英国公司法(修改版).
第一章 英国公司法概况
第三节 股东、董事和债权人
公司的股东（或“成员”） 公司的董事以及较低层次的高级经理 公司的债权人（他可能有担保也可能没有）
第一章 英国公司法概况一来自董事听从公司支配股东的命令
自己采取和实施战略决议
监督公司的高级雇员执行管理任务
第一章 英国公司法概况
二、股东
第一章 英国公司法概况
揭开公司面纱（lifting the veil of incorporation） 在某些特定情况下，继续维护公司的独立人 格和有限责任将使债权人的利益受到不法侵害乃 至影响法律的正义和公平 ，公司的面纱可以被 揭开，从而使股东或管理层对公司债务直接承担 责任。
第一章 英国公司法概况
（1）实施对公司的最终控制
股东的两种权利
（2）接受他们投资于股票的资金收益
股东的权利本质上是股东同公司的一种协议
第一章 英国公司法概况
三、债权人
（1）提供商品或服务给公司但没有获得支付的人
（2）遭受到公司作出的过错行为而没有获得赔偿 的人
（3）提供给公司中长期贷款的人
第一章 英国公司法概况
第四节 公司的核心特征
第一章 英国公司法概况
法的渊源指法的各种具体表现形式。英国公 司法主要包括以下几个方面的渊源： 一、成文法 1985年公司法 1986年破产法 1986年金融服务法 2000年金融服务和市场法 二、普通法 法院的判例所积累形成的规制 三、欧盟公司法指令
第一章 英国公司法概况
四、公司备忘录和章程 备忘录和章程相当于公司与股东之间、股 东与股东之间达成的协议 五、法律书籍、期刊等刊物
（1）承认公司作为一个实体区别于它所有的股 东————独立的法人格（独立人格） （2）股东的有限责任————有限责任 （3）与股东分离的专门管理————集中管理 （4）股东利益转让的便利————股份自由转让 （5）公司成员对公司控制权的分配以及公司营运 利润的权利分配————控制权和利润收取权
第一章 英国公司法概况
2. 独立人格的空洞化
英国《1985年公司法》第24条规定，如果一 个公司开展经营超过6个月，并且只有一名股东而 该股东知道公司只有其一名股东的，该股东对公司 签订的合同承担责任。
3. 滥用公司独立人格
CLIC公司只有7名股东，其中D和G是公司唯一的董事和经 理。CLIC公司通过合同从另一家公司处购买了经营采石场 的许可证。CLIC公司在英格兰设立了一个规模较小的 WSQL公司，将经营许可证卖给该公司，对价是现金 10500英镑，债券2000英镑，以及该公司总值为5500英镑 的全额缴付的股份（该股份为每股1英镑）。D和G登记了 WSQL公司，其股东和董事都是公司的发起人。WSQL公 司向CLIC公司交付了全额缴付的股份5500股和2000英镑 的债券。D和G接着准备招股说明书，邀请公众认购2000 份每份为10英镑的债券，随着公众认购债券资金的进入， WSQL公司向CLIC公司支付了9000英镑的现金，但是被D 和G各自瓜分了。WSQL公司的股东是7个在备忘录上签名 的人，并在CLIC公司持有5500股。合同和招募说明书披 露了CLIC公司是WSQL公司的发起人和许可证的卖主，并
揭开公司面纱的具体情况 1．出资不足 英国《1985年公司法》第117条规定了公众公 司的最低资本要求，如果公司在没有具备最低 资本的情况下与第三人发生交易并且事后无法 履行协议，第三人因此遭受损失的，董事应对 第三人的损失承担连带清偿责任。
公众公司是指向不特定对象公开转让股票，或
向特定对象发行或转让股票使股东人数超过200
第一章 英国公司法概况
二、英国公司的历史 个体经营 东印度公司 行业协会 特许状或特殊议案
第一章 英国公司法概况
第二节
英国公司法的历史
1844年股份公司法 1855年有限责任法 1856年股份公司法（奠定了英国公司法体系的根基） 1862年、1908年、1929年公司法 1948年公司法 1967年公司法 1976年公司法 1980年公司法 1981年公司法
第一章 英国公司法概况
独立法人格的例外 （1）股东没有实际出资或者出资数额未达到其 承诺认缴数额，以致严重影响了公司的偿债 能力，董事明知出资瑕疵情况而仍然与第三 人从事交易； （2）公司以欺诈的手段骗取合同利益，而股东 或董事对此负有不可推卸的责任； （3）股东违反规定分红或以其他方式分配利润， 影响到债权人利益； （4）公司变成股东的工具。
英国公司法
张雪娥 天津科技大学 zhangxuee@
第一章 英国公司法概况
第一节 公司的含义 一、公司与企业
企业（firm），指在较长时间内一群人的集合体。 人们聚集在一起组成一个单位，在这个单位中每 个人都有分工，分工使得整个集合体的工作更有 效率。 公司（corporation），是企业的一种表现形式， 是资本工具，投资者把资本投入公司，分享公司 的利润，承担经营失败的风险。
第一章 英国公司法概况
一、独立的法人格
公司享有独立的法人财产权，股东对 公司财产没有所有权，只享有财产性质的 分红权、剩余价值索取权和其他非财产性 的权利。 英国在19世纪末就确立了公司的独立 法人人格，经典案例是罗门诉所罗门 （Salomon v. Salomon）案
Salomon先生把自己的财产折合成38782英镑， 卖给了一个有限责任公司。该公司由Salomon先 生、他的妻子、女儿和四个儿子组成。该公司的 名义股本为40000股，每一股1英镑，其中 Salomon先生持有已全额缴付的20000股，其他6 个股东每人1股。此外，该公司还向Salomon发 行了一份金额为10000英镑、带有浮动担保的债 券，并且支付了8728英镑的现金。这样的安排， 使得Salomon先生能以票数胜过其余6名股东从 而获得对该公司的控制权。该公司除了20007股 股份外，没有发行其他股份。所有的手续都符合 1862年公司法。Salomon先生被任命为执行董事 。后来公司清算，在兑付了债券后剩余财产无法 清偿普通债权人。
英国公司章程_中文(3篇)
第1篇第一章总则第一条本章程依据《英国公司法》（Companies Act 2006）制定，适用于[公司名称]（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”），以规范公司的组织、管理和运营。
第二条公司为依照英国法律注册成立的[股份有限公司/有限责任公司]，其注册地为[注册地址]。
第三条公司的宗旨是：[公司宗旨描述，如提供某种产品或服务，追求某种社会或经济目标等]。
第二章股东第四条公司的股东为[公司名称]，其注册资本为[注册资本金额]英镑。
第五条股东的权利：1. 参加股东大会，有表决权；2. 依照公司章程和英国法律，转让或出售其持有的股份；3. 收取股息；4. 在公司清算时，依照其持股比例，分得剩余财产；5. 查阅公司章程、股东名册、董事会会议记录和财务会计报告；6. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他权利。
第六条股东的义务：1. 遵守公司章程；2. 按时足额缴纳股款；3. 不得滥用股东权利损害公司或其他股东的利益；4. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他义务。
第三章股东大会第七条股东大会是公司的最高权力机构，由全体股东组成。
第八条股东大会的职权：1. 审议和批准公司的年度报告和财务会计报告；2. 选举和罢免董事；3. 修改公司章程；4. 决定公司的合并、分立、解散和清算；5. 决定公司增资或减资；6. 决定公司发行新股；7. 决定公司利润的分配；8. 决定公司重要事项；9. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他职权。
第九条股东大会分为年度股东大会和临时股东大会。
第十条年度股东大会应当于每个财政年度结束后六个月内召开。
第十一条临时股东大会的召开，由董事会或持有公司10%以上股份的股东提议。
第十二条股东大会应当以书面形式通知全体股东，通知中应载明会议的时间、地点、议程和股东应准备的资料。
第四章董事会第十三条董事会由[董事会人数]名董事组成，由股东大会选举产生。
第十四条董事会的职权：1. 指导公司的经营和管理；2. 执行股东大会的决议；3. 选举和罢免董事长；4. 制定公司的发展战略、经营计划和投资方案；5. 决定公司的重大事项；6. 任命和解除公司高级管理人员；7. 制定公司内部管理制度；8. 法律、法规和公司章程规定的其他职权。
英国公司法
英国公司法（Company Law）第一章注册公司的法律特征Company Law: Fundamental Principles, （2nd ed.） Stephen Griffin LLB, PITMAN Publishing, 1996THE LEGAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A REGISTERED COMPANY本章主要讲述了注册公司的基本法律特征及其发展的历史。
公司在一定意义上可以被看作是一个虚构的实体，它只不过是其管理者和员工按照团体模式经营的一种方式或手段。
依照大陆法系的分类，这种观点似乎可以被看作是法人拟制说。
但是在法律上，按照公司法的规定注册的公司，这种虚构的本质在这种程度上被忽视了，从公司成立之日起，它就是一个公司实体。
正因为如此，注册公司是一个独立的法律主体，它像一个自然人那样享有权利和承担义务。
这是公司的第一个重要的特征。
除此之外，大量的公司都具有有限责任的特点。
公司的有限责任分为股份的有限和保证的有限。
（除有特别说明，本书将主要讲股份的有限。
）有限责任是指公司股东一旦（以股票的名义价值）完全出资认购了所持有的股份，他就不再对公司的债务承担任何责任。
公司的成立导致了公司和其股东地位的分离。
因此，公司的存在不再依赖于其成员的存在于否。
成立这样一个公司最大的好处是股东的有限责任，但最大的缺点是商业隐私的缺失。
与合伙不同，注册公司必须满足许多关于披露信息的要求。
公司的概念产生于19世纪中期，但在此之前，就已存在现代公司的前身。
首先产生的是特许公司。
从17世纪起，随着世界船舶贸易的发展，特许的股份公司产生了。
股份公司是一个通过王室特许产生的，有着复杂形式的合伙企业。
特许状通常授予其在特定贸易中的垄断权。
这种公司虽然也具有独立的法律身份，但是除非特许状有特殊规定，这种企业的成员没有任何形式的有限责任。
随着股份公司的发展，股票交易也日益增多。
到18世纪前期，股票成为一些公司投机的手段。
英国公司法
英国公司法（Company Law）第十章有限责任公司股份的法律性质和特征--------------------------------------------------------------------------------作者：明月孤岑文章来源：竹月斋发表于2006年10月21日Company Law: Fundamental Principles, （2nd ed.）Stephen Griffin LLB, PITMAN Publishing, 1996THE LEGAL NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLDING SHARES IN A LIMITED COMPANY本章的目的是探讨不同种类的有限公司股份的法律特征，以及法院和国务大臣对股份所有权所施加的限制。
股票代表股东在公司的权益，这种权益以一定数量的金钱来衡量。
它首先包括义务，其次包括权利，但是也包括所有股东缔结的一系列双向契约。
股票的名义价值或票面价值（the nominal value）是指股东从公司购买股票所支付的最低价。
如果公司以高于票面价值的价格卖出股票，则实际价格和票面价格的差额被称为“股票溢价”（share premium），并应记载于股票溢价帐户上。
公司成员，正如我们在前面经常看到的，与股东不是一个相同的概念。
在以下几种情况下，一个人可以成为公司的成员：1、公司成立时，在公司的备忘录上签署；2、向公司成功地申请购买股票；3、向公司现有的股东购买股票；4、因公司成员的死亡或破产而继受股票。
