学术英语阅读翻
学术英语(医学)教师版Unit3课文翻译
Unit 3 Text A百分之七十的解决方案我喜欢练习跆拳道，其一招一式精准潇洒，犹如翩翩起舞。
不过我尤其醉心于过招时的兴奋。
步入拳坛，躲闪、侧避、脚踢、临空飞起霹雳腿。
我酷爱参加各种循环比赛时，在点到为止的格斗中肾上腺素飙升的激情。
我参加过全国比赛，在泛美运动会预赛中赢得铜牌。
这都是很久以前的事了。
随后发生了太多的事情：在医学院就读，完成了内科实习，生了一儿一女。
最后我成了带教全科医生，再后来又得了一种慢性病。
和众多自体免疫疾病患者一样，我的问题出现二十年后才确诊：体力和精力下降，平衡出现问题，可怕的脸部阵痛，视力下降。
出现足下垂后，我最终被确诊罹患多发性硬化症。
导致免疫细胞攻击大脑原因何在？我的医生指出，导致多发性硬化症的危险因素中，遗传因素只占 10%到 30%，其余是各种未知的环境因素。
他没有告诉我如何应对这些未知因素，仅仅开了降低复发的干扰素和共聚物-1。
他说复发越少，一来致残程度越底，二来再过十年，我还能如那时一样行走自如、工作有效、生活无妨，这种可能性会大增。
我立即开始药物注射。
随后四年只有一次复发：右臂短暂无力。
然而，我日趋虚弱，机能和活动耐力日益丧失。
我先是不能慢跑了，随后站立变得困难。
即便用了最新的药物治疗，最后步行和端坐也是累人之事，我要靠一张斜背轮椅。
随着时间流逝，因病卧床不起不可避免，这越来越明显。
我到了人生的十字路口。
不管是对我们理念的热衷，亦或是拒绝悄无声息地步入死亡，这些动力让医生亲身试验已经存在数百年了。
我只有两个选择：要么调节心态，接受现实，即虽然接受最佳治疗，但是残疾日剧，要么更为积极主动，自己应对健康状况。
我曾是个斗士，如今已身心疲惫。
不过，只要我能，我还想起身行走，即便区区几步。
我开始研究文献，一篇篇阅读 PubMed 上的文章，我心里明白当今临床治疗萌发于数年或数十年前的基础科学文献所撒的种子。
我希望能找到阻止我日益恶化残疾的魔弹。
一开始，我寻找多发性硬化症药物的最新动物实验文章。
学术英语unit3译文
第三单元Passage A[参考译文]教育之道：东方和西方1.一位来自加拿大的老师最近参观了一所日本的小学。
在一堂课上，她观看了60个小孩子在学习画猫。
任课老师在黑板上画了一个大圆圈，60个孩子就模仿着画在纸上。
老师在第一个圆圈上面画了一个小些的圆圈，然后又在小圆圈上面画了两个三角形；孩子们也以完全相同的方式继续画着他们的猫。
这堂课就这么继续着，直到教室里有了61只一模一样的猫。
2. 这节课让那位加拿大老师大为吃惊。
这类教学方法--以及它们的效果--同她自己国家的迥然不同。
加拿大学校里的一节美术课会产生满满一屋子独一无二的图画，而不是一张又一张完全相同的猫。
为什么呢? 是什么造成了这种教学方法上的不同呢?3.在任何国家的任何一个教室里，老师教的都不仅仅是艺术、历史或语言。
课堂活动的一部分--有意识或无意识地--是在传授文化：社会的观念、价值观和信仰。
每一种教育制度都不可避免地是一面反映其所在社会的文化的镜子。
4. 在像美国或加拿大这样由许多不同的民族、宗教团体和文化取向构成的西方社会中，个性和独立思考受到高度重视。
这些价值观通过这些国家的教育制度反映出来。
老师们强调那些使每个学生都与众不同的品质。
他们很少要求学生熟记信息；却鼓励他们独立思考，独自寻找答案，并提出各自的解决方法。
学生们从小就学着形成自己的意见和看法，并在课堂讨论中各抒己见。
5. 在日本则截然不同，绝大多数人有着同样的语言、历史和文化。
也许是由于这个缘故，那儿的教育制度反映了一种对集体目标和传统而不是对个性的信念。
日本的学童经常在一起学习，做作业时相互帮助。
在教室里，教师是主要的知识来源：教师讲，学生听。
没有很多的讨论；学生们却要背诵他们已经记住的规则或信息。
6. 日本教育制度的优点是那儿的学生能学到合作的社交技能。
另一个优点是他们学的数学和自然科学比大多数美国学生多得多。
他们每天学习的时数和每年学习的天数也比北美的学生多。
这种制度要求高，但它却使孩子们能为进入一个重视纪律和自制的社会作好准备。
研究生学术综合英语test阅读答案及翻译
Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy 51. Which of the following is true about Olson?关于Olson，以下哪项是正确的He taught economics at the University of Maryland.他在马里兰大学教授经济学。
52. Which of the following represents Olson's point of view?以下哪项代表奥尔森的观点？Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.保护个人财产权可以促进财富的积累。
53. What does Olson think about mass production?奥尔森如何看待批量生产？It's property intensive.这是财产密集型54. What is the basis for the banking system?银行体系的基础是什么？A contract system that can be enforced.可以强制执行的合同系统。
55. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?奥尔森认为，第三世界国家经济欠佳的原因是什么？Lack of secure individual property rights.缺乏安全的个人财产权。
56. What is the other economists' opinion about the poor economies of the Third World?其他经济学家对第三世界的贫困经济有何看法？A free market is not let to determine the prices and quantities of goods.自由市场不允许确定商品的价格和数量。
学术英语读译10例
《学术英语读译》10例Unit 1 Five Biggest Myths about College Admissions by Andrew J. Rotherham1. Now that all the college-admissions acceptance and rejection letters have been mailed, students and parents are taking stock of their lot. Some are happy, but a great many more probably feel disappointed. An enormous amount of energy and anxiety is expended in trying to get into college, but the truth is that the admissions process is much more haphazard than people like to think. The good news? In the long run, it's generally less important too. Here are the five biggest myths about this annualangst-a-thon:Myth No. 1: Getting rejected means you're just not [insert school name] material. 2. Given the scale of applications these days, getting into selective schools has as much to do with luck as it does with merit. Although admissions officers really do try to give careful consideration to the applications, the sheer numbers are daunting. Harvard, for instance, saw 34,950 applications this year; that means each admissions officer has to comb through hundreds of them in a few short months. Of those, only 2,158 students got in — but most who didn't would do well there too. In other words, most students who apply to Harvard are "Harvard material." Of course, as the nation's most selective school, Harvard is an extreme example, but the same is true at a variety of schools: scarcity rather than pure merit drives the process. There are only so many seats. Bottom line: admissions experts say most applicants are admissible.Myth No. 2: You're going to earn based on where you