6.Inspection检验
物流专用术语中英文翻译
物流专用术语物流基本概念术语1．物品article2．物流logistics3．物流活动logistics activity4．物流作业logistics operation5．物流模数logistics modulus6．物流技术logistics technology7．物流成本logistics cost8．物流管理logistics management9．物流中心logistics center10．物流网络logistics network11．物流信息logistics information12．物流企业logistics enterprise13．物流单证logistics documents14．物流联盟logistics alliance15．供应物流supply logistics16．生产物流production logistics17．销售物流distribution logistics18．回收物流returned logistics19．废弃物物流waste material logistics20．绿色物流environmental logistics21．企业物流internal logistics22．社会物流external logistics23．军事物流military logistics24．国际物流international logistics25．第三方物流third-part logistics （TPL）26．定制物流customized logistics27．虚拟物流virtual logistics28．增值物流服务value-added logistics service 29．供应链supply chain30．条码bar code31．电子数据交换electronic data interchange （EDI）32．有形消耗tangible loss33．无形消耗intangible loss物流作业术语1．运输transportation2．联合运输combined transport3．直达运输through transport4．中转运输transfer transport5．甩挂运输drop and pull transport 6．集装运输containerized transport 7．集装箱运输container transport8．门到门door—to-door9．整箱货full container load (FCL）10．拼箱货less than container load （LCL 11．储存storing12．保管storage13．物品储存article reserves14．库存inventory15．经常库存cycle stock16．安全库存safety stick17．库存周期inventory cycle time 18．前置期(或提前期）lead time 19．订货处理周期order cycle time 20．货垛goods stack21．堆码stacking22．搬运handing/carrying23．装卸loading and unloading24．单元装卸unit loading and unloading 25．包装package/packaging26．销售包装sales package27．定牌包装packing of nominated brand 28．中性包装neutral packing29．运输包装transport package30．托盘包装palletizing31．集装化containerization32．散装化containerization33．直接换装cross docking34．配送distribution35．共同配送joint distribution36．配送中心distribution center37．分拣sorting38．拣选order picking39．集货goods collection40．组配assembly41．流通加工distribution processing 42．冷链cold chain43．检验inspection物流技术装备及设施术语1．仓库warehouse2．库房storehouse3．自动化仓库automatic warehouse 4．4．立体仓库stereoscopic warehouse5．虚拟仓库virtual warehouse6．保税仓库boned warehouse7．出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse8．海关监管货物cargo under customer’s supervision9．冷藏区chill space10．冷冻区freeze space11．控湿储存区humidity controlled space12．温度可控区temperature controlled space13．收货区receiving space14．发货区shipping space15．料棚goods shed16．货场goods yard17．货架goods shelf18．托盘pallet19．叉车fork lift truck20．输送机conveyor21．自动导引车automatic guided vehicle (AGV）22．箱式车box car23．集装箱container24．换算箱twenty-feet equivalent unit （TEU)25．特种货物集装箱specific cargo container26．全集装箱船full container ship27．铁路集装箱场railway container yard28．公路集装箱中转站inland container depot29．集装箱货运站container freight station (CFS）30．集装箱码头container terminal31．国际铁路联运international through railway transport32．国际多式联运international multimodal transport33．大陆桥运输land bridge transport34．班轮运输liner transport35．租船运输shipping by chartering36．船务代理shipping agency37．国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent38．理货tally39．国际货物运输保险international transportation cargo insurance 40．报关customs declaration41．报关行customs broker42．进出口商品检验commodity inspection 奖罚物流管理术语1．物流战略logistics strategy2．物流战略管理logistics strategy management3．仓库管理warehouse management4．仓库布局warehouse layout5．库存控制inventory control6．经济订货批量economic order quantity (EOQ)7．定量订货方式fixed-quantity system (FQS）8．定期订货方式fixed—quantity system （FIS）9．ABC分类管理ABC classification10．电子订货系统Electronic order system （EOS)11．准时制just in time （JIT)12．准时制物流just—in-time logistics13．零库存技术zero-inventory logistics14．物流成本管理logistics cost control15．物料需要计划material requirements planning （MRP) 16．制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning （MRP II）17．配送需要计划distribution requirements planning (DRP）18．配送资源计划distribution resource planning （DRP II）19．物流资源计划logistics resource planning （LRP)20．企业资源计划enterprise resource planning (ERP)21．供应链管理supply chain management （SCM）22．快速反映Quick response （QR)23．有效客户反映efficient customer response(ECR)24．连续库存补充计划continuous replenishment program (CRP）25．计算机付诸订货系统computer assisted ordering (CAO）26．供应商管理库存vendor managed inventory （VMI)27．业务外包outsourcing度量单位汇总克 Gram g.公斤 Kilogram Kg.公担 Quintal q。
出入库管理英语
出入库管理英语出入库管理英语是指对企业物流和仓储领域中的物品出入库进行管理的一种英语表达方式。
在企业运营中，出入库管理是非常重要的一环，它涉及到货物的进出、库存的控制和管理等方面，因此需要相关的工作人员具备出入库管理的英语表达能力。
出入库管理的英语表达主要包括以下方面：1.入库管理英语表达(1) Incoming goods inspection –入库检验(2) Receiving procedure –收货流程(3) Goods receiving –货物接收(4) Unloading –卸货(5) Checking of delivery note –发货单核对(6) Checking of quantity and quality –数量和质量检查 2.出库管理英语表达(1) Dispatching procedure –发货流程(2) Picking –拣货(3) Checking of delivery note –发货单核对(4) Checking of quantity and quality –数量和质量检查(5) Loading –装货(6) Shipping –发货3.库存管理英语表达(1) Inventory control –库存控制(2) Stock-taking –盘点(3) Inventory management system –库存管理系统(4) Stock level –库存水平(5) Safety stock –安全库存(6) FIFO (First-In-First-Out) –先进先出法以上是出入库管理英语的主要内容，掌握这些英语表达可以帮助工作人员更好地进行出入库管理工作，并更好地沟通交流。
8D报告专业英语术语汇编
8D报告专业英语术语汇编1.纠正与改善措施报告——Corrective Action Report, 缩写为CAR.2.8D报告——Eight Disciplines Report.D1: 团队组建——Team MemberD2: 问题描述——Problem DescriptionD3: 遏制措施——Containment Corrective Actions. 有的公司又称临时对策或短期对策，即Temporary Corrective Action or Short Term Corrective Actions.D4: 原因分析——Root Cause Analysis。
D5: 永久对策——Permanent Corrective Actions. 有的公司又称长期对策，Long Term Corrective Actions.D6: 对策有效性验证——Effectiveness Verification.D7: 预防措施——Preventive Measures. 有的公司又称系统措施(System Measures)，即从质量体系层面简历标准文件并有效执行。
D8: 报告结案与团队表彰——Problem Closure and Congratulations3.外观不良——Cosmetic NG or Cosmetic defect.4.尺寸不良——Dimensions NG or Dimensions defect. 有的公司用Size表示尺寸。