尽管在大多数情况下，“成员”和“股东”是可以相互转换的两个名称，但有时，公司成员不是股东，而股东也可以不是成员。
例如，保证有限责任公司有成员，但没有股东。
CA1985规定，公司应当对其成员的名称、地址以及其持股程度做记录。
如果成员记录中的一些重要细节有错误时，法律规定可以修改。
股票的发行（issue）或配售（allot）通常是公司董事会决议的结果，而董事会必须有发行股票的权力。
BVI 公司法,中文版
英属维尔京群岛(BVI)公司法1984年（修订版）目录第一部分简称和注释第一条简称第二条注释第二部分公司的设立第三条成立第四条成立的限制第五条国际公司的要求第六条不符合第五条规定要求的后果第七条个人责任第八条营业目的第九条权限第十条公司行为的合法性第十一条公司名称第十二条公司组织大纲第十三条公司章程第十四条登记第十五条公司注册证书第十六条公司组织大纲和公司章程的修改第十七条为社员准备的公司组织大纲和公司章程的副本第三部分资本和股利第十七条A 分派股票的权限第十八条股票对价的完全支付第十九条股票对价的种类第十九条A 股票的没收第二十条股票对价的金额第二十一条零头股票第二十一条A 以几种货币表示的授权资本第二十二条股本和盈余额帐户第二十三条股票的盈余第二十四条授权资本的增加或减少第二十五条分割和合并第二十六条股票的特征第二十七条股票证书第二十八条股票登记册第二十九条股票登记册的修正第三十条记名股票的转让第三十一条不记名股票的转让第三十二条没收股票第三十三条取得公司自身的股票第三十四条法律资格欠缺的库存股票第三十五条资本的增加或减少第三十六条股利第三十七条资产的增值第三十七条A 股票的抵押第四部分注册办公室和代理人第三十八条注册办公室第三十九条注册代理人第四十条本条已废除第四十条A 注册代理人登记册第四十一条违反第三十八条和第三十九条应处的罚款第五部分董事、高级职员、代理人和清算人第四十二条董事的管理第四十三条董事的选举、任期和免职第四十三条A 非强制性的董事登记册第四十四条董事的数量第四十五条董事的权力第四十六条董事的报酬第四十七条董事会第四十八条董事会议第四十九条董事会议的通知第五十条董事会议的法定人数第五十一条董事的同意第五十二条董事的代表人第五十三条高级职员和代理人第五十四条谨慎的标准第五十五条对记录和汇报的信任第五十六条利益的冲突第五十七条免于受罚第五十八条董事责任险保险第六部分对社员和债权人的保护第五十九条社员会议第六十条社员会议的通知第六十一条社员会议的法定人数第六十二条社员的投票第六十二条A 表决信托第六十三条社员的同意第六十四条给社员的通知的送达第六十五条给公司的传票等的送达第六十六条帐簿、记录和公章第六十七条检查帐簿和记录第六十八条普通合同第六十九条公司成立前订立的合同第七十条支付或转让合同第七十一条A 非强制性的抵押登记第七十一条本票和汇票第七十二条代理人的权限第七十三条证明或认证第七十四条无社员的公司第七部分兼并、合并、资产出售、强制赎回、重组和异议者第七十五条对第八部分的有关术语的解释第七十六条兼并和合并第七十七条与子公司的合并第七十八条兼并或合并的效力第七十九条与外国公司的兼并或合并第八十条资产的处分第八十一条对少数股票的赎回第八十二条重组第八十三条异议股东的权利第八部分存续第八十四条公司的延续第八十五条临时登记第八十六条延续证书第八十七条延续的效力第八十八条根据外国法律进行的延续第九部分清盘和剔除第八十九条强制清盘第九十条自愿清盘第九十一条董事在公司清盘中的权限第九十二条清算人的职责第九十三条清算人的权限第九十四条清盘的程序第九十五条清盘的撤销第九十六条不能支付债务等的公司的清盘第九十七条由法院决定进行的清盘第九十八条接管官和财务管理人第九十九条剔除第一百条恢复到登记册中第一百零一条剔除的效力第一百零二条法定财产清算人的任命第一百零三条已被剔除的公司的清盘第十部分费用和罚款第一百零四条费用第一百零五条执照费第一百零六条向登记官缴纳的罚款第一百零七条罚款等的追缴第一百零八条被剔除的公司对费用等承担责任第一百零九条费用等被纳入统一基金第一百二十条向登记官缴纳的费用第十一部分所得税、印花税和文件的登记第一百一十条A 免除纲税义务等第一百一十条B 非强制性的登记册的登记第一百一十一条非强制性的抵押登记第十二部分杂项第一百一十二条条例第一百一十三条证书的形式第一百一十四条良好信誉第一百一十五条文件的检查第一百一十六条管辖权第一百一十七条法院的声明第一百一十八条法官判案第一百一十九条开始生效第一部分简称和定义简称第一条这部法律可以被援引为1984年国际公司法。
公司法(中英)
Order of the President(No. 42 [2005])The Company Law of the People's Republic of China was amended and adopted at the 18th session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on October 27, 2005. The amended Company Law of the People's Republic of China is hereby promulgated and shall come into force on January 1, 2006.President of the People's Republic of China Hu JintaoOctober 27, 2005Company Law of the People's Republic of China(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on December 29, 1993. Revised for the first time on December 25, 1999 according to the Decision of the Thirteenth Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth People's Congress on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China. Revised for the second time on August 28, 2004 according to the Decision of the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China. Revised for the third time at the 18th Session of the 10th National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on October 27, 2005)ContentsChapter I General ProvisionsChapter II Establishment and Organizational Structure of A Limited Liability Company中华人民共和国主席令（第42号）《中华人民共和国公司法》已由中华人民共和国第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议于2005年10月27日修订通过，现将修订后的《中华人民共和国公司法》公布，自2006年1月1日起施行。
公司法 英文版
新《公司法》(英文版法条)Company Law of the People's Republic of China(The Company Law of the People’s Republic of China has been amended and adopted by the 18th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on October 27, 2005. This Law, as amended, is hereby promulgated and will come into force on January 1, 2006.)Chapter One: General ProvisionsChapter Two: Incorporation and Organizational Structure of a Limited Liability Company Section One IncorporationSection Two Organizational StructureSection Three Special Provisions on One-Person Limited Liability CompaniesSection Four Special Provisions on Wholly State-owned CompaniesChapter Three: Share Transfer of a Limited Liability CompanyChapter Four: Establishment and Organizational Structure of a Joint Stock Limited Company Section One EstablishmentSection Two General Meeting of ShareholdersSection Three Board of Directors and General ManagerSection Four Board of SupervisorsChapter Five Issue and Transfer of Shares of Joint Stock Limited CompaniesSection One Issue of SharesSection Two Assignment Of SharesChapter Six: Qualifications and Obligations of Directors, Supervisors and Senior OfficersChapter Seven: Company BondsChapter Eight : Financial and Accounting Affairs of CompanyChapter Nine:Merger and Division of Company, Increase and Decrease of Registered CapitalChapter Ten: Dissolution and Liquidation of CompanyChapter Eleven : Branch of Foreign CompanyChapter Twelve: Legal LiabilitiesChapter Thirteen : Supplementary ProvisionsChapter One: General ProvisionsArticle 1This Law is enacted in order to standardize the organization and activities of companies, to protect the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors, to maintain the socio-economic order and to promote the development of the socialist market economy.Article 2The term 'company' referred to in this Law means a limited liability company or a joint stock limited company incorporated within the territory of