04019商务英语写作重点

名词解释写作目的(writing purpose)受众/读者(audience)构思过程(thought process)演绎式组织模式(deductive organizational patterns)归纳式组织模式(inductive organizational patterns)直接组织模式(direct organizational patterns)间接组织模式(indirect organizational patterns)写作修改的3个步骤(three distinct stages of revision: adding on; moving around; cutting out)管理沟通(managerial communication)组织沟通(organizational communication)人际关系与团队建设(human relationships and team building)销售沟通(sales communication)商务文件(business documentation)国际交流（跨文化交际）(international communication/ intercultural communication) 表达式写作(expressive writing)沟通式写作(communicative writing)简洁风格(clarity)简易风格(the plain style)简明风格(concision)附件说明信函(cover letters of résumé)3类求职信函(three general types of cover letters for job applications: the application letter; the prospecting letter; networking letter )后续询问信函(follow-up letter)致谢信函(thank-you letter)谢绝工作回复(job rejection letter)接受工作回复(job acceptance letter)辞职信函(resignation letter)告别信函(farewell letter)常见履历表格式(common résuméformats)：按年月顺序(chronological résuméformat) 按任职顺序(functional résuméformat) 复合式(combination résuméformat)简短文件(short document)信息咨询函(message to obtain information)谈判便函(messages that negotiate)说服沟通便函(persuasive messages)商务便函的特征（8C）：清晰性（clarity）正确性（correctness）具体性（concreteness）完整性（completeness）周到性（consideration）礼貌性（courtesy）简洁性（conciseness）一致性（coherence）商务备忘录版式(format of a business memo)商务备忘录功能(function of a business memo)信函结构(structure of a letter)信件和信封格式(styles of letter and envelop)会议纪要(minutes)逐字记录(verbatim minutes)决议记录(minutes of resolution)陈述记录(minutes of narration)记录内容版式(minutes’content format)会议议程(meeting agenda)会议筹划(meeting preparations)会议程序（3个环节）(meeting process: planning & preparing, conducting, and following-up)会议后续工作(follow-up activities)后续文案职责(accountability of follow-ups)书面发言写作策略(writing strategies for business presentation)书面发言的材料组织(wring organization for business presentation)书面发言用语(language used in a presentation)书面发言避讳用语(language avoided in a presentation)人际沟通的功能(functions of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的目的(purpose of interpersonal communication)人际沟通的4个阶段(four general stages in interpersonal communication)团队的特征(group characteristics)团队的角色(group roles)团队影响力(group influence)沟通结构(communication structures)企业前景(vision)企业使命(mission)企业价值观(corporate values)企业目标(goal)战略计划(strategies)政策与流程(policies and procedures)业务流程的构成要素（15个）(content of procedures) 业务流程的版式及内容(format of a procedure)商务文件的层次结构（3个）(tiers of documentation) ISO 9000质量体系(ISO 9000 Quality System )议程报告(agenda)行程安排(itinerary)费用支出报告(expense reports)项目进程报告(progress report)人事评估报告(personnel evaluation)第一手资料来源(primary sources)第二手资料来源(secondary sources)商务蓝皮书(blueprint)商务计划书(business plan)战略性计划书(strategic plan)战术性计划书(tactical plan)操作性计划书(operational plan)操作性管理(operational control)战术性管理(tactical control)战略性管理(strategic control)商务背景(business background)市场计划(marketing plan)财务预测(financial projections)行动计划(action plans)商务提案(business proposal)内部提案(internal proposal)外部提案(external proposal)招标提案(solicited proposal)非招标提案(unsolicited proposal)提案写作的简单模式(simple form for proposal writing)提案写作的复杂模式(detailed form for proposal writing)外部提案的结构要素（6个）(elements of the external proposal: introduction; problem identified and defined; objective & goal set; solutions proposed; implementation & measuring; costs and timeframe estimated)内部提案模式的内容版式(content format of internal proposal)征集提案(Request for Proposal, RFP)征集启示的基本要素(basic components of a RFP)提案评估(proposal evaluation)引证信息(documenting information)解析数据(interpreting data)常规商务报告(routine reports)任务报告(task reports)条目清单功能(itemized lists)图表辅助功能(graphic aids)标题的功能(headings)协议的本质(essence of a deal)合同的修订(contractual modifications)违约与补偿(breach of contract and remedy) 律师费用条款(attorneys fees clause)合同免责(escape from contract)第三方签字(third party signature)合同追加条款(contract rider)合同授权(authorization)商务谈判(contract negotiation)合同起草(contract drafting)合同实施(execution)合同终止(closeout)合同(contract)合同有效性(validity of contracts)要约(offer) 接受(acceptance)法定权力(capacity)Sales contracts 买卖合同Contracts for supply of power ,water,gas or heat 供应电、水、气、热力合同Contracts for loan of money 借款合同Leasing contracts 租赁合同Financial leasing contracts 承揽合同Contracts for construction projects建设工程合同Carriage contracts运输合同T echnology contracts 技术合同Safekeeping contracts 保管合同W arehousing contracts 仓库合同Agency appointment contracts 委托合同Trading-trust contracts行纪合同Brokerage contracts居间合同大题1，8C1．