Morphology
morphology
5.1 What is word?
5.1.1 Three senses of “word” 5.1.2 Identification of words 5.1.3 Classification of words
Three senses of “word”
1. word as a physically definable unit 2. word as the common factor underlying a set of forms 3. word as a grammatical unit
Variable and invariable words 可变类 与不变类 grammatical words and lexical words语法词与词汇词 Closed-class words and open-class words 封闭类和开放类 Word classes 词类
Morphology(形态学)
1n+’s(possessive) 2n+s(plural) 3v+s(3rd person present singular) 4v+ing(present participle) 5v+ed(past tense and past participle) 6v+en (past participle) 7adj+er(comparative) 8adj+est(superlative)
Supernatural Moonscape
when
affixes 词缀
Derivational morphemes :they are used to make words grammatical category from
bound morphemes the stem.(-ness, -ment, Im-)派生语素 Inflectional morphemes: they are to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word. all has only 8 Inflectional morphem es. 屈折语素
Free morphe mes work work Work, shop
root work work Work, shop
stem work worker workshop
3.2.2 bound morphemes粘着语素
• Some morphemes can’t normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words are called bound morphemes.They are actually affixes. • (-ment,-er.in-,-ing)
语言学Morphology形态学课件
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
Chapter 3 Morphology 要点总结
Chapter 3 Morphology(形态学)1.What is morphology（形态学）?Morphology, as a branch of linguistics , is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.eg. Unfriendly → un + friend + ly2.Morphemes(词素、语素)A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.eg. Maps→(2 units)→map + s3.Types of morphemes:free morphemes(自由语素) and bound morphemes(黏着语素)1>Free morphemes(自由语素)A.Some morphemes can stand alone as words, such morphemes are called freemorphemes.B．Rooot(词根) & Stem(词干)❶Root：a root is the based form of a word which cannot be further analyzed . It may be a free morpheme(as black in blackbird, blackboard, blacksmith) as well as a bound morpheme( -ceive in perceive认识，deceive欺骗，receive).❷Stem: a stem is any morpheme or combination of morpheme to which an inflectional affix can be added (friend in friends, friendship in friendships are both stem).C . Free Morphemes can be divided into two categories. They are:Closed Class & Opened Class(封闭词类和开放性词类)❶Closed Class（functional morphemes）: a closed class is one whose membership is principle fixed or limited. (封闭类：连介代冠conjunctions, preposition, pronouns, articles)❷Open Class( lexical morphemes): an open class is one whose membership is principle indefinite or unlimited. (包括：名动形副数叹noun, verbs, adjectives)2>Bound Morphemes(黏着语素)A.Some morphemes cannot normally stand alone, but function only as parts of words.Such morphemes are called bound morphemes.Bound morphemes are actually affixes(词缀)—>prefix(前缀), suffix(后缀), infix(中缀).eg. dis- , un- , -ity, -al, -sB. Two Categories of Bound Morphemes:Derivational Morphemes(派生语素) & Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素)❶Derivational Morphemes(派生语素): ~~ are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.eg. nouns→ verbs/ adj. verbs→ nouns/ adj.friend→ unfriend解除朋友关系( noun→ verb)❷Inflectional Morphemes(屈折语素):~~ are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical function of a word.①plurality(复数): - s, - es, - ies……②tense(时态): - s, - ing, - en, - ed……③possessive case(所有格): ’s④comparative/ superlative degree(比较级/最高级): -er, - esteg. dislikes → dis + +3> free morphemes(自由语素) & bound morphemes(黏着语素)❶All monomorphemic(单词素/单语素) words are free morphemes;❷These polymorphemic words are either compounds( combination of two or more free morphemes) or derivatives(words derived from free morphemes).4.Morphs(形素) and Allomorphs（语素变体）Morphs: the phonological and orthographic forms which realize morphemes are termed ― morphs‖.(语素的语音及对应拼写法的体现叫形素)Most morphemesSome morphemesAllomorphs: an allomorph is any of the different form of the same morpheme( 语素变体是同一个语素的不同形式).eg. plurality ―- s‖: map→ maps; dog→ dogs; class→ classed; mouse→ mice; sheep→ sheep Complementary distribution(互补分布)：allomorph is a member of a set of morph;allomorph can’ t occur in the same environment .5> Types of Word Formation(构词法)❶Compounding(合成法)Words are formed by putting two words together, this way of building new words is called compounding.❷Derivation(派生法)Derivation is done by adding affixes to other words or morphemes.❸Conversion(转换法)Many words have more than one part of speech. A noun can become a verb easily and a verb can be used as a noun.❹Backformation(逆向构词法)As we have editor, we get edit by dropping – or . This process is called ~~❺Clipping(截短法)This process by cutting off part of word is called ~~❻Blending(混合法)A single new word can also be formed by combining two separate forms, this process iscalled ~~~❼Acronymization(缩略法)。
Morphology词法,词态学
lexical meaning?
To has only a grammatical "meaning"as an infinitive marker. It is required by the syntactic rules of the language.
3.1 Introduction
What is the most important part of a language?
Words
Words carry meaning. They are the fundamental building blocks of a language. Sentences are made up with different classes of words.