learn.3. Economic insecurity is understandable, especially these days, and getting a college degree is generally a ticket to a more financially stable life. But where you go to college matters less than you might think. When Alan Krueger of Princeton University and Stacy Dale of Mathematica Policy Research looked at earnings of college graduates, they found that individual characteristics, like aptitude, mattered more than the school. What may be the most important predictor? The type of schools you applied to, rather than where you got in, because that speaks to your ambition.2One big exception: minority students and students from families with less education overall. For these people, elite schools pay a dividend probably because of the social capital they confer. In addition, as colleges have become more competitive, more schools offer semesters abroad and access to coveted internships than in the past. The best advice? Bloom where you're planted. In the long run, it's hard to go wrong by working hard and taking on leadership roles on campus.Myth No. 3: Affirmative action rigs the process.4. These days, other factors tilt the scales more than race-based affirmative action, which the Supreme Court has ruled cannot be an overriding factor for admissions at public universities or used in formulaic ways. State schools, for instance, need to make sure their classes represent all parts of a state. Being an athlete obviously helps. An Atlanta Journal-Constitution analysis of schools with strong athletics programsfound that their athletes had substantially lower SAT scores than other students. It's not just an issue at Football U, though — a 2004 study by researchers at Princeton University found that athletes got a preference even at the most elite colleges in the country. Having a family member who attended the school you want to go to gives you a leg up as well — think of it as affirmative action for the privileged. Bottom line: don't get hung up on grievances, because you have no way of knowing why an admissions decision was made.Myth No. 4: The wait list never moves.5. There is a feeling that being put on a waiting list is the same as not getting in. In fact, these lists are more fluid than they used to be. Students now apply to many more schools, and the upside to the greater competition is that more offers of admission won't be accepted. In other words, waiting lists have become a safety net for schools rather than students. Today colleges accept far fewer students than in the past with a clear intention of going to the waiting list, says Erin Meissner, a former college admissions official who is now the director of college counseling at St.Anne's-Belfield's, a private school in Virginia. Colleges want a big yield from their waiting lists, she says, so don't just respond to a waiting-list offer; make sure the school knows just how much you want to attend. If you're wait-listed and comfortable 3saying you absolutely will attend should you get an offer, then do it, she says. The bad news: by the time colleges get to their waiting lists, financial aid is often used up. Myth No. 5: Once you choose a school, you're stuck for four years.6. When you stop and think about it, a system that encourages 17-to-18-year-olds to make high-stakes life decisions is insane. Thankfully, in addition to changing majors, students can change schools. Admissions counselors suggest that students give their new school a chance rather than start with a mind-set that is focused on transferring, but if it doesn't work out, they can leave. In fact, about 1 in 3 students transfer during their collegiate career, according to the National Association for College Admission Counseling. While it's slightly harder to get in as a transfer student (on average, 64% of transfers are accepted, while 69% of first-year admissions are), some states have formalized their procedures for transferring among public colleges and universities and from community colleges to flagship state schools. Officials say college grades are the most important factor in transfer admissions, so hopefuls can wipe their high school slate clean and start afresh. Who says there are no second chances? Background and Culture