Clarity：keep it short；keep it simple；avoid ambiguity；write in the active voice；avoid or explain technical words；avoid using jargon；get to the point；Write in plain English 2.Correctness：link your ideas；be careful about placement of subordinateclauses；be sure that a pronoun,a participial phrase, or an appositive refers clearly to the proper subject；Make the subject and verb agree with Each Other, Not with a W ord That Comes between Them；T o join two independent clauses, Use a comma followed by a conjunction, a semicolon alone, or a semicolon followed by a sentence modifier.；Make a right choice of word；W atch out repetitive wording；Put parallel ideas in parallel constructions；3.Concreteness：use concrete words instead of abstract ones；omit qualifiers and vague expressions；use action verbs and concrete nouns；void overusing noun forms of verbs；don't change verbs into nouns；avoid unnecessary double negative；avoid noun strings；take a stand；keep acronyms under control；pleteness：make it complete by constructing a longer paragraph；use the who-does-what order and avoid padding；provide a clear message；avoid incomplete question；avoid fragment in writing；take an overall view；5.Consideration：write from the "you" perspective；emphasize the positive；handle the customer's complaint specifically；interact with the addressee in a conversational tone；avoid using inflated language；avoid using quasi-legalisms；use personal reference；use conrractions；6.Courtesy：show respect；show appreciation；avoid the problem of gender；write professionally ；7.Conciseness：eliminate"the filler"；omit repetitive wording；replace circumlocutions with direct expressions；use short words；avoid using old fashioned expessions；8.Coherence2，Message that Negotiate:1.counter-proposals:counterproposals have two objectives: first, you want to show the reader that his or her original proposal is not fully acceptable, and ,second , you want to persuade the reader to accept yourcounterproposals.2.nonnegotiable plex messages3.T ypes of meetings: 1.Sharing information and monitoring 2.decision making and problem solving3.creative/idea-generating4.legislative/administrative5.advisory6.social and ceremonial4.Minutes’content format: 1.main heading 2.time and venue 3.attendance4.chairperson5.agenda6.subtitles7.record keeper/minutes taker5.Functions of interpersonal communication:1) Gaining and giving information2) Building a context of understanding 3) Establishing identity 4) Interpersonal needs6.The dyadic life cycle：the initial stage；the formative stage；the mature stage；the severance stage7.Presentation types：purpose, audience and methods8.Writing strategies for business presentation: 1.Choosing a right topic with a clear purpose 2.Adapting your messages to the listeners ing explicit transitions ing concrete words and visuals 5.Presenting novel ideas 6.Making analogies 7. Quotations 8.Story-telling 9.Plotting conflict 10. Cutting in humor 11. Keep the material in good taste 12. Allowing for redundancy9.书面发言注意事项:1.begin with a topic sentence2.limit the number of major points you want to make to 3-4 . 3.recap your ideas or main point Presentation preparing:1.write a script, practice it, and keeo it around for quick-reference during your talk;2.set up an outline of your talk , practice with it , and bring it for reference;3.set up cue cards, practice with them ,and use them during your presentation 4.write a full script and read from it.10.商务沟通基础：Business communication drawstring draws on information derived form a wide variety of other disciplines, including (but not limited to ) linguistics, semantics , rhetoric , psychology, sociology, graphic design ,management, marketing ,economics ,and information technology.11.Purpose of the writer：1,Expressive writing: it is personal and informal, employed to encourage comprehension and reflection on the part of writer. 2,Communicative writing: it presupposes that the writer already considerable knowledge and understanding of the topic, and is writing to inform or to persuade a reader.12.