5.功能不良——Function NG or Function defect or Function failure.6.进货检验——Incoming inspection or Receiving inspection.7.制程检验——In-process inspection.8.出货检验——Outgoing inspection.9.预定日期——Target date.10.实施日期/生效日期——Effective date.11.完成日期——Completion date.12.到期日、截止日期——date due/due date/date of expiry/expiry date.13.有效期限——Expiring date or deadline.14.负责人/担当——Person in charge. 缩写成PIC.15.前五大项不良——Top 5 NG or Top five defects.16.改善报告结案跟踪——Track improved report closed.17.不合格品、次品——defective goods/NG goods/rejected product/rejected production.18.不良材料——nonconforming material.19.不良现象——defect phenomenon.20.不良数、不良率——defect quantity, defect rate.21.每百万个零件中不良品数——Defect Parts Per Million (缩写成DPPM).22.品质异常——quality abnormality.23.尺寸偏差——Size debiation.24.产品变形——product deformation or product distortion.25.尺寸超差——size out of spec.26.偏上限或偏下限——approach to upper limit or approach to lower limit.27.不良分析——failure analysis, 常缩写为FA.28.综合分析——analysis by synthesis.29.微观分析——microscopic analysis.30.分析结果——analysis result.31.不良分析报告——Failure Analysis Report, 缩写为FAR.32.硬度、刚度、强度——hardness, stiffness, strength.33.弯曲强度、扭曲强度、抗拉强度、剥离强度——bending/flexural/tensile/peeling strength.34.插入力——insertion force.35.拔出力——withdrawal force or extraction force.36.保持力——retention force or holding force.37.摩擦力——friction.38.应力、压力、弹力、张力、拉力——stress, pressure, elasticity, tension, strain.39.剪切力——shearing force.40.失效模式——failure mode.41.表面故障——superficial failure.42.真正原因/根本原因——root cause, 缩写为R/C. “找出根本原因”用“dig out the R/C”表示。
品质术语英文缩写
品质术语1.ACC:Accept (允收)2.REJ: Reject (拒收)3.SPEC: Specification(规格)4.ZD: Zero Defect (零缺点)5.CRI: Critical Defect (严重缺点)6.MAJ:Major Defect (主要缺点)7.MIN: Minor Defect (次要缺点)8.AQL: Acceptable Quality Level (允许品质水准)9.SA: Self Accurance (自主检查)10.FAI:Firsh Article Inspection (初件检验)11.IPQC:In-Process Quality Control(制程品质管制)12.FQC:Final Quality Control(最终品质管制)13.IQC:Incoming Quality Control(进料品质管制)14.IPQA:In-Process Quality Audit (制程查核)15.OBA:Out Box Audit(开箱查核)16.OQC:Out Quality Control(出货品质管制)17.PPM: Parts Per Million (百万分之几)18.TQC: Total Quality Control(全面品质管制)19.TQM:Total Quality Management(全面品质管理)20.QIT:Quality Improvement Team(品质改善小组)21.CAR:Correction Action Report(改善行动报告)22.TIP:Tip Innovation Plan(提案改善计划)23.QCC:Quality Control Circle(品管图)24.Plan(计划) DO(执行) Check(检讨) Action(改善) (戴明循环)25.5MIE:Man(人) Machine(机器)Material(材料) Method(方法)Measurement(测量) Environment(环境)26.5WIH:When(何时) Where(何地)Who(何人) Whet(何事)Why(为何) How(如何)27.AWG:American Wire Gauge(美国线规)28.CSA:Canadian Standant Association(加拿大标准协会)29.UL:Underwriters Laboratories Inc(美国保险协会实验室)30.ENG:Engineering Change Notice(工程变更通知书)31.FMEA:Failure Mode &Effect Analysis(失效模式分析)。
货物检验的名词解释
货物检验的名词解释货物检验是指对商品的质量、数量、状况等方面进行检查和评估的过程。
这一过程是供应链中必不可少的环节，用于确保货物的质量符合预期，并保护消费者的权益。
在国际贸易中，货物检验更是至关重要，有助于确保交易双方的利益得到保障。
下面是针对货物检验常用术语的解释和说明，以帮助读者更好地理解和应用。
1. 货物检验机构（Inspection Body）货物检验机构是指独立的第三方机构，负责对货物进行检验、验证和认证。
这些机构通常具有相关的专业资质和认证，能够提供可靠和中立的检验结果。
2. 货物检验程序（Inspection Procedure）货物检验程序是指检验机构对货物进行检查的一系列步骤和规定。
这些步骤通常包括预检、抽样、检测、评估等，以确保检验的准确性和可靠性。
3. 货物检测（Cargo Testing）货物检测是指通过对货物进行实验室分析和测试，来评估货物的质量和性能。
常用的检测方法包括化学分析、物理测量、无损检测等。
通过检测，可以确定货物是否符合国家和国际标准的要求。
4. 货物抽样（Sampling）货物抽样是指从一个批次或一批货物中选取部分样品进行测试和检验。
抽样的目的在于通过部分样品来推断整体批次或整批货物的质量和性能。
抽样的方法和过程需要遵循相关的国际标准和规定。
5. 货物质量评估（Cargo Quality Assessment）货物质量评估是对货物的质量进行客观、综合的评估。
评估的标准通常与货物的种类和用途有关，包括外观、尺寸、重量、含水量、化学成分等方面。
评估结果可以用于确定货物是否符合合同约定的质量要求。
6. 货物数量评估（Cargo Quantity Assessment）货物数量评估是对货物的数量进行检查和评估。
评估的方法通常包括计数、称重、容量测量等。
评估结果可以用于确定货物的实际数量，以及与合同约定的货物数量是否相符。
7. 货物状况评估（Cargo Condition Assessment）货物状况评估是对货物的完整性和状况进行评估。
模具专业英语词汇
Injection Mold Technical Terms（一）模具专业基本用词Professional Terms1．塑料—plastic, resin2．样件—sample3．钢料—steel4．注塑机—injection machine, press5．产品—part, product, moulding6．模具—mold, mould, toolA 简易模（样板模）—prototype moldB 量产用模具—production mold 7．三维造型（数模）—3D model, 3D data8．二维产品图—2D part drawing9．设计—design10．制造—manufacture, build up, construction11．检验—check, inspection12．测量—measure, inspection13．修改—change, modify, correction14．工程更改—engineer change15．质量—quality16．数量—quantity17．基准—datum, reference牛角入水-rads gate（二）如何解析2D 产品图？How to read 2D part drawing?一．产品几何Geometry1．点—point2．线（边）—line, edge3．面faceA 侧面—sideB 表面—surfaceC 外观面—appearance surface 4．壁厚—wall thickness, stock thickness5．加强筋（骨位）—rib6．孔—hole7．细长的槽—slot8．柱位—boss9．角—cornerA 圆角—filletB 倒角—chamferC 尖角—sharp corner 10．斜度—angle, taper11. 凹槽—recess , groove二．分模信息Splitting1．分型线—parting line (P/L), splitting line2．主分模方向—main direction, line of draw3．浇口设定—gating产品标识Part Identification1．产品名称—part name (P/N)2．产品编号+版本号—part number + revision (Rev.)3．型腔号—cavity number4．材料标记—material symbol5．模具编号—mold number (no.)6．日期印—dating insert, date code7．循环印—cycling code8．公司标志—company logo三．技术要求Specification (Special Requirement)1．项目启动表Kick-off sheet1）项目名称—program name, project name2）产品名称—part name, product name, part description3）产品编号—part number (P/N)4）客户模号—customer mold no.5）项目启动日期—kick off date, start date6）项目完成日期—due date,lead time7）内模件用钢—tool steel8）型腔数量—number of cavities9）数据文件编号—data file no.10）注塑材料—resin, plastic, raw material11）收缩率—shrink, shrinkage, shrink factor12）注塑机吨位—molding machine size, injection machine size 13）成型周期—cycle time14）型腔光洁度—cavity polish15）型芯光洁度—core polish16）皮纹（晒纹）—texture, grain17）拔模斜度—draft angle, removal taper18）注塑件颜色及光泽—molded color & gloss19）模具加工地—manufacturing facility20）热流道供应商—manifold manufacturer, manifold supplier 21）浇口位置—gate location / position22）浇口类型—gate type23）产品标识—stamp information, part identification24）特殊要求—special instructions25）安全模数—safe steel2．产品质量及外观要求Part Quality & Appearance Requirement1）尺寸及公差Dimension & Tolerance①重要尺寸—critical dimension, important dim., key dim.②理论尺寸—nominal dimension③实际尺寸—actual dimension④公差—tolerance⑤公差带—tolerance range⑥尺寸超差—dimension deviation⑦接受（合格）—accept, OK⑧拒绝（不合格）—reject, refuse, obsolete, NG⑨让步接受—concession, special admit⑩返工—re-work2）产品缺陷（常见的）Defects (normal)①缩水—sink mark, shrinkage②飞边，毛边—flash, burr③段差—mismatch discrepancy④银丝纹，蛇纹—snake marks, streak⑤弯曲，变形—warpage, distortion⑥打不饱（缺料）—short shot⑦熔接线—weld line⑧多胶—unwanted plastic⑨拉伤—damage3．产品外观Part Appearance①产品颜色—part color②产品光泽—gloss③皮纹粒度—grain4．常用词汇、词组及短语Normal Word, Short Sentence1）单边—per side2）双边—both sides3）加入，添加—add, incorporate4）去除，取消—remove, cancel5）满足…的要求，符合，与…要求一致—according to, conform to, satisfy, meet 6）要求，需要—require, need, demand7）确认—be approved, agreed by …8）允许—permit, allow9）在…范围之内—within10）不可以，不允许，禁止—free from, prevent, avoid11）…，除非有另指—…unless otherwise specified12）…或少于—…or less13）自动化运作—automatic operation14）未注尺寸（详细形状）见三维造型Non dimensioned contour (detailed shape) see 3D model.15）分型线上的飞边（披缝）或段差应小于…Burrs or discrepancy on the P/L shall be … or less.四．标题栏Title Block1．产品名称—part name2．图纸编号 + 版本号（索引号）—drawing no. + level (index)3．一般公差—general tolerance（三）如何阅读制模标准？How to read tooling standard? 一．模具结构术语Mold Construction TermsA．模架Mold Base1．