英汉语篇中的文化差异与英语写作论文
中英语言表达差异英语作文
中英语言表达差异英语作文The difference between Chinese and English language expression is a common challenge for many students.中英语言表达的差异是许多学生面临的普遍挑战。
One of the main differences lies in the sentence structure. In Chinese, the basic sentence structure is subject + predicate + object, while in English, it is subject + verb + object.其中一个主要的区别在于句子结构。
在中文中，基本的句子结构是主语+谓语+宾语，而在英语中是主语+动词+宾语。
This difference in sentence structure often leads to confusion for Chinese students when they try to express themselves in English. They may find it difficult to arrange their thoughts in a way that is grammatically correct in English.句子结构上的差异经常导致中国学生在英语表达时感到困惑。
他们可能会发现很难以英语的语法规范来整理自己的思绪。
Another challenge is the use of tenses. Chinese language does not have as many tenses as in English, which can make it difficult for Chinese students to express the timing of actions or events in English. 另一个挑战是时态的使用。
中英文化对比的英文作文
中英文化对比的英文作文英文：Culture is a fascinating topic to explore, especially when comparing different cultures. As someone who has experienced both Chinese and English culture, I find it interesting to compare and contrast the two.Firstly, one of the biggest differences between Chinese and English culture is the concept of individualism versus collectivism. In Chinese culture, there is a strong emphasis on the importance of the group and the family, whereas in English culture, individualism is highly valued. This can be seen in the way people interact with each other and in their attitudes towards personal achievement.For example, in Chinese culture, it is common for people to live with their parents until they get married and to take care of their elderly parents. This is because family is seen as the most important thing in life. Incontrast, in English culture, it is more common for people to move out of their parents' home at a young age and to focus on their own personal goals and achievements.Another difference between Chinese and English culture is the way people communicate. In Chinese culture, indirect communication is often used, where people may not directly say what they mean or may use nonverbal cues to conveytheir message. In English culture, direct communication is more common, where people tend to say exactly what they mean.For example, in Chinese culture, it is considered impolite to say "no" directly, so people may use phrases such as "maybe" or "I'll think about it" to decline an invitation. In contrast, in English culture, it is more common to simply say "no" if you are not able to attend.中文：文化是一个非常有趣的话题，尤其是在比较不同的文化时。
英语汉语文化差异的英语作文
英语汉语文化差异的英语作文Cultural differences between English and Chinese are evident in many aspects of daily life. One major differenceis the concept of time. In English culture, time is seen as a valuable commodity and being punctual is highly regarded. People are expected to be on time for appointments, meetings, and social gatherings. In contrast, Chinese culture tends to be more relaxed about time and being a few minutes late is often considered acceptable.Another notable difference is the communication style. English culture values direct and explicit communication, where people tend to say what they mean and mean what they say. Chinese culture, on the other hand, often valuesindirect and implicit communication, where much of the meaning is conveyed through context, nonverbal cues, and social hierarchies.In terms of social interactions, English culture places high emphasis on individualism and personal space. People are encouraged to express their opinions, assert their individuality, and maintain a certain level of personal distance. In contrast, Chinese culture places more emphasis on collectivism and group harmony. People are more likely to consider the needs of the group over their individual desires and are comfortable with closer physical proximity.Another significant difference is the concept of face. In English culture, "saving face" is not as important as it isin Chinese culture. Chinese people are more concerned with maintaining their reputation and social standing, and are often willing to go to great lengths to avoid embarrassment or loss of face.In conclusion, the cultural differences between English and Chinese are diverse and complex, covering a wide range of aspects including time, communication style, socialinteractions, and the concept of face. Understanding and appreciating these differences are essential for effective communication and building positive relationships between the two cultures.。
中英文化的文学差异作文