附件说明信函的5大基本目标：Five primary goals of good resumes；Good resumes and resume cover letters must be able to；Cut the clutter；Catch the eye；Sell your skills, Strengths and success ；Direct the reader your way；Get you to the next step；14.content format of a resume cover：content format of a resume cover: the resume cover should follow the basic content format of a typical business letter and should include three general issues：first paragraph——why you are writing；middle paragraph——what you have to offer ；concluding paragraph——how you will follow；15.T op 10 resume tips：A page or two to land you a job or an least an interview；Fundamentals do exist；Customization is critical ；Reveal enough to excite；A resume is 99% of the time read by a stranger；Once your basic content is ready；Reevaluate choice of words, sentence structure and language；Spell check,；When you arepresenting hard copies of your resume, make sure you use quality stationery ；Keep copies of he carious customized versions of your resume.；16.Essential contents of resumes：Good resume having been to combine fact with fantasy. By fact, it means that details provided in resume have been as accurate as possible. By fantasy, it means that the resume is really a representation of you, where you cannot be present. And it must incorporate 7 points: full mane, objective, contact information, qualification, work experience, achievements and date.17.便函总体结构的4要素：Planning；Organization；Writing and revising；Feedback and continual improvement；speed writing and shorthand writing training：T o take school/lecture notes as your writing competence；T o use shorthand to enhance your writing speed.；T o develop your own shorthand for spoken information recording.；Use the computer program to facilitate your note-taking job ；18.沟通过程中的倾听与讲述：Listing；Face the speaker and maintain eye contact；Focus on content, not delivery；Stay active；Be flexible ；A void emotional involvement；Empathy and rapport；Advise properly；Be ready for international communication；munication climate：1.In an open communication climate,people perceive communication more accurately and are more willing to communicate honestly.Advantage ：observational. Problem-solving. Y ou-oriented . Equal. Flexible. Clear objectives. Supportive 2.Closed communication climates, on the other hand, discourage communication.They give people the feeling that they are being judged and criticized Disadvantage：judgmental . Manipulative 3.Long-term organizational success requires that all employees believe that they can express their observations and criticisms to others in the organization,regardless of rank.20.interpersonal conflict：Defensive attitudes；Supportive attitudes ；Problems in conflict management；Conflict management by management；speak your mind and heart；listen well；express strong feelings appropriately；remain rational for as long as you can；review what has been said；learn to give and take；A void all harmful statements；21.improving small group communication：1.Advantage and disadvantages of groupsGroup decisions result in greater acceptance of the solution than would be obtained without group participation. 2.Importance of ideas No group leader can afford to be an "idea killer".3.Purpose, planning and organization specifically, the leader is responsible for the followingNotify every one of the time, place, and purpose of each meeting；Stick to the problem；Encourage contributions；Reinforce points of agreement；Adjourn on time；Ensure adequate follow-up by；a ) Providing for a written recordb ) Encourage appropriate further action 4. The meeting Which are designed to ensure the following：Equal rights for all；Rule of the majority；Rights of the minority；Discussion of one item at a time；22.strategic planning process：getting ready；articulating mission and vision；assessing the situation；developing strategies,objectives and goals；completing the written plan；23.