the People's Republic of China in accordance with this Law.Article 3A company is an enterprise legal person that shall enjoy the right to the entire independent property of the legal person. A company shall be liable for its debts to the extent of all its assets. In the case of a limited liability company, shareholders shall assume liability towards the company to the extent of their respective capital contributions. In the case of a joint stock limited company, shareholders shall assume liability towards the company to the extent of their respective shareholdings.Article 4The shareholders of a company shall enjoy such rights as benefiting from assets of the company, making major decisions and selecting managerial personnel in accordance with the law.Article 5In conducting its business, a company must abide by laws and administrative rules and regulations, observe social morals and business ethics, conduct businesses in good faith, subject itself to the supervision of the government and the public and fulfill social responsibilities.The company's lawful rights and interests are protected by law and shall not be infringed upon.Article 6A company shall apply to the company registration authority for establishment registration. Companies meeting the conditions set by this Law shall be registered as limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies; while companies failing to meet the conditions set by this Law shall not be registered as limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.Where laws, administrative rules and regulations provide that incorporation of companies must be subject to examination and approval, the procedures of examination and approvalshall be completed according to law prior to the registration of such companies.The public may inquire about registration items from the company registration authority. The company registration authority shall provide such inquiry service.Article 7The company registration authority shall grant registration and issue a business license to a company that is established in accordance with the law. The date of the issuance of the company business license shall be the date of the incorporation of the company.The business license shall specify the name and domicile of the company, registered capital, paid-in capital, business scope, the name of the legal representative, etc. In the event of any change to the registration item of the business license, a company shall undergo alteration registration procedures with the company registration authority in accordance with the law, after which a new business license shall be issued to the company.Article 8A limited liability company established according with this Law must clearly indicate the words 'limited liability company' in its name.A joint stock limited company established according to this Law must clearly indicate the words 'joint stock limited company' or ‘joint stock company’ in its name.Article 9If a limited liability company is to be converted into a joint stock limited company, it shall satisfy the requirements for a joint stock limited company stipulated by this Law. If a joint stock limited company is to be converted into a limited liability company, it shall satisfy the requirements for a limited liability company stipulated by this Law. Where a limited liability company is converted into a joint stock limited company or vice versa, the claims and debts of the original company shall be succeeded to by the company into which it is converted.Article 10A company's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative organization is located.Article 11Articles of association must be formulated in accordance with the law when a company is incorporated. A company's articles of association shall have binding force on the company, its shareholders, directors, supervisors and senior officers.Article 12A company's scope of business shall be defined in its articles of association and registered in accordance with the law. A company may change its scope of business by amending its articles of association but shall register such amendments with the company registration authority.Items within the company's business scope that are subject to verifications under laws, administrative rules and regulations shall be approved in accordance with the law.Article 13The legal representative of a company may be represented by the chairman, executive director or manager of a company in compliance with its articles of association and registered in accordance with the law. In the event of any change of the legal representative of a company, such change shall be registered in accordance with the law.Article 14A company may establish branches. The company, in establishing its branch(es), shall conduct establishment registration procedures with the company registration authority and obtain the business license(s). The branches shall not possess the status of enterprise legal persons and whose civil liabilities shall be borne by the company.A company may establish subsidiaries, which shall possess the status of enterprise legal persons, and shall independently bear civil liabilities in accordance with