中英文化的文学差异作文英文：When it comes to the cultural differences between Chinese and English literature, there are several key points to consider. First of all, the language itself plays a significant role in shaping the literary styles of both cultures. Chinese literature is known for its rich use of symbolism and imagery, while English literature tends to focus more on direct and concise expression. For example,in Chinese poetry, a lot of attention is paid to the use of metaphors and allusions, which can create layers of meaning and evoke deep emotions. On the other hand, English poetry often relies on straightforward language and clear imagery to convey its message.Another important difference lies in the themes and subject matters that are commonly explored in Chinese and English literature. In Chinese literature, there is a strong emphasis on tradition, history, and the moral valuesof society. Many classic Chinese novels and poems are centered around the themes of filial piety, loyalty, and the pursuit of wisdom. On the other hand, Englishliterature often delves into individualism, personal struggles, and the complexities of human relationships. For instance, while Chinese literature may focus on the collective experience of a family or a community, English literature may zoom in on the inner conflicts and desires of a single character.Furthermore, the cultural and societal contexts in which Chinese and English literature are produced also contribute to their differences. Chinese literature is deeply influenced by the Confucian philosophy and the historical events of ancient China, which can be seen in the emphasis on moral lessons and the portrayal of social hierarchy. In contrast, English literature reflects the values and ideologies of Western civilization, often exploring themes of freedom, individual rights, and the pursuit of happiness.中文：当谈到中英文化的文学差异时，有几个关键点需要考虑。
中英文化差异英语作文
中英文化差异英语作文In the vast tapestry of global cultures, the distinctions between China and the English-speaking nations are as vivid as the threads that weave them together. This essay aims to explore the cultural differences that define the interactions and perceptions between these two diverse cultural spheres.Language and CommunicationThe English language, with its Germanic roots and extensive Latin and French influences, is characterized by its directness and emphasis on individualism. In contrast, the Chinese language, with its thousands of characters and rich tonal structure, often employs a more indirect and collective approach to communication. For instance, Chinese speakers might use metaphors or allusions to convey a message, whereas English speakers tend to be more explicit.Social EtiquetteSocial norms are another area where significant differences can be observed. In China, respect for elders and hierarchyis deeply ingrained, and gestures of deference are common. English-speaking cultures, while still valuing respect, often prioritize informality and equality in social interactions. For example, it is not unusual for individuals to address their superiors by their first names in many English-speaking countries.Family ValuesFamily is central to both cultures, but the dynamics can differ. Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on familial obligations and the importance of maintaining harmony within the family unit. In English-speaking cultures, while familyis also important, there is often a greater focus on individual autonomy and personal achievement.Educational ApproachesEducation is highly valued in both China and English-speaking countries, but the methodologies can vary significantly. Chinese education tends to be more exam-oriented and competitive, with a strong focus on rote memorization and academic rigor. English-speaking countries often adopt a more student-centered approach, encouraging critical thinking and creative problem-solving.Workplace DynamicsThe workplace is another arena where cultural differences manifest. Chinese businesses often operate within a hierarchical structure where decisions are made at the top and filtered down. In contrast, many English-speakingcultures promote a flatter organizational structure that encourages collaboration and input from all levels of the organization.Cultural AdaptabilityUnderstanding these cultural differences is crucial for effective communication and collaboration in our increasingly globalized world. It is important to approach these differences with an open mind and a willingness to learn and adapt. Cultural sensitivity and respect are key to navigating the complexities of cross-cultural interactions.In conclusion, while the Chinese and English-speakingcultures share common values such as the importance of family and education, their approaches to communication, social etiquette, and personal relationships are distinct. Recognizing and respecting these differences can lead to more harmonious and productive exchanges between these diverse cultural groups.。
中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文