战略计划的基本要求writing a strategic plan .A good strategic plan should：serve as framework for decision-marking for managers at all levels；Form a basis for more detailed operational plans and procedures；Explain the business to others in order to inform ,instruct ,motivate, and involve；Assist benchmarking and performance monitoring；Inspire and stimulate change and innovation；A sound strategic plan should include the elements of vision ,mission, values, objective ,strategies, goals ,and programs.24.documented procedures needed：T o cause people to act in a uniform way and so make processes predictable；T o provide freedom for management and staff to maximize their contribution to the business；T o provide legitimacy and authority for the deeds needed ；T o make responsibility clear and to create the conditions of self-control；T o provide co-ordination for inter-departmental action.；T o improve communication and to provide consistency and predictability in carrying our repetitive tasks.；T o encourage the people involved into thinking a problem through；T o minimize variance and eliminate bottlenecks；T o provide auditable criteria for execution against authorized practice；25.标准操作程序与工作指南的异同SOPs WIsSOPs：1.Purpose: For managerial control 2.Scope/Interface: For managers and supervisors, cross-functional, depart-mental interface 3.Definitions: More conceptual/human relation, less technical 4.Responsibility: More managerial 5.Procedural steps: More flexible 6.Input: Stationery, computer, desk, etc. Need not to be listed 7.Output: Ideas, plan, analysis, process, etc 8.Directions: More general, abstract 9.V isual aids: less 10.Reference material: More managerial&human 11.Level of safety : Lower, need not to be listedWIs：1.Purpose: For operating control or specific job 2.Scope/Interface: For operators or rank &file, technical interface 3.Definitions: More technical, less conceptual 4.Responsibility: ore technical 5.Procedural steps: More fixed 6.Input: Material & equipment. Must be listed 7.Output: Physical products and service 8.Directions: More specific, concrete 9.V isual aids: more 10.Reference material : More industry-and company specific 11.Level of safety :Higher,must be clearly spelled out26.商务计划的意义：Business planning:Business planning is a managerial process that helps the organization venture into a new business.It involves managersˊtime, effort and talent to develop various sub-plans at all levels in a company.27.business planning process：Define the Mission；Conduct a Situation or SWOT Analysis；Set goals and Objectives；Develop Related Strategies；Monitor the Plan；28.计划书的写作技能与方法/计划书在商务管理中的地位及功能/商务计划书的基本要素elements of a business plan：Cover Page:identifies you and your business, and dates the plan；T able of Contents:makes it easy for readers to find particular item description；Executive Summary:provides a high-level overview of the entire plan that emphasizes the ；facters that you believe will lead to success；Business Backgrand:information of the company；Maketing Plan: SWOT analysis；Financial Projection:how much does this plan will cost；Action Plan:shows how operational the plan is；Appendix: supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of this plan；29.商务提案的成功要素（7个）winning elements of a business proposal：①.Problem:you must demonstrate that you clearly understang thei business problems,issues,needs,opportunities,or values②.Solutions:after you have written a lead paragragh on the company’s needs aand problems,follow up with a solid presentations of how your business can provide solutions ③.Benefits:all winning business proposals clearly outline for the company the benefits to be gained from doing business with you ④.Credibility:this is often the overlooked portion of a business proposal but all winning proposals glow with credibility⑤.Samples:a business proposals with samples and evidence of your ability to deliver is vital to gaining the winning bid. A small sample of your wok can show your ability to do the job ,and can help your potential customer answer some questions ⑥.T argeted: a winning business proposals is all about communications.speak and write in a language used by your intended audience ⑦.Personlazation:you have to give your potential custumer an proposh which includetheir names and their company’sname 30.商务报告式提案的构成要素feasibility of the proposed project: 1Introduction . 2Background information..3Benetits of the proposal project. 