6Inspection of plain workpiece sizes and design of plain limit gauges
加工后处理质量管控要求英语
加工后处理质量管控要求英语Post-Processing Quality Control Requirements.Post-processing refers to the series of processes that are performed on a workpiece after it has been manufactured. These processes can include cleaning, heat treatment, coating, and assembly. The purpose of post-processing is to improve the quality of the workpiece and to make it more suitable for its intended application.Quality control (QC) is a critical part of the post-processing process. QC ensures that the workpiece meets the required specifications and that it is free from defects. The QC process typically involves the following steps:1. Inspection: The workpiece is inspected to identify any defects. This can be done visually, or it can involve the use of specialized equipment.2. Testing: The workpiece is tested to verify that itmeets the required specifications. This can involve testing the workpiece's mechanical properties, electrical properties, or other characteristics.3. Correction: If any defects are found, the workpiece is corrected. This may involve repairing the defect or replacing the workpiece.The quality control requirements for post-processing will vary depending on the specific application. However, there are some general requirements that apply to all post-processing operations:The workpiece must be clean and free from defects. This includes any foreign objects, burrs, or scratches.The workpiece must meet the required specifications. This includes the workpiece's dimensions, tolerances, and surface finish.The workpiece must be properly protected from damage. This may involve the use of packaging or other protectivemeasures.In addition to these general requirements, there may be specific QC requirements for the specific post-processing operation being performed. For example, if the workpiece is being heat treated, the QC requirements may include:The workpiece must be heated to the correct temperature.The workpiece must be held at the correct temperature for the correct amount of time.The workpiece must be cooled at the correct rate.By following the appropriate QC requirements, manufacturers can ensure that their post-processed workpieces meet the required specifications and are free from defects. This will help to improve the quality of the finished product and to reduce the risk of product failures.Here are some tips for effective post-processing QC:Use a checklist to ensure that all of the required QC steps are performed.Use calibrated equipment to ensure accurate measurements.Document all of the QC results.Take corrective action immediately if any defects are found.Continually improve the QC process.By following these tips, manufacturers can ensure that their post-processing QC is effective and efficient. This will help to improve the quality of their finished products and to reduce the risk of product failures.。
tooling和fixture英语表达的区别
tooling和fixture英语表达的区别全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Difference Between Tooling and FixtureHave you ever been to a factory or a workshop? If you have, you might have seen a lot of strange-looking tools and machines. Some of these tools and machines are called "tooling," while others are called "fixtures." But what's the difference between the two? Let's find out!ToolingTooling is a fancy word that describes the tools and equipment used to make or work on something. For example, if you're making a toy car, the molds, dies, and machines you use to shape the plastic and metal parts are considered tooling.There are many different types of tooling, depending on what you're making. Here are a few examples:Molds: These are hollow shapes used to pour liquid materials into and let them cool and harden. Molds are often used to make plastic toys, containers, and other objects.Dies: Dies are tools used to cut or shape materials like metal and plastic. They work by pressing or stamping the material into a specific shape.Jigs: Jigs are tools that hold workpieces in place while they're being worked on. They help ensure that the workpiece stays in the right position and doesn't move around.Fixtures: Oops, we'll talk about fixtures in a bit!Cutting tools: These are tools like drills, saws, and lathes that are used to remove material from a workpiece to create the desired shape.Tooling is essential in manufacturing because it helps ensure that products are made accurately, consistently, and efficiently. Without the right tooling, it would be almost impossible to mass-produce complex items like cars, computers, and smartphones.FixtureNow, let's talk about fixtures. A fixture is a special tool that holds a workpiece in place during manufacturing or assembly. It's like a clamp or a vise, but it's designed specifically for a particular workpiece or operation.Fixtures are used to keep workpieces steady and in the correct position while they're being worked on. This is important because it helps ensure that the final product is made accurately and consistently.For example, let's say you're assembling a bicycle. You might use a fixture to hold the frame in place while you attach the wheels, handlebars, and other components. Without a fixture, the frame could move around, making it difficult to assemble the bike properly.Fixtures come in all shapes and sizes, depending on the workpiece and the operation being performed. Some fixtures are simple, like a clamp or a vise, while others are more complex and designed for specific tasks.Here are a few examples of fixtures:Welding fixtures: These fixtures hold metal parts in place while they're being welded together.Assembly fixtures: As the name suggests, these fixtures are used to hold parts in place during assembly.Inspection fixtures: These fixtures hold workpieces in a specific position so that they can be inspected or measured accurately.Machining fixtures: These fixtures hold workpieces in place while they're being machined (cut, drilled, or shaped) by cutting tools.Fixtures are important because they help ensure that workpieces are held securely and accurately during manufacturing or assembly processes. This leads to better quality products and fewer mistakes or defects.The DifferenceNow that we've talked about tooling and fixtures, let's summarize the main difference between the two:Tooling refers to the tools and equipment used to make or work on something. This includes molds, dies, cutting tools, and other specialized equipment.Fixtures, on the other hand, are tools that hold workpieces in place during manufacturing or assembly processes. They help ensure that workpieces stay in the correct position and don't move around while they're being worked on.In other words, tooling is used to create or shape products, while fixtures are used to hold products in place during various manufacturing or assembly operations.Both tooling and fixtures are essential in manufacturing and assembly processes. They work together to ensure that products are made accurately, consistently, and efficiently.ConclusionWell, there you have it – the difference between tooling and fixtures! Tooling refers to the tools and equipment used to make or work on something, while fixtures are tools that hold workpieces in place during manufacturing or assembly processes.The next time you visit a factory or a workshop, see if you can spot the difference between tooling and fixtures. And remember, both of them play a crucial role in making the products we use every day!篇2Tooling vs. FixtureHi there, my curious friends! Today, I want to tell you about two important words in English - "tooling" and "fixture." These words may sound a little tricky, but don't worry, I'll make it super easy for you to understand!Let's start with "tooling." Have you ever seen someone build something amazing, like a robot or a toy car? Well, "tooling" is all about the tools we use to make these fantastic creations. Tools are like magic wands for builders! They help them shape, cut, and join things together. Just imagine a toolbox filled with hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, and many other cool gadgets. These are the tools that make the magic happen!Now, let's move on to "fixture." When we talk about "fixture," we're talking about something that holds things in place. Imagine you're playing a game of soccer, and there are two goal posts on each end of the field. Those goal posts are fixtures. They stay in one place, and the players kick the ball into them to score a goal. Fixtures can also be things like shelves, hooks, or stands that hold objects securely. They are like reliable friends that keep things steady!To understand the difference between "tooling" and "fixture," think of it this way: "tooling" is about the things we use to build or create, while "fixture" is about the things that hold objects in place.Let me give you some examples to make it even clearer. When a carpenter builds a wooden chair, they use tools like a saw, a drill, and a hammer. These tools help them shape thewood and join the pieces together. But the chair itself is a fixture because it holds someone when they sit on it. Cool, right?Here's another example. Imagine you're helping your mom in the kitchen. You have a set of measuring cups and spoons to measure the ingredients for a delicious cake. These measuring tools are essential for baking! But the mixing bowl you use to mix all the ingredients is a fixture. It holds everything together while you stir the batter.So, my friends, remember this: tools are like magical helpers that builders use, while fixtures are like sturdy friends that hold things in place.Next time you see someone working with tools or notice something that keeps objects steady, you'll know the difference between "tooling" and "fixture." You are now a language expert!I hope you had fun learning about these words with me. English can be exciting and full of surprises. Keep exploring, keep learning, and always remember that knowledge is the key to unlock incredible adventures!