹具设计（CAFD）技术的CAD/ CAM集成的一部分已经得到开发。
如今，CAFD柔性制造系统（FMS）和计算机集成制造系统（CIMS）在其中起着重要的作用。
在夹具设计中采用计算机必须考虑的第一件事情是建立一个合适的设计规划模型。
同时也必须建立一个成功的夹具设计系统的知识表示方法，来用于设计和设计师的经验。
相对于经典的以规则为基础的推理和基于模型的推理，基于案例的推理（CBR）尝试使用以前的情况下，从案例库和适应的解决方案中类似的问题，根据新形势下的参数，解决新问题。
多以规则为基础的推理或基于模型的推理这种方法的主要优点是将减少规则或模型，设计中采用的多是比较复杂的知识。
解决机械设计问题的方法占有重要的好处。
有系统已设计系统CBR文献记载。
一个系统，称为DEJA VU使用基于案例的推理，以协助机械设计。
另一种的系统称为CADSYM是一个混合的情况为基础的设计模型，它建议将特定领域知识。
在本文中，案例主要来阐述专业知识和设计经验。
夹具设计的基础上灯具功能的情况下表示的方法的建议。
第2节介绍了基于案例推理的概念。
第3节提供夹具的设计和结构的情况下基体的情况下表示。
第4节提出的基于案例的夹具设计系统的体系结构的详细信息。
后面是结论。
2.基于案例推理基于案例的推理依赖于存储解决方案以及问题和适应这些新的类似问题的解决方案。
设计是一个结构不良的问题。
设计经验和启发式在设计过程中扮演着重要的角色。
然而，大多数的经验是难以阐明作为编制和制定的，所以在一个以规则为基础的系统，知识的获取将是一个障碍。
一个系统，与此相反，解决问题，直接利用获得的经验，解决类似的问题在过去而不是通过编写和推广。
一个案例不仅记录结果，还会记录下这个结果是如何获得的，如在什么情况下，根据什么样的条件等一些的工程师率先推出基于案例的推理作为一种替代传统的基于规则和基于模型的推理技术。
一个典型的推理过程包括步骤如图1所示。
首先，这个问题应要被确定和给出描述，然后这个描述信息用于从一个案例库中检索一个或多个类似的案件。
案例检索可以基于某些算法来提高精度。
检索的结果会显示给设计师。
所选择的案例调整时，需要满足新的问题的要求。
最后的解决方案，以及新的问题是作为一种新的情况存储在个案基础里。
图1 基于案例的设计系统3.代表性的设计实例和案例库的组织3.1夹具设计的特点在制造系统中，夹具设计包含三个方面：设置规划，夹具规划，和夹具配置的设计，如图2所示。
设置规划的目的是建立确定的操作序列，对其工件的位置和方向在每个位置和数量的调校。
夹具规划确定的定位和夹紧点在工件表面。
夹具配置设计的任务是决定如何定位，如何钳制。
夹具元件也被选来放入适当位置，以定位和夹持工件。
夹具设计图2 夹具设计过程设置规划和夹具规划的主要目的，是完成夹具配置。
设置和夹具的规划工作过程中需要两种信息。
一个是工件信息，另一个是其他的处理信息。
这两种信息都来自原始的CAD模型和产品的工艺规划模型。
一个CBR夹具设计系统的案例结合了工件的结构信息，处理信息，和夹具配置信息。
3.2摘要功能特点基于案例推理的最重要的问题是信息描述的设计案例。
基于特征的技术被用于描绘零件的形状，功能和结构。
传统上，由于CAD系统的几何模型的局限性，它只能描述零件的几何信息，而不是设计经验。
而基于特征的技术，可以描述两种知识；数据关系的知识形态，如形状，功能，精度，材料，等等和数据之间的关系，如设计领域的知识，设计者的经验和公式的知识。
此类案例具有这一组功能。
对于案例库的设计问题和设计规划的说明，必须保持两部分的知识。
设计问题的描述包括一系列案件在设计问题中的特点。
设计规划是从方案中提取特征。
在夹具设计中，夹具模型集成了三种类型的知识：夹具的解决方案，工件信息和处理信息。
根据减少人工智能问题的方法，复杂的设计问题可以分成几个不太复杂的问题，可以分为更简单的子子问题等。
在这个系统中，一个设计案例的组织有三种不同的特征信息：夹具的特征，工件的特征，和处理特征，夹具的特征在系统中可以分为功能特征，行为特征，和结构特征。