中国和西方人的文化差异英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Observations on Cultural Differences Between China and the WestHi there! My name is Xiaoming and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing. Over the past few years, I've had the chance to interact with some kids and families from Western countries like the United States and United Kingdom. It's been really fascinating to learn about their cultures and see how they're different from ours in China. Let me share some of my observations with you!One of the biggest differences I've noticed is in our family structures and practices. In China, we place a huge emphasis on the extended family unit. I live with my parents, grandparents, and even some aunts and uncles under one roof. We have family dinner together almost every night, and major holidays like Chinese New Year are massive family affairs with lots of relatives gathering.But many of my Western friends live in smaller nuclear families with just their parents and siblings. They don't seem to have as much involvement from grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins in their daily lives. Their family gatherings also tend to be smaller. While I love having a big, close-knit extended family around, I can see how a smaller family setup allows kids in the West to be more independent from a younger age.Speaking of independence, that's another major contrastI've picked up on. We Chinese tend to be quite protective of our children and closely supervise them until they're teenagers. But Western parents often encourage more personal freedom and autonomy for their kids from a younger age. My American friend Jack has been making his own way to school since he was just 7 years old! I couldn't imagine doing that back then.The differences even extend to the classroom. While we Chinese students are taught to be deferential to our teachers and avoid questioning them directly, Western students seem to be encouraged to speak up, ask questions, and even debate with their teachers if they disagree. The classroom environment in the West feels a lot more interactive and focused on developing critical thinking skills.Food is where the East-West divide is really delicious though! Our Chinese cuisine uses so many different spices, sauces, cooking techniques and ingredients like noodles, dumplings, and stir-fries. In contrast, Western food to me often seems quite plain, with simple seasoning and a bigger emphasis on things like breads, cheeses, steaks and potatoes. Not that it's bad...just very different flavors that my palette had to get used to at first!One major area of overlap, however, is our love for celebrations and festivals. In China, we have iconic festivals like Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival that bring families together for feasting and fun traditions. Similarly, my Western friends go all-out for festivals like Christmas, Easter, Halloween and Thanksgiving. The specifics are different, but the spirit of celebrating together as a community is the same.I could go on, but those are some of the biggest cultural gaps I've noticed so far between China and the West. From family dynamics to food to classroom norms, it's been aneye-opening experience being exposed to another way of life. I feel really fortunate to have had this exposure at a young age - it's making me appreciate my own Chinese roots and traditions, while also building my understanding of other cultures.Who knows, maybe someday I'll move to a Western country for college or work? If I do, I'll be much better prepared for bridging any cultural divides. For now, I'm just really excited to keep learning about the world beyond China's borders. It's a big, fascinating world out there!篇2My Cultural Journey: Bridging China and the WestHi there! My name is Xiaoming, and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing, China. Today, I want to share with you my experience and observations about the fascinating cultural differences between my home country and the Western world.As a young learner, I've always been curious about different cultures and traditions. Last year, my family had the opportunity to visit my aunt and uncle in New York City, USA. It was aneye-opening experience that allowed me to explore and appreciate the rich diversity of the Western culture firsthand.One of the first things that caught my attention was the way people greeted each other. In China, we often bow slightly as a sign of respect, especially when meeting elders or people in authority. However, in the West, I noticed that people would shake hands, hug, or even kiss on the cheek when greeting eachother. It felt a bit strange at first, but I soon understood that it was a way of showing warmth and friendliness.Another significant difference