NotesLet me tell youAndrew J. Rotherham, who writes the blog Eduwonk, is a co-founder and partner at Bellwether Education, a nonprofit working to improve educational outcomes forlow-income students. School of Thought, his education column for , appears every Thursday.ExercisesLearn about the text4I. Read the article carefully and find from the four choices the word or phrase that best describe the underlined word or phrase in the following sentences without referring to any dictionary.1. Now that all the college-admissions acceptance and rejection letters have been mailed, students and parents are taking stock of their lot.A. saving money for the tuition feeB. praying for their luckC. making preparations for the coming newsD. examining the results2. An enormous amount of energy and anxiety is expended in trying to get into college, but the truth is that the admissions process is much more haphazardthan people like to think.A. harmfulB. accidentalC. insignificantD. complicated3. Although admissions officers really do try to give careful consideration to the applications, the sheer numbers are daunting.A. ascendingB. descendingC. bloomingD. encouraging4. In addition, as colleges have become more competitive, more schools offer semesters abroad and access to coveted internships than in the past.A. desiredB. secretC. variousD. expensive5. These days, other factors tilt the scales more than race-based affirmativeaction, which the Supreme Court has ruled cannot be an overriding factor for admissions at public universities or used in formulaic ways.A. ruinB. indicateC. makeD. account for6. Bottom line: don't get hung up on grievances, because you have no way of knowing why an admissions decision was made.A. sadnessB. disappointmentC. injusticeD. DiscouragementII. Read the following statements and answer the questions according to the article.1. Why does the author say that the admissions process is much more haphazard than people like to think?52. According to the third paragraph, what are the factors which may predict what kind of financial life a college graduate will live?3. What can we draw from the 2004 study at Princeton University?4. What is the proper reply for you to give to the college which gives you awaiting-list offer?5. What is the first advice given by admissions counselors to those students who take into account transferring?III. The following articles are some expansion reading. Read them carefully anddiscuss with your classmates the similarities and differences in college admissions and related issues between China and the United States.Expansion 1:How Students are Paying for College —The New Battle over Financial Aidby Kathleen Kingsbury1. In-state tuition. For decades, it was the one advantage big state schools had that even the Ivy League couldn't match, in terms of recruiting the best and the brightest to their campuses. But these days, that's no longer necessarily the case. Starting this September, some students will find a Harvard degree cheaper than one from many public universities. That is, of course, if they can get in.2. Harvard officials sent shock waves through academia last December by detailinga new financial-aid policy that will charge families making up to $180,000 just 10% of their household income per year, substantially subsidizing the annual cost of more than $45,600 for all but its wealthiest students. The move was just the latest in what has amounted to a financial-aid bidding war in recent years among the U.S.'s élite universities as they try to ease concerns over staggering tuition bills.3. Though Harvard's is the most generous to date, Princeton, Dartmouth, Yale and Stanford have all launched similar plans to cap tuition contributions for students from low- and middle-income families. Indeed, students on financial aid at nearly every Ivy stand a good chance of graduating debt-free, thanks to loan-elimination programs introduced over the past five years. And other exclusive schools have followed their 6lead. Williams and Amherst colleges in Massachusetts, North Carolina's Davidson College and Virginia's William & Mary all replaced loans with grants and work-study aid starting last year. And several more schools are