篇3The Great Tooling vs. Fixture Adventure!Hey there, friends! Today, we're going on an exciting adventure to learn about two important words: "tooling" and "fixture." Grab your explorer hats and let's get started!First, let's talk about tooling. Tooling is a word that refers to all the tools, equipment, and machines used in a particular job or activity. For example, if you're a carpenter, your tooling would include things like hammers, saws, drills, and other tools you use to work with wood.Imagine you're building a treehouse with your friends. You'd need tooling like hammers to drive in the nails, saws to cut the wood, and maybe even a drill to make holes for the rope ladder. Without the right tooling, it would be really hard to build that awesome treehouse, right?Now, let's talk about fixtures. A fixture is something that is fixed or attached in a particular place and is not meant to be moved around. Fixtures are often used to hold things in place or to support something.For example, the light fixtures on the ceiling of your classroom are fixed in place to provide light for everyone. Or, the fixture that holds the basketball hoop in place on the court is called a backboard fixture.Sometimes, fixtures can be part of tooling, too! In a factory where cars are made, there might be special fixtures that hold the car body in place while the workers assemble the different parts. These fixtures are like giant clamps that keep everything steady and in the right position.Now, let's go on an imaginary adventure to see tooling and fixtures in action!Imagine you're an explorer in a jungle, trying to build a treehouse village for all your animal friends. You'll need lots of tooling, like machetes to cut through the thick vines, saws to chop down branches, and hammers to build the treehouses.But wait, there's a problem! The branches are so high up, and some of the animals are too small to reach them. That's where fixtures come in! You can build special platforms or scaffolding (which are fixtures) to help the smaller animals access the higher branches.As you continue building the treehouse village, you'll need more and more tooling. Maybe you'll even need to create custom tools for specific tasks, like a special curved saw to cut the twisted vines or a extra-long drill to make holes in the thickest branches.And don't forget about the fixtures! You'll need sturdy fixtures to hold the treehouses in place, like giant clamps or brackets made from vines and branches. These fixtures will keep the treehouses secure and prevent them from falling down.Can you imagine how much fun it would be to build a treehouse village with all your animal friends? You'd get to use all sorts of tooling and create amazing fixtures to make your village perfect!Well, that's the end of our adventure, my friends. You've learned all about tooling (the tools and equipment used for a job) and fixtures (things that are fixed in place to hold or support something). Remember, whether you're building a treehouse, a car, or anything else, you'll need the right tooling and fixtures to get the job done!So, the next time you see a construction site or visit a factory, keep an eye out for all the different tooling and fixtures being used. And who knows, maybe one day you'll be the one designing and creating the coolest tools and fixtures for all sorts of exciting projects!篇4The Difference Between Tooling and FixtureHave you ever been to a factory or a workshop? If you have, you might have seen a lot of strange-looking machines and devices being used to make things. Some of these machines and devices are called "tooling," while others are called "fixtures." But what exactly do these words mean, and what's the difference between them? Let's find out!ToolingTooling refers to the tools and equipment used in manufacturing processes. These tools are designed to perform specific tasks, such as cutting, shaping, or assembling materials. Tooling can be made from various materials, including metal, plastic, or even diamond.Some examples of tooling include:Cutting tools: These are tools used to cut or remove material from a workpiece. Examples include drills, milling cutters, and lathes.Forming tools: These tools are used to shape or bend materials into specific shapes. Examples include dies for stamping or forging, and molds for casting or injection molding.Assembly tools: These tools are used to join or assemble different parts together. Examples include welding equipment, riveting tools, and screwdrivers.Tooling is essential in manufacturing because it allows companies to produce products quickly, accurately, and consistently. Without the right tooling, it would be very difficult and time-consuming to make things like cars, phones, or toys.FixtureA fixture, on the other hand, is a device used to hold a workpiece in place during manufacturing processes. Fixtures are designed to secure the workpiece in a specific position and orientation, ensuring that the tooling can perform its job accurately and consistently.There are different types of fixtures, including:Clamping fixtures: These fixtures use clamps or vises to hold the workpiece in place.Locating fixtures: These fixtures use pins, blocks, or other locating features to position the workpiece precisely.Welding fixtures: These fixtures are used to hold and align parts during welding operations.Fixtures are important because they help to ensure that the workpiece doesn't move or shift during manufacturing processes. This is crucial for maintaining the quality and accuracy of the final product.The DifferenceSo, what's the main difference between tooling and fixtures?Tooling refers to the tools and equipment used to perform manufacturing operations, such as cutting, shaping, or assembling materials. Fixtures, on the other hand, are devices used to hold and position the workpiece during these operations.In simple terms, tooling does the work, while fixtures hold the workpiece in place so that the tooling can do its job effectively.Imagine you're building a model car. The tooling would be the scissors, pliers, and other tools you use to cut and shape the pieces. The fixture would be something like a clamp or a vise that holds the pieces in place while you work on them with the tooling.Both tooling and fixtures are essential in manufacturing processes, and they work together to ensure that products are made accurately, consistently, and efficiently.ConclusionNow you know the difference between tooling and fixtures! Tooling refers to the tools and equipment used in manufacturing processes, while fixtures are devices used to hold and position the workpiece during these processes.The next time you visit a factory or a workshop, see if you can spot the tooling and fixtures being used. And remember, without these important components, it would be much harder to make all the products we use and enjoy every day.篇5Tooling and Fixtures: The Helpful Buddies in WorkshopsHave you ever wondered how things are made in big factories? From toys to cars, there are special tools and helpers that make sure everything is built just right. Today, we're going to learn about two very important buddies in the workshop: tooling and fixtures!What is Tooling?Tooling is like having a bunch of super cool gadgets that help you make things. It's all the special tools, machines, and equipment that factories use to cut, shape, and put things together. Just imagine a giant robot arm with all sorts of fancy tools attached to it – that's tooling in action!Some examples of tooling include:Drills and drill bits to make holesCutting tools like saws and lathes to shape materialsWelding equipment to join metal pieces togetherMolds and dies to stamp out parts in different shapesRobots and automation systems to do repetitive tasksTooling is really important because it helps factories make a lot of the same product quickly and accurately. Without the right tools, it would be really hard to make thousands of toys or cars that all look and work the same way.What are Fixtures?Fixtures are like special holders or clamps that keep things in place while they're being worked on. They make sure that the parts don't move around or get messed up during the manufacturing process.Imagine you're building a model airplane, and you need to glue the wings to the body. A fixture would hold the wings in the exact right position so they don't move while the glue dries. That way, your airplane turns out perfect!Here are some examples of fixtures:Jigs to hold parts in a specific orientation for assemblyClamps and vices to grip materials tightlyNests or cradles to support oddly-shaped objectsAlignment pins or blocks to ensure proper positioningVacuum chucks or magnetic plates to secure flat workpiecesFixtures are really handy because they keep everything steady and in the right place. This is super important when you're working with tiny parts or need to be really precise.The Difference Between Tooling and FixturesWhile tooling and fixtures work together to help make things, they have slightly different jobs:Tooling does the actual cutting, shaping, joining, or processing of materials. It's the "action" equipment that transforms raw materials into finished products.Fixtures hold and position the materials or parts so that the tooling can do its job accurately and safely. They provide support and stability during the manufacturing process.It's kind of like having a helper (the fixture) hold your project steady while you use your tools (the tooling) to cut, drill, or glue it together.Working Together for Amazing ResultsIn factories and workshops, tooling and fixtures are like best buddies that help each other out. The tooling does all the cool cutting and shaping, while the fixtures make sure everything stays in place and turns out perfect.Together, they make it possible to create all sorts of amazing products, from tiny toys to huge cars and airplanes. So the next time you're playing with your favorite toy or riding in a car, remember the helpful tooling and fixtures that made it all possible!篇6The Difference Between Tooling and FixturesDo you know what tooling and fixtures are? They might sound like complicated words, but they're actually pretty simpleconcepts. Let me explain them to you in a way that's easy to understand.ToolingTooling refers to the tools or equipment used to make something. For example, if you're baking cookies, the tooling would be the things you use to make the cookies, like the mixing bowl, the spoon, the oven, and the baking tray.In factories or workshops, tooling refers to the machines, tools, and equipment used to manufacture products. These could be things like lathes, mills, drills, and saws. Tooling also includes the specialized tools or dies used to cut, shape, or form materials into the desired product.Let's say you're making toy cars in a factory. The tooling would be the machines that stamp out the metal parts, the molds that shape the plastic components, and the tools used to assemble all the pieces together.FixturesNow, let's talk about fixtures. A fixture is something that holds or supports an object in a specific position or orientation. It's like a special holder or clamp that keeps something in place while it's being worked on or used.In a workshop or factory, fixtures are used to hold workpieces securely while they're being machined, welded, or assembled. This helps ensure that the work is done accurately and consistently.Going back to our toy car example, a fixture might be a special jig or clamp that holds the car body in the right position while the wheels are being attached or while the paint is being applied.At home, you might use fixtures too. For example, a vise on a workbench is a type of fixture that holds pieces of wood or metal in place while you cut, sand, or drill them.The DifferenceSo, what's the main difference between tooling and fixtures?Tooling refers to the tools, machines, and equipment used to create or manufacture something. Fixtures, on the other hand, are devices or clamps that hold or support an object in a specific position or orientation while it's being worked on.To make it even clearer, let's go back to our cookie example. The tooling would be the mixing bowl, spoon, oven, and baking tray – the things you use to make the cookies. A fixture, however,would be something like a cooling rack that holds the baked cookies in place while they cool down.In a factory setting, the tooling might be the machines that stamp out car parts, while the fixtures would be the jigs and clamps that hold the parts in place during assembly or painting.Hopefully, this explanation has helped you understand the difference between tooling and fixtures. They're both important concepts in manufacturing and working with materials, but they serve different purposes.The next time you're baking cookies or working on a project, see if you can identify the tooling and fixtures you're using. It's a great way to reinforce what you've learned!。