the law.Article 15A company may invest in other enterprises, however, unless otherwise stipulated by the law, the company making such investment shall not bear joint and several liability for the debts of the enterprise in which the company invests.Article 16Investments in other enterprises or provisions of security by a company shall be determined by its board of directors, shareholders meeting or general meeting of shareholders in compliance with its articles of association. Where the limit of the aggregate amount of investment or security extended by a company or, the amount of investment or security extended in each case is set out in the articles of association, the actual amount of investment or security shall not exceed such limit. Security provided by a company to its shareholders or actual controller shall be determined by the shareholders meeting or the general meeting of shareholders of the company.The shareholders described in the preceding paragraph or the shareholders dominated by the actual controller described in the preceding paragraph shall not participate in the voting process on the matters described in the preceding paragraph. The vote on such matters shall be adopted by more than half of all the other shareholders attending the meeting.Article 17Companies must protect the lawful rights and interests of their staff and workers, sign labor contracts with them and cover them with social insurances in accordance with the law, and strengthen labor protection so as to achieve safety in production.Companies shall apply various forms to strengthen professional education and on-the-job training of their staff and workers so as to improve their skills and capabilities.Article 18Company's staff and workers shall, in accordance with the Trade Union Law of the People’s Republic of China, organize a trade union to carry out the trade union activities and protectthe lawful rights and interests of the staff and workers. The company shall provide its trade union with conditions necessary for carrying out its activities. The trade union may represent the staff and workers to enter into a collective contract with the company in respect of the remuneration, work hours, welfare, insurance, labor security, etc. in accordance with the law.Companies shall, through the congress of the workers and staff members or other forms, practice democratic management in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and relevant laws.A company shall seek advices from its trade union when discussing and deciding upon important issues on the restructuring or operation of the company, or formulating important rules and regulations and shall, through the congress of the workers and staff members or other forms, seek advice and suggestions from its staff and workers.Article 19The organizations of the Communist Party of China may be established in companies and carry out their activities in accordance with the Constitution of the Communist Party of China. Companies shall provide the organizations of the Communist Party of China with conditions necessary for carrying out their activities.Article 20The shareholders of a company shall exercise their shareholders’rights in compliance with laws, administrative rules and regulations as well as the articles of association of the company, shall not abuse their shareholders’ rights to injure the interests of the company or other shareholders, or take advantage of the company’s independent status or the limited liability of shareholders to injure the interests of the company’s creditors.Where the abuse of shareholders’ rights causes any loss to the company or other shareholders, such abusive shareholder shall be liable for compensation in accordance with the law.Where shareholders of a company take advantage of the company’s independent status or the limited liability of shareholders to disregard debts and seriously injures the interests of the company’s creditors, such shareholders shall bear joint and several liability for the debts ofthe company.Article 21The controlling shareholders, actual controllers, directors, supervisors or senior officers of a company shall not take advantage of their affiliations with others in an attempt to harm the company’s interests and, where any losses are incurred in violation hereof, shall be liable for compensation.Article 22Any resolution against laws and administrative rules and regulations that is adopted by the shareholders meeting, the general meeting of shareholders or the board of directors of a company shall be null and void.Where the convening of shareholders meeting, general meeting of shareholders or board of directors of a company or the voting method violates laws, administrative rules and regulations or the articles of association of the company, or the resolution thereof contravenes the articles of association of the company, shareholders may, within sixty (60) days of the resolution, apply to the people’s court for revocation.Where shareholders file suit in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a people’s court may, at the company’s request, order the shareholders to provide relevant security.Where the