joining the no-loan club this fall, including Maine's Bowdoin College and California's Claremont McKenna College. "Applications were up 11% last year," says Davidson president Tom Ross. "That tells us a lot more families now see Davidson as an affordable option."4. Even more schools have taken steps to reduce debt among their neediest students. Among them: Caltech, which this year began replacing loans with grants for American students with household incomes below $60,000, and College of the Holy Cross, which offers free tuition to students from its surrounding community in Worcester, Mass., if their family makes less than $50,000. And many public and private universities now offer similar packages to state residents who are at or below the federal poverty level of $21,000 a year for a family of four. "Students' tuition, fees,food, books and a place to live are all covered in full," says Rick Shipman, financial aid director at Michigan State, which has offered a loan-replacement plan since 2005. "All they have to think about is learning when they're here."5. But experts caution that families shouldn't expect to see most financial-aid packages rise to the level of Harvard's largest anytime soon. Over the past few years, Congress has gotten fed up with wealthy schools hoarding their enormous endowments — Harvard's reached $35 billion last year — while still regularly raising tuition prices. The average tuition and fees at private four-year colleges rose 14% inthe past five years, according to the nonprofit College Board; the increase was 31% at public schools. Fees themselves at many public universities are skyrocketing, even as tuition holds more or less steady. "It's fair to ask whether a college kid should have to wash dishes in the dining hall to pay his tuition when his college has $1 billion in the bank," U.S. Senators Max Baucus (a Democrat from Montana) and Chuck Grassley (a Republican from Iowa), the leaders of the Senate Finance Committee, wrote last January in a letter to the 136 American colleges with endowments of $500 million or more.6. Although Harvard and other wealthy schools may appease legislators with more7generous aid packages, the trickle-down effect might be minimal. Mark Kantrowitz, a financial-aid expert based in Pittsburgh, Pa., who runs the website , predicts that fewer than 5% of schools will do away with loans entirely. That's because the vast majority of schools don't have large endowments they can tap to supplement lower tuition revenue. Many still depend heavily on net tuition to pay for operating costs, including faculty salaries and facility maintenance. That may be especially true at public schools — which educate 75% of undergraduates in the U.S., compared with the Ivy League's 1% — as funds decrease substantially during the ongoing economic downturn.7. "All schools want more low-income students, a higher percentage of studentswho get grants instead of loans," says Morton Schapiro, president of Williams College and an economist who studies financial aid. "But they simply can't afford it."8. Indeed, pressure to keep up with the Ivies in this respect could end up being detrimental to less affluent schools. Michael McPherson, an economist and former president of Minnesota's Macalester College, warns that some may choose to increase class size or skip prestigious faculty hires in order to offer more generous aid packages. In the end, "they risk sacrificing quality to mimic the big boys," he says. 9. To avoid such an outcome, Davidson — whose $446 million endowment ranked 143rd in the U.S. last year — is tapping alumni and other private donors to pay for its loan-elimination program. The school has already raised $15 million of the $70 million needed to fund the initiative. And should Davidson have trouble getting alums to kick in enough cash, the school's trustees have pledged to dip into operating reserves rather than raise tuition costs. "This is the right thing to do to make sure every kid, no matter what their family's income, gets a first-rate education," Ross says.10. To pay for its loan-elimination program, Bowdoin will earmark approximately $22 million, or about 16%, of its $140 million operating budget. Claremont