形态学(morphology)
语言学形态学

例如:-es, -er, re-
2. 词素, 词素变体和词
有明确的词汇含义
part, book, sight
自由词根 (free root)
voc-, loco-
词根 (root)
粘着词根 (bound root) 词素 词缀 (affix)
有语法意义
屈折词缀 (inflectional affix) 派生词缀 (derivational affix)
构词方法 (word formation)
混合法 (blending)
逆构法 (backformation)
借词法 (borrowing)
造词法 (invention)
4. 构词方法
什么叫复合法 (compound)?
把两个或两个以上独立的词结合起来构成新词的方法。
复合名词 复合法 复合形容词
heartbeat, girlfriend
3. 词的分类
1)按照词形是否变化:
动词,名词,形容词等
变化词 (variable words) 词
介词,连词,部分副词等
非变化词 (invariable words)
3. 词的分类
2)按照句法功能:
本身有完整语义的词,例如: 名词,动词,形容词等。
实义词 (content words) 词
无完整词汇意义,却有语法功能和意义 的词,例如:代词,介词,连接词等。
自由形式 (free morpheme) 词素 (morpheme) 粘着形式 (bound morpheme)
2. 词素, 词素变体和词
什么叫自由形式 (free morpheme)?
具有完整词汇意义、能够独立使用的词素。 例如:hope, cool, mask
第二章Morphology形态学

The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2019)
2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
VowelsLeabharlann In the production of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs meet with no obstruction
English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.
By “manner of articulation” we mean the manner in which obstruction is created, and by “place of articulation ” we mean the place where obstruction is created.
Consonants
In the production of a consonant, the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
高中英语教师资格考试形态学

Morphology:形态学是研究词内部结构和构词结构的语言分支1.基本概念Morpheme 词素(a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function 最小的表示语义或者语法功能的单位)Allomorphs 词素变体●Cat(意义词素)+plural(语法功能的词素:复数)●Bus(意义词素)+plural(语法功能的词素:复数)Sheep(意义词素)+plural(语法功能的词素:复数)这个“复数”词素可以有几个不同的morphs (形素:the actual forms used to realize morphemes, 表现词素的实际形式)所以-s,-es,-ies就是一个复数morpheme的allomorphes【Sheep+zero-morph】例子2:walk + past tense (ed)Go + past tense(went)went(zero-morph)和-ed都是past tense这个词素的不同的变体或者形素考试技巧:ungentlemanliness 有几个词素?就看这里面有几个意义词素和几个语法功能的词素Un-否定前缀词素Gentle 意义词素Man 意义词素Li-(ly) 形容词后缀词素(gentlemanly adj. 绅士的,绅士派头的)Ness 名词后缀词素2.Types of morphemes 词素类型(1)Free morpheme & Bound morpheme自由词素可以单独出现(boy man baby)黏着词素不能单独出现(-ish,-un,-tion)(2)Root 词根the part of a word that has the main meaning and that its other forms are based on; a word that other words are formed from词根(相对于其他由他生成的单词来说)(3)Affix 词缀Prefix 前缀Suffix 后缀(4)Stem词干: the base form to which affixes are attached in the formation of wordsA stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology(只在屈折形态学). Inflectional affix (不改变词性)Derivational affix (改变词性,产生新词)3.Word formation (构词法)①CompoundingEndocentric compoundingExocentric compounding②Derivation③Invention④Blending⑤Initialism⑥Acronym⑦Borrowing➢Loanword➢Loanblend➢Loanshift➢Loan translation⑧Back-formation⑨Analogical creation⑩Coinage听力技能Sound discriminationMaking predictionsListening for detailsListening for main ideasGuessing meanings of unfamiliar words Drawing inferencesTaking notesRecognizing communicative intention阅读技能PredictingSkimmingScanningUnderstanding main ideas Understanding important details Guessing meanings of unfamiliar words Drawing inferencesUnderstanding the structure。
语言学Morphology形态学课件