I observed was in family dynamics. In Chinese culture, we place a strong emphasis on filial piety and respecting our elders. Children are expected to obey their parents and grandparents without question. In contrast, Western families seemed to have a more equal and open relationship between parents and children. Kids were encouraged to express their opinions and make their own choices, which was quite different from what I was used to.Food was another area where I noticed some fascinating contrasts. Chinese cuisine is known for its diverse flavors, with a focus on balance and harmony. We use a lot of fresh vegetables, rice, and noodles, and our meals are often shared family-style. On the other hand, Western meals seemed to be more individualized, with larger portions and a greater emphasis on meats and dairy products. I remember trying a cheeseburger for the first time and being amazed by the combination of flavors!In terms of education, I found the Western approach to be quite different from what I was used to in China. In my school, we have a more structured and exam-oriented curriculum, with a strong focus on memorization and repetition. However, in theWest, I noticed that students were encouraged to think critically, ask questions, and participate actively in class discussions. Group projects and hands-on activities seemed to be more common, allowing students to develop teamwork and problem-solving skills.Another aspect that fascinated me was the concept of personal space. In China, we tend to stand closer to each other and physical contact is more common, especially in crowded areas like public transportation. However, in the West, people seemed to value their personal space more, and there was a greater emphasis on maintaining a certain distance between individuals.Despite these differences, I also noticed some similarities between our cultures. For instance, both Chinese and Western societies place a high value on education and hard work. Parents in both cultures want their children to excel academically and have successful careers. Additionally, family bonds and celebrations like birthdays and holidays are cherished in both cultures, although the specific traditions and practices may differ.One thing that struck me during my visit was the diversity within the Western culture itself. New York City is a melting potof different ethnicities, religions, and backgrounds. I met people from various parts of the world, each with their own unique traditions and perspectives. It made me realize that just as China has its regional variations, the Western world is also incredibly diverse and rich in cultural tapestry.Overall, my experience in the West has broadened my horizons and deepened my appreciation for cultural diversity. While there are undoubtedly differences in customs, values, and ways of life, I've learned that at the core, we all share a common humanity. We all seek happiness, love, and fulfillment, regardless of our cultural backgrounds.As I continue to learn and grow, I hope to embrace the best of both Chinese and Western cultures. I want to maintain the values of respect, hard work, and family bonds that are deeply rooted in my Chinese heritage, while also embracing the spirit of open-mindedness, critical thinking, and individuality that I admire in Western societies.In the end, true understanding and harmony between cultures come from recognizing and celebrating our differences, while also acknowledging our shared human experiences. By building bridges of mutual respect and open communication, wecan create a world where diverse cultures coexist and enrich one another.So, my dear friends, let's embark on this incredible journey of cultural exploration together. Let's embrace the beauty of our differences and find common ground in our shared hopes, dreams, and aspirations. After all, the world is a vibrant tapestry woven with the threads of countless cultures, and it's up to us to appreciate and cherish each colorful strand.篇3Cultural Differences Between China and the WestHi everyone! My name is Xiaoming and I'm going to tell you about some of the interesting cultural differences I've noticed between China and Western countries. Culture is all the beliefs, customs, arts, foods, and ways of life that get passed down from one generation to the next. Even though we're all human beings, different cultures can have some pretty big differences!One major difference is language. In China, we speak Chinese which has lots of different dialects like Mandarin, Cantonese, and more. The writing system uses beautiful, complex characters. In Western countries though, they speak languages like English, Spanish, French, and German which usean alphabet with 26 letters. Their words look and sound really different from