McKenna, which has 1,200 students, has said only that the school plans to increase itsfinancial-aid-grant budget by $1 million.11. Of course, the colleges that don't offer such tuition breaks know they will likely8lose students to those that do. But don't expect state schools to start rushing in. Even public universities that have large endowments have yet to embrace no-loan programs.Take the University of California system, whose $6.4 billion endowment was the 12th biggest in the nation last year. The UC schools already educate more poor kids than their Ivy League counterparts, both in terms of absolute numbers and as a proportion of their student bodies. Even at the system's flagship schools, UCLA and Berkeley, more than a third of students live in households making less than $40,000, compared with just 10% at Harvard or Yale. That means that replacing loans with grants at the California schools would cost significantly more. Add in political pressures to avoid increasing tuition and fees — a large percentage of which go to fund financial aid in California — and the idea of eliminating all loans is a nonstarter.12. So for now at least, a student whose family earns $90,000 would have to pay as little as $4,500 to go to Harvard but would get little to no financial aid to help cover Berkeley's annual cost of $25,000. A no-loan program "is not a sustainable solution for us," says Berkeley chancellor Robert Birgeneau, who is heading a task force charged with examining how to keep college affordable for all families in the state. "We'd likely not be able to help the poorest students as well down the line." Expansion 2:The 10 Best College Presidents: Ohio State's Gee and Nine Other Dynamosby David V on Drehle“Gordon Gee's school is known for football and a band that marches in cursive, but universities today must be engines of regional economies, he says. Not all college presidents agree.”— Justin Steele for Time1. Even in Ohio, where the Taft name rings a loud bell, it takes a rare talent to hold an audience rapt while telling a long anecdote about William Howard Taft, a President 9known mainly for his girth. But E. Gordon Gee can do it. Gee (pronounced with a hard G, like a cowboy's gee-tar) is telling his Taft story to a group of solid, sunburned citizens at an inn in Ohio tractor country, and a less likely looking fellow would be hard to conjure in this place. He is dressed, as usual, in a fresh-pressed suit, argyle socks, horn-rimmed glasses and a bright bow tie. Half Orville Redenbacher, half Harold Hill, the fast-talking Gee, a lawyer by training, fits into rural Knox County about as well as the Geico gecko would blend into American Gothic. And yet, as he finally approaches the thoroughly forgettable punch line, Gee and his audience are laughing together as the piles of French toast and sausages go cold on the tables. Gee doesn't mind. He prefers nutritious smoothies at his mansion back in the city.2. In other words, this is a thoroughbred politician. Gee shakes hands with gusto and appears delighted by everyone he meets. Peering around the room, he cries out gleefully, "Where are our county commissioners?" A couple of hands go up, and he exults, "I love you guys!" What about state legislators? There's one in the corner. "I love you too!" giggles Gee. Everyone wants a word and a picture with him, and when the time comes to depart, he somehow radiates reluctance even as he quicksteps toward a waiting car. Goodbye, goodbye! How dearly he would love to tarry with his new friends, but the good people of Tuscarawas County are waiting, and after them the yeomen of Holmes and Muskingum. There are 88 counties in Ohio, and Gee is inthe process of barnstorming through every one of them. Again. (See nine college presidents to watch.)3. A poll a while back found that he could easily be elected governor in a state that calls itself the Cradle of Presidents. Gee, however, has something different in mind. As president of the Ohio State University and one of the most experienced university executives in the U.S., he is campaigning for a revolution in higher education at a time when the field is more important, and perhaps more troubled, than ever before.4. In a world where