美国四分制和十分制中英文
美國四分制和十分制Fabric Inspection System.Fabric inspection and QC is one of the major areas in textile and garment sector. To establish a workable system for inspecting and evaluating piece goods shipments is vital. No single accepted system for measuring the quality of fabrics, but some of the more monly used systems are described in this section. We remend a minimum of 10% inspection of fabrics prior to spreading. Some are intending to inspect the goods while spreading. However this is unrealistic and the spreaders are not the QC. 1-Ten-Point SystemIn 1955, the Ten-Point System for piece goods evaluation was approved and adopted by the Textile Distributor's Institute and National Federation of Textiles. This system assigns penalty points to each defect, depending on its length. The Ten-Point System is somewhat plicated because points-per-length vary for warp and filling defects. Table blow shows a breakdown of the points:Table 1 - Ten-Point SystemWarp Defects Penalty Filling Defects Penalty10-36 inches 10 points Full width 10 points5-10 inches 5 points 5 inches - 1/2 the width of goods 5 points1-5 inches 3 points 1-5 inches 3 pointsUp to 1 inch 1 point Under the Ten-Point System, a piece is graded a "first" if the total penalty points do not exceed the total yardage of the piece.A piece is graded a "second" if the total penalty points exceed the total yardage of the piece. 2- Four-Point SystemThe Four-Point System has received the widest acceptance in both the textile and needle trades because it is the most lenient. It is simple and easy to understand. Since it is the most widely used?2.1- Amount to Inspect - Inspect at least 10% of the total rolls in the shipment.2.2- Selection of Rolls Select at least one roll of each color. If more than one roll per color must be inspected, then select the number of additional rolls in proportion to the total rolls per color received.2-3 Defect Classification The Four-Point System classifies defects as shown in Table 2:Table 2 Four-Point SystemSize of Defect Penalty3 inches or less 1 pointOver 3, but not over 6 inches 2 pointsOver 6, but not over 9 inches 3 pointsOver 9 inches 4 points A maximum of four points is charged to one linear yard.The length of the defect is used to determine the penalty point. Only major defects are considered.(A major defect is any defect that, if found in a finished garment, would classify that garment as a second.) No penalty points are recorded or assigned for minor defects.Major defects are classified as follows:- Major woven fabric defects are slubs, hole, missing yarn, conspicuous yarn variation, end out, soiled yarn, wrong yarn.- Major knitted fabric defects are mixed yarn, yarn variation, runner, needle line, barre, slub, hole, and press off.- Major dye or printing defects are out of register, dye spots, machine stop, color out, color smear, or shading.- Suppliers using the Four-Point System should obtain examples of major defects and minor defects, and make them available as visual aids for the Inspectors.2.4-Acceptance Point - Count Most suppliers use 40 points per 100 yards as the acceptable defect rate. However, you should establish your acceptance point-count based on your product and its end use.2.5- Acceptance Criteria - There are two methods of determining whether a shipment is acceptable. You must decide which method will fit your product. The methods available are as follows:One method of acceptance uses a projection of total defects based on the number of defects found during inspection of a sample. Here is an example using this method:Total yardage received: 2,400 yardsAcceptance point-count: 40 per 100 yardsTotal yards inspected: 240 yardsTotal penalty points found in the sample inspection: 148 points148 / 240 X 100 = 61.7 points per 100 yards. (Allowance is 40 points per 100 yards.)Action: Shipment would fail.A second method is acceptance of 10% bad rolls. Here is an example of the method:Total yardage received: 2,400 yardsAcceptance point count: 40 per 100 yardsTotal yards inspected: 7 (10 % rolls)Number of rolls rejected: 22 / 7 = 29% rolls rejected.Action: As 29% of rolls inspected were rejected, the shipment would be held for adecision.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------You must decide whether to reject the entire shipment and return it to the piece goods source, or whether to 100% inspect the balance of the rolls. Management must make this decision; do not leave such decisions to the Inspector or Quality Control Supervisor. If you need production from the good rolls, it may be to your advantage to 100% inspect.2.6- Inspection Procedure This procedure shows the steps necessary to ensure an effective piece goods quality control program:* Determine the amount to inspect,* Select the rolls to inspect,* Put the rolls on the inspection machine or other viewing device,Cut off a 6-inch piece across the width of the goods. Mark this piece so that the Inspector will know the right and left sides of the fabric. Use the strip to check for shading side-to-side and end-to-end by checking it at least once against the middle of the roll and once at the other end,· Inspect for visual defects at a speed slow enough to find the defects,· Check that the roll contains the yardage as stated by the piece goods source,· Check for skewed, biased, and bowed fabric. Predetermine the tolerance you will allow; this will depend on your product.· Example: Width of Fabric Tolerance(In Inches) (In Inches)45-50 150-60 1 1/2Weigh the roll of fabric to determine yield: Yards/Weight = YieldExample: Weight of roll = 35 poundsYards in roll = 59.5 yards59.5 / 35 = 1.70 yield.If major defects are not cut out of the fabric by the Inspector, mark them on the selvage (for example with colored threads). Should you later want to review the defects with the piece goods representative, the defects can be easily located on the inspection machine. In addition, the defects can be easily noted by the Spreader so that they can be cut out.Record the defects on a report form. (See the suggested Piece Goods QualityControl Inspection Report form on the following page. Please note that this is only a suggested report form. Since report forms can require a variety of detailed information, make sure that your report form contains all the information you need. The original version of our suggested form is enclosed at the back of this manual for duplication purposes.)Do not require data on the form that you will not use. Recording data is a labor cost, so keep your form simple.2.7- Possible Considerations for Rejection In addition to excessive defects, the following are mon reasons for rejecting fabric rolls:No roll with a length of less than 25 yards should be accepted as first quality. You may want to specify this on your purchase order.No roll containing more than one splice should be accepted as first quality.No roll containing a splice part less than XX* yards should be accepted as first quality. (You may not want to receive rolls with a splice near the beginning or end of the roll.)美国纺织四分制与十分制检验标准分制〔中文版〕一、AATCC检验与抽样标准：1．抽样数量：总码数的平方根乘以八.2．抽箱数：总箱数的平方根.二．四分制检验：1．１＂－３＂扣１分３＂－６＂扣２分６＂－９＂扣３分９＂以上扣４分２．疵点的评分原如此：Ａ，同一码中所有经纬向的疵点扣分不超过4分．Ｂ，破洞不问大小扣４分．Ｃ，布边一英寸内不扣分．Ｄ，连续性疵点须开裁或降等外品．E ，任何大于针孔的洞均扣4分。
如何写验货英文报告
怎样写验货报告一份验货报告是一次验货的真实记录。
一份完整的验货报告应该真实、全面、公正，要让我们的客户在没有亲自到场的情况下，对委托给我们的货的各种状况有一个清晰的认识。
这就对报告提出了很高的要求。
以下是一份ITS杂货组GENERAL的空白报告模式，我们以它为例，分析一下该怎样写好一份合格的报告（黑体部分为原报告内容）。
CTION REPORTAPPLICANT: 申请验货人的地址DATE: 验货日期（一般为客户，但也可能是中间商，具体情况参考BOOKING FORM SHEET上的信息。
）ATTN.: 联系人DESCRIPTION : 产产品描述，一般形似为：数量+产品。
例：5000PCS of Wooden TableBUYER : 客户名称(如果该次验货是由客户申请，则此处不填；如果该次验货由中间商申请，则此处须填上。
)SUPPLIER : 中间商名称（如果该次验货有客户申请，则此处须填上；如果该次验货由中间商申请，则此处不填。
）ORDER NO. : 定单号（注：要注意是ORDER NO.或CONTRACT NO.，例如H.Schneider一般为CONTRACTNO.）MODEL NO./STYLE NO. : 客人的货号（可在定单中找出）SUPPLIER ART. NO. : 中间商的货号（可在定单中找出）COLOR : 产品颜色（如果有的话）DATE OF INSPECTION : 验货日期toPLACE OF INSPECTION : 验货地点CONCLUSION :RESULTS OF THE ABOVE MENTIONED MERCHANDISE ARE FOUND AS FOLLOWS:INSPECTION CRITERIA * RESULTA) QUANTITY AVAILABLE 验货员到厂时，所验的这批货的完整包装的数量是否达到客人的要求。
大多数客人要求要100%生产完成，至少80%完整包装。
XYZAX AXCEL 3D 坐标测量机说明书
In every industry, there are ever diversifying needs for measuring machines - high-accuracy measurement of parts manufactured with increasingly high accuracy, reduction in measurement time during the inspection, improvement in throughput, measurement of parts having complicated shapes, etc.XYZAX AXCEL achieves higher accuracy, higher drive speed and a wider accuracy guarantee temperature range.What’s more, it allows various types of probe system to be selected as appropriate for the intended purpose, making it possible to deal with any kind of application.XYZAX AXCEL - a machine that we have positioned as a new global standard - meets the increasingly diverse needs.A global standard 3D coordinate measuring machine featuring high accuracy, high speed and high environmental resistance andsupporting a variety of probe systemsMaximum permissible error of length measurement :E 0, MPE (µm)Up to the size of 10/15/81.8+3L /1000The driver of each axis uses a newly developed driving mechanism to enable high-speed and stable drive.A change from the former belt-driven method to the newly developed drive system dramatically improves maneuverability.This newly developed driving mechanism increases the drive speed by 64% and acceleration by 35% (compared to our previous models).The new mechanism reduces the total time required for measurement, signifi cantly increasing the measurement effi ciency.A newly designed cover is used that prevents the X-axis guide and Y-axis carriage from being affected directly by temperature changes.Furthermore, by adopting a structure designed to suppress the deformation of the stone worktable due to temperature changes, XYZAX AXCEL minimizes the impact of temperature changes. It supports a substantially wider accuracy guarantee temperature range of 15 - 30°C* while maintaining high accuracy.This temperature range for guarantee accuracy helps you save the cost for temperature control in the measuring room.