Less Protection of Foreign Employees under Chinese Labor Law
个人防护用品 PPE(Respirators)
StandardMust ensure that all employees are protected from overexposures to regulated chemicals that could affect their respiratory system.Must provide respirators that are applicable and suitable for the purpose intendedWhere respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever the requires respirators, must establish and implement a written respiratory protection programMore restrictive Country standard of potentially hazardous substances may not be accomplished using respirators except:•During the period necessary to install engineering controls•In situations where engineering controls are either not feasible or are insufficient to reduce the airborne concentration of a potentially hazardous substance below the specified permissible exposure limit or threshold limit value•In emergency situationsMinimum Requirements1. If respirators are to be used to reduce the exposure of employees to hazardous air contaminants, must develop and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite-specific procedures. The plan must include the following elements:a. Designation of a qualified program administrator to oversee programb. Evaluation of job assignments to determine the need for respiratory protectioni. Jobs in which employees may be exposed to breathing air contaminated with harmful levels of dusts, fumes, sprays, mists, fogs, smokes, vapors, gases or radioactive material must be identified as potential situations for need of respiratory protection.c. Determination of eligibility and medical evaluation requirements to wear a respirator2. Selection of respiratorsa. Must select a respirator certified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health that must be used in compliance with the conditions of its certifications.b. Must identify and evaluate the respiratory hazards in the workplace, including a reasonable estimate of employee exposures and identification of the contaminant’s chemical state and physical form.c. Where exposure cannot be identified or reasonably estimated, the atmosphere must be considered immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH).3. Medical Evaluationa. Must provide a medical evaluation to determine employee’s ability to use a respirator before fit testing and use.b. Must identify a physician or other licensed/certified health care professional (PLHCP) to perform medical evaluationsusing a medical questionnaire or an initial medical examination that obtains the same information as the medical questionnaire.c. Must obtain a written recommendation regarding the employee’s ability to use the respirator from the PLHCP.d. Additional medical evaluations are required under certain circumstances such as:i. Employee reports medical signs or symptoms related to ability to use respiratorii. PLHCP, program administrator, or supervisor recommends reevaluationiii. Information from the respirator program, including observations made during fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a neediv. Change occurs in workplace conditions that may substantially increase the physiological burden on an employeev. Annual review of medical status is not required.4. Fit Testinga. All employees using a negative or positive pressure tight-fitting facepiece respirator must pass an appropriate qualitative fit test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT).b. Fit testing is required before initial use, whenever a different respirator facepiece is used, and at least annually thereafter.5. Use of Respiratorsa. Employees who have facial hair or any condition that interferes with the face-to-facepiece seal or valve function must not wear tight-fitting respirators.b. Personal protective equipment must be worn in a manner that does not interfere with the seal of thefacepiece to the face of the user.c. Employees must perform a user seal check each time they put on a tight-fitting respirator.6. Maintenance and Care of Respiratorsa. Must clean and disinfect respirators at the following intervals.i. As often as necessary to maintain a sanitary condition for exclusive-use respiratorsii. Before being worn by different individuals when issued to more than one employeeiii. After each use for emergency-use respirators and those used in fit testing and training7. Identification of Filters, Cartridges, and Canistersa. All filters, cartridges, and canisters used in the workplace must be labeled and color-coded with the NIOSH approval label.b. The label must not be removed and must remain legible.8. Training and Informationa. Must provide effective training to respirator users, including:i. Why the respirator is necessary and how improper fit, use, or maintenance can compromise the protective effect of the respirator limitations and capabilities of the respiratorii. Limitations and capabilities of the respiratoriii. Use in emergency situationsiv. How to inspect, put on and remove, use and check the sealsv. Procedures for maintenance and storagevi. Recognition of medical signs and symptoms that may limit or prevent effective usevii. General requirements of this standard9. Training is required before initial use, unless another contractor has provided acceptable training within the past12 months.10. Retraining is required annually and when:a. Workplace conditions change, new types of respirator are usedb. Inadequacies in the employee’s knowledge or use indicate needi. Program Evaluation(i) Must conduct evaluations of the workplace as necessary to ensure proper implementation of the program, and consult with employees to ensure proper use.ii. Recordkeeping11. Records of medical evaluations must be retained and made available.12. A record of fit tests must be established and retained until the next fit test.13. A written copy of the current program must be retained.14. Must keep all records for the duration of employment.标准：应确保所有雇员在过度或者控制性的暴露于影响呼吸系统的化学物质时，安全健康得到保护。
女职工特殊劳动保护条例
女职工劳动保护特别规定the labor protection of the working woman第一条为了减少和解决女职工在劳动中因生理特点造成的特殊困难，保护女职工健康，制定本规定。
Article 1 in order to reduce and solve the special difficulties which caused by the physiological characteristics of female workers , protection female workers, To formulate this regulations第二条中华人民共和国境内的国家机关、企业、事业单位、社会团体、个体经济组织以及其他社会组织等用人单位及其女职工，适用本规定。
Article 2 Female staff and workers of the people's Republic of China State organs, enterprises, institutions, social groups, individual economic organizations and other social organizations, should abide this regulations第三条用人单位应当加强女职工劳动保护，采取措施改善女职工劳动安全卫生条件，对女职工进行劳动安全卫生知识培训。
The employing should strengthen the labor protection of female employees, take measures to improve the safety and health conditions of female workers , train for safety and hygiene knowledge for female workers第四条用人单位应当遵守女职工禁忌从事的劳动范围的规定。
商务英语阅读 第二版 王艳 习题答案之 句子翻译
Chapter 11.这一监控体系最终将取代美国政府对古巴雪茄进口的上限。
The monitoring system will finally substitute the U.S. government’s cap on cigar imports from Cuba.2.墨西哥和美国之间的争执不会有任何作用，并可能导致北美自由贸易协定中关税解除的中断。
The quarrel between Mexico and the U.S. will be of no avail and it may disrupt the lifting of the agricultural tariffs under the North American Free Trade Agreement.3.在召开部长级会议之前，将举行一次经济合作商业论坛，重点探讨如何减小全球经济失衡的纠正对中国的冲击。
An economic cooperation business forum, which will discuss how to minimize the negative impact of global economic imbalance adjustment on China, will take place shortly before the ministerial conference.4.只有少数美国人将此问题归咎于这些明显的因素，即美元贬值或经济周期。
Few Americans attribute this to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the business cycle.5.最新的科学研究揭示了这样的事实，即为减少温室气体排放所采取的必要措施会带来沉重的经济和政治成本。
Recent research has shed light on the fact that there are heavy financial and political costs associated with the measures necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.6.有传言称上个月政府和这家公司的总裁秘密达成一笔交易。
21 CFR Part 50 - Protection of Human Subjects
INFORMATION SHEETSGuidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators1998 UpdateAppendix B21 CFR Part 50 - Protection of Human Subjects Subpart A General Provisions50.1 Scope.50.3 Definitions.Subpart B Informed Consent of Human Subjects50.20 General requirements for informed consent.50.21 Effective date.50.23 Exception from general requirements.50.24 Exception from informed consent requirements for emergency research 50.25 Elements of informed consent.50.27 Documentation of informed consent.[Source: 45 FR 36390, May 30, 1980, unless otherwise noted.]Subpart A - General Provisionsß 50.1 Scope.(a) This part applies to all clinical investigations regulated by the Food andDrug Administration under sections 505(i) 507(d), and 520(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as well as clinical investigations that support applications for research or marketing permits for products regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, including food and color additives, drugs for human use, medical devices for human use, biological products for humanuse, and electronic products. Additional specific obligations and commitments of, and standards of conduct for, persons who sponsor or monitor clinical investigations involving particular test articles may also be found in other parts (e.g., 21 CFR parts 312 and 812). Compliance with these parts is intended to protect the rights and safety of subjects involved in investigations filed with the Food and Drug Administration pursuant to sections 406, 409, 502, 503, 505,Page 1 of 13506, 507, 510, 513-516, 518 520, 706, and 801 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and sections 351 and 354-360F of the Public Health Service Act.(b) References in this part to regulatory sections of the Code of Federal Regulations are to chapter I of title 21, unless otherwise noted.