brainpower outstrips muscle power, where innovation trumps conformity, where the nimble and creative stand to inherit the earth, higher education is the key to the next American century. Forget the ivory tower: colleges and universities are catalysts of economic development, stewards of public health,10incubators of social policy and laboratories of discovery. Nearly every great national challenge — from the raising of our children to the quality of our food supply, from the hunt for clean energy to the struggle against insurgent enemies, from the quest for opportunity to the search for sustainable prosperity — depends for a solution on institutions of higher ed. Classrooms and labs are today what mines and factories were a century ago: America's regional economic powerhouses, one of the few certain engines of growth in good and bad economic times. As a result of these challenges and opportunities, college presidents are on the line as never before — and must be accessible and accountable to the public in a way that rivals or even surpasses what is required of public officials.5. Gee's permanent campaign mode is an acknowledgment of the power and responsibility of today's higher-ed leaders. He doesn't shy from tasks on par with those of Ohio's big-city mayors, members of Congress, even the governor. "Being president of a major public university is the most political nonpolitical office around," he says. "We're campaigning on behalf of our mission." Gee's power is evident in his $4.35 billion budget — bigger, he notes, than the budget of the state of Delaware —and the outsize role his institution plays in the state's economy. Gee presides over some 40,000 employees, one of the state's largest and best hospitals, a major hive of research, a small-business incubator, a hugely popular sports-entertainment empire, a large portfolio of real estate (including a small city's worth of housing units) and a network of extension operations reaching into nearly every community in the state. In bad times, the university is a significant economic bright spot.6. By some measures, "Ohio State is the largest research-university campus in the country — we think in the world," says Leslie Wexner, the retailer who chairs the university's board of trustees. "It is a very big, very powerful organization. Gordon understands the potential influence his job entails. Most university presidents are focused on internal issues — the tug-of-war among faculty, students and alums — and they don't have the bandwidth to see how extensive their influence should be."。
研究生学术综合英语test阅读答案及翻译
Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy 51. Which of the following is true about Olson?关于Olson，以下哪项是正确的He taught economics at the University of Maryland.他在马里兰大学教授经济学。
52. Which of the following represents Olson's point of view?以下哪项代表奥尔森的观点？Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.保护个人财产权可以促进财富的积累。
53. What does Olson think about mass production?奥尔森如何看待批量生产？It's property intensive.这是财产密集型54. What is the basis for the banking system?银行体系的基础是什么？A contract system that can be enforced.可以强制执行的合同系统。
55. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?奥尔森认为，第三世界国家经济欠佳的原因是什么？Lack of secure individual property rights.缺乏安全的个人财产权。
56. What is the other economists' opinion about the poor economies of the Third World?其他经济学家对第三世界的贫困经济有何看法？A free market is not let to determine the prices and quantities of goods.自由市场不允许确定商品的价格和数量。
学术英语 课文翻译[精品文档]
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U8 A1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。
我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。
2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。
全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。
这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。
所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。
这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。
在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。
有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。
在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。
4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。
发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。
例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。