*RDS type standard. PH type is optionalFeaturing a newly developed highly rigid bridge and a new structure in which the Y-axis guide is supportedby air pads from four directions (top, bottom, left and right), XYZAX AXCEL offers best-in-class accuracy.Drive speed700 mm/sec max.Up 64% max. compared to our previous models Acceleration 2300mm/sec 2 max.Up35% max. compared to our previous modelsThe rigidity of the bridge, an essential part of a 3D coordinate measuring machine, has a great impact on the accuracy of measurement.XYZAX AXCEL uses a newly developed highly rigid bridge. With its X-axis guide structure entirely redesigned, this machine now provides substantially higher rigidity both in the Y direction and torsion direction.This newly developed highly rigid bridge is the biggest factor in achieving high accuracy for XYZAX AXCEL.In addition to the highly rigid bridge, XYZAX AXCEL adopts a newly developed support structure in which the Y-axis guide is supported by air pads from four directions (top, bottom, left and right) (patented).This structure reduces the runout that occurs in the pitching direction and yawing direction when the bridge is moved in the Y direction.Reducing the vibration at the tip of the probe makes the machine even more accurate.Y direction3.8times as rigid as previous modelsTorsion direction1.5 times as rigid as previous modelsReduction in runout in thepitching direction Reduction in runout in the yawing direction Elemental technologies to enable higher accuracy Newly developed highly rigid bridge Y-axis supported by air pads from four directions patentedNew developed covers are adopted for the X-axis guide and Y-axis carriage.Protecting the guide and carriage with covers reduces the impact of temperature changes, which enables to expanding the temperature range for guarantee accuracy of XYZAX AXCEL.The X-axis guide cover also prevents contaminants from attaching to the X-axis guide.*Standard feature for the RDS type. For the PH type, the cover is a standard feature for 10/10/6 and larger sizes and an option for other sizes.Since the stone worktable is low in thermal conductivity, heat is not readily transferred to the inside. If the ambient temperature changes, a temperature gradient persists for a long time until the temperature inside the worktable becomes uniform.Such a temperature gradient deforms the worktable, which causes a decrease in straightness of the worktable surface, resulting in lower measurement accuracy.XYZAX AXCEL solves these problems by adopting a Y-axis groove structure, installing insulating material at the front and rear ends of the worktable and introducing an uncovered Y-axis guide structure designed to dissipate heat.X-axis guide cover Y-axis carriage coverY-axis groove structure that preventsheat generated by the motor or otherparts from entering the measurementarea of the worktable Special insulating material that reduces heat coming in and out of the front and rear of the worktable to suppress the generation ofa temperature gradientY-axis shutter structurethat suppresses the infl owof ambient air as well asprevents contaminants fromattaching to the scale insideUncovered Y-axis guide todissipate heatElemental technologies to expand the temperature range for accuracy guarantee X-axis guide cover* / Y-axis carriage cover Worktable structure to suppress the impact of temperature changes patented Coordinate Measuring Machine XYZAX AXCELXYZAX AXCEL features the Air Saver function that automaticallystops the supply of compressed air when the machine is idling,as automobiles stop idling. This reduces the unnecessaryconsumption of air, contributing to power saving and runningcost cutting.Although the height from a fl oor to the surface of the table of XYZAX AXCELis 600 mm (Z600 size) or 630 mm (Z800 and Z1000 size), it is enable tochange the height as the special stand specifi cation (example: 800 mmspecifi cation with which it might be easy to operate even while standing up).Covering both the right and left Y axis guides can protect the guidesurfaces, preventing dust adhesion and occurrence of scratches caused bycontact with workpieces and jigs. This option is effective when using XYZAXAXCEL outside the measurement room, such as inside the workshop, as itenhances the environmental resistance of the machine, combined with thewide range of accuracy guarantee temperature.An LED light to illuminate the worktable can bemounted as an option below the X-axis guide.The light brightly illuminates the area aroundyour hands and minute parts of the workpiece,leading to enhanced operability.Anti-vibration unit (left) and base cover attachedto the anti-vibration unit (right)Height from fl oor to the surface of the table 800 mm SpecificationAir Saver function (standard feature) effective for power saving and running cost cutting Air anti-vibration unit to reduce the transmission of vibration from the floor (standard feature for Z800 and larger sizes*)The special stand specification to which the height from a floor to the surface of the table is changed (option*)Covers for both Y axis guides (option*)LED light function(option)An air anti-vibration unit can be mounted in XYZAX AXCEL.It reduces the transmission of vibration from the fl oor andsuppresses its impact.Since mounting the air anti-vibration unit does not change thedimensions of the machine, you can use it without worryingabout the installation space.* O ption for Z600 and smaller sizes. A base cover isattached for mounting the air anti-vibration table.*This option is a factory option.*This option is a factory option.X Y Z ANon-contact measurement also supportedHigh-accuracy scanning measurement model ofthe AXCEL seriesProbe head capable of handling all kinds of workpieceRDS-C5(standard feature for XYZAX AXCEL RDS)RDS-C5 is a motorized indexing probe head that is provided as a standard featurefor XYZAX AXCEL RDS.It can be rotated ±180° at a pitch of 5° in both horizontal and vertical directions andallows positioning at 5,184 points*. Since the probe can be moved smoothly in fi nesteps, you can measure even those workpieces having complex shapes.*Safety restrictions may occur at the vertical rotation angle depending on a combining probe systemsCoordinate Measuring MachineXYZAX AXCEL（Option）needed.In addition to the VAST XXT TL3 scanning probe provided as astandard feature, you can attach other optional probes, such as theViSCAN optical probe that performs non-contact image measurementfrom different angles and the LineScan2 laser probe that enableswide-range, high-speed surface measurement. This allows the probehead to meet a vast range of measurement needs.An ordinary motorized indexing probe needs to be calibrated at itsevery measurement position. With RDS-C5 that features the RDS-CAAfunction, by contrast, all you have to do is have the probe calibratedautomatically just at 12 specified positions, and you can use the probeat all of the 5,184 positions without calibration.This RDS-CAA function can significantly reduce the time required forcalibration.The probe can be changed automatically.(The rack, replacement magazine, probe socket, etc. are options)Attach various types of probe as neededRDS-CAA function that dramatically reduces the calibration timeHorizontal direction 40 mm （TL4）65 mm （TL3）250 mm 150 mm VAST XXT is a passive scanning probe that you attach to the RDS head.With an ordinary passive scanning probe, the deflection correction error tends to become uncertain because the measuring force greatly changeswithin the movable range. VAST XXT, by contrast, keeps the measuringforce very low (0.01 to 0.13 N*) and the amount of change small.The low measuring force makes it possible to use a stylus whoseminimum ball diameter is 0.3 mm.Also, since the probe deflection range is wide (±3 mm), the impact ofcollision can be minimized.*The measuring force varies depending on the length and angle of the stylus.XDT is a probe for point measurement that you attach to the RDS head.Like VAST XXT of the TL3 type, this probe supports the wide probe deflection range of ±3 mm, and you can attach a stylus whose maximum axial directionlength is 150 mm and whose maximum horizontal direction length is 65 mm.In addition to the stylus, joints and extensions, the adaptor plate for automaticstylus replacement can be shared with VAST XXT TL3.You can choose between the standardTL3 type and the optional TL4 typewhose maximum axial direction lengthis 250 mm.Probe for scanning measurementVAST XXT (TL3: Standard, TL4: Option)Probe for point measurementXDT (option)Coordinate Measuring Machine XYZAX AXCELNon-contact type image probeViSCAN (option)ViSCAN is a non-contact optical probe that you attach to the RDS ing this probe in combination with the RDS head, you can perform image measurement from many different angles.Like a contact-type probe, it supports both joystick manual measurement and automatic CNC measurement.Also, in addition to point measurement at an arbitrary position through targetmonitoring, as done with a centering microscope, scanning measurement is possible.The probe is ideal for workpieces that cannot be measured with a contact-type probe, such as extremely small workpieces that a stylus cannot touch, workpieces with small holes or grooves and soft or thin workpieces that can easily be deformed.Manual setting of split light and brightness.These settings are also applied to automatic measurement.Measurement of a groove width of 0.16 mmMultipoint measurement of a circle segment Image measurement possible from many different anglesCoordinate Measuring Machine16 Model ItemLineScan 2-8LineScan 2-25LineScan 2-50LineScan 2-100Z measuring range (mm)82550100Working distance (mm)326394220Max.line width (at center of Z measrement range) (mm)10255080Max.sampling rate700,000points/sec700,000points/sec256,000points/sec700,000points/secProbing error MPE PF(OT) (μm) 3.3122050Dispersion on sphere (1σ) (μm)0.94512Working distanceZ measurement range center Z measurement rangeMeasurement widthNon-contact line laser probeLineScan2 systemLineScan2 is a laser probe to be mounted on the RDS head.It acquires numerous measurement points by oscillating semiconductor lasers and receiving light refl ection from the workpiece.It is useful to obtain a large quantity of point cloud data for reverse engineering or signifi cantly reduce surface measurement lead time.LineScan2 offers four models with different measurement ranges and accuracies, allowing non-contact measurement for various types of parts.Coordinate Measuring MachineXYZAX AXCELCoordinate Measuring Machine17Measurement example of a specular fi nished surface with LineScan2-8Automated segmentation of point cloud data Surface connection to create a 3D CAD modelEasy reconstruct of a surface by pasting a shape on thesegmented point clouds CAD models of the tool and partCorrected CAD model of the toolDeviations between the CAD model and measurement data of the partTransferring the deviations of the part to the CAD model of the toolCAD model of a toolCAD model of a partCAD model of a partCAD model of a toolNew model in LineScan2 system with greatly improved accuracy.Ideal for high-speed and high-accuracy measurement of glossy surfaces such as polished mold surfaces.In combination with LineScan2, reverse engineering and injection molding tool correction is strongly supported.ZRE (ZEISS Reverse Engineering)LineScan2-8A high accuracy model using blue semiconductor laser is newly introduced in the LineScan2 system. In addition to high sampling rates, a feature of LineScan2, the new model allows you to conduct high-speed and high-accuracy measurement of gloss surfaces such as polished mold surfaces, which is usually diffi cult to perform, with enhanced adaptability to such surfaces.ZRE is a software that creates and corrects 3D CAD models based on the measurement results of parts. It can intuitively conduct reverse engineering and has an innovative, effi cient and quantitative injection molding tool correction function.Classical method of tool correction is performed by workers using intuition based on measurement data of an actural injection molded part. This new method transfers deviations between the 3D CAD model and actual data of the part and quantifi es the amount of tool correction. Thus, the trial-and-error process of measuring a part, correcting the CAD model of the tool, remanufacturing and measuring the part, and recorrecting the CAD model of the tool is minimized. Tool correction can be performed efficiently without requiring experienced workers.●Intuitive reverse engineering without requiring any expertise● “Tool correction” innovative and quantitative correction CAD models of injection molding toolsNEWX Y Z A X。