Chinese.Another big difference is food! Chinese food is so yummy with dishes like dumplings, noodles, rice, and stir-fries. We use chopsticks to eat. But in the West, their food is really different like bread, pasta, sandwiches, hamburgers, pizza, and more. They eat mainly with forks, knives, and spoons. Some of their food looks and tastes totally strange to me!Family is very important in Chinese culture. We often live with our grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins all under one roof. Children are taught to respect their elders. In the West though, the families are typically smaller with just parents and children. Kids sometimes move out at age 18!Holidays are celebrated differently too. Of course, in China our biggest holiday is Chinese New Year. We decorate with red, watch dragon dances, light firecrackers, and get red envelopes with money inside! Western holidays like Christmas are centered around gift-giving, decorating trees, eating big meals, and leaving out cookies for Santa Claus.School is another area with big differences. Chinese students study really hard and our academic competition is intense. We often go to school for longer hours and on Saturdays too.Testing and getting good scores is very important. Schools in the West seem more relaxed with shorter days, longer vacations, and less testing.These are just a few examples of the differences I've noticed between Eastern and Western cultures. Of course, there are many other differences with arts, celebrations, values, customs, and more. Every culture is unique and special in its own way. Appreciating and respecting these differences helps bring harmony to our diverse world. That's what I think anyway!What do you all think? Do you notice any other cultural differences between China and the West? I'd love to hear your thoughts!篇4Cultural Differences Between China and the WestHi everyone! Today, I want to share with you some interesting facts about the cultural differences between China and the West. It's amazing how people from different parts of the world have unique traditions and customs. So, let's explore together!One big difference is the way we greet each other. In China, we often greet others by bowing or nodding our heads. We also address older people with respect, like saying "Nǐ hǎo" or "Hello" to show politeness. However, in the West, people usually shake hands when they meet someone new, and they greet each other by saying "Hi" or "How are you?" It's fascinating how a simple greeting can be different in various cultures!Food is another area where we can find cultural differences. In China, we enjoy a wide variety of dishes, such as rice, noodles, and dumplings. We often use chopsticks to eat our meals. On the other hand, in the West, people have different kinds of food like hamburgers, pizza, and sandwiches. They usually use forks, spoons, and knives to eat. It's interesting to see how our tastes and eating habits can be so diverse!Education is also a significant difference between China and the West. In China, education is highly valued, and students work hard to achieve good grades. We have long school hours and lots of homework. Respect for teachers is very important, and we listen carefully to what they say. In the West, education is also important, but there is more emphasis on creativity and critical thinking. Students often participate in group discussions andexpress their opinions freely. It's amazing how education can be approached differently in different parts of the world!Let's talk about festivals now! In China, we celebrate many colorful and exciting festivals. For example, during the Spring Festival, we have dragon dances, set off fireworks, and give red envelopes with money inside to bring good luck. In the West, there are also many festivals, like Christmas and Halloween. During Christmas, people exchange gifts and decorate Christmas trees. On Halloween, children dress up in costumes and go trick-or-treating. It's fascinating to see how festivals can be so unique and special in different cultures!Family values are important in both China and the West, but there are some differences. In China, family is considered the most important thing, and we often live with our parents and grandparents. We show respect for our elders and take care of them as they get older. In the West, children usually move out of their parents' house when they become adults and start their own families. Family bonds are still strong, but there is more emphasis on independence and individuality. It's heartwarming to see how families are valued differently across cultures!These are just a few examples of the cultural differences between China and the West. It's fascinating to learn aboutdifferent traditions, customs, and ways of life. By understanding and appreciating these differences, we can build bridges between cultures and make the world a better place. So, let's celebrate our diversity and embrace the beautiful tapestry of cultures that exists in our world!I hope you enjoyed learning about the cultural differences between China and the West. Remember, no matter where we come from, we are all unique and special in our own ways. Let's celebrate our differences and learn from one another.