夹具的行为特征体现了夹具的功能和结构之间的关系。
夹具功能特征可以进一步分为定位特征，夹紧特征，辅助特征和导向特征。
夹具实例模型的信息显示在表1。
案件特点的重要性是指控制系统知识库。
案例表示只总结设计特点，其中的重要性和相互关系不需要考虑。
有两个优点：（1）它简化了存储在数据库中的案例结构与案例，（2）可以建立一个基于组织的新的独立的推理策略案例。
3.3案例表示基于案例的知识表示的方法，通常不是一个新方法，而是更高级的抽象的知识表示，如一阶逻辑，规则，框架和语义网络。
执行案件的代表是基于这些共同的知识表示方法。
本文提出了一种面向对象的知识表示法是用来描述夹具设计案例。
本质上，就面向对象的技术方面而言，面向对象的知识表达结合了一套共同的知识表示方法。
案例知识可以分为两个部分：一个是特征值对特定的元组，另一个是其他的设计经验和规则。
类的概念，在面向对象技术的情况是类似的表示。
特征值对中的属性类，它包含前提和解决方案的信息。
设计经验和极大似然估计是类的方法。
面向对象技术的说明内容如下。
Class <CASE_NAME){ [ (FEATURE_VALUE_PAIR_LIST> ]/ *名单案例特征值对* /结构[ (STATIC_STRUCTURESJMPL) ] / *静态结构用来描述特定的设计功能*/方法[ (CASE_FUNCT101VS_LIST) ] / *名单的情况*/}；地方(CASE_NAME):: =(CASE_NAME BY DEFAULT) |(CASE_NAME BY USER) (FEATURE_VALUE_PAIR_LIST ):: ={( FEATURE _TYPE) (FEATURE_NAME)(FEATURE_VALUE)}(STATIC_STRUCTURESJMPL> :: = {STRUCTURE( STRUCTURE_NAME)( STRUCTURE_VARIABLES_LIST)} *( CASE_FUNCTIONS_LIST) :: = {(FUNCTION_NAME)(FUNCT10N_C0NDITI0N)(FUNCTION_CONCLUSION) }功能列表中包含设计经验和设计规则的方法。
应考虑的另一个问题是基体的结构。
案例库可以作为内衬结构具有层次结构的列表或一个框架。
我们选择了后者，它使用关系数据库来存储。
关系型数据库管理的优势有三点：（1）先进的数据管理能力;（2）高性能的数据检索和数据维护;（3）直接关系演算和逻辑演算之间的关系。
4.夹具设计系统在上述实例的表示模型的基础上，基于案例的夹具设计系统建立了，其结构如图3所示。
该系统主要由四部分组成，系统控制模块，基于案例的推理，夹具设计的记忆和设计评价模块。
基于案例的推理是系统的核心，它执行案例检索，案例的选择和改造。
图4是一个屏幕的工作过程。
这个系统的输入有三种信息：工件的一般信息，如名称，类型，材料等工件的加工信息，如加工信息，精度和机器类型；夹具特征信息，如钳制条件下，接触类型，电源类型等。
系统模块包含以下内容：控制模块：用于监控和管理其他模块之间的数据流和信息流;案例推理模块：可以分为六个子模块：重生产，功能相似的判断，判断结构相似性，检索模块，适应夹具的情况下，和该情况下的储存;案例库：用于夹具实例存储，建立索引，并进行实例维护；设计评价：评价推理结果并提交解决方案。
5.结论CBR技术是更接近人类思维的。
本文描述了夹具设计系统使用的技术。
新方法的情况下表示的固定功能的基础由表示构成的工件知识，处理功能的知识和夹具特征知识构成。
原型系统运行表明，知识表示方法使用的情况下是一个更好的方式来改造和解释的设计知识。
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计算机与工程，13卷，153页~ 164，1997英文原文：《Study on Case-Based Fixture Design》需要此英文原文的朋友可以通过百度文库，或者万方数据库以及cnki 数据库（中国知网）下载。
将英文名字复制搜索即可～～。