company has effected alteration registration according to the resolution of shareholders meeting, general meeting of shareholders or board of directors, the company shall, after the people’s court declares such resolution null and void or revokes the same, shall apply to the company registration authority for cancellation of its alteration registration.Chapter Two: Incorporation and Organizational Structure of a Limited Liability CompanySection One IncorporationArticle 23The following conditions shall be fulfilled for the incorporation of a limited liability company:(1) The number of shareholders conforms to the statutory quorum;(2) The capital contributions of the shareholders reach the statutory minimum amount of capital;(3) The shareholders have jointly formulated the articles of association of the company;(4) The company has a name and an organizational structure established in compliance with the requirements for a limited liability company; and(5) The company has a domicile.Article 24A limited liability company shall be incorporated by not more than fifty (50) shareholders.Article 25The articles of association of a limited liability company shall specify the following particulars:(1) the name and domicile of the company;(2) the scope of business of the company;(3) the registered capital of the company;(4) the names or titles of the shareholders;(5) the method, amount and time of capital contributions by the shareholders;(6) the organization of the company, its method of creation, functions and powers and therules of procedure;(7) the legal representative of the company;(8) other items which the shareholders deem necessary to be specified. Shareholders shall sign and execute the article of association of the company.Article 26The registered capital of a limited liability company shall be the amount of the paid-up capital contributions of all its shareholders as registered with the company registration authority. The amount of the initial investment contributed by all shareholders shall not be lower than twenty percent (20%) of the registered capital or the minimum amount prescribed by the law, the remaining of which shall be fully paid up within two years of the establishment of the company. In the case of an investment company, the remaining amount of the registered capital may be paid up within five years of the establishment of the company. The minimum amount of the registered capital of a limited liability company shall be RMB 30, 000. Where laws and administrative regulations provide for more than the minimum amount, such provisions shall apply.Article 27Except for assets forbidden to be used as contribution by laws and administrative regulations, a shareholder may make its capital contributions to a company in currency or by contributing such non-currency property as material objects, intellectual property rights and land-use rights that can be evaluated in the form of currency and transferred in accordance with the law.The non-currency property to be contributed as capital shall undergo an asset valuation and verification, and shall not be overvalued or undervalued. Where there are other provisions of laws and administrative regulations on the valuation and verification of non-currency property, such provisions shall apply.The amount of the capital contributions in currency shall not be lower than thirty percent (30%) of the amount of the registered capital of the limited liability company.Article 28Each shareholder shall make in full the amount of the capital contribution subscribed for under the articles of association of the company. Where a shareholder makes its capital contribution in currency, it shall deposit the full amount of such capital contribution in currency in the bank account opened by the limited liability company to be established. Where a shareholder makes its capital contribution in the form of non-currency property, the property rights therein shall be transferred in accordance with legally prescribed procedures.Shareholders failing to make full capital contributions they have subscribed for in accordance with the preceding paragraph shall, they shall, in addition to making the contributions in full, be liable for breach of contract towards the shareholders who have made full capital contributions.Article 29After all shareholders have made their capital contributions in full, such contributions must be verified by a statutory capital verification institution which shall issue capital verification certificates.Article 30After the initial capital contributions of the shareholders have been verified by a statutory capital verification institution, application shall be made to the company registration authority for registration of the incorporation of the company by a representative designated by all the shareholders or by an agent jointly entrusted by them, who shall submit such documents as an application for registration, the articles of association and the capital verification certificate.Article 31Where, after the incorporation of a limited liability company, it is discovered that the actual value of the non-currency property contributed as capital is notably less than