篇5My Culture is Different From the WestHi there! My name is Li Ming and I'm a 10-year-old student in China. Today, I want to talk about the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture. It's really interesting to see how people live in other parts of the world!One big difference is our food. In China, we love rice! It's a staple at pretty much every meal. My favorite is when my mom makes fried rice with eggs, vegetables, and a bit of soy sauce. Western food seems to be more focused on bread, pasta, and meat dishes. My friend Jack, who is from America, was reallysurprised the first time he tried dumplings and noodles at my house.Family is also very important in Chinese culture. We have a saying "家和万事兴" which means "When the family is united, every affair will prosper." From a young age, we are taught to respect our elders, especially our grandparents. It's common for multiple generations to live together under one roof. In the West, kids often move out and live independently after finishing school. Jack told me it would be really weird for him to live with his grandparents!Speaking of families, one interesting difference is how we refer to relatives. In English, you might call your aunt "Aunt Sally" using her first name. But in Chinese, we use specific terms like "gūmā" for paternal aunt or "yímā" for maternal aunt. There are also different titles for older and younger aunts, uncles, cousins, and so on. It can get quite complicated!School life is fairly similar in terms of the core subjects we study like math, science, and languages. But Chinese students often have a much heavier workload and face tremendous pressure to excel academically. We start school earlier in the day, around 7am, and have much less vacation time compared to theWest. Many kids, including me, attend extra tutoring sessions after school to keep up. My foreign friends think that's crazy!Holidays are another area of contrast. Of course, China has its own traditional festivals like Chinese New Year, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival. These are celebrated with unique customs, foods, and activities that you don't really see in the West. Meanwhile, holidays like Christmas are widely observed by Western countries but not as much in China unless you belong to certain religions.One thing I find really fascinating is the differences in cultural values and philosophies. A lot of Chinese thought is influenced by the teachings of ancient figures like Confucius, who emphasised concepts like filial piety, harmony, and moral cultivation. Western philosophy seems to put more emphasis on topics like individual rights, freedom, and democracy. Though there is overlap too, of course!Another interesting point is how we approach interpersonal relationships and social etiquette. In Chinese culture, there's a lot of importance placed on hierarchy, propriety, and "saving face" - basically, not causing embarrassment or disrespect through your words and actions. This affects how we interact with elders,teachers, and even peers. From my understanding, Western culture tends to be more casual and direct in relationships.So those are some of the key cultural differences that strike me as a student in China. Of course, within each of these broad cultures, there's a ton of diversity too based on specific regions, ethnicities, and personal backgrounds. Every individual is unique! But I hope this gives you a glimpse into how life in China can be quite different from life in Western nations.It's really amazing to learn about the world beyond my own experience. While our cultures may differ in many ways, I think deep down, people all over the globe share some core hopes and values - we want health, happiness, and a good life for our families. I'm excited to keep learning about the fascinating cultures that make up our world.That's all from me for now! Thanks for giving me the chance to share my perspective. Let me know if you have any other questions!