第5章_光滑工件尺寸的检验与光滑极限量规
Ⅰ
0.9 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.7 5.1 5.7
Ⅲ
2.3 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.7 5.6 6.8 7.9 9.0 10 12 13 14
T
14 18 22 27 33 39 46 54 63 72 81 89 97
A
1.4 1.8 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.9 4.6 5.4 6.3 7.2 8.1 8.9 9.7
Ⅲ
5.6 6.8 8.1 9.7 12 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35
T
40 48 58 70 84 100 120 140 160 185 210 230 250
A
4.0 4.8 5.8 7.0 8.4 10 12 14 16 18 21 23 25
Ⅰ
3.6 4.3 5.2 6.3 7.6 9.0 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
5.1.5 仲裁
对测量结果的争议，可以采用更精确的计量器具或事先 双方商定的方法解决。 一般情况下按GB/T 18779.1进行合格或不合格判定。
第5章 光滑工件尺寸的检测
第5章 光滑工件尺寸的检测
第5章 光滑工件尺寸的检测
【例 】被测工件为 Φ 45f8 −0..025 − 0 064 合适的测量器具。 解： ① 确定验收极限
第5章 光滑工件尺寸的检测
5.1.4 计量器具的选择
■ 计量器具的选用原则 按照计量器具所导致的测量不确定度（简称计量器具 的不确定度）的允许值（u1）选择计量器具。 计量器具的不确定度u1系指在测量结果的测量不确定度 （u）中由计量器具所引入的不确定度分量。 选择时，应使所选用的计量器具的测量不确定度数值 等于或小于标准所规定的u1的允许值。
2007-AP-Statistics-Multiple-Choice-Exam统计选择题
2007-AP-Statistics-Multiple -Choice-Exam统计选择题D4. Independent random samples of 100 luxury cars and 250 non-luxury cars in a certain city are examined to see if they have bumper stickers. Of the 250 non-luxury cars, 125 have bumper stickers and of the 100 luxury cars, 30 have bumper stickers. Which of the following is a 90 percent confidence interval for the difference in the proportion of non-luxury cars with bumper stickers and the proportion of luxury cars with bumper stickers from the population of cars represented by these samples?(A)(0.5)(0.5)(0.3)(0.7) (0.50.3) 1.645250100 -±+(B)(0.5)(0.5)(0.3)(0.7) (0.50.3) 1.96250100 -±+(C)15519511 (0.50.3) 1.645350350250100⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫-±+⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭(D)15519511 (0.50.3) 1.96350350250100⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫-±+⎪⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭(E)11 (0.50.3) 1.645(0.4)(0.6)250100⎛⎫-±+⎪⎝⎭5. A safety group claims that the mean speed of drivers on a highway exceeds the posted speed limit of 65 miles per hour (mph). To investigate the safety group's claim, which of the following statements is appropriate?(A) The null hypothesis is that the mean speed of drivers on this highway is less than 65 mph.(B) The null hypothesis is that the mean speed of drivers on this highway is greater than 65 mph.(C) The alternative hypothesis is that the mean speed of drivers on this highway is greater than 65 mph.(D) The alternative hypothesis is that the mean speed of drivers on this highway is less than 65 mph.(E) The alternative hypothesis is that the mean speed of drivers on this highway is greater than or equalto 65 mph.6. A fair coin is to be flipped 5 times. The first 4 flips land "heads" up. What is the probability of "heads" on the next (5th) flip of this coin?(A) 1(B) 1 2(C)4 511 122⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭(D)411 22⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭(E) 07. The stemplot below shows the yearly earnings per share of stock for two different companies over a sixteen-year period.Company A Company B0 58, 75, 96, 9892, 91, 90, 82, 78, 43, 38, 26 1 01, 10, 17, 21, 43, 43, 53, 65, 7349, 47, 44, 00 2 09, 27, 2973, 27, 05, 02 3Which of the following statements is true?(A) The median of the earnings of Company A is less than the median of the earnings of the Company B.(B) The range of the earnings of Company A is less than the range of the earnings of Company B.(C) The third quartile of Company A is smaller than the third quartile of Company B.(D) The mean of the earnings of Company A is greater than the mean of the earnings of Company B.(E) The interquartile range of Company A is twice the interquartile range of Company B.8. Let X represent a random variable whose distribution is normal, with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 10. Which of the following is equivalent to P(X > 115)?(A) P(X < 115)(B) P(X≤ 115)(C) P(X < 85)(D) P(85 < X < 115)(E) 1 -P(X < 85)9. A television news editor would like to know how local registered voters would respond to the question, "Are you in favor of the school bond measure that will be voted on in an upcoming special election?" A television survey is conducted during a break in the evening news by listing two telephone numbers side by side on the screen, one for viewers to call if they approve of the bond measure, and the other to call if they disapprove. This survey method could produce biased results for a number of reasons. Which one of the following is the most obvious reason?(A) It uses a stratified sample rather than a simple random sample.(B) People who feel strongly about the issue are more likely to respond.(C) Viewers should be told about the issues before the survey is conducted.(D) Some registered voters who call might not vote in the election.(E) The wording of the question is biased.10. A high school physics teacher was conducting an experiment with his class on the length of time it will take a marble to roll down a sloped chute. The class ran repeated trials in order to determine the relationship between the length, in centimeters, of the sloped chute and the time, in seconds, for the marble to roll down the chute. A linear relationship was observed and the correlation coefficient was 0.964. After discussing their results, the teacher instructed the students to convert all of the length measurements to meters but leave the time in seconds. What effect will this have on the correlation of the two variables?(A) Because the standard deviation of the lengths in meters will be one hundredth of the standarddeviation of the lengths in centimeters, the correlation will decrease by one hundredth to0.954.(B) Because the standard deviation of the lengths in meters will be one hundredth of the standarddeviation of the lengths in centimeters, the correlation will decrease proportionally to0.00964.(C) Because changing from centimeters to meters does not affect the value of the correlation, thecorrelation will remain 0.964.(D) Because only the length measurements have been changed, the correlation will decreasesubstantially.(E) Because meters are a much more common measurement for length in determining speed, the linearrelationship of the data will be stronger and thus the correlation will increase substantially.11. Julie generates a sample of 20 random integers between 0 and 9 inclusive. She records the number of 6's in the sample. She repeats this process 99 more times, recording the number of 6's in each sample. What kind of distribution has she simulated?(A) The sampling distribution of the sample proportion with n = 20 and p = 0.6(B) The sampling distribution of the sample proportion with n = 100 and p = 0.1(C) The binomial distribution with n = 20 and p = 0.1(D) The binomial distribution with n = 100 and p = 0.1(E) The binomial distribution with n = 20 and p = 0.612. The table above shows the sample size, the mean, and the median for two samples of measurements. What is the median for the combined sample of 47 measurements?(A) 42.649.22+(B) 45.048.52+n Mean Median Sample I 21 42.6 45.0Sample II 26 49.2 48.5(C) 21(42.6)26(49.2)47+(D) 21(45.0)26(48.5)47+(E) It cannot be determined from the information given.13. Dan, a trainer at the Popular Gym, was interested in comparing levels of physical fitness of students attending a nearby community college and those attending a 4-year college in town. He selected a random sample of 320 students from the community college. The mean and standard deviation of their fitness scores were 95 and 10, respectively. Dan also selected a random sample of 320 students from a 4-year college. The mean and standard deviation of their fitness scores were92 and 13, respectively. He then conducted a two-sided t-test that resulted in a t-value of 3.27. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion from this study?(A) Because the sample means only differed by 3, the population means are not significantly different.(B) Because the second group had a larger standard deviation, their mean fitness score is significantlyhigher.(C) Because the second group had a larger standard deviation, the mean fitness score of the first groupis significantly higher.(D) Because the p-value is less than α = 0.05, the mean fitness scores for the two groups of studentsare significantly different.(E) Because the p-value is greater than α = 0.05, the mean fitness scores for the two groups of studentsare significantly different.14. A researcher wishes to test a new drug developed to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).A group of 40 hypertensive men and 60 hypertensive women is to be used. The experimenter randomly assigns 20 of the men and 30 of the women to the placebo and assigns the rest to the treatment. The major reason for separate assignment for men and women is that(A) it is a large study with 100 subjects(B) the new drug may affect men and women differently(C) the new drug may affect hypertensive and nonhypertensive people differently(D) this design uses matched pairs to detect the new-drug effect(E) there must be an equal number of subjects in both the placebo group and the treatment group.15. The histograms below represent the distribution of five different data sets, each containing 28 integers, from 1 through 7, inclusive. The horizontal and vertical scales are the same for all graphs. Which graph represents the data set with the largest standard deviation.(A) (B) (C)(D) (E)16. Lynn is planning to fly from New York to Los Angeles and will take the Airtight Airlines flight that leaves at 8 A .M . The Web site she used to make her reservation states that theprobability that the flight will arrive in Los Angeles on time is 0.70. Of the following, which is the most reasonable explanation for how that probability could have been estimated?(A) By using an extended weather forecast for the date of her flight, which showed a 30% chance ofbad weather(B) By making assumptions about how airplanes work, and factoring all of those assumptions into anequation to arrive at the probability(C) From the fact that, of all airline flights arriving in California, 70% arrive on time(D) From the fact that, of all airline flights in the United States, 70% arrive on time(E) From the fact that, on all previous days this particular flight had been scheduled, it had arrived ontime 70% of those days17. In an experiment, two different species of flowers were crossbred. The resulting flowers from this crossbreeding experiment were classified, by color of flower and stigma, into one of four groups, as shown in the table below.A biologist expected that the ratio of 9:3:3:1 for the flower types I:II:III:IV, respectively, would result from this crossbreeding experiment. From the data above, a 2χ value of approximately 8.04 was computed. Are the observed results inconsistent with the expected ratio at the 5 percent level of significance?