每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。
这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。
它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。
西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。
在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。
今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。
所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。
5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。
当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。
它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。
《学术英语》人文-译文
学术英语翻译:黄邵，查文婷，肖峰，易志洪,赵维,许小勇,成夏炎孔凡超,李满,王志敏,刘玲君,肖聪,王雨溪,刘伟,刘淑娟统筹整理:黄邵数计院2016级全体博士生版权所有2016年12月目录UNIT1Text A文学的范围和内容 (1)UNIT1Text B (4)UNIT3Text A (7)UNIT3Text B (10)UNIT5Text A (11)UNIT5Text B (14)UNIT8Text A (17)UNIT8Text B (20)UNIT10Text A (24)UNIT10Text B (27)UNIT1Text A文学的范围和内容文学的范围1文学是人类表达的一种形式。
但是并不是所有的用文字组织写下来的都算作文学。
那些主要提供信息的比如技术性的、教育性的、新闻业的写作虽然没有被所有的评论家但是被大部分评论家排除在文学的范畴之外。
然而，某些形式的普遍被认为作为一种艺术而属于文学。
如果本身就拥有艺术价值的话这些形式的个人划分就是成功的否则就是失败的。
相比于识别艺术价值本质它的定义更难。
作者甚至不需要追求它来实现它。
相反的，一个科学博览会可能有很大的文学价值而一首一般的打油诗却一点文学价值都没有。
2纯的文学形式是抒情诗、是伤感的、壮丽的、喜剧的、叙事的、说明的韵文。
大多数文学批判理论都是基于对诗歌的分析，因为文学的美学问题都是以最简单最纯粹的形式呈现。
作为文学失败的诗歌不能叫做诗歌只能叫做句子。
许多小说--当然所有世界上伟大的小说--都是文学，但是有成千上万的小说并不认为是文学。
大部分伟大的戏剧被认为是文学。
3希腊人把历史看成七种艺术之一，灵感来自于女神及缪斯Clio。
所有的世界历史经典调查都可以作为文学艺术的高尚例子，但是大部分现今的历史作品和研究在写作的时候并没有考虑文学上的突出，尽管偶然有文学上的优点。
4散文曾有意写为文学作品；主题退居其次。
如今的散文多为论述性的，信息性的文章新闻，尽管如此还是有很多的散文作家传统地把自己看作艺术家。
学术英语阅读爱尔兰版课文翻译text6a
学术英语阅读爱尔兰版课文翻译text6aOur monthly articles about our favorite masterpieces. This month, the writer we invited is Mr. Jackson.My favorite masterpiece is the adventures of Tom Sawyer written by Mark Twain. Tom and his aunt Polly live on a quiet street in St Petersburg, Missouri. He is a lively and clever little boy. He finds himself in many exciting adventures. He and his two friends Huck Finn and Joe fled to an island in the middle of the Mississippi River and stayed for many days. He and Huck went looking for treasure, and Becky got lost in the cave. Finally, they found a box of gold.My favorite scene in the book is that when everyone thinks Tom is dead, he decides to attend his own funeral. He hid and looked for a while, and then suddenly appeared. Everyone was surprised to see him, but they were happy to see that he was still alive.Tom is the master of the story, but there are other important roles. Huck is an outsider, but everyone is afraid of him. Becky has blond hair and is very cute. Joe is Tom's best friend, and Indian Joe is the bad guy in the story.The theme of the story is related to the children's growth and becoming more mature. It describes how strangers are seen in small towns in the United States. Finally, it talks about freedom, social rules and regulations, and how people are punished for doing bad things.Why do I think the adventures of Tom Sawyer is a masterpiece? Mark Twain wrote this story in 1876, but it is still read and loved by people all over the world today. Although it is only a story, Mark Twain wrote it in the daily English of the southern states of the United States in the 19th century, so it sounds very real. Today it is considered one of the greatest works in American literature. Read it.I know you'll like it.翻译：我们每月关于最喜欢的名著的文章。
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学术英语阅读翻————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：LECTURE ONEText One:The Age of the EarthThis is a question to which we may never have the exact answer. Man has wondered about the age of the earth since ancient times, and there were all kinds of myths and legends that seemed to have the answer. But he couldn't begin to think about the question scientifically until about 400 years ago.When it was proven at that time that the earth revolved around the sun (in other words, that the earth was part of our solar system)，then scientists knew where to begin. To find the age of the earth, it was necessary to explain how the solar system was born. How did the sun and all the planets come into being?One theory was called the nebular hypothesis. According to this theory, there was once a great mass of white-hot gas whirling about in space and getting smaller and hotter all the time. As the gas