[45 FR 36390, May 30, 1980; 46 FR 8979, Jan. 27, 1981]ß 50.3 Definitions.As used in this part:(a) Act means the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended (secs. 201-902, 52 Stat. 1040 et seq. as amended (21 U.S.C. 321-392)).(b) Application for research or marketing permit includes:(1) A color additive petition, described in part 71.(2) A food additive petition, described in parts 171 and 571.(3) Data and information about a substance submitted as part of the procedures for establishing that the substance is generally recognized as safe for use that results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food, described in ßß 170.30 and 570.30.(4) Data and information about a food additive submitted as part of the procedures for food additives permitted to be used on an interim basis pending additional study, described in ß 180.1.(5) Data and information about a substance submitted as part of the procedures for establishing a tolerance for unavoidable contaminants in food and food-packaging materials described in section 406 of the act.(6) An investigational new drug application, described in part 312 of this chapter.(7) A new drug application, described in part 314.(8) Data and information about the bioavailability or bioequivalence of drugs for human use submitted as part of the procedures for issuing, amending, or repealing a bioequivalence requirement, described in part 320.(9) Data and information about an over-the-counter drug for human use submitted as part of the procedures for classifying these drugs as generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded, described in part 330. (10) Data and information about a prescription drug for human use submitted as part of the procedures for classifying these drugs as generally recognized as safe and effective and not misbranded, described in this chapter.(11) Data and information about an antibiotic drug submitted as part of the procedures for issuing, amending or repealing regulations for these drugs, described in ß 314.300 of this chapter.(12) An application for a biological product license, described in part 601.(13) Data and information about a biological product submitted as part of the Page 2 of 13procedures for determining that licensed biological products are safe and effective and not misbranded, described in part 601.(14) Data and information about an in vitro diagnostic product submitted as part of the procedures for establishing, amending, or repealing a standard for these products, described in part 809.(15) An Application for an Investigational Device Exemption, described in part 812.(16) Data and information about a medical device submitted as part of the procedures for classifying these devices, described in section 513.(17) Data and information about a medical device submitted as part of the procedures for establishing, amending, or repealing a standard for these devices, described in section 514.(18) An application for premarket approval of a medical device, described in section 515.(19) A product development protocol for a medical device, described in section 515.(20) Data and information about an electronic product submitted as part of the procedures for establishing, amending or repealing a standard for these products, described in section 358 of the Public Health Service Act.(21) Data and information about an electronic product submitted as part of the procedures for obtaining a variance from any electronic product performance standard, as described in ß 1010.4.(22) Data and information about an electronic product submitted as part of the procedures for granting amending, or extending an exemption from a radiation safety performance standard, as described in ß 1010.5.(c) Clinical investigation means any experiment that involves a test article and one or more human subjects and that either is subject to requirements for prior submission to the Food and Drug Administration under section 505(i), 507(d), or 520(g) of the act, or is not subject to requirements for prior submission to the Food and Drug Administration under these sections of the act, but the results of which are intended to be submitted later to, or held for inspection by, the Food and Drug Administration as part of an application for a research or marketing permit. The term does not include experiments that are subject to the provisions of part 58 of this chapter, regarding nonclinical laboratory studies.(d) Investigator means an individual who actually conducts a clinical investigation, i.e., under whose immediate direction the test article is administered or dispensed to or used involving, a subject, or, in the event of an investigation conducted by a team of individuals, is the responsible leader of that team.(e) Sponsor means a person who initiates a clinical investigation, but who does not actually conduct the investigation, i.e., the test article is administered or dispensed to or used involving, a subject under the immediate direction of Page 3 of 13another individual. A person other than an individual (e.g., corporation or agency) that uses one or more of its own employees to conduct a clinical investigation it has initiated is considered to be a sponsor (not a sponsor-investigator) and the employees are considered to be investigators.(f) Sponsor-investigator means an individual who both initiates and actually conducts, alone or with others a clinical investigation, i.e., under whose immediate direction the test article is administered or dispensed to, or used involving, a subject. The term does not include any person other than an individual, e.g., corporation or agency.(g) Human subject means an individual who is or becomes a participant in research, either as a recipient of the test article as a control. A subject may be either a healthy human or a patient.(h) Institution means any public or private entity or Agency (including Federal, State, and other agencies). The word facility as used in section 520(g) of the act is deemed to be synonymous with the term institution for purposes of this part.(i) Institutional review board (IRB) means any board, committee, or other group formally designated by an institution to review biomedical research involving humans as subjects, to approve the initiation of and conduct periodic review of such research. The term has the same meaning as the phrase institutional review committee as used in section 520(g) of the act.(j) Test article means any drug (including a biological product for human use), medical device for human use, human food additive, color additive, electronic product, or any other article subject to regulation under the act or under sections 351 and 354-360F of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262 and 263b-263n).(k) Minimal risk means that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.(l) Legally authorized representative means an individual or judicial or other body authorized under applicable law to consent on behalf of a prospective subject to the subject's participation in the procedure(s) involved in the research.(m) Family member means any one of the following legally competent persons: Spouse; parents; children (including adopted children); brothers and sisters; and any individual related by blood or affinity whose close association with the subject is the equivalent of a family relationship.Page 4 of 13[45 FR 36390, May 30, 1980, as amended at 46 FR 8950 Jan. 27,1981; 54 FR 9038, Mar. 3, 1989; 56 FR 28028, June 18, 1991; 61 FR 51497, Oct. 2, 1996;62 FR 39440, July 23, 1997]Subpart B - Informed Consent of Human SubjectsSource: 46 FR 8951, Jan. 27, 1981, unless otherwise noted.Sec. 50.20 General requirements for informed consent.Except as provided in Secs. 50.23 and 50.24, no investigator may involve a human being as a subject in research covered by these regulations unless the investigator has obtained the legally effective informed consent of the subject or the subject's legally authorized representative. An investigator shall seek such consent only under circumstances that provide the prospective subject or therepresentativesufficient opportunity to consider whether or not to participate and that minimize the possibility of coercion or undue influence. The information that is given to the subject or the representative shall be in language understandable to the subject or the representative. No informed consent, whether oral or written, may include any exculpatory language through which the subject or the representative is made to waive or appear to waive any of the subject's legal rights, or releases or appears to release[[Page 280]]the investigator, the sponsor, the institution, or its agents from liability for negligence.[46 FR 8951, Jan. 27, 1981, as amended at 64 FR 10942, Mar. 8, 1999] Sec. 50.23 Exception from general requirements.(a) The obtaining of informed consent shall be deemed feasible unless, before use of the test article (except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section), both the investigator and a physician who is not otherwise participating in the clinical investigation certify inwritingall of the following:(1) The human subject is confronted by a life-threatening situation necessitating the use of the test article.(2) Informed consent cannot be obtained from the subject because of an inability to communicate with, or obtain legally effective consent from, the subject.(3) Time is not sufficient to obtain consent from the subject's legal representative.(4) There is available no alternative method of approved orgenerally recognized therapy that provides an equal or greaterlikelihood of saving the life of the subject.(b) If immediate use of the test article is, in the investigator's Page 5 of 13opinion, required to preserve the life of the subject, and time is not sufficient to obtain the independent determination required inparagraph(a) of this section in advance of using the test article, the determinations of the clinical investigator shall be made and, within 5 working days after the use of the article, be reviewed and evaluated in writing by a physician who is not participating in the clinical investigation.