(A) Yes, because the computed 2χ value is greater than the critical value.(B) Yes, because the computed 2χ value is less than the critical value.(C) No, because the computed 2χ value is less than the critical value.(D) No, because the computed 2χ value is greater than the critical value.(E) It cannot be determined because some of the expected counts are not large enough to use the2χ test. Flower Type Resulting from Crossbreeding Number of Flowers Observed with These Colors I: Magenta lower with green stigma 115 II: Magenta flower with red stigma 49 III: Red flower with green stigma 32 IV: Red flower with red stigma 2118. One hundred people were interviewed and classified according to their attitude toward small cars and their personality type. The results are shown in the table below.Personality TypeType A Type B TotalAttitude Positive 25 12 37Toward Neutral 11 9 20Small Cars Negative 24 19 43Total 60 40 100Which of the following is true?(A) Of the three attitude groups, the group with the negative attitude has the highest proportion oftype A personality types.(B) Of the three attitude groups, the group with the neutral attitude has the highest proportion oftype B personality types.(C) For each personality type, more than half of the 100 respondents have a neutral attitude towardsmall cars.(D) The proportion that has a positive attitude toward small cars is higher among people with a type Bpersonality type than among people with a type A personality type.(E) More than half of the 100 respondents have a type A personality type and a positive attitude towardsmall cars.19. A delivery service places packages into large containers before flying them across the country. These filled containers vary greatly in their weight. Suppose the delivery service's airplanes always transport two such containers on each flight. The two containers are chosen so their combined weight is close to, but does not exceed, a specified weight limit. A random sample of flights with these containers is taken, and the weight of each of the two containers on each selected flight is recorded. The weights of the two containers on the same flight(A) will have a correlation of 0(B) will have a negative correlation(C) will have a positive correlation that is less than 1(D) will have a correlation of 1(E) cannot be determined from the information given20. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stratified random sampling?(A) Random sampling is part of the sampling procedure.(B) The population is divided into groups of units that are similar on some characteristic.(C) The strata are based on facts known before the sample is selected.(D) Each individual unit in the population belongs to one and only one of the strata.(E) Every possible subset of the population, of the desired sample size, has an equal chance of beingselected.21. A city is interested in building a waste management facility in a certain area. One hundred randomly selected residents from this area were asked, Do you support the city's decision to build a waste management facility in your area?" Of the 100 residents interviewed, 54 said no, 4 saidyes, and 42 had no opinion. A large sample z-confidence interval,垐(1)ˆp pp zn-±, wasconstructed from these data to estimate the proportion of this area's residents who support building a waste management facility in their area. Which of the following statements is correct for this confidence interval?(A) This confidence interval is valid because a sample size of more than 30 was used.(B) This confidence interval is valid because each area resident was asked the same question.(C) The confidence interval is valid because no conditions are required for constructing a large sampleconfidence interval for a proportion.(D) This confidence interval is not valid because the quantity ˆnp is too small.(E) This confidence interval is not valid because "no opinion" was included as a response category forthe question.22. The weights of a population of adult male gray whales are approximately normally distributed with a mean weight of 18,000 kilograms and a standard deviation of 4,000 kilograms. The weights of a population of adult male humpback whales are approximately normally distributed with a mean weight of 30,000 kilograms and a standard deviation of 6,000 kilograms.A certain adult male gray whale weighs 24,000 kilograms. This whale would have the same standardized weight (z-score) as an adult male humpback whale whose weight, in kilograms, is equal to which of the following?(A) 21,000(B) 24,000(C) 30,000(D) 36,000(E) 39,00023. The graphs of the sampling distributions, I and II, of the sample mean of the same random variable for samples of two different sizes are shown below. Which of the following statements must be true about the sample sizes?(A) The sample size of I is less than the sample size of II.(B) The sample size of I is greater than the sample size of II.(C) The sample size of I is equal to the sample size of II.(D) The sample size does not affect the sampling distribution.(E) The sample sizes cannot be compared based on these graphs.24. The histogram below displays the times, in minutes, needed for each chimpanzee in a sample of 26 to complete a simple navigational task.It was determined that the largest observation, 93, is an outlier since Q3 + 1.5(Q3 Q1) = 87.125. Which of the following boxplots could represent the information in the histogram?(A) (B)(C) (D)(E)25. When performing a test of significance about a population mean, a t-distribution, instead of a normal distribution, is often utilized. Which of the following is the most appropriate explanation for this?(A) The sample size is not large enough to assume that the population distribution is normal.(B) The sample does not follow a normal distribution.(C) There is an increase in the variability of the test statistic due to estimation of the populationstandard deviation.(D) The sample standard deviation is unknown.(E) The population standard deviation is too large.26. Random variable X is normally distributed with mean 10 and standard deviation 3, and random variable Y is normally distributed with mean 9 and standard deviation 4. If X and Y are independent, which of the following describes the distribution of Y-X?(A) Normal with mean 1 and standard deviation -1(B) Normal with mean -1 and standard deviation -1(C) Normal with mean -1 and standard deviation 5(D) Normal with mean 1 and standard deviation 7(E) Normal with mean -1 and standard deviation 727. A t-statistic was used to conduct a test of the null hypothesis H0: μ = 0 against the alternativeH a: μ≠ 0. The p-value was 0.056. A two-sided confidence interval for μ is to be constructed. Of the following, which is the largest level of confidence for which the confidence interval will NOT contain 0?(A) 90% confidence(B) 93% confidence(C) 95% confidence(D) 98% confidence(E) 99% confidenceStudent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Height 65 72 64 68 65 70 61 73 69 70Arm Span 67 71 60 69 60 65 58 74 70 6728. The table above shows the height, in inches, and the arm span, in inches, for 10 randomly selected high school students. Which of the following significance tests should be used to determine whether a linear relationship exists between height and arm span, provided the assumptions of the test are met?(A) Two-sample z-test(B) Two-sample t-test(C) Chi-square test of independence(D) Chi-square goodness-of-fit test(E) t-test for slope of regression line29. A botanist is studying the petal lengths, measured in millimeters, of two species of lilies. The boxplots above illustrate the distribution of petal lengths from two samples of equal size, one from species A and the other from species B. Based on these boxplots, which of the following is a correct conclusion about the data collected in this study?(A) The interquartile ranges are the same for both samples.(B) The range for species B is greater than the range for species A.(C) There are more petal lengths that are greater than 70 mm for species A than there are for species B.(D) There are more petal lengths that are greater than 40 mm for species B than there are for species A.(E) There are more petal lengths that are less than 30 mm for species B than there are for speciesA.30. A researcher has conducted a survey using a simple random sample of 50 registered voters to create a confidence interval to estimate the proportion of registered voters favoring the election of a certain candidate for mayor. Assume that a sample proportion does not change. Which of the following best describes the anticipated effect on the width of the confidence interval if the researcher were to survey a random sample of 200, rather than 50, registered voters?(A) The width of the new interval would be about one-fourth the width of the original interval.(B) The width of the new interval would be about one-half the width of the original interval.(C) The width of the new interval would be about the same width as the original interval.(D) The width of the new interval would be about twice the width of the original interval.(E) The width of the new interval would be about four times the width of the original interval.31. Automobile brake pads are either metallic or nonmetallic. An experiment is to be conducted to determine whether the stopping distance is the same for both types of brake pads. In previous studies, it was determined that car size (small, medium, large) is associated with stopping distance, but car type (sedan, wagon, coupe) is not associated with stopping distance. The experiment would be best done(A) by blocking on car size(B) by blocking on car type(C) by blocking on stopping distance(D) by blocking on brake pad type(E) without blocking32. An independent research firm conducted a study of 100 randomly selected children who were participating in a program advertised to improve mathematics skills. The results showed no statistically significant improvement in mathematics skills, using α = 0.05. The program sponsors complained that the study had insufficient statistical power. Assuming that the program is effective, which of the following would be an appropriate method for increasing power in this context.(A) Use a two-sided test instead of a one-sided test.(B) Use a one-sided test instead of a two-sided test.(C) Use α = 0.01 instead of α = 0.05.(D) Decrease the sample size to 50 children.(E) Increase the sample size to 200 children.33. Five estimators for a parameter are being evaluated. The true value of the parameter is 0. Simulations of 100 random samples, each of size n, are drawn from the population. For each simulated sample, the five estimates are computed. The histograms below display the simulated sampling distributions for the five estimators. Which simulated sampling distribution is associated with the best estimator for this parameter?