cloud grew smaller, it threw off rings of gas. Each of these rings condensed to form a planet, and the rest of the mass shrank into the center to become the sun.Another explanation is called the planetesimal theory. According to this, millions and millions of years ago, there was a huge mass made up of small, solid bodies called planetesimals, with the sun at the center. Agreat star came along and pulled on the sun so that parts of it broke away. These parts picked up the tiny planetesimals the way a rolling snowball picks up snow, and they became planets.Whichever theory is right, astronomers have figured out that it all probably happened about 5,500,000,000 years ago! But other scientists besides astronomers have tackled this question. They tried to find the answer by studying how long it took for the earth to become the way we know it. They studied the length of time it takes to wear down the oldest mountains, or the time needed for the oceans to collect the salt they now contain.After all their studies, these scientists agree with the astronomers: The earth is about 5,500,000,000 years old!【参考译文】地球的年龄地球已经存在多长时间这一问题，也许很难有个确切的答案。
自古以来，人们一直都在猜测地球的年龄，有过各种神话故事和动人传说，也似曾有过一些不同的答案。
约从400年前开始，人们才从科学的角度去探索和揭示这个奥秘。
当时的科学家证实了“地球围绕太阳运转”的基本事实（换言之，地球当属太阳系的一部分），此后，科学家也就真正懂得应该如何着手去探索和揭示地球的奥秘。
假如真想找到有关地球年龄的答案，首先就应了解太阳系的形成过程。
那么，太阳和其他行星究竟是如何形成的呢？最初曾有科学家提出一种理论，称之为星云假说。
根据这种理论，很久以前曾有一个巨大的白热气团，这个巨大气团总在太空中不停地回旋，气团越变越小，而且愈加炙热。
随着气团逐渐缩小，若干气环脱离气团。
每个脱离的气环经过冷凝之后演变成为一颗新的行星，逐渐缩小的气团被卷入核心之后最终变成了太阳。
另有一种理论称为微星假说。
根据这一假说，若干万亿年以前，曾经有个以太阳为中心的大气团，它是由若干小块而坚硬的星体所组成，它们叫微星。
有一次，另外一颗大恒星朝着这个大气团的方向移动，那颗大恒星的引力牵动了这个大气团中心的太阳，结果导致了大恒星的局部残裂，若干破裂的小星块滚雪球般地吸引着不同的微星，终而形成一些新的行星。
无论上述哪种理论正确，天文学家已经基本测出地球的形成时期，即地球早在55亿年前就已形成！除天文学家外，其他领域的科学家也致力于研究地球的演变过程，测算地球演变至今所需花费或经历的时间，他们几乎殊途同归，同样揭开了千古之谜。
这些科学家主要通过研究原始山脉遭受磨损的程度及其历时，抑或通过测算海水所含盐量、海盐累积速率以及海水盐度变化历时等。
其他领域的科学家通过不同手段的研究，最终得出相同的研究结论，他们完全赞同天文学家的下述观点：地球如今已有55亿岁的高龄了！Text Two:The Atmosphere of the EarthAs we read about man's plans to explore the moon and other planets, we often come across the question of an atmosphere. Do other planets have an atmosphere, too?As far as scientists know，there is no other planet or star that has an atmosphere like ours. What is atmosphere? We can think of it as a great ocean of air that surrounds the earth and that extends up for hundreds of miles.This ocean of air is just about the same the world over. In general, it consists of certain gases which are always found in the same proportions. About 78 percent of it is nitrogen, about 21 percent oxygen, and the remaining one percent consists of what are called rare gases- argon, neon，helium, krypton, and xenon.The air that blankets the earth has the same chemical composition up to a height of about 18 miles, though it may be that this figure goes as high as 44 miles. When you reach the top layer of this atmosphere, you are at the end of what is called the troposphere. This is the layer nearest the earth.At 18 to 31 miles above the earth's surface, there is a layer of hot air, probably about 108 degrees Fahrenheit. The warmth is caused by the absorption of heat from the sun by the ozone which is present. Ozone is aspecial form of oxygen in which a molecule consists of three atoms of oxygen instead of the usual two. The hot ozone layer serves to protect us from the most active of the ultraviolet rays of the sun. Without it，we could not stand the sun's light.Still higher up is a layer, or series of layers, of the atmosphere called the ionosphere. This extends from about 44 miles to 310 miles above the earth. It consists of particles electrified by the sun.The molecules in the air are in constant motion. The atmosphere can be maintained only if the molecules keep colliding with others so they can't escape. But as we go higher and higher, the air becomes thinner. The chances become very small that a molecule from below will bounce back from a collision with a molecule above. So the molecules escape to outer space and our atmosphere thins out into nothingness. There is a region called the exosphere where escaped molecules move about freely, which starts at about 400 miles and extends up to about 1,500 miles.【参考译文】地球的大气层谈到人类探索月球和其他星球计划时，常会遇到“大气层”这个问题，其他星球也存在同样的问题吗？就科学家所知，其他行星或恒星并不像地球一样拥有大气层。