3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
形态学和句法学的联系和区别

1.语言形态学(Morphology)是一门研究人类语言构词形态及语法形态多样
性和规律性的语言学基础学科。
本专业方向,通过多语种语料对比分析、经典和前沿文献阅读、课堂和课后研讨等方式,为语言学专业学习者提供语言形态学研究的基础训练,使其了解人类语言形态的多样性和规律性,获得基本的语言形态分析能力,并理解语言形态学领域的主要理论及重要问题。
语言形态学涵盖屈折、派生、复合、组并、附着语素、格系统、变价操作、和谐与一致、中心或依附成分标识、心理词库、词频作用、及形态操作规则和理论模型等方面知识,还涉及语言形态学与其他语言学分支学科(如音系学、句法学等)的各种界面问题,是一门既传统又不断创新发展的语言学分支学科。
2.句法学(syntax)是一门研究语言词组和句子各组成成分之间结构关系及其
内在规律的语言学核心学科。
本专业方向,通过介绍句法学理论和分析方法,提供句法学研究的基础理论知识和分析训练,帮助语言学专业学习者掌握句法分析的主要技术性手段,并培养其实际应用的能力。
句法学研究涵盖词组和句子结构的生成、结构层次及其形式表征、结构的转换机制、结构对词组和句子语义的制约、跨语言的结构形式变化参数、生成语法理论在句法分析中的应用等方面的经验性和理论性问题,是半个多世纪以来国际语言学研究的最具活力的分支学科之一。
Morphology词法学

词缀词素(аффиксальные морфемы)又称词缀 (affixes,аффиксы) ,分布于词根的外围,在 词的结构中处于边缘位置,不是词必不可少 的组成成分。 e.g. книга—книж - н - ый,чита ющ-ий. 前缀(prefix,префикс或приставка)在词的结构 中处于词根或“词根 + 前缀”前,用来构成 新词。e.g.вы-нести,с-делать,по-на-вещать. 后缀(suffix,суффикс) 在词的结构中位于词根 或“词根 + 后缀”后,用来构成新词或同一 词的不同语法形式。 e.g. вод - н - ый,твор ец,чита-л.
8.缩略法e.g.вуз/высшее учебное заведение. 混 合 构 词 法 ( с м е ш а н н ы й способ словообразования)包括: 1.前缀后缀法e.g.город/при-город-н-ый. 2.前缀尾缀法e.g.считать/про-считать-ся. 3.后缀尾缀法e.g.присесть/присаж-ива-ть-ся. 4. 前缀后缀尾缀法 e.g. шептать/пере - шепт ыва-ть-ся. 5.前缀复合法e.g.у-мир-о-тво-рить. 6.后缀复合法e.g.мор-е-плава-тель. 7.前缀后缀复合法e.g.в-пол-голос-а.
词尾(флексия或окончание) 位于词根或“词 根 + 后缀”之后,表达语法意义,是词的主 要变化部分。e.g.лѐгк-ий,задач-а,прове-л-и. 间缀 (infix,интерфикс) 位于复合词中,用来 连接构成复合词干的简单词干,是复合词干 的组成部分。e.g.верт-о-лѐт,огн-е-опасный. 尾缀 (постфикс) 在词的结构中位于词尾或构 形后缀之后,用来构成新词或词的语法形式。 e.g.как-ой-то,чь-и-либо,чт-о-нибудь.
英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

"basketball" (combination of "basket" and "ball")
"mother-in-law" (combination of "mother" and "in-law")
"blackboard" (combination of "black" and "board")
• Inflectional Variation: Morphology also deals with the inflectional variation of words, which refers to the changes in word form that indicate grammatical function or category. Understanding inflectional morphology is crucial for proper sentence structure and grammar.
Grammar
目录
• The Relationship between Morphology and Vocabulary
01
Morphological Overview
Definition and Purpose
Definition: Morphology is the study of the structure and forms of words in a language. It focuses on the internal composition of words, including the derivation of new words from existing words (derivational morphology) and the modification of words through the addition or deletion of affixes (inflectional morphology).
第三章 形态学

3.1复合词的类型
Types of compound words
• 复合法指把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构成新词的方法。复 合词可以用不同的标准来分类。根据复合词构成成分的词性来分 类,复合词通常有: • 1)名词+名词:end product; efficiency expert; food chain • Noun + noun 名词+名词 如:handbook, sunshine • 2)形容词+名词: white elephant; red tape; hot line • Adjective +noun 形容词+名词 如:highway, sweetheart • 3)形容词+名词+ed: white-haired; blue-eyed;short-sighted 3 + +ed: • 4)动词+名词Verb +noun : pickpocket; call-girl; push-button • 5)副词+名词Adverb +noun :downtown; overburden • 6)名词+动词Noun +verb :daybreak;nightfall;earthquake; birth control • 7)动词+副词Verb +adverb :breakdown; handout;makeup • 8)名词+形容词Noun +adjective :knee-deep; life-long;duty-free • 9)ing+名词-ing+noun:swimming pool; sewing machine; • 10)其它形式Other forms :never-to- be-forgotten; go-between; on-the-spot;