the value stated in the articles of association, the shareholders that made such contributions shall make up the difference. Those who are shareholders at the time of the incorporation of the companyshall bear joint and several liability therefor.Article 32After a limited liability company has been incorporated, it shall issue capital contribution certificates to its shareholders.A capital contribution certificates shall specify the following items:(1) the name of the company;(2) the registration date of the company;(3) the registered capital of the company;(4) the name or title of the shareholder, the amount and date of its capital contribution;(5) the serial number of the capital contribution certificate and the date of its verification and issuance. A capital contribution certificate shall bear the seal of the company on it.Article 33A limited liability company shall prepare a roster of its shareholders with the following items therein:(1) the names or titles and domiciles of the shareholders;(2) the amounts of capital contributions of the shareholders; and(3) the serial numbers of the capital contribution certificates.The shareholders recorded in the roster of shareholders may claim and exercise the right of shareholders on the strength of the roster of shareholders.The company shall register the names of shareholders and the amount of capital contributions of the shareholders with the company registration authority and, in the event of any change thereof, apply for alteration registration. Unless duly registered, theabove-mentioned items and any changes thereof shall not be a defense against a third party.Article 34A shareholder shall have the right to view the articles of association, the minutes of shareholders meetings, resolutions of board of directors and board of supervisors and the financial and accounting reports of the company.Shareholders may view the accounting books and reports of the company. For this purpose, they shall submit a written request and state reasons. Where the company reasonably believes that shareholders have unjust purposes in viewing the accounting books and reports which may harm the legal rights and interests of the company, the company may refuse such request and shall, within fifteen (15) days of such request, reply in written form and state reasons. Given such, shareholders may apply to the people’s court for an order under which the company shall provide the shareholders with such references.Article 35Unless otherwise agreed upon by all shareholders, shareholders shall draw dividends in proportion to their actual capital contributions and, where a company increases capital, shall have priority in subscription for new shares in proportion to their actual contributions.Article 36Once a company is registered, its shareholders shall not withdraw their capital contributions.Section Two Organizational StructureArticle 37The shareholders meeting of a limited liability company shall be composed of all the shareholders. The shareholders meeting shall be the organ of power of the company and shall exercise its functions and powers in accordance with this Law.The shareholders meeting shall exercise the following functions and powers:(1) to decide on the business policy and investment plan of the company;(2) to elect and recall directors and supervisors whose posts are not taken by the representatives of the staff and workers, and to decide on matters concerning the remuneration of directors and supervisors;(3) to examine and approve reports of the board of directors;(4) to examine and approve reports of the supervisory board or supervisors;(5) to examine and approve the annual financial budget plan and final accounts plan of the company;(6) to examine and approve plans for profit distribution of the company and plans for making up losses;(7) to adopt resolutions on the increase or reduction of the registered capital of the company;(8) to adopt resolutions on the issuance of company bonds;(9) to adopt resolutions on matters such as the merger, division, transformation, dissolution and liquidation of the company;(10) to amend the articles of association of the company;(11) to exercise other functions and powers provided for in the articles of association.Where a unanimous consent on the matters described above is achieved in writing by shareholders, the company may directly make decisions that shall be signed and executed by all shareholders instead of convening a shareholders meeting.The first meeting of the shareholders of a company shall be convened and presided over by the shareholder who has made the biggest capital contribution to the company and shall exercise its functions and powers in accordance with this Law.Article 40Shareholders meetings shall be divided into regular meetings and interim meetings. Regular shareholders meetings shall be convened on time as stipulated by the articles of association of the company. Interim shareholders meetings may be convened upon proposal made by shareholders representing more than one-tenth of voting rights or by more than one-third of directors, or at the request of board of supervisors or the supervisors of a company