篇6The Differences Between Chinese and Western CulturesMy name is Li Ming and I am 10 years old. I was born in Beijing, but my family moved to Los Angeles when I was 6 years old because of my dad's job. Living in America has been really interesting and exciting, but also a bit confusing at times because of all the cultural differences between China and the West.One of the biggest differences I've noticed is in how families act. In China, the family unit is super important and there is a lot of emphasis on respecting your elders, especially grandparents. Kids are expected to obey their parents without questioning them. But many American families seem to act more casual and informal with each other. The parents let their kids talk back, disobey, and do whatever they want sometimes. It's so weird to me!Another major difference is in the food. Obviously, the cuisines are totally different, but it's about more than just the types of dishes. In China, we eat lots of shared dishes from a rotating table in the middle. In America, everyone gets their own separate plate. And Americans often eat really quickly, likethey're in a race or something. In China, meals are meant to be slow and relaxing affairs where the family can talk and bond overfood. My parents are always scolding me for wolfing down my lunch too fast here!School culture is quite different too. In China, the academic standards are much higher and kids have way more homework and test prep. The parents put a ton of pressure on their children to perform well on the annual exams that determine what good schools you can get into later. Here in America, school seems much more relaxed and focused on letting kids be creative and have fun. Don't get me wrong, I like having more free time and less stress, but I sometimes worry I'm not being challenged enough academically.Social values are another area where I've seen contrasts. Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism - promoting the interests of the group or society over the individual. Kids are taught not to stand out too much or bring excessive attention to themselves. Modesty and humility are big deals. Western cultures seem to value individualism much more, encouraging people to seek personal achievement and to confidently express themselves however they wish.Maybe the most fascinating difference of all is in people's general attitudes and approaches to life. From what I can tell, Chinese tend to have a more serious, reserved, and traditionalmindset. Things like hard work, sacrifice, and "saving face" are drilled into us from a young age. Americans often come across as more laid-back, informal, and focused on personal enjoyment and self-expression in the present moment. Not better or worse per se, just very different ways of seeing the world.It has definitely been an eye-opening experience getting to know both the Chinese and American cultures over my 10 years on this planet so far. Sometimes I feel pulled between the two mindsets and value systems. But I'm so grateful to have been exposed to such diverse perspectives at a young age. My hope is that I can take the best from both worlds as I continue growing up to become a open-minded global citizen.There are so many other differences I could discuss, like personal space expectations, approaches to conflict, understandings of courtesy and respect, and more. Cultures are endlessly fascinating to explore and compare. I may be just a kid, but I feel very lucky to have a foot in both the Chinese and Western worlds. It has already taught me that there are many lenses for viewing life, and that being open and respectful of other perspectives is the key to connecting with all people.。
中英文化的不同英文作文
中英文化的不同英文作文英文：Culture is a fascinating topic, and one that has always interested me. One of the most interesting things about culture is the way that it can vary so much from one place to another. For example, in the United States, it is common for people to shake hands when they meet each other. However, in some other cultures, such as Japan, it is more common to bow. These differences can be quite striking, and they can sometimes lead to misunderstandings.Another interesting aspect of culture is the way that it affects language. For example, in English, we often use idioms and figures of speech that might not make sense to someone who is not familiar with our culture. For example, if I say that someone is "pulling my leg," it means that they are joking with me. However, if someone from another culture hears this, they might be confused. Similarly, if I say that something is "a piece of cake," it means that itis easy. But if someone from another culture hears this, they might not understand what I mean.中文：文化是一个迷人的话题，也是我一直感兴趣的话题。
中西语言文化差异对英语写作的影响-语言文化论文-文体论文
中西语言文化差异对英语写作的影响-语言文化论文-文体论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——摘要：英语和汉语两种迥异的语言体系与其说是语言的差异，不如说是文化和思维的差异。
通过分析英汉两种语言在词汇、句型、篇章上的差异，探讨中西方文化思维在语言上的折射方式，指出在高职英语写作教学中，教师应重视思维文化教学、培养学生的思辨能力并鼓励其提升母语素养。
关键词：中西语言；文化思维差异；高职英语写作；思辨能力；母语素养语言是思维和文化的载体和主要表现形式。
中西截然相反的思维特征使英汉两种语言在词汇、句型、语篇结构等方面都存在较大差异，也对中国学生的英语写作产生较大影响。