4Method,procedure,theory. 5Schedule. 6Qualifications. 7Costs,resources require. 8Conclusion,special project31.内部提案的写作要求（10点）internal proposals:Problem；Purpose.；Adudience；Message；Research；Objectivity；Style；Order；Implementation；As a side note；32.正式商务报告的结构形式：Prefatory Parts；Cover；Title Fly；Tiltle Page；Letter of Authorization；Letter of Acceptance；Letter of Transmittal；Contents；Abstract；Body of the Report；Introduction；T ext；Summary；Conclusions；Recommendations；Supplemental Parts；Appendix；Bibliography；33.收集数据、信息的途径gathering information ：Scondary Sources；Primary Sources；Experimentation；Observation；Surveys----A)RandomSampling B)StratifiedRandomSampling C)Systematic Sampling ；Questionnaires-----A)Either-or B)Checklist C)Multiple-choice D)Ranking；Questionnaire；Guidelines；Personal Interviews and Focus Groups；T elephone Interviews ；34.信息收集在写作环节中的重要地位：Y ou will need to research all the information sources available in preparing the report so that you can make decisions about which sources would be most appropriate.35.撰写商务报告的6个步骤或环节：Title Page ；Letter of Authorization；Letter of Transmittal；T able of Contents ；T able of Illustrations ；Abstract ；Executive Summary；36.商务报告的6条质量要求标准Report Quality：Accurate,Reliable and Objective；Guidelines for Writing a Quality Report；Identify---for your reader and for yourself ---statements of fact,inferences and based on face,and value judgment；Use accurate,reliable and objective sources；Use analogies and comparisons to explain andillustrate,but not to prove；Examine all cause—effect statements for completeness and accuracy；Be specific ；Provide adequate documentation；商务报告的总体结构形式general structure for reports：Pace ；Lead ；Blend Outcomes；Motivate；37.合同免责的原因，情形：escape from contract：Mutual or unilateral mistake as to a basic assumption upon which the contract was made；Misrepresentation of facts inducing one of the parties to enter the contact；Duress inducing one of the parties to enter the contact；Lack of capacity to contract (such as infancy ,influence of drugs,alcohol or mental illness)；Unconscionability；V ilolation of a public policy；Absence of a writing evidencing formation of the contract if the contract laws and government regulations require such a writing；Performance of the contracts becomes impossible or extremely difficult or costly by virtue of events occurring after the contract is formed；The principle purpose of the contract is substantially frustrated by virtue of events occurring after the contract is formed；38签约前活动contracting activities before signing：Delegation,contract plan,negotiation,contract-drafting,and review and approval39.签约后活动contracting activities after signing：Execution,review and monitor,communication and correspondence,customer complaint handling,filing,closeout40.合同清单contract checklist：①Names and addresses of all parties involved,and place of entering into this agreement,②A short description and mission statement of all concerned parties③a statement summarizing the desired role of the contractedparty④a classification of the business relationship⑤a detailed description of what each party promises to provide⑥a timetable of when the work is to be performed or the products to be delivered or sold;⑦location of when the work is to be performed⑧the duration of the contract⑨payment method and schedule⑩opportunities for increases in financial remuneration 11 insurance coverage provided and required 12,guarantees 13,fianancial obligations of the contracted party 14 conditions for termination of the agreement 15 guidelines for transfer of the contract16who retains custody of the client 17 arbitration 18who is responsible for legal fees if a breach of contract occurs19the location and contact to send communications regardingthe contract 20 signature lines and date the contract is signed41.Agenda ：sometimes called an order of business, is a list of topic arranged in the order they are to be discussed at a meeting.42.Minutes：are the official record of a meeting. The format may vary from organization to organization to organization, but the content and order are standard. 43.An itinerary: is a combination of travel and appointment schedules.。