absent a board of supervisors.Article 41Where a limited liability company has a board of directors, its shareholders meeting shall be convened by the board of directors and presided over by the chairman of the board. Where the chairman of the board is unable to or does not perform his function, the meeting shall be presided over by a vice-chairman. Where the vice-chairman is unable to or does not perform his function, the meeting shall be presided over by a director jointly nominated by more than half of the directors.Where a limited liability company does not form a board of directors, the shareholders meetings shall be convened and presided over by the executive director.Where the board of directors or executive director cannot or does not perform its function, the shareholders meeting shall be convened and presided over by the board of supervisors or the supervisor in the absence of a board of supervisors. Where the board of supervisors or supervisor cannot or does not perform its function, the meeting shall be convened and presided over by shareholders representing more than one-tenth of the voting rights.Article 42All shareholders shall be notified fifteen (15) days prior to the convening of a shareholders meeting, unless otherwise stipulated by the articles of association or agreed upon by all shareholders.The shareholders meeting shall prepare minutes regarding the decisions on matters considered at the meeting, which shall be signed by the shareholders present at the meeting.Article 43Shareholders shall exercise their voting rights at the shareholders meeting in proportion to their capital contributions, unless otherwise stipulated by the articles of association.Article 44Except as provided for in this Law, the rules of deliberation and voting procedures of the shareholders meeting shall be stipulated by the articles of association of the company.Resolutions of the shareholders meeting on the increase or reduction of the registered capital, the division, merger, dissolution, or transformation of the company must be adopted by shareholders of the company representing two-thirds or more of the voting rights.Article 45Except as otherwise provided for in Article 51 of this Law, a limited liability company shall have a board of directors, which shall be composed of three to thirteen members. The members of the board of directors of a limited liability company invested in and established by two or more State-owned enterprises, or by two or more other State-owned investment entities shall include representatives of the staff and workers of the company. The members of the board of directors of other limited liability companies may also include representatives of the staff and workers. Such representatives of the staff and workers shall be democratically elected by the workers and staff members of the company through the congresses or assemblies of the staff and workers or other forms. A board of directors shall have a chairman and may have a vice-chairman. The method for the creation of the chairman and vice-chairmen shall be stipulated in the articles of association of the company.Article 46The term of the directors shall be prescribed by the articles of association, provided that each term may not exceed three (3) years. A director may continue to serve his post if he is re-elected upon the expiration of his term. Where a new elect is not yet available upon expiration of a director’s term, or the number of the directors on the board is less than the quorum due to the resignation of a director within his term, such director, before the new elect takes his office, shall continue the performance of his duties in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and the articles or association.Article 47The board of directors is accountable to the shareholders meeting and shall exercise the following powers:(1) being responsible for convening shareholders meetings and presenting reports thereto;(2) implementing resolutions adopted by the shareholders meeting;(3) determining the company's operational plans and investment programs;(4) preparing annual financial budget plans and final accounting plans of the company;(5) preparing profit distribution plans and plans to cover company losses;(6) preparing plans for increasing or reducing registered capital of the company or issuing company bonds;(7) drafting plans for merger, division, change of corporate form or dissolution of the company;(8) determining the structure of the company's internal management;(9) appointing or removing the general manager of the company, appointing or removing, upon the general manager's recommendation, deputy managers of the company and the officer in charge of finance, and determining the remuneration for those officers;。
英国公司法的新近改革英国“公司法”评介
二、英国《教育改革法》的主要 内容
英国《教育改革法》主要包括四个部分：学校、高等教育和继续教育、内伦 敦的教育问题以及其他补充条款和解释。其中，“学校”部分最为重要，涵盖了 课程设置、入学办法、经费与教职员、直接拨款的公办学校和其他等五章。
在课程设置方面，法案强调了核心学科的重要性，包括数学、科学、英语等， 并要求学校为学生提供丰富多样的课程，以培养他们的全面发展。在入学办法上， 法案推行“自由学校”政策，允许家长和社区建立自己的学校，以增加教育的选 择性。在经费与教职员方面，法案实行“直接拨款学校”制度，确保所有学校都 能得到足够的经费和优秀的教职员。
首先，政府需要继续完善相关法规和政策，为公司提供更加公平公正的竞争 环境。此外，政府还需要加强对公司的监管，确保公司的合规性和透明度。