(A) (B)(C) (D)(E)34. A planning board in Elm County is interested in estimating the proportion of its residents that are in favor of offering incentives to high-tech industries to build plants in that county. A random sample of Elm County residents was selected. All of the selected residents were asked, "Are you in favor of offering incentives to high-tech industries to build plants in your county?" A 95 percent confidence interval for the proportion of residents in favor of offering incentives was calculated to be 0.54 0.05. Which of the following statements is correct?(A) At the 95% confidence level, the estimate of 0.54 is within 0.05 of the true proportion of countyresidents in favor of offering incentives to high-tech industries to build plants in the county.(B) At the 95% confidence level, the majority of area residents are in favor of offering incentives tohigh-tech industries to build plants in the county.(C) In repeated sampling, 95% of sample proportions will fall in the interval (0.49, 0.59)(D) In repeated sampling, the true proportion of county residents in favor of offering incentives tohigh-tech industries to build plants in the county will fall in the interval (0.49, 0.59).(E) In repeated sampling, 95% of the time the true proportion of county residents in favor of offeringincentives to high-tech industries to build plants in the county will be equal to 0.54.35. A group of students has 60 houseflies in a large container and needs to assign 20 to each of the three groups labeled A, B, and C for an experiment. They can capture the flies one at a time when the flies enter a side chamber in the container that is baited with food. Which of the following methods will be most likely to result in three comparable groups of 20 houseflies each?(A) Label the first 20 flies caught as Group A, the second 20 caught as group B, and the third 20 caughtas group C.(B) Write the letters A, B, and C on separate slips of paper. Randomly pick one of the slips of paperand assign the first 20 flies caught to that group. Pick another slip and assign the next 20 fliescaught to that group. Assign the remaining flies to the remaining group.(C) When each fly is caught, roll a die. If the die shows an even number, the fly is labeled A. If thedie shows an odd number, the fly is labeled B. When 20 flies have been labeled A and 20 havebeen labeled B, the remaining flies are then labeled C.(D) Place each fly in its own numbered container (numbered from 1 to 60) in the order that it wascaught. Write the numbers from 1 to 60 on slips of paper, put the slips in a jar, and mix themwell. Pick 20 numbers out of the jar. Assign the flies in the containers with those numbers togroup A. Pick 20 more numbers and assign the flies in the containers with those numbers togroup B. Assign the remaining 20 flies to group C.(E) When each fly is caught, roll a die. If the die shows a 1 or 2, the fly is labeled A. If the die showsa 3 or 4, the fly is labeled B. If the die shows a 5 or 6, the fly is labeled C. Repeat this processfor all 60 flies.Two Sample T-Test and Confidence Interval Two sample T for BP vs HP N Mean StDev SE MeanBP 37 197.8 19.4 3.2HP 34 204.2 17.7 3.0 95% CI for μ BP - μ HP: (-15.1, 2.4) T-Test μ BP = μ HP (vs <): T = -1.45 P = 0.07636. An experiment has three mutually exclusive outcomes, A, B, and C. If P(A) = 0.12, P(B) = 0.61, and P(C) = 0.27, which of the following must be true? I. A and C are independent. II. P(A and B) = 0 III. P(B or C) = P(B) + P(C)(A) I only(B) I and II only (C) I and III only (D) II and III only (E) I, II, and III37. In a study of the weights of college athletes, player weights for a random sample of baseball players (BP) and for an independent random sample of hockey players (HP) were compared. The computer output shown below gives the result of a test of H 0: μBP = μHP versus H a : μBP < μHP .Which of the following is the best conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis?(A) The mean weight of baseball players is not significantly lower than the mean weight of hockey players at the 0.05 level.(B) The mean weight of baseball players is not significantly lower than the mean weight of hockey players at the 0.10 level.(C) The mean weight of baseball players is significantly higher than the mean weight of hockey players at the 0.10 level.(D) The mean weight of baseball players is significantly lower than the mean weight of hockey players at the 0.05 level.(E) The mean weight of baseball players is significantly different from the mean weight of hockey players at the 0.05 level.38. A game of chance is played in which X, the number of points scored in each game, has the distribution shown above. Which of the following is true for the sampling distribution of the sum, Y, of the scores when the game is played twice?(A) Y takes on values 0, 1, 2 with respective probabilities 0.3, 0.4, and 0.3.(B) Y takes on values 0, 2, 4 according to a binomial distribution with mean equal to 2.(C) Y takes on values 0, 2, 4 with respective probabilities 0.3, 0.4, and 0.3.(D) Y takes on values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 according to a binomial distribution with mean equal to 2.(E) Y takes on values 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 with respective probabilities 0.09, 0.24, 0.34, 0.24, and 0.09.39. A polling organization asks a random sample of 1,000 registered voters which of two candidates they plan to vote for in an upcoming election. Candidate A is preferred by 400 respondents, Candidate B is preferred by 500 respondents, and 100 respondents are undecided. George uses a large sample confidence interval for two proportions to estimate the difference in the population proportions favoring the two candidates. This procedure is not appropriate because(A) the two sample proportions were not computed from independent samples(B) the sample size was too small(C) the third category, undecided, makes the procedure invalid(D) the sample proportions are different; therefore the variances are probably different as well(E) George should have taken the difference 5004001,000and then used a large sample confidenceinterval for a single proportion instead。
无损检测(NDE检测)报告表格,中英对照
工程名称 Project Description： 单元名称 Unit Description： 工程类别 Project Category：
检件名称 Work piece description 检件编号 Work piece description 检件规格 Work piece specification 执行标准 Standard 合格级别 Qualification class 检件类型 Work piece type 仪器型号 Apparatus type 探头型号 Probe type 标准试块 Standard test block 灵敏度试块 Sensitivity test block 检测部位（编号） Inspection position (Number)
检测人： Examined by
年(Y)
月(M)
日(D)
审核人： Reviewed by
年(Y)
月(M)
日(D)
SH 3503–J125
超声波测厚报告 Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement Report
工程名称 Project Description： 单元名称 Unit Description： 工程类别 Project Category：
工程名称 Project Description： 单元名称 Unit Description： 工程类别 Project Category：
检件名称 Work piece description 检件编号 Work piece No 检件类型 Work piece type 检验时机 Inspection time 执行标准 Standard 仪器型号 Apparatus type 磁化方式 Magnetization mode 磁化方向 Magnetization direction 磁化时间 Magnetization time 检测部位（编号） Inspection location (number) 电流类型 Current type 提 升 力 Lifting force 磁粉种类 Magnetic particle type 磁悬液浓度 Concentration 检
锯削零件加工工艺流程
锯削零件加工工艺流程英文回答：Sawing is a common machining process used to cut materials into desired shapes and sizes. It involves the use of a saw blade with sharp teeth that move back andforth to cut through the workpiece. The sawing process can be used for various materials such as metal, wood, and plastic.The first step in the sawing process is to select the appropriate saw blade for the material being cut. Different materials require different types of blades with varying tooth configurations and cutting speeds. For example, afine-toothed blade is suitable for cutting thin metal sheets, while a coarse-toothed blade is better for cutting thick wooden boards.Once the blade is selected, it is mounted onto a sawing machine such as a bandsaw or a circular saw. The workpieceis then securely clamped onto a worktable or placed in avice to ensure stability during the cutting process.Before starting the sawing operation, it is importantto mark the desired cutting line on the workpiece. This helps to ensure accuracy and precision in the final cut.The cutting line can be marked using a ruler, a scribe, ora marking gauge.Once the workpiece is properly positioned and marked, the sawing operation can begin. The saw blade is powered on, and the operator guides the workpiece along the cutting line. It is important to maintain a steady feed rate and apply consistent pressure to achieve a clean and smooth cut. The operator should also wear appropriate safety gear such as safety glasses and gloves to protect against anypotential hazards.During the sawing process, it is common for chips and debris to be generated. These can be cleared away using a brush or a vacuum to ensure a clear cutting path andprevent any interference with the blade.After the cutting is complete, the workpiece is inspected for any imperfections or rough edges. If necessary, the edges can be deburred or smoothed using a file or sandpaper. This helps to achieve the desired finish and removes any sharp edges that could pose a safety risk.In conclusion, the sawing process is a versatile and widely used method for cutting materials into desired shapes and sizes. By selecting the appropriate blade, ensuring proper positioning and marking, and maintaining a steady feed rate, clean and precise cuts can be achieved. Regular inspection and deburring of the workpiece help to ensure a high-quality end product.中文回答：锯削是一种常见的加工工艺，用于将材料切割成所需的形状和尺寸。
基坑规范英文版
基坑规范英文版篇一：行业标准中英对照44项工程建设标准（英文版）目录123篇二：地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Deep ExcavationsABSTRACT ：All major topics in the design of in-situ retaining systems for deep excavations in urban areas are outlined. Type of wall, water related problems and water pressures, lateral earth pressures, type of support, solution to earth retaining walls, types of failure, internal and external stability problems.KEYWORDS: deep excavation; retaining wall; earth pressure;INTRODUCTIONNumbers of deep excavation pits in city centers are increasing every year. Buildings, streets surroundingexcavation locations and design of very deep basements make excavations formidable projects. This chapter has been organized in such a way that subjects related to deep excavation projects are summarized in several sections in the order of design routine. These are types of in-situ walls, water pressures and water related problems. Earth pressures in cohesionless and cohesive soils are presented in two different categories. Ground anchors, struts and nails as supporting elements are explained. Anchors are given more emphasis pared to others due to widespread use observed in the recent years. Stability of retaining systems are discussed as internal and external stability. Solution of walls for shears, moments, displacements and support reactions under earth and water pressures are obtained making use of different methods of analysis. A pile wall supported by anchors is solved by three methods and the results are pared. Type of wall failures, observed wall movements and instrumentation of deep excavation projects are summarized.1. TYPES OF EARTH RETAINING WALLS1.1 IntroductionMore than several types of in-situ walls are used to support excavations. The criteria for the selection of type of wall are size of excavation, ground conditions, groundwater level, vertical and horizontal displacements of adjacent ground and limitations of various structures, availability of