(c) The documentation required in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section shall be submitted to the IRB within 5 working days after the use of the test article.(d)(1) Under 10 U.S.C. 1107(f) the President may waive the prior consent requirement for the administration of an investigational new drug to a member of the armed forces in connection with the member's participation in a particular military operation. The statute specifies that only the President may waive informed consent in this connection and the President may grant such a waiver only if the President determines in writing that obtaining consent: Is not feasible; is contrary to the best interests of the military member; or is not in the interests of national security. The statute further provides that in making a determination to waive prior informed consent on the ground that it is not feasible or the ground that it is contrary to the best interests of the military members involved, the President shall apply the standards and criteria that are set forth in the relevant FDA regulations for a waiver of the prior informed consent requirements of section 505(i)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21U.S.C.355(i)(4)). Before such a determination may be made that obtaining informed consent from military personnel prior to the use of an investigational drug (including an antibiotic or biological product) in a specific protocol under an investigational new drug application (IND) sponsored by the Department of Defense (DOD) and limited to specific military personnel involved in a particular military operation is not feasible or is contrary to the best interests of the military members involved the Secretary of Defense must first request such adetermination from the President, and certify and document to the President that the following standards and criteria contained in paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this section have been met.(i) The extent and strength of evidence of the safety and effectiveness of the investigational new drug in relation to themedicalrisk that could be encountered during the military operation supports the drug's administration under an IND.(ii) The military operation presents a substantial risk that military personnel may be subject to a chemical, biological, nuclear,orother exposure likely to produce death or serious or life-threatening injury or illness.(iii) There is no available satisfactory alternative therapeuticorpreventive treatment in relation to the intended use of the investigational new drug.(iv) Conditioning use of the investigational new drug on the voluntary[[Page 281]]Page 6 of 13participation of each member could significantly risk the safety and health of any individual member who would decline its use, the safetyofother military personnel, and the accomplishment of the military mission.(v) A duly constituted institutional review board (IRB)establishedand operated in accordance with the requirements of paragraphs (d)(2) and (d)(3) of this section, responsible for review of the study, has reviewed and approved the investigational new drug protocol and the administration of the investigational new drug without informedconsent.DOD's request is to include the documentation required bySec. 56.115(a)(2) of this chapter.(vi) DOD has explained:(A) The context in which the investigational drug will be administered, e.g., the setting or whether it will be self-administered or it will be administered by a health professional;(B) The nature of the disease or condition for which thepreventiveor therapeutic treatment is intended; and(C) To the extent there are existing data or informationavailable,information on conditions that could alter the effects of the investigational drug.(vii) DOD's recordkeeping system is capable of tracking and willbeused to track the proposed treatment from supplier to the individual recipient.(viii) Each member involved in the military operation will be given, prior to the administration of the investigational new drug, a specific written information sheet (including information required by10U.S.C. 1107(d)) concerning the investigational new drug, the risks and benefits of its use, potential side effects, and other pertinent information about the appropriate use of the product.(ix) Medical records of members involved in the military operation will accurately document the receipt by members of the notification required by paragraph (d)(1)(viii) of this section.(x) Medical records of members involved in the military operation will accurately document the receipt by members of any investigational new drugs in accordance with FDA regulations including part 312 of this chapter.(xi) DOD will provide adequate followup to assess whether therearebeneficial or adverse health consequences that result from the use of the investigational product.(xii) DOD is pursuing drug development, including a time line, and marketing approval with due diligence.(xiii) FDA has concluded that the investigational new drugprotocolmay proceed subject to a decision by the President on the informed consent waiver request.(xiv) DOD will provide training to the appropriate medical personnel and potential recipients on the specific investigational new Page 7 of 13drug to be administered prior to its use.(xv) DOD has stated and justified the time period for which the waiver is needed, not to exceed one year, unless separately renewed under these standards and criteria.(xvi) DOD shall have a continuing obligation to report to the FDA and to the President any changed circumstances relating to these standards and criteria (including the time period referred to in paragraph (d)(1)(xv) of this section) or that otherwise might affectthedetermination to use an investigational new drug without informed consent.(xvii) DOD is to provide public notice as soon as practicable and consistent with classification requirements through notice in the Federal Register describing each waiver of informed consent determination, a summary of the most updated scientific information on the products used, and other pertinent information.(xviii) Use of the investigational drug without informed consent otherwise conforms with applicable law.(2) The duly constituted institutional review board, described in paragraph (d)(1)(v) of this section, must include at least 3nonaffiliated members who shall not be employees or officers of the Federal Government (other than for purposes of membership on the IRB) and shall be required to obtain any necessary security clearances. This IRB shall review the proposed IND protocol at a convened meeting at which a majority of the members are present including at least one member whose primary concerns are in nonscientific areas and, if feasible, including a majority of the nonaffiliated members.[[Page 282]]The information required by Sec. 56.115(a)(2) of this chapter is to be provided to the Secretary of Defense for further review.(3) The duly constituted institutional review board, described in paragraph (d)(1)(v) of this section, must review and approve:(i) The required information sheet;(ii) The adequacy of the plan to disseminate information,includingdistribution of the information sheet to potential recipients, on the investigational product (e.g., in forms other than written);(iii) The adequacy of the information and plans for its dissemination to health care providers, including potential side effects, contraindications, potential interactions, and other pertinent considerations; and(iv) An informed consent form as required by part 50 of this chapter, in those circumstances in which DOD determines that informed consent may be obtained from some or all personnel involved.(4) DOD is to submit to FDA summaries of institutional reviewboardmeetings at which the proposed protocol has been reviewed.(5) Nothing in these criteria or standards is intended to preempt or limit FDA's and DOD's authority or obligations under applicable statutes and regulations.[46 FR 8951, Jan. 27, 1981, as amended at 55 FR 52817, Dec. 21, 1990;64FR 399, Jan. 5, 1999; 64 FR 54188, Oct. 5, 1999]Page 8 of 13Sec. 50.24 Exception from informed consent requirements for emergency research.(a) The IRB responsible for the review, approval, and continuing review of the clinical investigation described in this section may approve that investigation without requiring that informed consent of all research subjects be obtained if the IRB (with the concurrence of a licensed physician who is a member of or consultant to the IRB and who is not otherwise participating in the clinical investigation) finds and documents each of the following:(1) The human subjects are in a life-threatening situation,available treatments are unproven or unsatisfactory, and the collection of valid scientific evidence, which may include evidence obtained through randomized placebo-controlled investigations, is necessary to determine the safety and effectiveness of particular interventions.(2) Obtaining informed consent is not feasible because:(i) The subjects will not be able to give their informed consent as a result of their medical condition;(ii) The intervention under investigation must be administered before consent from the subjects' legally authorized representatives is feasible; and(iii) There is no reasonable way to identify prospectively the individuals likely to become eligible for participation in the clinical investigation.