其次，企业需要按照新的公司法规定，建立现代化的公司治理结构，提高公 司的决策效率和风险管理水平。同时，企业需要加强内部监管和风险控制，防止 可能出现的风险和问题。
一、英国公司法改革的背景
随着全球经济的快速发展，各国政府逐渐认识到公司法对于促进商业发展的 重要性和必要性。在此背景下，英国政府于2014年启动了公司法改革，旨在提高 公司的竞争力和创新性，同时增加股东权益。
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二、英国公司法改革的主要内容
1、公司类型的修改
英国公司法改革对公司类型进行了修改。原有的公司类型包括私营有限公司、 公共有限公司和担保有限公司。改革后，英国取消了担保有限公司这一类型，同 时增加了一种新的公司类型——私人有限责任合伙（PLLP）。这一改革使得公司 形式更加灵活，满足了不同商事主体的需求。
该法案的实施，对英国教育产生了深远的影响。首先，它推动了公办学校的 改革，使其更加注重教育的质量和效果。其次，它提高了教育的选择性，使家长 和学生有更多的选择权。最后，它促进了教育公平，使所有学生都能享受到优质 的教育资源。
英国公司法
英国公司法（Company Law）第十章有限责任公司股份的法律性质和特征--------------------------------------------------------------------------------作者：明月孤岑文章来源：竹月斋发表于2006年10月21日CompanyLaw：FundamentalPrinciples,（2nded.）StephenGriffinLLB,PITMANPublishing,1996THE LEGAL NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLDING SHARES IN A LIMITED COMPANY本章的目的是探讨不同种类的有限公司股份的法律特征，以及法院和国务大臣对股份所有权所施加的限制。
股票代表股东在公司的权益，这种权益以一定数量的金钱来衡量。
它首先包括义务，其次包括权利，但是也包括所有股东缔结的一系列双向契约。
股票的名义价值或票面价值（thenominal value）是指股东从公司购买股票所支付的最低价。
如果公司以高于票面价值的价格卖出股票，则实际价格和票面价格的差额被称为“股票溢价”（share premium），并应记载于股票溢价帐户上。
公司成员，正如我们在前面经常看到的，与股东不是一个相同的概念。
在以下几种情况下，一个人可以成为公司的成员：1、公司成立时，在公司的备忘录上签署；2、向公司成功地申请购买股票；3、向公司现有的股东购买股票；4、因公司成员的死亡或破产而继受股票。
尽管在大多数情况下，“成员”和“股东”是可以相互转换的两个名称，但有时，公司成员不是股东，而股东也可以不是成员。
例如，保证有限责任公司有成员，但没有股东。
CA1985规定，公司应当对其成员的名称、地址以及其持股程度做记录。
如果成员记录中的一些重要细节有错误时，法律规定可以修改。
股票的发行（issue）或配售（allot）通常是公司董事会决议的结果，而董事会必须有发行股票的权力。
公司法(中英对照版)
中华人民共和国公司法Company Law of the People's Republic of China（1993年12月29日第八届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第五次会议通过根据1999年12月25日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十三次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第一次修正根据2004年8月28日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国公司法〉的决定》第二次修正2005年10月27日第十届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议修订根据2013年12月28日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第六次会议《关于修改〈中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法〉等七部法律的决定》第三次修正）(Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth National People's Congress on December 29, 1993; amended for the first time in accordance with the Decision on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the 13 th Session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth National People's Congress on December 25, 1999; amended for the second time in accordance with the Decision on Amending the Company Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the 11th Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on August 28, 2004; Revised at 18 th Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress on October 27, 2005; and amended for the third time in accordance with the Decision on Amending Seven Laws Including the Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Sixth Session of the Standing Committee of the 12 th National People's Congress on December 28, 2013)目录Contents第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第二章有限责任公司的设立和组织机构Chapter II Establishment and Organizational Structureof A Limited Liability Company第一节设立Section 1 Establishment第二节组织机构Section 2 Organizational structure第三节一人有限责任公司的特别规定Section 3 Special Provisions on One-person LimitedLiability Companies第四节国有独资公司的特别规定Section 4 Special Provisions on Wholly State-ownedCompanies第三章有限责任公司的股权转让Chapter III Transfer of Stock Right of A Limited LiabilityCompany第四章股份有限公司的设立和组织机构Chapter IV Establishment and Organizational Structureof A Joint Stock Limited Company第一节设立Section 1 Establishment第二节股东大会Section 2 Shareholders' Assembly第三节董事会、经理Section 3 Board of Directors, Managers第四节监事会Section 4 Board of Supervisors第五节上市公司组织机构的特别规定Section 5 Special Provisions on the OrganizationalStructure of A Listed Company第五章股份有限公司的股份发行和转让Chapter V Issuance and Transfer of Shares of A JointStock Limited Company第一节股份发行Section 1 Issuance of Shares 第二节股份转让Section 2 Transfer of Shares第六章公司董事、监事、高级管理人员的资格和义务Chapter VI Qualifications and Obligations of the Directors, Supervisors and Senior Managers of A Company第七章公司债券Chapter VII Corporate Bonds第八章公司财务、会计Chapter VIII Financial Affairs and Accounting of ACompany第九章公司合并、分立、增资、减资Chapter IX Merger and Split-up of Company; Increaseand Deduction of Registered Capital第十章公司解散和清算Chapter X Dissolution and Liquidation of A Company 第十一章外国公司的分支机构Chapter XI Branches of Foreign Companies第十二章法律责任Chapter XII Legal Liabilities第十三章附则Chapter XIII Supplementary Provisions第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第一条为了规范公司的组织和行为，保护公司、股东和债权人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的发展，制定本法。
英国公司法(修改版)
第一章 英国公司法概况
法的渊源指法的各种具体表现形式。英国公 司法主要包括以下几个方面的渊源： 一、成文法 1985年公司法 1986年破产法 1986年金融服务法 2000年金融服务和市场法 二、普通法 法院的判例所积累形成的规制 三、欧盟公司法指令
第一章 英国公司法概况
四、公司备忘录和章程 备忘录和章程相当于公司与股东之间、股 东与股东之间达成的协议 五、法律书籍、期刊等刊物
第一章 英国公司法概况
（二）从股东的角度 从股东的角度保证股份转让的便利， 公司法作得相当少 。 不经同意自由转让的保证不存在与公 司法中而是存在于监管证券市场运作的规 制中。
第一章 英国公司法概况
五、控制权和利润收取权
（一）控制权 1. 对公司章程的控制 3/4的多少股东可以以他们喜欢的任何方 式修改章程。公司章程的细则部分是高度灵活 的，它被股东所控制。
7. 缴税种类与待遇
仅投资人缴纳个人所得税，企业不缴纳，属 单重征税待遇；公司缴纳企业所得税，自然人股东 所得还须缴纳个人所得税，属双重征税待遇。
第一章 英国公司法概况
8. 企业存续
投资人死亡或被宣告死亡，或无继承人或者继承人决定放 弃继承时，企业解散；公司不因股东死亡或破产等而当然 解散，公司人格具有永续性。
第一章 英国公司法概况
判决：
公司停产后两股东签署了“股东会纪要”，两 股东均应自觉按“纪要”办。两股东在是否应对乙 公司进行起诉问题上产生分歧，且至今未能取得一 致意见，故应视为本案的起诉不是甲公司的真实意 思表示，故驳回原告甲公司的起诉。案件受理费 50元由原告负担。
第一章 英国公司法概况
三、集中或专门管理
第一章 英国公司法概况