模架量化特征Measurement Feature①长X 宽X 高—Length X Width X Height②模具高度尺寸（模厚）—stack height of mould③模具重量—total weight of mould, mould thickness2．定模底板—front plate, top clamping plate, clamp plate, clamping plate 3．定模板—cavity plate, fixed mould plate, A – plate4．动模板—core plate, moving mould plate, B – plate5．浮动板—floating plate6．支撑板—support plate, backing plate7．间隔板,方铁—support blocks, rails, risers, spacer block8．顶杆固定板—retaining plate, ejector retaining plate9．顶板—ejector plate，bottom clamping plate10．动模底板—back plate11．导柱—guide pillar, leader pin, guide pin12．导套—guide bush, leader pin bush13．复位杆—return pin, push-back pin14．弹簧—spring15．撑头—support pillar16．顶针板导柱、导套—ejection guide pin / bush17．垃圾钉—stop pin, stop button18．模脚—standing-off pillars19．标牌—plaque scutcheonB．成型零部件moulding components20．型芯—core insert21．型腔—cavity insert22．镶针—core pin23．镶块—sub-insert, split24．滑块—slide, sliding split25．斜顶—lifter, angled-lift splitA 斜顶头—lifter headB 斜顶杆—lifter rod, lifter shaftC 斜顶连接块——lifter couplingD 斜顶导向块——lifter guideE 斜顶导滑块——lifter Gib26．成型顶杆—moulding face pin, form pinC．浇注系统Feed System1．塑料Plastica．主流道—sprueb．分流道runner①主分流道—main runner②二级分流道—branch runner分流道断面形状cross-sectional shape of runner①圆形—full round②半圆形—semicircular③梯形—trapezoidalc．浇口gate常用浇口形式normal gate type :①边缘浇口（J型浇口）—edge gate, J – gate②侧浇口—side gate③潜伏式浇口—sub-gate, cashew gate, subsurface gate, submarine gate潜顶针—subgate to pin④潜伏式二次浇口(隧道式浇口) —tunnel gate onto feeder post⑤点浇口—pin gate⑥直接浇口(主流道型浇口) —sprue gate, direct gate⑦护耳式浇口—tab gated．模腔—impressione．冷料井—cold slug wellf．热流道—hot runner2．模具零件mold componentsa．定位圈—locating ring, location ring, register ringb．浇口套—sprue bushc．挡圈—stop ringd．浇口镶块—gate inserte．热流道板—manifoldf．热嘴—hot dropD．分型面及其锁紧、排气Parting Surface, inter-locking & venting1．分型线—parting line ( P/L )2．镶拼线—bodyline, joint line3．平/ 不平的分型面—flat / non – flat parting surface4．封胶面—shut off surfaces, seal-off surfaces5．擦穿位—shut off6．碰穿位—kiss-off7．管位—parting line lock8．分型面的释放(避空) —relief of parting surface9．分型面的平衡—balancing of parting surface10．锁紧角度—locking angle11．锁紧力—clamping force12．锁模块—safety strap13．精定位—Interlock, die lock14．困气—air trap15．排气槽—vent, vent slot16．撬模坑--- pry slot17．计数器--- shot counter/ cycle counterE．滑块机构Slide1．驱动Actuation①斜导柱—angle pin, horn pin, cam pin②弹簧—spring③油缸—hydraulic cylinder2．制动Detention①滑块固定器—slide retainer②弹簧制动器—spring-loaded detention (plunger)③挡钉、挡板—stop pin, stop plate, slide stop3．导轨—gib, guide strip,center guide4．锁紧块（楔紧块）—heel block, locking heel, wedge block, chase block,slide driver 5．耐磨片—wear plate, wear strip6．压板—retainer,gib7．螺钉—screw8．定位销—dowel pin9．行位扣—slide lock / slide retainer10． flat ejector pin 扁顶针F．斜顶机构Lifter1．斜顶头—lifter head2．斜顶杆—lifter rod, lifter shaft3．斜顶固定块—lifter rod retainer4．斜顶导向块—lifter guide5．开口销—split pin6．固定板（压板）—retainer plate7．耐磨片—wear plate8．铜导套—bronze bushing9．导套固定板—bushing retainer10．衬套—spacer11．导轨—L – gib12．导轨---T-Gib13．滑动块—slide14．连接块—U-CouplingG．顶出系统Ejection System1．基本词汇Basic Word①顶出行程—ejection stroke②模具开档—daylight③粘模—stick on④产品脱模—part is push off from, clear part of mould, separation of part 2．顶板机构Ejector plate assembly①顶板—ejector plate②顶板固定板—retaining plate③推板—stripper plate④推板导柱—ejector guide pin⑤推板导套—ejector guide bush⑥撑头—support pillar⑦限位块—stop block,stroke block3．复位机构Return System①复位杆（回程杆）—return pin, push – back pin②垃圾钉—stop pin, stop button③压簧—compressed spring④碟簧—a stack of “Belleville” washers⑤早复位机构—early return system⑥强制复位机构—positive return system4．顶出方法Ejection Techniques1）顶杆顶出—pin ejection2）顶管顶出—sleeve ejection3）顶块顶出—bar ejection4）扁顶顶出—blade ejection5）顶板顶出—stripper ejection6）油缸顶出—hydraulic ejection7）气顶—air ejection8）阀门顶出—valve ejection5．顶出元件Ejection Elements1）拉料杆—sprue puller, sucker pin2）顶杆—ejector pin3）阶梯式顶杆—stepped ejector pin4）顶管—ejection sleeve, sleeve5）扁顶—ejector blade, slabbed off ejector pin6）顶块—stripper bar7）顶环—stripper ring8）推板—stripper plate9）加速顶—accelerated ejection10）直顶----straight lifter/EJECTOR BAR6．顶出辅助机构Supplementary operating system1）弹簧柱塞器—spring – loaded plunger2）弹珠定位器—ball catch system3）插销式锁扣—Latch – lock4）尼龙拉杆装置—friction puller device7．电器元件Electric Components1）压力传感器—pressure transducer2）限位开关—limit switchF．冷却系统Cooling System1．基本词汇Basic Word1）温差—temperature variation2）水孔（水道）—waterlines, water-ways, flow-way, channel 3）水路—cooling circuit4）水路示意图—water schematic, schematic circuit5）冷却液—coolant, coolant fluid6）内连接—interconnect7）外连接—external connection8）出口、入口—outlet、inlet9）漏水—water leakage2．水路分布Circuits1）阶梯式水路—stepped system2）分隔板水路—baffled hole system3）斜孔式水路—angled hole system3．水路元件Components1）闷头（螺塞、止水栓）—（threadless）brass pressure plug : female plug & male 2）隔水片—baffle3）密封圈—O – ring4）快插水路接头—quick disconnect fitting, quick connection adaptor5）弯头—elbow6）偶合器（连接器、接头）—adaptor (including a plug & a socket)7）橡皮管—rubber hose8）分水板,集水块—water manifoldG．螺纹、螺纹孔& 螺钉Thread, thread hole & screw1．螺纹—thread2．管螺纹—pipe thread3．螺纹孔—screw hole, tapped hole4．起吊孔—handling hole, jack screw hole, eye bolt hole5．螺钉—screw6．内六角螺钉—socket headed cap screw （s.h.c.s.）7．沉头螺钉—flat headed cap screw （f.h.c.s）8．螺栓—bolt9．螺母—nut10．锁紧螺母—locknut11．螺纹标准Thread Standard①公制标准—Metric②英制标准—Imperial③英制管螺纹标准—British Standard Pipe thread （BSP）④美制管螺纹标准—NPT⑤美制粗螺纹标准—United Coarse thread （UNC）⑥美制细螺纹标准—United Fine thread （UNF）H．润滑Lubrication1．润滑槽—grease groove2．加油管—grease line3．油杯—lubrication fittingI．测量仪器Measuring Instruments1．游标卡尺—vernier caliper2．千分尺—micrometer3．高度规—height gauge4．刻度规—dial gauge5．三坐标测量仪（三次元）—Coordinate Measure Machine（CMM）6．塞规—pin gauge7．圆角量规—radii gauge8．轮廓投影机—profile projectorJ．注塑机参数Injection Machine Parameter1．注塑机规格参数Injection Machine Specification①锁紧类型clamp typea．油缸—hydraulic b．肘杆式—toggle②垂直注塑机导柱间距—tie bar vertical clearance③水平注塑机导柱间距—tie bar horizontal clearance④台板尺寸—platen dim.⑤最小/ 最大模厚—mold height Min. / Max., Min. / Max. mold thickness⑥最小/ 最大注塑机开档—open daylight Min. / Max.⑦锁紧行程—clamp stroke⑧锁紧力—clamping force⑨顶出行程—ejector stroke⑩顶出力—ejector force2．试模工艺参数Moulding Process Parameter, machine setting①时间Timer（TM）, seca．注塑（充填）时间—filling time, injection timeb．冷却时间—cooling timec．补缩时间—packing timed．保压时间—holding timee．成型周期—cycle time②速率、速度Velocity, %、speed, in/seca．注塑（充填）速度—injection speedb．保压速率—hold pressure velocityc．螺杆转速—screw rotation speed③压力Pressure（Prs.）, psia．注塑压力—injection pressureb．保压压力—hold pressurec．回压（背压）—back pressure④温度Temperature（Temp.）, °Fa．注塑机喷嘴温度—nozzle temp.b．料筒前段、中段、后段温度—barrel front、middle、rear temp.c．模温—mould temp.d．料温—purged resin melt temp.e．空射料温—air shot melt temp.。
管道施工规范（ASMI）
管道施⼯规范（ASMI）C O N T E N T SPA GE1. GEN ERAL1.1 Scope 31.2 Specific Job Requirements 31.3 Codes and Standards 31.4 Related Engineering Specifications 31.5 Units 32. GEN ERAL REQUIR EMENT2.1 Qualification 42.2 Material 43. FABRICATION3.1 General 53.2 Cutting 53.3 End Preparation 63.4 Alignment and Trimming73.5 General Requirement for Welding113.6 Welding Rods 113.7 Welding 123.8 Marking 203.9 Storing 204. ASSEMBLING AND ERECTION4.1 General 214.2 Flanged Joint 224.3 Threaded Joint 224.4 Mechanical Joint 226.INSPECTION, EXAMINATION AND TES TINGExtent of Inspection, Examination and Testing6.2 Non-Destructive Examination 287.PRESS URE TES TING-PROCESS8. COATONG AND WRAPPING OF PIPING9. CLEANING AFTER PIPING ASS EMBLING AND ERECTION 31 1. GENERAL1.1 ScopeThis procedure covers the general requirements for the piping construction work, including test andinspection of plant to be carried out by China National Chemical Engineer NO.7 Construction Company Ltd (hereinafter referred to as CC-7).1.2 Specific Job RequirementsSpecific job requirements which are attached to this procedure cover modifications to this specification, Customer’s special or local requirements as well as specific job data pertinent to t his specification. Where Specific Job Requirements are in contradiction to this specification, Specific Job Requirements shallgovern.1.3 Codes and StandardsInternational codes and standards supplementary in related to this specification shall be as follows:(1) ASME B31.3 Process Piping(2) ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)(3) ASME/ANSI B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings(4)ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section V(5)Section II part C Material Specifications-Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals(6)Section IX Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures,Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing operators1.4 Related Engineering S pecificationsThe related BASF-YPC Company Ltd. Specification to supplement this specification are as follows:(1) RPI 94/1 General Requirements for BASF Technology Projects(2) 40-010-00-0-0-00-003 Positive Material Identification(3) 50-010-00-0-0-00-003 Piping Material Specification(4) 50-010-00-0-0-00-004 Steam Tracing & Winterization(5) 50-010-00-0-0-00-006 Piping Identification System(6) 50-010-00-0-0-00-009 Pressure Testing-Process & Utility Piping(7) 50-010-00-0-0-00-024 Welding and Non-Destructive Examinations of Piping Systems(8) 50-010-00-0-0-00-025 Shop and Field Fabrication ,Installation and Handling-Processand utility Piping(9) 50-010-00-0-0-00-034 Pipe Support1.5 UnitsThe AA/AE Unit shall be applied as the measurement system for documents and drawings. Nominal size of piping components shall be measured in Inches, for which the abbreviation is NPS. Nominal flangerating shall be as per the applied codes and standards.2. GEN ERAL REQUIR EMENT2.1 Qualification(1) Persons who are engaged for welding including tack welding and support welding work shall havepassed the welding performance qualification test before commencement of welding works and shallbe performed in accordance with ASMEB31.3para.328.(2) Welding Procedure Specification and the Procedure Qualification Record shall be approved by TECand owner before commencement of welding work. Production welding shall not commence beforereceipt of written approval and authorization to start welding.(3) Persons who are engaged for pipe-fitting, assembling, erection work, shall be fully trained and shallhave the qualification of Employer.License, certificate, pass or qualification issued from Authorities,if available, shall be effective.(4) The inspector nominated for the job must be a specialist or an expert in respective examinations and licensed or qualified by an internationally recognized Association and/or by any statutory requirement applicable.2.2 Material2.2.1Piping Materials shall be in accordance with DOC.No.50.010.AA.0.0.00.5012.2.2It is applicable to use other alternate materials which shall be approved by TEC and owner.2.2.3Selection of welding rod shall be in accordance with Welding Procedure Qualification testRecord (PQR) unless otherwise approved by TEC and owner.2.2.4Quality certificate of technical gas to be used for the work such as argon gas, propane gas, etc. shall be provided with approval of TEC before work starts.3. FABRICATION3.1 General3.1.1Fabrication requirement shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3 unless otherwise specified.3.1.2Fabrication shall be executed in accordance with the related Engineering Specification and the drawings, document stated in Par. 1.4 and 2.3 of this specification.3.1.3The bolt holes of flanges shall be located symmetrically from a vertical center line in a horizontal pipe line, and from plant north in a vertical pipe line unless otherwise indicated in the drawing.3.1.4Marking of piping materials shall be in accordance with Para.10,0 in Doc.No.50.010.00.0.0.00.0253.2 Cutting3.2.1Cutting line shall be marked on pipe. Where the material marking will become invisible after cutting, additional material marking shall be provided.3.2.2In the case of gas cutting, cutting surface shall be ground off to remove any edge and roughness and be made flush and smooth so as not to harm welding quality.3.2.3In the case of gas cutting, cutting slug sticked inside pipe shall be completely removed, especially for boring of pipe for weld branch.3.3 End Preparation3.3.1End preparation for butt weld shall be in accordance with Table 3.3.1, or any other which meets the WPS.(1) Welding Bevels for Butt WeldsTable 3.3.1Unit: mm(2)Shape of beveling other than mentioned in Table 3.3.1 shall be in accordance with the WPS approved by TEC and owner..3.4 Alignment and Trimming3.4.1Root gap for butt-weld shall be in accordance with the WPS.3.4.2In the case of butt welding pipe and/or fitting having unequal wall thickness, of which the difference is more than 3 mm in outer surface and/or 1.5 mm in inner surface, the end of the thicker pipe shall be trimmed by grinding as per the Fig. 3.4.2 (a), (b) and (c) shown below. The gradient of this trimmingshall be less than 30 between worked and unworked parts shown as below.Unit: mmOver 2 or 0.5 x tm(a) Whichever is less30?(c)t m : required minimum wallthickness of pipe.Fig. 3.4.2Note:In the case that “Special End Detail” is specified in the Specification H -103 for the pipe and/or fitting of which the nominal wall thickness is 30 mm and over, the end preparation shall be in accordance with such provision.3.4.3 Branch connections which abut the outside surface of the run pipe shall be contoured for groove welds which meet the WPS requirements [see Fig. 3.4.3 (a) and (b)].Branch connection which are inserted through a run opening shall be inserted at least as far as the inside surface of the run pipe at all points [see Fig. 3.4.3 (c)].g = Root gap per WPS ? m = The lesser of 3.2 mm or 0.5 TbFig. 3.4.33.4.4 When a pipe having a longitudinal weld seam is used in a horizontal line, the pipe shall be laid so that thelongitudinal weld seam is not on bottom or top of the pipe. (These should be located at least 45o from the bottoms of the pipe).A llocation and relation among circumferential, longitudinal and other (branch, support, etc.) welds are shown in the Fig. 3.4.4 (a), (b) or (c).(1) Circumferential jointIn case ?g mmgg0 mm - 3 mm(a)(b)(c)T b T b T bNote : L1≥100mmL2≥50mm or 6 x Tw which is greater Tw: Pipe Wall thicknessFig. 3.4.4 (a)(2) Branch pipe and weld line on run pipeFig. 3.4.4 (b)Notes: 1. L and L1 show the distance between both toes of the bead.2. L shall be three times the pipe thickness or over.3. L1 shall be more than 100mm.(3) Support/Shoe and weld seam of main pipeDetail “A”3.6 General Requirement for Welding3.6.1Requirement and criteria for welding shall be as follows, unless otherwise specified in the drawings:(1) Welding shall be performed in accordance with WPS.(2) Welding shall not be carried out in adverse weather conditions where there is impingement of rain,snow, sleet storm or excessive wind at the working area, unless appropriate and adequate protection is provided.(3) The level shall be fully cleaned so that there is no rust, oil, paint, sand, moisture, etc. remaining.Where a bevel is not to be welded immediately it shall be protected to prevent contamination.(4) All slag, weld spatter and flux remaining on any bead of welding shall be removed before the nextbead is deposited.(5) Spatter, slag, etc. on the weld or in the heat affected zone, shall be thoroughly removed to the metal surface.(6) Arc strikes on base metal shall be avoided at all times. Arc strike shall be ground flush and liquid penetrant tested. Any defect shall be ground out and weld repaired.(7) Material of wire brush shall be properly selected for working carbon steel respectively. They shallalways be kept separate and never used on anything other than the designation.(8) Welding for a welded joint valve shall be carried out with the valve opened.(9) Weld internal protrusion at the weld neck joint of an orifice flange, shall be removed flu sh andsmooth with a grinder. Any concavity in the root, shall be weld repaired and ground flush and smooth.Fig. 3.4.4 (c)“A”(10) All welds including socket welding shall be performed at least 2 layers weld and end point of weldat each layer shall be changed (stagger).(11) Welding of dissimilar metals shall be carried out at fabrication shop if possible.3.7 Welding Rods3.7.1Brand name of welding rod to be used at shop and site shall be approved by TEC and owner before workstarts and that shall be used only.3.7.2 Each welder shall be immedatory provided with a portable dryer to shop/Field work after withdrowelectrode from main oven container.3.7.3 Baking and Holding temperature of electrode shall be performed with manufacture’s recommendation. 3.8 Welding 3.8.1Tack welding shall be carried out as follows:(1) Both root and bridge tack welding method may be applied.(2) Avoid wrong fit-up which would cause residual stress.(3) Keep the correct root gap by using spacers according to WPS.(4) Welding condition of tack welding shall be in accordance with WPS.(5) Provide sufficient external pipe clamps or internal spiders for setting up.(6) Ensure the contact surface of the clamps or spiders are made of the same base metal, or an inertcompound.(7) Bridge tack shall never be hammered off. Bridge tacks shall be removed by grinding or gas cutting.Gas cutting shall only be performed at the upper part of the weld toe and flush surface of base metalby grinding, and then a liquid penetrant examination shall be carried out. Any defect shall beground out and weld repaired.3.8.2Butt joint welding of pipes shall be performed as follows:(1) Welding shall be performed in accordance with WPS.(2) Circumferential butt welding shall be performed without the use of a backing ring unless specified inWPS.(3) Before welding of the root, both ends of the root tack weld bead shall be prepared with a grinder asshown in the following illustration in order to make complete fusion.L1: Max 15mm for NPS 24”Max 40mm for NPS>24”Fig. 3.8.23.8.3Branch connections shall be made by using the fittings as specified in the Doc.No.50.010.AA.0.0.00.501. However, where the branch is to be welded directly to the main run in accordance with Doc.No.50.010.AA.0.0.00.501.or Piping Arrangement Drawing, welding shall be performed, unlessotherwise specified, shown in following Fig. 3.8.3:Fig. 3.8.3Notes: 1. Throat thickness “tc” shall be of 0.7Tb (minimum 6.4 mm).2. The symbols used in these figures are as follows:Th: nominal thickness of run pipeTb: nominal thickness of branch pipeTr: nominal thickness of reinforcement pad3. At first, weld part ① and prepare the weld surface with a grinder, then weld the part ②.4.Where reinforcement is necessary, it is indicated in the Piping Arrangement Drawing andNotes for Piping Drawings.3.8.4Fillet welding of pipe to slip-on and socket weld flanges shall be performed as shown in following Fig.Fig. 3.8.4Notes: 1. T: thickness of pipet : thickness of flange hub2. If 1.4 T is larger than t, t shall be taken.3.8.5Socket welding of pipe components other than flanges shall be performed as shown in following Fig.3.8.5:3.11 Marking3.11.1 All piping components for which welding has been completed shall bear the painted marking with the identification symbol of the welder as confirmation.3.11.2 Spool piece No. shall be clearly marked on fabricated components.3.12 Storing Inside of fabricated components shall be cleaned by air blowing, then openings of fabricated components shall be covered with suitable materials so as not to enter the foreign matters such as sand, mad, etc. into piping components. Gasket surface of flange, thread, welding bevel shall be protected from any damage due to cleaning work and handling of storing.4. ASSEMBLING AND ERECTION4.1 General4.1.1 Before assembling of piping, actual tolerance causing from foundation, steel structure, equipmentinstallation work shall be considered for the piping assembling work.4.1.2 Excessive stress shall not be allowed to the nozzles of rotating machine when the flange of fabricated component is connected, such work shall be carried out in the presence of person in charge of themechanical work. And openings such as flanged joints of a pump, compressor, etc. shall be kept covered with thin metal plate or other solid blinds with a handle to prevent dust and/or foreign material from entering into the machine.4.1.3 If hot work to be performed in the vicinity of instrument control or power cable duct, an adequateprotective cover shall be provided in advance so as not to damage the cables.4.1.4 When work is carried out in the vicinity of piping made of, or lined with special materials such asplastics, rubber, glass, etc., care shall be taken so as not to damage them.4.1.5 Valves shall be assembled in clean condition, they shall not be opened during piping erection except that welding and heat treatment of a welded valve joint shall be carried out with valve opened.4.1.6 If cutting, making of holes to the assembled piping and such kind of work is carried out at assembledplace due to the reason of modification, improvement, etc., cut piece and foreign materials shall be removed from inside of piping and it shall be confirmed that the inside of piping is cleaned.T = nominal wall thicknessc xT4.1.7Valves having flow direction shall be installed to conform the flow direction in accordance with pipingdrawings. Care shall be taken to the valves in case valve flow direction is reversed against the flowdirection of pipe line.4.1.8It is prohibited to use small size piping, pumps, instrument etc. as scaffolding or working stage.4.1.9The following requirement shall be observed for piping support.(1) Pipe supports shall be fabricated and installed in accordance with Pipe Hanging Details.(2) As a rule the location of pipe-supports shall be in accordance with the Piping Arrangement Drawingand Hook-up Drawing.(3) The pre-setting pieces of the pipe hanger shall be removed after completion of leak test of the pipeline. However, pipe lines which will be insulated, it shall be removed after completion of theinsulation work.(4) A shoe support shall be attached to the pipe in accordance with the drawings. It is not permitted totack-weld a shoe support to the pipe rack, where the shoe support is not to be permanently fixed tothe pipe rack.(5) When supports are installed on building or such kind of structure, permis sion of installation shall begiven by TEC before installation.4.2 Flanged Joint4.2.1Any damage to the gasket seating surface which would prevent gasket seating shall be repaired, or theflange shall be replaced.4.2.2Flanged joints shall be bolted up, after checking the alignment of the flange centers and the parallelness of flange faces, to ensure that the contact faces bear uniformally on the gasket. Bolting-up shall ensure that bolt tension is spread uniformly around the flange.4.2.3Particular care shall be exercised to ensure that all bolt, nut and gasket are correctly installed inaccordance with the requirements of DOC.No.50.010.A.A.0.0.00.501.4.2.4When assembling flange connections, paste shall be applied to the gasket and bolts. Thes e preventseizure of nuts and adherence of gaskets. Reference of pastes and their applications shall be in SpecificJob Requirement.4.3 Threaded Joint4.3.1The standard to be applied to all threads shall be ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 Pipe Threads (NPT).4.3.2Lubricant shall be removed completely from the thread and inside of pipe after threading.4.3.3In a threaded joint between pipe and flange, the length of thread on the pipe shall be such that the end ofthe pipe is short of the gasket surface on the flange by 1.5 to 3.0 mm when screwed-in.4.3.4Thread shall be jointed with full coupling between straight pipes, and piping shall have union joints in consideration with repairing at leak test.4.3.5Threaded joints shall be sealed with tape or threading compound, unless there is restriction from process requirement.4.3.6Seal welding of threaded parts, if specified, shall be performed after the part is screwed-in completelywithout using paste or oil and fully cleaned, decreased and dried out. Reinforce ment of the seal weldbead shall cover completely the remaining thread and must be at least 2-layers weld using a suitable size of electrode.4.4 Mechanical Joint4.4.1Mechanical Joint other than flanged joint and threaded joint shall be in accordance w ith manufacturer’s instruction or drawing.4.4.2Care shall be taken to avoid distorting the sheet when incorporating such joint into piping assemblies by welding.6. INSPECTION, EXAMINATION AND TES TING6.1 Extent of Ins pection, Examination and TestingPrior, during and after completion of the works, the following examination and tests shall be performed: 6.1.1In-Process Inspection(1) Prior to Commencement of Work(2) Prior to Welding(3) After Welding(4) After Complet ion of Work6.1.2 REPAIR WELDING(1) No repairs by welding from the outside are allowed for the following conditions:excessive penetrationexcessive burn-through(2) Root defects on inaccessible joints shall be cut-out and rewelded, unless otherwise agreed uponwith Welding Engineering.(3) Prior to repair, cause of the weld defect should be established. All cracks, non-fusion, lack of penetration, excessive slag or porosity, beyond the requirements, shall be removed by gougingand/or grinding. Complete removal of a defect shall be verified by magnetic particle or liquidpenetrant examination. Re-welding shall be done per applicable approved repair welding procedure.The number of repairs at the same location on a specific weld shall be limited to two times.(4) A ll repairs shall comply with code requirements and shall be re-examined in accordance with the requirements of this specification when completed.(5) Repair welding of base metal defects is not allowed prior to approval of the procedure for this typeof repairs and the extent of NDE after repair.6.2 Non-Destructive Examination6.2.1The weld joints of piping shall be examined to the extent specified in NDE index with the following random examination procedure:(1) The examination made at random shall consist of examining not less than one production weld joint selected from each production weld joint lot made by the same welder or welding operator definedas follows.The above each production weld joint lot means;each 20 production weld joints or less for 5 % random examination.(2) The examination shall be applied to the entire length of weld of the selected joint.(3) The weld joints between dissimilar materials shall be examined by the method used for the material requiring the more stringent examination.6.2.2 When a random or spot examination of weld joints reveals a defect, the progressive examination for the same lot defined in Par. 6.2.1 shall be carried out as per the following procedure.(1) Two additional weld joints of the same lot, by the same welder shall be given the same type of examination; and(2) If the weld joints examined as required by (1) above are acceptable, all items represented by thi s additional examination shall be accepted; but(3) If any of the items examined as required by (1) above reveals a defect, two further weld joints of the same lot by the same welder shall be examined for each defective item found by that examinatio n;and(4) If all the items examined as required by (3) above are acceptable, all items represented by thisadditional examination shall be accepted; but(5) If any of the items examined as required by (3) above reveals a defect, all items represented by the random examinations shall be fully examined and repaired or replaced as necessary to meet the requirement of this specification.(6) The defective item(s) revealed during progressive examination, shall be repaired or replaced and reexamined at above each step as specified in Par. 6.1.2.6.2.3 The requirement for radiographic examination shall as follows:(1)Radiographic examination of butt welds shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3 para.344.5.(2)All butt welds between existing lines and new tie-in lines shall be 100% radiographed.(3)At least the specified percentage of the number of welds made by each welder shall be radiographed around their total circumference. If a welder makes less than 10 welds, two of these shall b e fully radiographed.(4)The first three welds of each welder shall have 100% radiography regardless of pipe diameter andwallthickness. This evaluation shall be made on a common size if possible and shall be performed asquickly as possible upon completion of the weld.(5)Acceptance of weld defects for both random (limited) and 100% radiography shall be in accordancewith ASME B31.3 para.341.3.2. However, incomplete root penetrations are not allowed.(6)Use Image Quality Indicators (IQI) shall be of the wire type in accordance with IIW/IIS 62-60, orunless otherwise approved by TEC and Owner.(7)Only lead screens may be used.(8)The gamma-ray technique may be used when prior agreed upon in writing with the Authorized Inspector. When the gamma-ray technique is agreed upon only very fine grain films equal toASTM-E94, type 1 (such as AGFA-D4) shall be used. The application of Co-60 source shall beavoided.(9)Where necessary to achieve the required minimum film sensitivity (image quality),the radiationsourceshall be placed inside the pipe (single wall technique).(10)In radiographing a continuous length of weld, the separate radiographs shall overlap sufficiently (minimum 10mm).(11)A record shall be kept of the quality and extent of each wlder’s work. Examination results of 100% radiographed Pipe classes and of limited/random radiographed Pipe classes shall be recorded separately.Results of 100% radiography are not valid for the minimum extent of limited examination per welder.(12)The NDE Contractor is fully responsible to meet the local requirements for radioactive, radiationsafety.(13)Films of repair welds will get the same film number as the original films with the addition of suffix Z for the first repair; Y for the second repair. For field welding film number suffixes R1 and R2 shallbeused.(16) Prior to issue to the authorized Inspector, all radiographs must have been reviewed (and results of review recorded) by the Contractor’s qualified inspector.(17)All original radiographes, including those of repaired welds, shall be presented to the authorized Inspector for Examination, together with complete filled out exposure reports.(18)All defects repaired by welding (other than non-pressure attachments) which are previously radiographed, shall be re-radiographed after repair in accordance with this specification.(19)The following detail of radiographic examination shall be specified by NDE contractor and shall be approved by TEC and owner.a.Film type and size for each pipe size and thickness.b.Exposure technique for each pipe size and thickness.c.Nos of Film for each pipe size and thickness.d.Type and material of the penetrometer for each material, pipe size and thickness.e.Type of source for each pipe size and thickness.6.2.4Requirement for liquid penetrant and magnetic examination particle examination shall be as follows: (1)Liquid penetrant examination and Magnetic Particle examination shall be in accordance with ASMEB31.3 para.344.3.(2) Procedure for random examination shall be in accordance with NDE Index.(3) Only the Yoke Technique with wet particle of magnetic particle e xamination shall be performed.7.PRE SS URE TE S TING-PROCE SS8. COATONG AND WRAPPING OF PIPING9. CLEANING AFTER PIPING ASS EMBLING AND ERECTIONCleaning work after piping assembling and erection shall be performed as required by TEC.。
检验检疫基本知识
检验检疫基本知识什么是检验检疫？检验检疫（Inspection and Quarantine）是指一种旨在确保国内和国际贸易产品质量、安全和卫生的过程。
它是由相关政府部门或机构进行，以保护公众健康和促进贸易发展。
检验检疫主要目的有三个：1.防止疾病传播：检验检疫可以检测和防止携带动植物病原体的进口产品传播，保护国内动植物的健康。
2.保护消费者安全：检验检疫可以确保进口产品的质量和安全，保护消费者的权益。
3.促进外贸发展：检验检疫可以减少贸易壁垒，提高产品的品质和竞争力，促进外贸发展。
检验检疫流程检验检疫流程包括以下几个关键步骤：1.进口准备阶段：进口商需要提供相关文件和信息，如进口许可证、质量证明、检验报告等。
2.预检阶段：检验检疫部门对进口产品进行初步检查和评估，包括产品数量、包装方式、标签等。
3.检验阶段：对进口产品进行检验，包括外观检查、实验室检测、抽样检验等。
4.检疫阶段：对进口产品进行检疫，主要是针对植物、动物及其产品进行的疫病检测和处理。
5.审核放行阶段：检验检疫部门根据检验检疫结果，决定是否放行产品。
符合要求的产品将被允许进入市场。
检验检疫涉及多个法律法规，包括国际法、国家法律和监管机构的规章制度。
国际上，世界贸易组织（WTO）和世界卫生组织（WHO）是主要的国际组织，制定了一系列的协议和标准，如《动植物检疫公约》和《卫生与植物卫生措施协议》等。
在中国，检验检疫的主管部门是海关总署，国家质检总局和国家卫生健康委员会。
国家质检总局颁布了一系列法规和标准，如《出境动物检疫规程》和《进境动植物检疫法》等。
此外，各个省份也有相应的地方性法规和规章制度。
检验检疫法律法规的实施，旨在保障进口产品质量、消费者权益和国家安全。
检验检疫的重要性体现在以下几个方面：1.保护公众健康：通过检验检疫，可以防止疾病在动植物及其产品之间传播，保护公众健康和生命安全。
2.保护消费者权益：检验检疫可以确保进口产品的质量和安全，减少消费者购买和使用低质量产品的风险。
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6. Inspection 检验Part AGeneral Requirements 通用要求6.1 Scope 适用范围Section 6 contains all of the requirements for the Inspector’s qualifications and responsibilities, acceptance criteria for discontinuities, and procedures for NDT.第6章包括对检验人员的资格评定与职责的所有要求，缺陷的验收准则，以及无损检测(NDT)工艺。
C6.1 Scope 适用范围This section of the code has been the subject of extensive revisions, which appeared for the first time in the 1980 code. The revisions are designed to clarify the separate responsibilities of the Contractor/fabricator/erector, as opposed to the Owner / Engineer, etc.这一章曾经是大范围修订的主题，1980 年版的规范中曾第一次作出修订。
修订的目的是为了明确以承包商、制造厂、安装单位为一方与以业主、营造管理人、工程师等为另一方各自的责任。
The revisions clarify the basic premise of contractual obligations when providing product and services. Those who submit competitive bids or otherwise enter into a contract to provide materials and workmanship for structural weldments in conformance with the provisions of the code assume an obligation to furnish the products as specified in the contract documents and are fully responsible for product quality.修订内容对提供产品和服务方面有关合同责任的基本前提作了澄清。
那些提出竞争投标或由于其他原因而成为合同一部分、按照本规范的条款为结构的焊件提供材料和工艺的人员，承担按合同文件的规定提供产品的责任，并对产品质量负全责。
In this section, the term fabrication/erection inspection is separated from verification inspection. In the original draft of this section, these separate functions were designated as quality control and quality assurance, respectively. These terms were replaced with the broader terms now contained in the code to avoid confusion with the usage in some industries (e.g., nuclear). Quality assurance means specific tasks and documentation procedures to some users of the code. It was advantageous to use more general terms that place greater emphasis ontimely inspection. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for the ordering of materials, and assembly and welding of the structural weldments. Inspection by the Owner shall be planned and timely if it is to improve the quality of the construction.本章中，制造和安装的检验这一术语与验证检验有区别。
在本章的原稿中，曾将这两种不同的职能分别称作质量控制和质量保证。
这些术语在本规范中现已为含义更广的术语所代替，以免在某些工业（例如核工业）中采用时引起含混。
对本规范的某些使用者来说，质量保证的含义是指特定的任务和文件程序。
使用更为概括的、更加强调及时检验的说法，是有好处的。
承包商是唯一的对材料的订购、以及结构焊件的组装和焊接的负责者。
而为了提高工程的质量，业主必须有计划地并及时地进行检验。
6.1.1 Information Furnished to Bidders. 提供给投标者的资料When NDT other than visual is to be required, it shall be so stated in the information furnished to the bidders. This information shall designate the categories of welds to be examined, the extent of examination of each category, and the method or methods of testing.当要求作目检以外的无损检测时，必须在提供给投标者的资料中作此说明。
这一资料应必须标明被检查焊缝的种类、每一种类检查的范围和检测的方法。
C6.1.1 Information Furnished to Bidders. 提供给投标者的资料It is essential that the Contractor know in advance which welds are subject to NDTs and which testing procedures will be used.Unless otherwise provided in the contract documents, the quality criteria for acceptance of welds are stated in Section 6, Part C. It is not necessary to write in the contract documents exactly which weld or what portions of specific welds will be examined by a specific test method. A general description of weld test requirements may be specified (e.g., “10% of the length of all fillet welds shall be inspected by MT,” or “All CJP butt joint welds in tension flanges of girders shall be radiographed”).承包商事先知道哪些焊缝需经无损检测以及何种检测方法将要使用，是必不可少的。
除非合同文件中另作规定，焊缝的质量合格评判准则即为第六章C 部分所述。
在合同文件中确切地写明哪条焊缝或指定焊缝的什么部分要以指定的方法检查，则是不必要的。
可以对焊缝检测要求的总体说明作出规定（例如“所有角焊缝的10％长度必须作磁粉检测”或“大梁的受拉翼缘板的所有接头完全熔透（CJP）对接焊缝必须作射线照相”）。
If the location of tension flange butt joint welds is not obvious, their location should be designated on the plans.如果受拉翼缘板对接接头焊缝的位置不是显而易见的，则应在设计图中标示其部位。
When spot checking is specified (e.g., 10% of all fillet welds), it should not be taken to imply that the Contractor be notified prior to welding which specific welds or portion of welds shall be tested. It is a basic premise of the specifications that if random tests or spot tests are made, there should be a sufficient number of random tests to give a reliable indication of weld quality.当指定作抽样检查时（如全部角焊缝的10％），这不应被理解为在焊接之前就通知承包商哪些具体的焊缝或焊缝的哪些部分必须进行检测。
如果实行随机检查或抽查，就应该有足够数目的随机测试，以提供焊接质量可靠的表征，这是基本前提。
There are different acceptance criteria for statically loaded structures, cyclically loaded structures, and tubular structures. The basic difference in acceptance criteria for each of these structures is based upon the difference between static, and fatigue loading.用于静荷载结构、周期荷载结构和管材结构的合格评判准则是不同的，其每一种结构的合格评判准则之基本差别取决于静荷载和疲劳荷载的差别。