(3) Participation in the research holds out the prospect of direct benefit to the subjects because:(i) Subjects are facing a life-threatening situation that necessitates intervention;(ii) Appropriate animal and other preclinical studies have been conducted, and the information derived from those studies and related evidence support the potential for the intervention to provide a direct benefit to the individual subjects; and(iii) Risks associated with the investigation are reasonable in relation to what is known about the medical condition of the potential class of subjects, the risks and benefits of standard therapy, if any, and what is known about the risks and benefits of the proposed intervention or activity.(4) The clinical investigation could not practicably be carried out without the waiver.(5) The proposed investigational plan defines the length of the potential therapeutic window based on scientific evidence, and the investigator has committed to attempting to contact a legallyauthorizedrepresentative for each subject within that window of time and, if feasible, to asking the legally authorized representative contacted for consent within that window rather than proceeding without consent. The investigator will summarize efforts made to contact legally authorized representatives and make this information available to the IRB at the time of continuing review.[[Page 283]](6) The IRB has reviewed and approved informed consent procedures and an informed consent document consistent with Sec. 50.25. These procedures and the informed consent document are to be used withPage 9 of 13subjects or their legally authorized representatives in situationswhereuse of such procedures and documents is feasible. The IRB has reviewed and approved procedures and information to be used when providing an opportunity for a family member to object to a subject's participation in the clinical investigation consistent with paragraph (a)(7)(v) of this section.(7) Additional protections of the rights and welfare of thesubjectswill be provided, including, at least:(i) Consultation (including, where appropriate, consultationcarriedout by the IRB) with representatives of the communities in which the clinical investigation will be conducted and from which the subjectswill be drawn;(ii) Public disclosure to the communities in which the clinical investigation will be conducted and from which the subjects will be drawn, prior to initiation of the clinical investigation, of plans for the investigation and its risks and expected benefits;(iii) Public disclosure of sufficient information following completion of the clinical investigation to apprise the community and researchers of the study, including the demographic characteristics of the research population, and its results;(iv) Establishment of an independent data monitoring committee to exercise oversight of the clinical investigation; and(v) If obtaining informed consent is not feasible and a legally authorized representative is not reasonably available, the investigator has committed, if feasible, to attempting to contact within the therapeutic window the subject's family member who is not a legally authorized representative, and asking whether he or she objects to the subject's participation in the clinical investigation. The investigator will summarize efforts made to contact family members and make this information available to the IRB at the time of continuing review.(b) The IRB is responsible for ensuring that procedures are inplaceto inform, at the earliest feasible opportunity, each subject, or ifthesubject remains incapacitated, a legally authorized representative of the subject, or if such a representative is not reasonably available, a family member, of the subject's inclusion in the clinicalinvestigation,the details of the investigation and other information contained in the informed consent document. The IRB shall also ensure that there is a procedure to inform the subject, or if the subject remainsincapacitated, a legally authorized representative of the subject, orifsuch a representative is not reasonably available, a family member,thathe or she may discontinue the subject's participation at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which the subject is otherwise entitled. If a legally authorized representative or family member is told about the clinical investigation and the subject's condition improves, the subject is also to be informed as soon as feasible. If a subject is entered into a clinical investigation with waived consentandthe subject dies before a legally authorized representative or family Page 10 of 13member can be contacted, information about the clinical investigationisto be provided to the subject's legally authorized representative or family member, if feasible.(c) The IRB determinations required by paragraph (a) of thissectionand the documentation required by paragraph (e) of this section are to be retained by the IRB for at least 3 years after completion of the clinical investigation, and the records shall be accessible for inspection and copying by FDA in accordance with Sec. 56.115(b) of this chapter.(d) Protocols involving an exception to the informed consent requirement under this section must be performed under a separate investigational new drug application (IND) or investigational device exemption (IDE) that clearly identifies such protocols as protocolsthatmay include subjects who are unable to consent. The submission of those protocols in a separate IND/IDE is required even if an IND for the same drug product or an IDE for the[[Page 284]]same device already exists. Applications for investigations under this section may not be submitted as amendments under Secs. 312.30 or 812.35 of this chapter.(e) If an IRB determines that it cannot approve a clinical investigation because the investigation does not meet the criteria in the exception provided under paragraph (a) of this section or becauseofother relevant ethical concerns, the IRB must document its findings and provide these findings promptly in writing to the clinical investigator and to the sponsor of the clinical investigation. The sponsor of the clinical investigation must promptly disclose this information to FDA and to the sponsor's clinical investigators who are participating orareasked to participate in this or a substantially equivalent clinical investigation of the sponsor, and to other IRB's that have been, orare,asked to review this or a substantially equivalent investigation bythatsponsor.[61 FR 51528, Oct. 2, 1996]Sec. 50.25 Elements of informed consent.(a) Basic elements of informed consent. In seeking informedconsent,the following information shall be provided to each subject:(1) A statement that the study involves research, an explanation of the purposes of the research and the expected duration of the subject's participation, a description of the procedures to be followed, and identification of any procedures which are experimental.(2) A description of any reasonably foreseeable risks ordiscomfortsto the subject.Page 11 of 13。
篇章翻译练习
英译汉33篇：1. Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can increase the odds that a smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with.The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. This report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases.2. This book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically has the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but without the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.3. Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing is more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers’ moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting.4. One of the unintended consequences of the globalization is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today – terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.5. In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer knows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what is appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation.6. When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its practice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around differentleaders responding differently to a particular situation. These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks. Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustiveness, consistency, economy are basic principles. The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elaboration and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines.7. Changes and developments in a science are determined by a number of causes. Every science grows from its past, and the state reached in a previous generation provides the starting point for the next. But no science is carried on in a vacuum, without reference to or contact with other sciences and the general atmosphere for learning. Scientists and men of learning are also men of their age and country, and they can’t live independent of the culture. Besides its own past, the course of science is also affected by the social context of its contemporary world and the intellectual premises in it. Applications of the science and the expectations that others have of it may be a very important determinant of the direction of its growth and changes.8. Human progress is greatly accelerated by the use of language in cultural transmission; the knowledge and experience acquired by a particular person can be passed on to another in language, so that no amount of demonstration can replace the role of language. In this connection the importance of the invention of printing can never be exaggerated. At the present time the achievements of anyone in any part of the world can be made available and accessible to anyone else able to read and capable of understanding what is involved. From these uses of language, spoken and written, the most developed animal communication system, though given the courtesy title of language, is worlds away.9. The purchase process is initiated when a consumer becomes aware of a need. This