Other derivational morphemes do not change grammatical class,as in
inter + collegiate macro + ecomomics tele + commute multi + media physic + ian Americ + an tour + ism
the meaning of a word.
Distinguish
Simple words: words contain a single morpheme.
Complex words: words contain two or three morpheme.
Morphology词法学
词缀词素(аффиксальные морфемы)又称词缀 (affixes,аффиксы) ，分布于词根的外围，在 词的结构中处于边缘位置，不是词必不可少 的组成成分。 e.g. книга—книж - н - ый,чита ющ-ий. 前缀(prefix,префикс或приставка)在词的结构 中处于词根或“词根 + 前缀”前，用来构成 新词。e.g.вы-нести,с-делать,по-на-вещать. 后缀(suffix,суффикс) 在词的结构中位于词根 或“词根 + 后缀”后，用来构成新词或同一 词的不同语法形式。 e.g. вод - н - ый,твор ец,чита-л.
8.缩略法e.g.вуз/высшее учебное заведение. 混 合 构 词 法 ( с м е ш а н н ы й способ словообразования)包括： 1.前缀后缀法e.g.город/при-город-н-ый. 2.前缀尾缀法e.g.считать/про-считать-ся. 3.后缀尾缀法e.g.присесть/присаж-ива-ть-ся. 4. 前缀后缀尾缀法 e.g. шептать/пере - шепт ыва-ть-ся. 5.前缀复合法e.g.у-мир-о-тво-рить. 6.后缀复合法e.g.мор-е-плава-тель. 7.前缀后缀复合法e.g.в-пол-голос-а.
词尾(флексия或окончание) 位于词根或“词 根 + 后缀”之后，表达语法意义，是词的主 要变化部分。e.g.лѐгк-ий,задач-а,прове-л-и. 间缀 (infix,интерфикс) 位于复合词中，用来 连接构成复合词干的简单词干，是复合词干 的组成部分。e.g.верт-о-лѐт,огн-е-опасный. 尾缀 (постфикс) 在词的结构中位于词尾或构 形后缀之后，用来构成新词或词的语法形式。 e.g.как-ой-то,чь-и-либо,чт-о-нибудь.
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)
"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
语言学导论-第3章Morphology
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Definition: must be attached to another morpheme
Boy Boys Boy Boy’s Beauty Beautiful Expensive Inexpensive
New word???
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
so-so
zigzag
bye-bye
dilly-dally
hotchpotch mishmash
…
人人, 天天, 一点点, 冷冰冰,
来来往往, 点点滴滴, ……
4.Blending 拼缀法
similar to compounding,
but some parts of the free morphemes involved
Morpheme: ‘minimal unit of sound and meaning’
A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not:
No:
Bound morpheme 黏着词素
-s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry
no new word added not change syntactic class to indicate the grammatical function
E.g.: Only 8 kinds in English: N.: -’s, -s (plural nouns), V.: -ing, -ed/-en, -s (S-V agreement) Adj./Adv.: -est, -er.
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பைடு நூலகம்
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Types of morpheme
free morpheme (word) morpheme prefix derivational infix affix suffix inflectional bound morpheme bound root
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Free morpheme & bound morpheme
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1
Definition
Morphology: the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies morpheme, different forms of morpheme (allomorph) and wordformation.
3
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Morph morpheme allomorph
Morph is the phonetic or orthographic realization of a morpheme. Morpheme, as an abstract element, can be realized in different contexts as different forms. For instance, /s/, /z/, /iz/ are morphs of the plural morpheme ｛s｝. The different forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. For example, is, am, are, was and were are allomorphs of the morpheme “be”. Allomorphs are the pronunciation variants of a morpheme, concretely realized variant of a morpheme.
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4
Morpheme ≠ syllable
A syllable is a phonetic and phonological unit. In PHONETICS, a syllable is defined as a chest pulse. In PHONOLOGY, a syllable is defined by the way in which VOWELS and CONSONANTS combine to form various sequences. In a word, the definition of a syllable is related with pronunciation and has nothing to do with meaning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and dog, or by two or more syllables, as in mid•dle and cro•co•dile. The syllabic structure of a word and the morphemic structure of a word don’t always correspond, as can be illustrated by the word dis•a•gree•a•ble, which consists of five syllables as against three morphemes, dis+agree+able.
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2
Morpheme: The minimal unit of meaning
The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The smallest meaningful element of language that cannot be reduced to smaller elements. (Bussmann 1996: 313)
2010年12月 内蒙古大学外国语学院
段满福
Morphology
The analysis of word structure
1. What does morphology deal with? 2. Some basic concepts in morphology ●Morpheme, morph, allomorph ●Affix, root, stem, base ●Word, lexeme, word form, lexical entry 3. Use of vocabulary: collocation and colligation 4. Word-formation processes
Free morpheme----is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.
5
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Words are composed of morphemes
●
Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.
1-morpheme 2-morpheme 3-morpheme 4-morpheme 5-morpheme 6-morpheme boy, desire boy+ish, desir(e)+ble boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity un+gentle+man+li+ness anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism