新编简明英语语言学教程第二版课程设计
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋11 Second Language Acquisition
Shortcomings of CA
The CA was soon found problematic, for many of the predictions of the target language learning difficulty formulated on the basis of contrastive analysis turned out to be either uninformative or inaccurate. Predicted errors did not materialize in learner language while errors did show up that the contrastive analysis had not predicted. “Differences” and “difficulties” are not identical concepts.
Characteristics of interlanguage
Interlanguage has three important characteristics: systematicity, permeability 渗透 性 and fossilization. Fossilization---- a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.
新编简明语言学教程教案第2章
Chapter 2 PhoneticsContents:2.1.The phonic medium of language2.2.1 What is phonetics2.2.2 Organs of speech oral cavitynasal cavitybroad transcription 2.2.3 Orthographic representation of speech soundsnarrow transcriptionvowel2.2.4 Classification of English speech soundsconsonants2.3 phonology2.3.1 phonology and phonetics2.3.2 phone, phoneme, and allophone因素，音位和音位变体2.3.3 phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pairSequential rulesAssimilation ruleDeletion rulestress2.3.5 Suprasegmental features toneintonation2.1.The phonic medium of language2.2.1. What is phoneticsPhonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.语音学是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究,它关注语言世界中的所有语音。
Articulatory phonetics----it studies how a speaker uses his speech organto articulate the sounds.Acoustic phonetics---- it studies the way sounds travel by looking at thesound waves, the physical means by which soundsare transmitted through the air from one person toanother.发音语音学通过观察声波研究语音的传播方式，即语音经过空气从一个人到达另一个人的物理方式。
新编简明英语语言学教程-第二版-整理
Chapter 1: Introduction1.Linguistics:语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language. ( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies language in general)2.General linguistics:普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics.(language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets )nguage:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors.i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say.6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point of time in hiatory7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time3) speech〔口语〕Writing〔书面语〕These the two media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. (speech is prior to writing)ngue(语言): refers to abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community.It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. Such as: In English sentence must have subject and predicate.9.parole(言语):refers to the realization of langue in actual use.It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. (Saussure )10 petence(语言能力): the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language11.performance(语言应用):the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (Chomsky)traditional grammar and modern linguistics1.linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive2.modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer.3. also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework. Functions of language.1.the descriptive function.2. the expressive function3.the social functionChapter 2: Phonology音系学phonetics:the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’ s languages9.The three branches of phonetics(1).Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学) (longest history)(2.)Auditory phonetics〔听觉语音学〕(3)Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学〕2. Speech organs: three important areas⑴Pharyngeal cavity咽腔---- the throat;⑵The oral cavity口腔---- the mouth;⑶Nasal cavity –鼻腔--- the nose.The principle source such modifications is the tongue.The tongue is the most flexible.International Phonetic Alphabet [IPA]:the basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.Broad transcription宽式音标. The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.Narrow transcription窄式音标The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.Aspirated and unaspirated1). phonology: 音系学It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language formpatterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.4. Phone, phoneme, allophoneA phone音素is a phonetic unit or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].A phoneme音位is a phonological unit;it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].Allophones音素变体---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentssequential rule,⑴Sequential rule(序列规则): rule governing the combination of sounds in aparticular language.⑵Assimilation rule〔同化规则〕: rule assimilating one sound to another bycopying features of sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.⑶Deletion rule〔省略规则〕: rule governing the deletion of a sound in acertain phonetic context although it is represented in spelling.6. Suprasegmental features〔超切分特征〕⑴StressWord stress and sentence stress⑵Tone声调Tones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.English is not a tone language, but Chinese is.⑶Intonation语调When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used:falling tone (matter of fact statement)rising tone (doubts or question)the fall-rise tone (implied message)the frise-fall tone (not frequently used)For instance, “That’s not the book he wants.Chapter 3: Morphology1). Morphology形态学: refers to the the study of the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed2). Morpheme词素: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3). Free morpheme自由词素:a morpheme can be a word by itself.4). Bound morpheme.黏着词素: a morpheme that must be attached to anotherone.5). Allmorphs词素变体:the variant forms of a morphemeChapter 4: SyntaxSyntax句法学: Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules thatgovern the formation of sentences.Word-level categories1,Major lexical categories2. minor lexical categoriesTo determine a word’s categorie,three critera are usually employed1.meaning2.inflection3.distribution.Phrase:syntactic units that are built around a centain word category complementizers words which introduce the sentence complement complement clause the sentence introduced by the cmomplementizersD-structure:formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization propertiesS-structure:corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results form appropriate transformation .Chapter 5: SemanticsSemantics: 语义学can be simply defined as the study of meaning.1）The naming theory(命名论)Oldest notions concering meaning.most primitive one.It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.words are just names or labels for things.2〕The conceptualist view〔意念论〕It holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refers to. In the interpretation of meaning, they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.3)Contextualism〔语境论〕①Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized:②Situational context: spatiotemporal situation③Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation.④For example, “black” in black hair & black coffee, or black sheep differs in me aning; “The president of the United States” can mean either the president or presidency in different situation.4) Behaviorism〔行为主义论〕Bloomfield①Behaviorists attempted to define meaning as “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”.②The story of Jack and Jill:Jill JackS_________r--------s_________R3. Sense and reference①Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.②Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. Major sense relationsSynonymy〔同义关系〕Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. 同义词complete synonyms, i.e. synonymy that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rareHomonymy〔同音/同形异义〕Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,〔1)Homophones〔同音异义〕: When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones.e.g. rain/reign.〔2)Homographs(同形异义): When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.e.g. tear v. / tear n.〔3)Complete homonyms(同音同形异义):When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.e.g. fast v. / fast adj.; scale v. /scale. n.Hyponymy〔下义关系〕Hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.eg.superordinate: flowerhyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lilyAntonymy〔反义关系〕the term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning1) Gradable antonyms〔等级反义词〕----there are often intermediate formsbetween the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short …2) Complementary antonyms〔互补反义词〕----the denial of one member ofthe pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female …3) Relational opposites〔关系反义词〕----exhibits the reversal of therelationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below …2) There are two aspects to sentence meaning:1.grammatical meaning2. semantic meaning, e.g.selectional restrictions.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by ruleseg. constraints on what lexical items can go with what othersPredication analysis---- a way to analyze sentence meaning (B ritish G.Leech).Chapter 6: Pragmatics1). P ragmatics:语用学the study of how speakers of a language use sentences toeffect successful communication.Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatic s is whether the context of use is considered in the study of meaningIf it is not considered, the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics;if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.⑴Austin’s new model of speech actsUtterance meaning:the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.Cooperative Principle(CD):Paul Grice.His idea is that to converse with each other, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.3〕Principle of conversation (Paul Grice)The maxim of quantity 〔数量准则〕Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange). 〔使自己所说的话到达当前交谈目的所要求的详尽程度。
新编简明英语语言学教程_第二版_戴炜栋6_pragmatics课件
Analyze the illocutionary acts of the following conversation between a couple:
----(the telephone rings)
----H: That’ the phone. (1)
----W: I’m in the bathroom. (2)
---- the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
Context Pragmatics vs. semantics Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning Correctness vs. appropriateness
the locutionary act （言内行为） ----an act of saying
something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (literal meaning of an utterance);
the illocutionary act （言中行为） ----an act performed
Correctness vs. appropriateness
“John play golf”---- grammatically incorrect; “Golf played John” ---- logically incorrect; but it might
be appropriate pragmatically in certain context.
简明新编英语语言学教程教案
简明新编英语语言学教程教案《英语语言学》课程大纲课程名称：英语语言学课程编号：总学时：36适应对象：英语本科专科一、教学目的与任务《英语语言学》是英语专业高年级学生开设的学科方向课。
旨在使学生了解人类语言研究的成果，提高对语言的本质、功能的认识，了解语言与人类之间的关系，培养学生的语言意识，发展理性思维。
该课程要求学生掌握语言学学科的基本概念；了解语言与心理、社会、文化、文学等跨学科研究的关系及其发展现状和趋势。
该课程的学习有助于拓宽学生的思维与视野，培养并激发学生对语言研究的兴趣，为其在相关领域的进一步学习及研究打好基础。
二、教学基本要求语言学是以语言为研究对象的一门科学。
教学中应处理好以下方面的关系。
1、在理解的基础上进行记忆，特别是一些重要术语的翻译与定义以及几大语法学派的理论主张，有影响力的语言学家的姓名、著作以及贡献等。
注意阅读课文时要认真仔细。
2、通读和理解课文的基础上进行总结，对各部分所讲的主要内容做到心中有数，重点明确。
3、在学习过程中，注意联系、对比，将所学语言学理论与英语外语学习实际相结合。
4、注意提高运用理论解决实际问题的能力。
5、培养学生学术论文写作的能力，建构写作的理论基础及理论依据。
三、教学内容及要求：1.1 为什么学习语言？1.2 什么是语言？1.3 语言的本质特征1.3.1 任意性 arbitrariness1.3.2 二重性 duality1.3.3 创造性 productivity or creativity1.3.4 移位性 displacement1.4 语言的起源1.5 语言的功能1.5.1 信息功能 informative1.5.2 人际功能1.5.3 施为功能1.5.4 感情功能emotive1.5.5 交感性谈话1.5.6 娱乐性功能1.5.7 元语言功能1.6 什么是语言学？1.7 语言学的主要分支1.7.1 语音学phonetics1.7.2 音系学phonlogy1.7.3 形态学mprphology1.7.4 句法学syntax1.7.5 语义学semantics1.7.6 语用学pragmatics1.8 宏观语言学1.8.1 心理语言学1.8.2 社会语言学1.8.3 人类语言学1.8.4 计算语言学1.9 语言学中的一些重要区别1.9.1 “描写式”和“规定式”descriptive and prescriptive 1.9.2 “共时”和“历时”synchronic and diachronic1.9.3 “语言”和“言语”langue and parol1.9.4 语言能力和语言应用competence and performance1.9.5 “非位的”与“位学的”2.1 言语产生和言语感知2.2 言语器官2.3 音段、分化和标音法 2.3.1 音段和分化2.3.2 标音法2.4 辅音2.4.1 辅音和元音2.4.2 辅音2.4.3 发音方法2.4.4 发音部位2.4.5 英语中的辅音2.5 元音2.5.1 元音描写的原则 2.5.2 基本元音理论2.5.3 元音音渡2.5.4 标准发音中的元音2.6 协同发音和语音描写 2.6.1 协同发音2.6.2 宽式标音和严式标音2.7 音位分析2.8 音位和音位变体2.8.1 最小对立体2.8.2 音位理论2.8.3 音位变体2.9 音位过程2.9.1 同化2.9.2 音系过程和音系规则 2.9.3 规则顺序2.10 区别性特征2.11 音节2.11.1 音节结构2.11.2 响音阶2.11.3 音节划分和最大节首原则2.12 重音3.1 什么是词？3.1.1 “词”的三种含义3.1.2 词的识别3.1.3 词的分类3.2 词的形成3.2.1 语素和形态学3.2.2 语素的类型3.2.3 曲折变化和词的形成 3.2.4 音系学和形态学的对立3.3 词汇变化3.3.1 特有的词汇变化 3.3.2 音位变化3.3.3 形态-句法变化3.3.4 语义变化3.3.5 拼写的变化4.1 传统学派4.1.1 数、性、格4.1.2 时和体4.1.3 一致关系和支配关系4.2 结构主义学派4.2.1 组合关系与聚合关系 4.2.2 直接成分分析法 4.2.3 向心结构和离心结构4.3 生成学派4.3.1 深层结构和表层结构 4.3.2 标准理论及其后的发展 4.3.3 管辖、约束等4.4 功能学派4.4.1 功能句子观4.4.2 系统功能语法5.1 “意义”的意义5.2 指称论5.3 涵义关系5.3.1 同义关系5.3.2 反义关系5.3.3 上下义关系5.4 成分分析5.5 句子意义5.5.1 一个整体理论5.5.2 逻辑语义学6.1 言语行为理论 (Speech act theory) 6.1.1 施为句（performatives）和表述句(constatives)6.1.2 行事行为(illocutionary act)理论6.2 会话含义(conversational implicature)理论6.2.1 合作原则6.2.2 准则的违背6.2.3 含义的特征6.3 后格莱斯时期的发展6.3.1 关联理论(relevance theory)6.3.2 数量原则(Q-Principle)和关系原则(R-Principle)6.3.3 数量原则(Q-principle)、信息原则(I-principle)和方式原则(M-principle)四、学时分配与教学方式：总学时：36学时Chapter One: Introduction（6学时）Chapter Two: Phonology （6学时）Chapter Three: Morphology（6学时）Chapter Four: Syntax （6学时）Chapter Five: Semantics （6学时）Chapter Six: Pragmatics（6学时）五、考核方式考查六、本课程与其他课程的关系：英语语言学是专业学生高年级的知识课。
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋10 Language Acquisitionppt课件
The innatist view emphasizes more on children’s internal processing of the language items to be learnt. The environment functions as a stimulus that triggers and activates the pre-equipped UG to process the materials provided by the linguistic environment around the children. The interactionist view calls for the quality of the language samples available in the linguistic environment, only when the language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items.
An innatist view of language acquise innatist view of language acquisition, human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking.
新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2
新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2简介《新编简明英语语言学教程中文版2》是一本系统介绍英语语言学的教材。
本教材由专业的语言学家和教育学家编写，旨在帮助学习者深入了解英语语言学的基本概念和原理。
本文档将简要介绍本教材的内容，并对其中重要概念进行概述。
第一章：语言学导论第一章主要介绍了语言学的基本概念和研究对象。
在本章中，学习者将了解什么是语言学，以及语言学的研究范围和方法论。
同时，还提供了一些语言学研究的历史背景和经典理论。
本章的目的是给学习者提供一个全面的语言学导论，为后续章节的学习做好铺垫。
第二章：语音学第二章主要介绍了语音学的基本概念和方法。
学习者将了解语音学的研究对象——音素以及音素的分类和描述方法。
在本章中，还将介绍音系和音位的概念，并讨论语音的产生和感知。
此外，还将讨论音位对语言的重要性以及音系和音位在不同语言间的差异。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将对语音学的基本理论和方法有一个初步了解。
第三章：音系学第三章主要介绍了音系学的研究内容和方法。
在本章中，学习者将学习语音学中的重要概念：音位、语音环境和音变规律。
此外，还将介绍音系学的研究方法，如音位的调查和描述。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解音系学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何通过音系学方法来分析和描述不同语言的音系。
第四章：词汇学第四章主要介绍了词汇学的研究内容和方法。
在本章中，学习者将学习词汇学的基本概念，如词汇的定义和分类。
同时，还将介绍词汇的形态结构和词性。
本章还将介绍词汇的意义和语义关系，并讨论词汇的产生和变化。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解词汇学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何进行词汇的分析和研究。
第五章：句法学第五章主要介绍了句法学的研究内容和方法。
在本章中，学习者将学习句法学的基本概念，如句子的组成和句子的结构。
同时，还将介绍句法分析的方法和理论，如短语结构文法和依存句法。
本章还将讨论句法的意义和句法的变化。
通过学习本章内容，学习者将了解句法学在语言研究中的重要性，以及如何进行句法的分析和研究。
新编简明英语语言学教程 第二版 戴炜栋4 Syntax
Criteria on good grammar
Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation.
Chapter 4 Syntax
What is syntax?
----a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
Transformational Generative Grammar (TG) Norm. Chomsky, the most influential linguist in 20th century, some important works: (1957) Syntactic Structure; (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax; (1981) Lectures on Government and Binding; (1986) Barriers (1993) A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory; (1995) The Minimalist Program; (1998) The Minimalist Inquiry……
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新编简明英语语言学教程第二版课程设计
1. 课程背景与目标
英语作为全球通用的语言之一，在全球范围内都广泛应用。
掌握英语语言学知识，有助于提高人们的英语水平，建立坚实的英语语言基础，更好地适应国际化发展的需要。
本课程旨在通过深入浅出的教学方式，帮助学生更好地掌握英语语言学的基本知识，提高英语语言能力和语言思维能力。
2. 课程设置
2.1 课程名称
新编简明英语语言学教程第二版
2.2 课程学时
本课程为学期课程，总学时为48学时。
每周2学时。
2.3 课程内容
本课程的主要内容包括：
•语音学：英语语音的基本概念和理论，音位、音素、音节的基本单位和特征等。
•词汇学：英语词汇的基本概念和分类，词义、词源、词形变化等。
•句法学：英语句子的基本成分和结构，句子类型、语法关系等。
•语义学：英语语义的基本概念，意义的表示和匹配等。
•话语分析：英语话语的类型、结构和功能，语用学的基本原理等。
2.4 课程教材
•教材：《新编简明英语语言学教程（第二版）》（张三主编，出版社，2021）
•辅助教材：《英语语音学教程》（李四著，出版社，2021）、《英语词汇学教程》（王五著，出版社，2021）
2.5 课程方法
本课程采用讲授、课堂讨论、小组研讨等方式进行教学。
以问题为核心，以学生为主体，深入浅出地介绍语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和话语分析等方面的基本概念和理论，帮助学生掌握英语语言学的核心知识和方法，提高英语语言能力和语言思维能力。
3. 课程评估
3.1 课程作业
本课程的作业包括：
•课堂笔记：学生对每堂课上的重要内容进行记录，总结、归纳并反思自己的收获；
•课外阅读：学生选择相关教材或者资料，深入研究课程内容，自己探索问题；
•小组研讨：学生自行组织小组，开展研讨活动，以小组报告的形式汇报整理的成果。
3.2 课程考核
本课程考核方式采取闭卷考试和开卷论文两种形式，占比各50%。
•闭卷考试：所考考试内容以教学大纲为基础，涵盖课程的重点内容和难点问题，考察学生对于英语语言学基本概念的掌握和应用。
•开卷论文：论文题目从课程内容中自选，并与教师进行讲解和分析，涵盖英语语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和话语分析等方面的内容。
4. 课程总结
本课程旨在通过深入浅出的教学方式，帮助学生更好地掌握英语语言学的基本知识，提高英语语言能力和语言思维能力。
通过学习本课程，学生将深入了解英语语言的基本特征和结构，理解语音、词汇、句法、语义和话语分析等方面的基本概念和理论，从而为进一步提高英语水平、探究英语语言本质、拓展国际交流拓展视野等方面奠定坚实的基础。