awareness may stem from an internal source such as starvation or an external source such as TV commercials or promotions. Awareness of such a need motivates the consumer to search for information about options with which to fulfill the need. This information is available from varied sources. Once alternatives have been identified through these sources, consumers evaluate the options, paying particular attention to those attributes the consumer considers vital. To attract more regular customers, many companies continue to communicate with their customers after a purchase in an effort to influence post-purchase satisfaction and behavior.10. Here are some tips for a low-carbon life. Burning fossil fuels emits heat-trapping pollution like carbon dioxide that contributes to global warming. Cutting down on driving is environmentally friendly and helps eliminate weight problems over time without dangerous diets or surgery. Next, skip the bottled water and drink tap water. Limit your consumption of red meat because of its unhealthy saturated fat content, particularly corn-fed animals. Raising food animals contributes substantially to climate change because a meat-based diet requires more energy than a plant-based one. Finally, avoid heavily packaged foods and buy in bulk. The health benefits of going organic include no synthetic pesticides and fertilizers so you reduce your exposure to hazardous chemicals.11. There is more to school education than instruction and passing knowledge. To live up to his or her image, a teacher at an elementary or secondary school has to have positive influence on the pupils in terms of manners, attitudes and views of life. It’s no exaggeration to claim that a teacher is a parent, consultant and role model all rolled into one. When a teacher has become someone to talk to, turn toand correspond to, his role as a friend is enhanced. Accompanied by teachers who are considerate, helpful and responsible, a child is likely to be imprinted by such good qualities and eventually does the same to others.12. One of the chief concerns of wildlife management is the protection and improvement of the natural habitat so that animals have enough food and water to survive. Wildlife management involves care of the soil to produce good vegetation; it also involves care of plants, not only as a source of food, but as protection. Animals need cover to hide from their natural enemies and to raise their young safely. Just as crops are harvested, wildlife too must sometimes be “harvested”. By a llowing limited hunting, good management can control certain species that threaten to overpopulate their habitat.13. The standard educational or psychological tests are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees and military personnel. But they have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tools themselves but largely upon the user.14. To the average person knowledge itself is of importance because of its bearing upon what he needs to do and to make. It helps him in clarifying his wants, in constructing his ends and in finding means for realizing them. There exist, in other words, values as well as known facts and principles, and philosophy is concerned primarily with values –with the ends for the sake of which man acts. Given the most extensive and accurate system of knowledge, man is still confronted with the question of what he is going to do about it and what he is going to do with the knowledge in his possession.15. The miracle silicon chip represents a development in the technology of mankind that over the past few years has acquired the force and significance associated with the development of hand tools or the discovery of the steam engine. Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men’s muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is ra pidly assuming huge burdens of tedious work from the human brain and thereby expanding the mind’s capacities in ways that man is beginning to grasp. With the chip, remarkable achievements of memory and execution become possible in everything from farms to banks to corporate offices.26. Recent history has demonstrated the need to change our conception of the process driven forward by competition. The price variable once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product and technology. While in a highly competitive industry investment in innovation might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be concerned with cost-cutting and large advertising budgets, it would be a shocking error to assume that producers enjoying monopoly should favor abundant expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more smoothly in stable circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status and resist the threat implied in change.17. As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics, which has direct bearing on verbal communication, has undergone systematic exploration and explicit elaboration. The combination of linguistics and psychology has shed light on how an infant acquires the mother tongue and contributed to the greatvariety of teaching approaches to a foreign language. However, a keen insight into the process of language acquisition can’t be gained until the function of each part of the brain is disclosed. The myth that the earlier an infant learns a foreign language the better the result arises from the confusion of language acquisition with language learning. Scientists have yet to reach consensus on the best age to start learning a foreign language.18. Efforts have been continually made to maintain the currency of this dictionary though annual updating.These efforts were for a time successful, at least in incorporating the newest additions to the language into the written record of that language. Eventually, however, it turned out that the flood of new terms, subtle changes in pronunciation and changes in attitudes toward numerous expressions had made a total revision of the dictionary necessary. The past two decades have witnessed an information explosion of unprecedented proportions. Rapid advances in science are bringing with them countless new terms and new applications of established terms.19. There is no question that China and India are better off for having at least part of their population in the flattening world. When societies begin to prosper, you get a virtuous cycle going: They begin to produce enough food for the people to leave the land, the excess labor gets trained and education, it begins working in services and industry; that leads to innovation and better education and institutions of higher learning, free markets, economic growth and development, better infrastructure, fewer diseases and slower population growth.20. Countries whose workers and industries are woven into a major global supply chain know that they cannot take an hour, a week, or a month off for war without disrupting industries and economies around the world and thereby risking the loss of their place in that supply chain for a long time, which could be extremely costly. For a country with no natural resources, being part of a global supply chain is like striking oil – oil that never runs out. And therefore, to get dropped from such a chain because you start a war is to have your oil wells go dry or have someone pour cement on them.21. Each year natural disasters, some of which are of unimaginable magnitude, cause heavy casualties. It’s estimated that devastating floods alone cause losses of approximately 5 billion dollars. In flood-affected regions, reconstruction usually entails expenses that reach astronomical figures. Given the gravity of the situation, many countries as well as international agencies are intensifying their efforts to make more accurate predictions and take precautions. One solution is to construct solid architectures that can survive extreme conditions in disaster-prone areas. Where misfortune never strikes once, people need to be alert to potential risks all the time.22. History has been a fascinating sphere of research since ancient times. Unlike other disciplines of science, history can never reach accuracy. The most historians can do is approximate accuracy by recording past events realistically and interpreting these events objectively. The infinite number of historical figures and incidents makes impossible the documentation of everything that has happened, so historians have to make selections from the data available and accessible before deciding on the data that are deemed necessary and relevant. The fact that explanations on a particular event and its cause vary from historian to historian makes history all the more exciting.23. Creativity is by no means something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. Creativity is the ability to use the resources available to produce original ideas that are good for something.There are numerous things parents can do to facilitate the development of creativity of infants. They can involve children in decision-making if the problem is appropriate by seeking their suggestions. It isof great importance to have children understand the consequence of various decisions. As children grow older, they are expected to decide more serious things. It does not matter if a child makes a wrong decision, for one of the most distinct features of creative people is a very strong motivation to make order out of confusion.24. Fundamental science has provided us with an increasingly detailed and accurate understanding of nature. Advances in science are based on the pre-conditions that:a)Everything, including existing knowledge, is open to critical and unprejudiced inquiry. Science isoften built on the destruction of existing patterns and is a continuously evolving process.b) Our minds, reason and our powers of observation are the tools for advancing knowledge. There are nomysteries that will resist scientific investigation.c)Science is the property of mankind and is our most precious human asset.d)All hypotheses and predictions are subject to the proof of scientific experiments. Knowledge ispower and science is the power of powers.25. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, means the variety of life on earth and includes the entire web of living organisms ranging from soil microbes, frogs, and trees to bears and blue whales. From the perspective of sustainable use, wildlife is a renewable resource that provides many benefits and socioeconomic advantages. Sustainable use is defined as "the use of components of biodiversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long term decline" but maintains the "potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations." Sustainable use will ensure that the numerous tangible and intangible benefits of wildlife that we enjoy today can be enjoyed by future generations26. Healthcare reform in China is a matter of life and death for the underprivileged. The advent of this reform will have significant implication for infants who are susceptible to fatal diseases, the incurably ill patients and for those who have been left untreated because the medical cost is beyond their budget. The improved availability and accessibility of effective drugs for cancer can lessen the agony of victims. More powerful vaccines and ingenious approaches to disease can send the rate of mortality plunging to a point where there is no panic any more. For the well-being of rural residents, hospitals at the grass-roots’ level should be enhanced in terms of medical facilities and personnel.27. Since the start of the Industrial Revolution, the influence of the factory on the physical and mental state of the workers has received no attention at all. Modern industry is based on the conception of maximum productivity at the minimum cost. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without any consideration to the impacts produced on the individuals or on their children by the artificial mode of existence reinforced by the factory. Lack of space entails the construction of enormous apartment buildings where too large masses of residents are crowded together. While civilized men enjoy such a way of living, they do not realize that they have had some of their necessities of life taken away, including peace, ease and health.28. The world is a systemFor thousands of years, there have been various kinds of understandings about the world where we live. The world may be best presented, however, as a system including cosmology, geography, society, human beings, thinking mode and so on. Newton’s law of Universal Gravitation and Einstein’s Relativity has merely laid a foundation for us to grasp the essence of the system.Everything exists in a complex system consisting of macro-cosmos and micro-cosmos, and there are everlasting interactions among different systems at various levels. The best realization comes of a systematic approach.The intrinsic quality of substance is ever unvarying; it has neither increased nor reduced. What has actually been altered is merely its forms: this is the so-called the “law of conservation of matter.” Matteris bound to be manifested in diversified ways.29. Prior to the Newtonian revolution, people explained the world around them primarily in terms of a God that made specific decisions. A child would fall and break his arm, and it was an act of God. Crops failed; it was an act of God. People thought of an omnipotent God who made each and every specific event happen. Then in the 1600s people said, “No, that’s not it! What God did was to put in place a universe with certain principles, and what we need to do is figure out how those principles work. God doesn’t make all the decisions. He set in place processes and principles that would carry on.” From that point on, people began to look for basic underlying dynamics and principles of the entire system. That’s what the Newtonian revolution was all about.Similarly, the Darwinian revolution gave us a dramatic shift in thinking about biological species and natural history --- a shift in thinking that provides fruitful analogies to what we’ve seen in the visionary companies. Prior to the Darwinian revolution, people primarily presumed that God created each and every species intact and for a specific role in the natural world: Polar bears are white because God created them that way; cats purr because God created them that way; robins have red breasts because God created them that way. We humans have a great need to explain the world around us by presuming that someone or something must have had it all figured out --- something must have said, “We need robins with red breasts to fit here in the ecosystem.” But if the biologists are right, it doesn’t work that way. Instead of jumping directly to robins with red breasts (time telling), we have instead an underlying process of evolution (the genetic code, DNA, genetic variation and mutation, natural selection) which eventually produces robins with red breasts that appear to fit perfectly in the ecosystem. The beauty and functionality of the natural world springs from the success of its underlying processes and intricate mechanisms in a marvelous “ticking clock.”Likewise, we’re asking you to see the success of visionary companies --- at least in part --- as coming from underlying processes and fundamental dynamics embedded in the organization and not primarily the result of a single great idea or some great, all-knowing, godlike visionary who made great decisions, had great charisma, and led with great authority. If you’re involved in building and managing a company, we’re asking you to think less in terms of being a brilliant product visionary or seeking the personality characteristics of charismatic leadership, and to think more in terms of being an organizational visionary and building the characteristics of a visionary company.Indeed, we’re asking you to consider a shift in thinking analogous to the shift required to found the US in the 1700s. Prior to the dramatic revolutions in political thought of the 17th and 18th centuries, the prosperity of a European kingdom or country depended in large part on the quality of the king (or, in the case of England, perhaps the queen). If you had a good king, then you had a good kingdom. If the king was a great and wise leader, then the kingdom might prosper as a result.Now compare the good-king frame of reference with the approach taken at the founding of the US. The critical question at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 was not “Who should be president? Who should lead us? Who is the wisest among us? Who would be th e best king?” No, the founders of the country concentrated on such questions as “Who processes can we create that will give us good presidents long after we’re dead and gone? What type of enduring country do we want to build? On what principles? How should it operate? What guidelines and mechanisms should we construct that will give us the kind of country we envision?”Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and John Adams were not charismatic visionary leadersin the “it all depends on me” mode. No, they were org anizational visionaries. They created a constitutional to which they and all future leaders would be subservient. They focused on building a country. They rejected the good-king model. They took an architectural approach. They were clock builders!But noti ce: In the case of the US, it’s not a cold, mechanistic Newtonian or Darwinian clock. It’s a clock based on human ideals and values. It’s a clock built on human needs and aspiration. It’s a clock with a spirit.And that brings us to the second pillar of o ur findings: It’s not just building any random clock; it’s building a particular type of clock. Although the shapes, sizes, mechanisms, styles, ages, and other attributes of the ticking clocks vary across visionary companies, we found that they share an underlying set of fundamental characteristics.30. 2006：Prose of its very nature is longer than verse, and the virtues peculiar to it manifest themselves gradually. If the cardinal virtue of poetry is love, the cardinal virtue is justice; and, whereas love makes you act and speak on the spur of the moment, justice needs inquiry, patience, and a control even of the noblest passions. By justice here I do mean justice only to particular people or idea, but a habit of justice in all the processes of thought, a style tranquilized and a form moulded by that habit. The master of prose is not cold, but he will not le t any word or image inflame him with a heat irrelevant to his purpose. Unhasting, unresting, he pursues it, subduing all the riches of his mind to it, rejecting all beauties that are not germane to it; making his own beauty out of the very accomplishment of it, out of the whole work and its proportions, so that you must read to the end before you know that it is beautiful. But he has his reward, for he is trusted and convinces, as those who are at the mercy of their own eloquence do not; and he gives a pleasure all the greater for being hardly noticed. In the best prose, whether narrative or argument, we are so led on as we read, that we do not stop to applaud the writer, nor do we stop to question him.31. 2005：During the dread reign of the Cholera in New York, I had accepted the invitation of a relative to spend a fortnight with him in the retirement of his cottage on the banks of the Hudson. He had here around us all the ordinary means of summer amusement; and what with rambling in the woods, sketching, boating, fishing, bathing, music, and books, we should have passed the time pleasantly enough, but for the fearful intelligence which reached us every morning from the populous city. Not a day elapsed which did not bring us news of the decease of some acquaintance. Then, as the fatality increased, we learned to expect daily the loss of some friend. At length we trembled at the approach of every messenger. The very air from the South seemed to us redolent with death. That pulsating thought, indeed, took entire possession of my soul. I could neither speak, think, nor dream of anything else. My host, was of a less excitable temperament, and although greatly depressed in spirits, exerted himself to sustain my own. His richly philosophical intellect was not at any time affected by unrealities. To the substances of terror he was sufficiently alive, but of its shadows he had no apprehension.32. 2004:Alive, Miss Emily had been a tradition, a duty, and a care; a sort of hereditary obligation upon the town, dating from that day in 1894 when Colonel Sartoris, the mayor --- he who fathered the edict that no Negro woman should appear on the street without an apron --- remitted her taxes,the dispensation dating from the death of her father on into perpetuity. Not that Miss Emily would have accepted charity. Colonel Sartoris invented an involved tale to the effect that Miss Emily’s father had loaned money to the town, which the town, as a matter of business, preferred this way of repaying. Only a man of Colonel Sartoris’ generation and thought could have invented it, and only a woman could have believed it.When the next generation, with its more modern ideas, became mayors and aldermen, this arrangement created some little dissatisfaction. On the first of the year they mailed her a tax notice. February came, and there was no reply. They wrote her a formal litter, asking her to call at the sheriff’s office at her convenience. A week later the mayor wrote her himself, offering to call or to send his car for her, and received in reply a note on paper of an archaic shape, in a thin, flowing calligraphy in faded ink, to the effect that she no longer went out at all. The tax notice was also enclosed, without comment.33. 2003Look ahead twenty or thirty years. Does anyone expect the next twenty years to be less tumultuous than the last twenty years? Given the changes expected in technology, biology, medicine, social values, demography, the environment, and international relations, what kind of world might humanity face? No one can say for sure, but one thing is reasonably certain: Continuing challenges will tax our collective abilities to deal with them. Failure to rethink our enterprises will leave us little relief from our current predicaments: rising turbulence causing rising stress; increasing disconnection and internal competitiveness; people working harder, rather than learning how to work smarter; and increasingly intractable problems beyond the reach of any individual or organization. If you are an organizational leader, someone at any level concerned deeply about these challenges, then you face a daunting task. In effect, you are engaged in a great venture of exploration, risk, discovery, and change, without any comprehensive maps for guidance.Actually, for most of human history, intrepid explorers have set out on their journeys of discovery without comprehensive maps. The “rutters”（海图）of the European Renaissance, for example, were hand-drawn charts describing specific routes along byway and coastlines, often derived from the hasty notes of previous travelers. No one expected them to provide more than rough guidance. Sea and land alike were turbulent, ever-changing environment. Currents and wind patterns shifted. Vegetation evident in August might be gone the following March. Storms altered the contours of the sandbars and shoals. （浅滩）。
个人防护用品PPE管理程序(中英文)
PPE ManagementPPE管理程序1. Introduction介绍Personal protective equipment (PPE) is minimum protection to personnel in an event of incident. This procedure outlines the general requirements for managing the PPE and provides site wide standard on PPE related system. All areas and all DSPC staff shall follow this procedure to ensure the realization of company safety objectives.个人防护用品是在事件发生时对人员的最起码防护。
本程序概述了个人防护用品管理的一般要求，并提出了涉及人个防护用品相关体系上的全厂标准。
所有区域和所有DSPC员工都要遵守本程序，以保证公司安全目标的实现。
2. Purpose目的PPE is a secondary protection for employees when engineering or administrative controls are not sufficient to protect employees. This procedure provides general concept on the requirements for hazard assessments in the workplace, selection of PPE, training on PPE, proper use of PPE, store and maintenance of PPE, certification and data records.在工程或管理控制不能充分保护员工时，个人防护用品作为员工的第二保护用品。
伊拉克劳动法(2015年,中英文)
Iraqi Labour Law No. (37) of 2015伊拉克劳动法(2015年第37号)Table of Contents 目录Chapter One Definitions第一章定义Chapter Two Objectives and Applicability第二章目标与适用性Chapter Three Fundamental Principles第三章基本原则Chapter Four Employment and V ocational Training 第四章就业与职业培训Section One Employment第一节就业Section Two V ocational Training第二节职业培训Chapter Five Organisation of the Work of Foreigners 第五章外国人的工作安排Chapter Six Individual Employment Contract第六章个人劳动合同Section One Concluding Individual Employment Contract第一节订立个人劳动合同Section Two Termination of the Employment Contract第二节终止劳动合同Chapter Seven 第七章Section One Wages 第一节工资Section Two Detirmination of Wages 第二节确定工资Chapter Eight Working Hours 第八章工作时间Chapter Nine Leaves, Holidays and Public Holidays第九章休假、节假日和公众假期Chapter Ten Protection of the Female Employee第十章保护女性劳动者Chapter Eleven Protection of Juveniles第十一章保护未成年人Chapter Twelve Protection of Employees in Quarries, Mines and Minerals第十二章对采石场、矿井和矿场雇员的保护Chapter Thirteen Occupational Health and Safety and Labour Inspection第十三章职业健康安全与劳动监察Section One Occupational Health and Safety第一节职业健康安全Section Two Work Inspection第二节工作监察Chapter Fourteen Labour Disciplinary Rules第十四章劳动纪律Chapter Fifteen Collective Agreements & Negotiations第十五章集体合同和谈判Chapter Sixteen Collective and Individual Labour Disputes第十六章集体和个人劳动争议Chapter Seventeen Labour Jurisdiction第十七章劳动管辖权Chapter Eighteen General and Final Provisions第十八章最终条款Explanatory StatementCHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS第一章定义Article 1.For the purposes of this Law, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings assigned thereto hereunder:就本法而言，下列词语具有下列含义：1.Ministry: The Ministry of Labour & Social Affairs.1.部：劳动和社会事务部。
Grinding safety operation Procedure
Should take sound insulation and dust preventing measures.
c.使用的工具设备必须防护完好，运转正常；
The tools and equipments must under good protection and operate normally.
e.作业结束必须将作业区域清理干净。
Must clean work area clearly after complete working
Ⅵ
1.作业前准备Preparations before operation:
a.检查不相容作业，消除危险因素；
Inspect irrelative operation and eliminate dangerous factors.
In accordance with China Laws and Regulations, the following plan has been developed for employees of Yantai Raffles Shipyard Co. Ltd. This plan has been established to provide guidelines for employees of the firm to meet requirements of the followings:
Ⅳ
HEALTH & SAFETY HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACE
1.粉尘
Dust
2.噪声
Noise
3.机械的运行
Machine operation
4.触电
Electric shock
安全生产责任制度英语
I. IntroductionSafety production is a fundamental aspect of any organization, ensuring the well-being of employees, protection of property, and maintenance of business continuity. In order to achieve this, it is crucial toestablish a comprehensive safety production responsibility system. This system aims to clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the production process, promote safety awareness, and prevent accidents and incidents. The following is a detailed description of the safety production responsibility system.II. General Principles1. Legal Compliance: The safety production responsibility system must comply with national laws, regulations, and standards related to safety production.2. People-oriented: Prioritize the safety and health of employees, and protect their legitimate rights and interests.3. Systematic Management: Establish a comprehensive safety production management system, covering all aspects of production activities.4. Continuous Improvement: Continuously improve the safety production level, reduce risks, and prevent accidents.III. Organizational Structure and Responsibilities1. The Safety Production CommitteeThe Safety Production Committee is responsible for the overall planning, organization, and implementation of safety production work. Its main responsibilities include:(1) Formulating and implementing safety production policies, plans, and regulations;(2) Establishing and implementing safety production management systems and standards;(3) Supervising and inspecting the implementation of safety production measures;(4) Handling safety production accidents and incidents;(5) Organizing safety production training and propaganda activities.2. The Safety Production DepartmentThe Safety Production Department is responsible for the daily management and implementation of safety production work. Its main responsibilities include:(1) Implementing the safety production policies, plans, and regulations formulated by the Safety Production Committee;(2) Supervising and inspecting the implementation of safety production measures in production departments;(3) Conducting safety production training and propaganda activities;(4) Handling safety production accidents and incidents.3. Production DepartmentsProduction departments are responsible for the safety production work in their respective fields. Their main responsibilities include:(1) Implementing the safety production policies, plans, and regulations formulated by the Safety Production Committee;(2) Establishing and implementing safety production management systems and standards in accordance with the actual situation;(3) Ensuring that all employees in the department understand and comply with safety production regulations;(4) Conducting safety production training and propaganda activities;(5) Reporting safety production accidents