目前高职英语写作教学内容着重英语信函、商务报告等应用文写作，教学侧重文本格式和套语套话，涉及谋篇布局的传统记叙文和议论文教学相对较少；对于写作评价，教师往往将写作文本当作最终成品进行剖析，忽视了学生在写作过程中的构思等思维活动，这些做法其实并未促进学生对语言本质的理解，也忽略了学生对中西语言文化差异的敏感度、逻辑性等思辨能力的培养，并未真正解决学生的英语写作输出能力问题。
因此，高职英语写作不仅是学生对词汇、语法、格式套话的大量输入，更应是他们对中西语言文化内涵、思维模式的深度理解和表达。
1英语写作中的中西语言文化思维差异1.1词汇文化思维差异词汇是文化特征直接、生动的反映。
在英语学习中，对词汇语义的理解离不开其背后文化涵义的了解，如英语中的名词化现象就是一个值得探讨的词汇思维例子，具有显著的语言学和语用学价值。
名词化是创造语法隐喻唯一而强大的机制[1]，是英语中常见的一种语言学现象，在书面语中应用非常广泛。
名词化本身可以视为一个过程，在此过程中，原来由动词、形容词、副词、小句等所表达的过程、关系、特征等用名词或名词短语表示出来，不提及时态和情态，且通常不指出的参与者，这样就削弱了具体的动作特征，增强了抽象的静态特征，使表达精确简洁，并达到意义客观化的目的，这是西方人以理服人的科学思维习惯的体现[2]。
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英汉语篇中的文化差异与英语写作摘要：从语篇层面考察，英汉语呈现出不同的特点，折射出不同的民族文化信息。
英汉语篇中的文化差异表现为因中西方不同的生存环境、地理状况、哲学传统、思维模式而产生的明显差异。
英汉语篇中体现出的诸多文化差异为跨文化交际带来了困难。
因此，只有在掌握英汉语篇的不同特征及其文化渊源的基础上，才能顺利地进行跨文化交际，写出地道的英语文章。
关键词：语篇；文化差异；思维模式；写作中图分类号：g632 文献标识码：b 文章编号：1002-7661（2013）05-102-02一、引言语言承载文化又反映文化。
当我们把语言看作一种活生生的自然现象，在语篇层面进行英汉语言的对比研究时，同时也是在更为宏观的层面对中西方文化作一种新的审视。
胡壮麟认为，语篇指“任何不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整语义的自然语言”。
语篇的研究是非常有意义的。
当代语篇研究的首创者哈里斯（z.s.harris）指出：“语言不存在于零散的词或句子中，而存在于连贯的话语中。
”他旨在强调把语言作为有机整体来看待。
在英汉语篇的比较中，我们发现，英语语篇通常呈现出直线式的逻辑特征，在语言的组织上以形合为主，体现出较强的客体意识。
与之相对，汉语语篇则通常呈现出螺旋式的逻辑特征，语言组织以意合为主，体现出较强的主体意识。
我们认为这与中西方文化模式与思维模式上的差异有着密切联系。
本文试图借助功能语言学与语用学的理论，对英汉语篇中的文化差异与英语写作作一些探索。
二、英汉语篇差异及其文化成因之探讨1、直线形结构与螺旋形结构英语段落的发展呈典型的直线形，段落中的意思以有秩序的顺序清晰地相互联系它往往先陈述段落的中心意思，然后分点说明。
在展开中心意思的过程中，段落中的每一个句子都自然地从每一个前面的句子中产生，已叙述过的内容不会再加以重复。
从而使语篇具有了一种流动的感觉，即在原先意思表达的基础上不断向深入和高峰方向发展的感觉。
例如：①we can read of things that happened 5，000 years ago in the near east， where people first learned to write. ②but there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.③the only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. ④these legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago， but none could write down what they did.⑤anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the polynesian peoples now living in the pacific islands came from.⑥the sagas of these people explain that some of them came from indonesia about 2，000 years ago.上述段落的发展模式为：①→②③→④{⑤⑥}。
句①主要起过渡作用，描述的是一个已知信息，即我们可以通过阅读书籍来知晓近东5000年前发生的事情。
句②由“but”一词把语义转折到本段的中心，句③对句②又做了进一步发展。
这样，②③句就交待了本段的中心意思：至今尚没发明书写的地方靠传说（sagas）保存他们的历史。
句④在句③的基础上继续发展，指出这些传说很有用。
⑤⑥句则用一个具体的例子对句④作了更深入的扩展。
而汉语语篇通常呈现出螺旋形结构。
其根本特征是围绕一个中心进行反复述说，并在此过程中把意思发展开去。
例如：①北京猿人洞里堆积着好几层灰烬，有的厚达好几米，烧骨、烧石、烧糊的朴树籽很多，说明四、五十万年前，人类已能使用火，把对人类用火的历史的一般认识（十几万年到二十万年）推前到四、五十万年。
②并且使我们知道北京猿人已能熟食。
③他们既烧烤肉食，也烘烤植物。
④这就为研究猿人阶段的生活提供了一些直接的证据。
⑤厚厚的灰烬，说明北京猿人能长期保存火种。
⑥也说明他们有比较固定的集群，延续若干世代，共同劳动和生活。
——《十万个为什么（19）人类史》，上海人民出版社，1976，97页。
这一科普性语篇以灰烬为描述中心，通过重复而在多方面对其进行了展开。
句①交代了本段的中心话题——灰烬，并且引出了本文的第一个推断，即北京猿人已能使用火。
句②承句①继续发展，引出第二个推断：北京猿人已能熟食。
句③是对句②的扩展或者说补充，具体指出北京猿人熟食的内容。
句④在语段中起过渡和强调作用，处于主语位置的“这”指代的应是由北京猿人洞里的灰烬推断出的北京猿人已能熟食动植物这一事实。
句⑤没有沿着句④向前发展，即并未在句④中“这”所表达的语意基础上继续向前推断，而是折回句①中所述的中心话题“灰烬”，在“有的厚达好几米”的基础上推断出“北京猿人能长期保存火种”这一层意思。
句⑥严格说来是在句④和句⑤基础上的共同推论。
该语篇围绕灰烬作了不断地推论和展开，指出北京猿人能熟食，并能长期熟食，从而最终作出“他们有比较固定的集群，延续若干世代，共同劳动和生活”这一最重要的结论。
2、形合与意合英汉语都非常重视语篇的连贯和语句衔接的紧凑。
通过比较，我们发现两种语言所采取的具体策略是不同的。
英语语篇较多采用显性连接手段，如时体形式的时态变化，关系词、连接词的大量运用，一定的替代或指称照应等手段。
而汉语语篇则更倾向于隐性的连接手段，即通常并不依靠一定的语法手段或其他语法手段来表现，而主要依赖于语境和语用因素蕴涵的连贯。
它通常依靠语篇内部各语句之间意思的统一连贯，层次的自然衔接，以及语句结构的相似性等来达到语篇连贯、衔接紧凑的目的。
这也体现了汉语语篇貌离神合的特点。
例如：（1）牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。
（2）waves upon waves， the peony river rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.句（1）中，四个短语构成一个简短语篇，中间毫无连接词，但我们读起来却语意贯通，气势磅礴。
分析起来，原因有两点，第一，整个语篇以江水为语意中心，内在的逻辑一致；第二，四个四字短语形成完全的同构关系，使得语句衔接紧凑。
句（2）是对句（1）翻译，意义不得不被重新组合，而且通过rush 的形态变化rushed来标明时间及主语的动作，用its替代“the peony river”，使语篇更紧密地衔接在一起，同时通过介词like和gallop的形态变化galloping来补充说明“the peony river”。
三、跨文化交际中的英语写作英汉语篇中体现出的多方面的文化差异，为非英语国家的人写作英文带来了很大困难。
写出地道的英语文章，不仅需要正确运用英语词汇和句子，更需要对英语语篇进行整体把握。
具体而言，主要应注意两个方面。
1、谋篇布局英语段落发展呈典型的直线型，因此我们在谋篇布局时也应注意按这种模式展开，以便在跨文化交际中符合英语族人预期的思维模式。
直线型段落的发展方法之一是把段落中的细节围绕主题系统地展开。
譬如：许多英语族作家在把自己的材料按照其重要性的程度组织起来时，往往把最次要的细节放在前面，而把重要的细节放在结尾处。
按照重要性的程度来展开段落是表达某一种观点或论点特别有用的方法。
直线型段落的发展也按时空的顺序，一般到具体或具体到一般等顺序展开。
概言之，英语语篇主要按逻辑、时间和空间三种顺序来展开。
逻辑性顺序从根本而言取决于两个方面的清晰性：一、论理过程中步骤之间的区别是否清晰；二、步骤之间的内部联系是否清晰，在逻辑顺序方面，一般考察因果关系和证据与结论之间的关系。
2、语篇衔接和连贯手段的运用为了使语篇连贯，现代英语多用“形合法”，使用连接词语将句子衔接起来，这与汉语多用“意合法”是有截然区别的。
因此在英语写作的行文过程中，必须注意英语的这一特点，多运用连接词、形态变化、替代、省略等手段，并注意时态、主谓语的一致、正确。
连接词往往能表示作者组织信息的思路以及语意表达的轻重。
例如“that is， for example”等连接词或扩大和澄清前述内容，或举例说明前言，标明此后所述并非重点所在。
“in a word， in short， to sum up”等词语标记下文将要总结已提过的几点内容，因此往往是重要的信息所在。
“and， also， moreover， nor， neither…nor”等词语标记下文将对前文所述进行增补和添加性说明。
“but， yet， on the other hand， however”等词语标记下文将对前文进行转折。
“on the contrary， apart from that， alternatively”等词语标记下文将要变换话题或语意重心，交代其他例外情况。
参考文献：[1] halliday. m. a. k.， an introduction to functional grammar， edward arnold ltd， 1985.[2] nida eugine a. language， culture and translating. shanghai：shanghai foreign language and education press，1993.[3] 胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[m].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1993.。