and incidents to the Safety Production Department.4. EmployeesEmployees are responsible for their own safety and health in the production process. Their main responsibilities include:(1) Understanding and complying with safety production regulations;(2) Reporting potential safety hazards and accidents in a timely manner;(3) Participating in safety production training and propaganda activities;(4) Reporting safety production accidents and incidents to the relevant departments.IV. Safety Production Measures1. Equipment and FacilitiesEnsure that all equipment and facilities meet safety standards,regularly inspect and maintain them, and replace worn-out or defective equipment and facilities in time.2. Workplace SafetyEstablish and implement workplace safety regulations, ensure that workspaces are clean and tidy, and eliminate potential hazards.3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Provide employees with appropriate personal protective equipment, and ensure that they are used correctly.4. Safety Training and PropagandaRegularly organize safety production training and propaganda activities, raise employees' safety awareness, and improve their safety skills.5. Emergency ManagementEstablish and implement emergency response plans, conduct emergency drills, and ensure that employees are aware of emergency procedures.V. Safety Production Assessment and Incentives1. Safety Production AssessmentRegularly conduct safety production assessments to evaluate the implementation of safety production measures and identify areas for improvement.2. IncentivesEstablish a reward and punishment mechanism, encourage employees to participate actively in safety production work, and reward outstanding individuals and departments.VI. ConclusionThe safety production responsibility system is an essential part of ensuring the well-being of employees, protecting property, and maintaining business continuity. By establishing a comprehensive safety production responsibility system, clarifying the responsibilities of all parties involved, and implementing effective safety production measures, organizations can effectively reduce risks, prevent accidents, and create a safe and healthy working environment.。
反就业性别歧视英文论文
The gender employment discrimination can be divided into two types – direct discrimination and indirect discrimination by expression. Direct discrimination, also known as exterior discrimination, is that employers regard expressly prohibited sex discrimination in law as a part of the measures of employment. It is one of the most obvious forms of sexual employment discrimination. As in some advertisement, employers clearly point out that they will not hire woman, women and men have different standards of measurement or women are refused directly to have promotion opportunities in the inner regulation. Indirect discrimination, also known as discrimination of Negative impact, is saying that employers implement a neutral and fair employment practices ostensibly, however, the result makes adverse effects on specific groups protected by sexual employment discrimination laws, which may constitute gender employment discrimination. Unless the employer can prove that the employment practices is relate to "about work execution" or “measurable to work capability”. In other words, if a person is belong to specific legal protection group with the typical characteristics of a statutory groups, employer groups treat the person and others who are not belong to the groups with the same recruitment, selection, assessment and other procedures related to labor rights or condition, and the results will not help the group. This situation constitutes indirect discrimination. But according to the law, for rectifying discrimination already existing in company or society, company give a statutory group (for example, women with disabilities) preferential treatments, which not constitute sexual discrimination in employment. As a reasonable remedy, positive actions shall be affirmed by law.
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Less Protection of Foreign Employees under Chinese Labor Law?April 16, 2009 By EunaConLaw, LLPPublished ArticlesShanghai courts apply the "principle of autonomy" to labor contracts with foreign employees. In consequence, the conditions of the employment relationship can fall short of the standards set by the Chinese Labor Contract Law.The Chinese Labor Contract Law does not differentiate between foreign employees and Chinese employees. Its Art.2 says laconically: “This law shall govern the establishment of employment relationshi ps between enterprises … (Employers), on the one hand, and workers, on the other hand.” There is no specification on the type of enterprise or the nationality of the “worker”. It thus seems reasonable to apply the Labor Contract Law to all labor relationships between Chinese companies (i.e. Chinese domestic companies as well as foreign invested enterprises) and employees, no matter their respective nationality.Despite the significant numbers of foreign employees in China’s metropolises, case law on the application of the Labor Contract Law to foreign employees is hard find. Based on the labor contracts we get to see in our legal practice, most foreign invested companies in China provide their foreign employees with labor contracts which in their key points copy the Labor Contract Law. However, the reasons for terminating the contract as stipulated in the law are often seen as insufficient. The Chinese Labor Contract Law allows termination of employment relationship from the side of the employer only for- “Personal reasons”, i.e. reasons originating from personal characteristics of the employee, not related to his behavior. For instance, long-term illness or incompetence;- “Operational reasons”, i.e. personnel cutbacks necessary due to the economic situa tion of the company. Since the cutback has to involve a certain minimum amount of employees, it is also called “mass layoff”;- “Behavioral Reasons”, i.e. the employee committed some serious misconduct.From their home countries, foreign employers are oft en used to “regular” termination clauses, allowing the employer to terminate the labor contract without special reason, but with a certainprior notice period, e.g. 3 months. The Chinese Law does not know this kind of clauses. The reasons for termination as provided by the Labor Contract Law are deemed exhaustive. However, foreign employers do not want to forgo this option and include it in labor contracts between their Chinese subsidiary company and foreign employees.The validity of such a clause was the issue in a recent labor dispute before the Shanghai Municipal Labor Arbitration Committee. A Canadian citizen employed by a Company located in Shanghai was being laid off by use of a clause in his labor contract allowing the employer to terminate the contract with one month prior notice period.The employee filed for wrongful dismissal to the Shanghai Municipal Labor Arbitration Committee, but with no success. The case was then referred to the Shanghai Nanhui District People’s Court. In the hearings, the employee argued that the termination clause in the labor contract, on which his dismissal was based on, does not comply with the Labor Contract Law. However, the court did not apply the Labor Contract Law, but local Shanghai labor regulations, the “Number of Views on the management of the employment of Foreigners in China”, issued by the Shanghai Municipal Labor Bureau on April 14, 1998 (in the following “Shanghai Regulations”). Apparently, the court considered these regulations as “lex specialis” to the La bor Contract Law when it comes to the employment of foreigners in Shanghai.According to Art.16 of the Shanghai Regulations, “the rights and obligations about date, position, salary, insurance, working time, conditions for terminating the employment relationship, etc. between employers and foreign employees can be negotiated through labor contract”.The court construed this provision as establishing the “principle of autonomy” to determine the rights and obligations between employer and foreign employee. Thus, the Labor Contract Law applies only in the absence of an agreement on the employment conditions mentioned in Art.16 of the Shanghai Regulations.According to our information, this decision of a Shanghai court seems to represent the currently prevailing view in the Shanghai judiciary.Shanghai lawyers and judges from courts outside of Shanghai, especially from Beijing, criticize this interpretation by arguing that the Labor Contract Law applies throughout China, to all Chinese enterprises and to Chinese and foreign employees without difference. There may be room for the principle of autonomy to determine the employment conditions, but these agreed conditions cannot be lower than the standards provided by the labor contract law. Otherwise, the purpose ofthe labor law to protect the employee would be circumvented. The employee is typically in a weaker position when it comes to negotiating the conditions of the labor contract. The principle of autonomy in its full extent, however, can only apply to negotiations between parties who are “peers” in the sense of similar negotiating power.In our view, the Shanghai courts are following a questionable minority position by applying different standards to foreign employees in China. The future will show whether this view can be upheld against the strong counter arguments brought forward by renowned scholars, judges and lawyers.ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Dr. iur. Mark SchemitschDr. iur. Mark Schemitsch is holding a LLM degree on Chinese and Comparative Law from City University of Hong Kong. He studied law at Marburg University, Germany, and completed aPhD-thesis on Data Protection Law. He is holding the German Lawyer Qualification.。