construction, cost,speed of work and others. One of the main decisions is the water-tightness of wall. The following types ofin-situ walls will be summarized below;1. Braced walls, soldier pile and lagging walls2. Sheet-piling or sheet pile walls3. Pile walls (contiguous, secant)4. Diaphragm walls or slurry trench walls5. Reinforced concrete (cast-in-situ or prefabricated) retaining walls6. Soil nail walls7. Cofferdams8. Jet-grout and deep mixed walls9. Top-down construction10. Partial excavation or island method1.1.1 Braced WallsExcavation proceeds step by step after placement of soldier piles or so called king posts around the excavation at about 2 to 3 m intervals. These may be steel H, I or WF sections. Rail sections and timber are also used. At each level horizontal waling beams and supporting elements (struts, anchors,nails) are constructed. Soldier piles are driven or monly placed in bored holes in urban areas, and timberlagging is placed between soldier piles during the excavation. Various details of placement of lagging are available, however(来自: 小龙文档网:基坑规范英文版), precast units, in-situ concrete or shotcrete may also be used as alternative to timber. Depending on ground conditions no lagging may be provided in relatively shallow pits.Historically braced walls are strut supported. They had been used extensively before the ground anchor technology was developed in 1970?s. Soils with some cohesion and without water table are usually suitable for this type of construction or dewatering is acpanied if required and allowed. Strut support is monly preferred in narrow excavations for pipe laying or similar works but also used in deep and large excavations (See Fig 1.1). Ground anchor support is increasingly used and preferred due to access for construction works and machinery. Waling beams may be used or anchors may be placed directly on soldierpiles without any beams.1.1.2 Sheet-piling or Sheet Pile WallsSheet pile is a thin steel section (7-30 mm thick)400-500 mm wide. It is manufactured in different lengths and shapes like U, Z and straight line sections (Fig. 1.2). There are interlocking watertight grooves at the sides, and they are driven into soil by hammering or vibrating. Their use is often restricted in urbanized areas due to environmental problems likenoise and vibrations. New generation hammers generate minimum vibration anddisturbance, and static pushing of sections have been recently possible. In soft ground several sections may be driven using a template. The end product is a watertight steel wall in soil. One side (inner) of wall is excavated step by step and support is given by struts or anchor. Waling beams (walers) are frequently used. They are usually constructed in water bearing soils.Steel sheet piles are the most mon but sometimes reinforced concrete precast sheet pile sections are preferred in soft soils if driving difficulties are not expected. Steel piles may also encounter driving difficulties in very dense, stiff soils or in soils with boulders. Jetting may be acpanied during the process to ease penetration. Steel sheet pile sections used in such difficult driving conditions are selected according to the driving resistance rather than the design moments in the project. Another frequently faced problem is the flaws in interlocking during driving which result in leakages under water table. Sheet pile walls are monly used for temporary purposes but permanent cases are also abundant. In temporary works sections are extracted after their service is over, and they are reused after maintenance. This process may not be suitable in dense urban environment.1.1.3 Pile WallsIn-situ pile retaining walls are very popular due to their availability and practicability. There are different types of pile walls (Fig. 1.3). In contiguous (intermittent) bored pile construction, spacing between the piles is greater篇三：基坑开挖换填施工方案英文版Sokoto Cement Factory Project of the 17 Bureau, Chinese Railway ConstructionCompanythConstruction Schemes for Foundation pit ExcavationAnd ReplacementComposed by：Editor：Chief editor：Fifth division of 17th Bureau of CRCC, manager department of theSokoto Cement Factory Project, Nigeria23th November 2104Contents1Introduction ......................................... ...................................................... ............................. １1.1 Basis for theposition ............................................. ............................................... １1.2 Principles for theposition ............................................. ........................................ １2.1Location ............................................. ...................................................... .................... １2.2 Geographicreport ............................................... ...................................................... ... ２2.3 Ground water and undergroundwater. ............................................... ......................... ２ Construction techniques andmethods .............................................. ...................................... ２3.1 Excavation of the foundationpit .................................................. ................................ ２3.1.13.1.23.1.33.1.43.1.53.1.63.23.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.44 Gradient of the foundationpit .................................................. ......................... ３ The stability of the side slope ................................................ ............................ ３ The form ofexcavation ........................................... .......................................... ４Preparation for theexcavation ........................................... ................................ ５ Construction procedures ........................................... ......................................... ６Methods .............................................. ...................................................... ......... ６ Constructionmaterial ............................................. ........................................... ７Constructionpreparation .......................................... ......................................... ８Techniques and constructionalprocedure. ........................................... ............. ８Methods .............................................. ...................................................... ......... ９ 3 Gravelreplacement .......................................... ...................................................... ...... ７ Organization of construction and logistic work ................................................. ................ １１4.1 The managing system for construction organization. ........................................ ...... １１4.2 Human resources for theconstruction ......................................... ............................ １１4.3 Logisticwork ................................................. ...................................................... .... １２4.4 Technicalguarantee ............................................ ..................................................... １２4.5 Quality and techniques standard andregulation ........................................... ........... １２4.5.14.5.24.5.34.5.44.64.6.14.6.24.6.34.74.8 Qualitystandard ............................................. ............................................... １２Quality monitoringorganization ......................................... .......................... １３ Raising awareness for the importance of quality and professional skills. .... １３ Establishing quality managementcode. ................................................ ........ １３ Safety regulations for mechanical construction ......................................... ... １４ Trafficregulations ......................................................................................... １５Safety regulations for fillingconstruction. ........................................ ............ １５ Safety techniquesmeasures ............................................. ........................................ １４Environment protectionmeasures ............................................. .............................. １６ Construction during the rainseason ............................................... ......................... １６4.8.14.8.2 Collecting weatherdata ................................................. ................................ １６ Technical measures fordrainage ............................................. ...................... １６4.9 Technical measures for sandstorm ................................................ .......................... １７4.10 Contingencyplan ................................................. .................................................... １７Construction Schemes for Foundation pitExcavation And Replacement1 Introduction1.1 Basis for the position1.1.1 1.1.21.1.3 Drawings submitted by the Owner (GB50300-2001）。
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“校通-通”量规(TT)：检验轴用工作量规的通规；
合格标准：能通过轴用工作量规的通规； “校止-通”量规(ZT)：检验轴用工作量规的止规； 合格标准：能通过轴用工作量规的止规； “校通-损”量规(TS)：检验轴用工作量规通规的磨损极限；
合格标准：不通过轴用工作量规的通规； 能通过轴用工作量规的通规——达到磨损极限，不能使用。
验收原则：原则上只接收位于规定的尺寸极限之内的工 件(只允许误废而不允许误收)。 验收极限(2种)：判断工件合格与否的尺寸界限；
内缩方案：验收极限从MMS和LMS分别向公差带内移动 一个安全裕度A来确定。
孔：上验收极限=LMS-A 下验收极限=MMS+A
轴：上验收极限=MMS-A
下验收极限=LMS+A
光滑极限量规设计
量规的公称尺寸和结构型式(泰勒原则)
作用尺寸(受形状误差影响)不超过MMS(由通规控制)； 提取尺寸(不受形状误差影响)不超过LMS(由止规控制)； 通规测量面是完整表面，长度等于配合长度，全形量规；
止规测量面是点状的，长度可以短些，非全形量规。
量规的结构型式
不内缩方案：
验收极限等于MMC和LMC (A=0)
工件验收原则、安全裕度与验收极限
安全裕度A
不内缩方案 验收极限
内缩方案 验收极限 生产公差
保证公差
工件验收原则、安全裕度与验收极限
安全裕度A的确定
安全裕度较大时，生产公差小，虽可用较低精度的测量器 具进行检验，但加工经济性较差； 安全裕度较小时，生产公差大，加工经济性较好，但需使 用精度高的测量器具，检验和测量成本较高；
量规的结构型式
工作量规的公差(GB/T 1957-2006)
量规公差T与被测工件的公差等级有关； 公差带位于工件公差带之内(占工件公差的一小部分)； 止规公差带紧靠工件LMS； 通规公差带的中心偏离工件MMS一个Z值(位置要素)。 通规磨损极限=工件MMS；形状公差=尺寸公差×50%；
互换性与测量技术基础
第6章 光滑工件尺寸检验和光 滑极限量规设计
聂国权：Niegq@ 石家庄铁道大学机械工程学院
OUTLINE
光滑工件尺寸检验 光滑极限量规设计
测量的误收与误废
用分度值为0.01mm，测量极限误差(不确定度)为 ±0.004mm的外径千分尺检验轴F 40(es=0, ei=-0.062)
GB/T 3177-2009：安全裕度A≈尺寸公差T/10
验收极限的选择原则
内缩方案：遵守包容要求的尺寸；公差等级高的尺寸；有 配合要求的尺寸； 不内缩方案：非配合尺寸；一般公差尺寸。
测量器具的选择(GB/T 3177-2009)
测量的不确定度u：被测量不能肯定的程度(测量误差)；
按极限尺寸验收：F 40mm~F 39.938mm合格； 误收： F 40mm~F 40.004mm, F 39.938mm~F 39.934mm
误废： F 40mm~F 39.996mm, F 39.938mm~F 39.942mm
验收原则、安全裕度与验收极限(GB/T 3177-2009)
光滑极限量规设计(GB/T 1957-2006)
概述(plain limit gauge)
没有刻度的定值专用量具，用于大批量工件的检验； 不能测得实际尺寸，只能判断工件是否在极限尺寸范围内; 孔：塞规(plug gauge)； 轴：环规或卡规(ring gauge)；
通规(T)按工件的MMS制造；
为保证车间自检合格的产品，验收时也一定合格，应使 用旧的或磨损较大的通规(不超过磨损极限的工作量规)。
校对量规：检验轴用工作量规在制造时是否符合制造公 差，或在使用中是否已达到磨损极限的量规。
轴用工作量规(环规或卡规)是内表面，不方便检验；校对 量规是外表面，可用通用量具检验。
光滑极限量规设计
止规(Z)按工件的LMS制造；通规和止规成对使用； 检验标准：通规通过，且止规不通过，合格； 通规通不过，或止规通过，不合格。
光滑极限量规设计
孔用塞规
轴用卡规
光滑极限量规设计
量规的分类
工作量规：车间加工时用来检验工件的量规。
为保证加工精度，应使用新的或磨损较小的通规。
验收量规：检验部门或用户代表验收产品时用的量规。
选择原则
GB/T 3177-2009：所选用的测量器具的不确定度≤按尺寸公 差选定的不确定度允许值u1 (表6-1)；
被测工件的结构特点、外形尺寸以及精度要求，综合考虑 经济性和技术性。
安全裕度A与测量器具的不确定度允许值u1
千分尺和游标卡确定度u1降为原来的40%(工 件形状与标准器相同)或60%(工件形状与标准器不同)
2 u u12 u2 测量器具(通用计量器具:游标卡尺、千分尺、比较仪)的不 确定度u1；温度、压陷效应、形状误差引起的不确定度u2；
u的分档：IT6~IT11(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ)， IT12~IT18(Ⅰ,Ⅱ)，分别为 尺寸公差T的1/10, 1/6, 1/4；优先选用Ⅰ档； u(Ⅰ)≈A；u1≈0.9u；u2≈0.45u
校对量规的公差(GB/T 1957-2006)
校对量规尺寸公差TP=轴用工作量规尺寸公差T×50%;
“校通-通”量规(TT)：防止轴用通规尺寸过小，公差带从 通规下偏差起，向通规公差带内分布； “校止-通”量规(ZT)：防止轴用止规尺寸过小(防止误收)， 公差带从止规下偏差(LMS)起，向止规公差带内分布； “校通-损”量规(TS)：防止轴用通规在使用中超出磨损极 限，公差带从磨损极限(MMS)起，向通规公差带内分布。
工作量规的T和通规公差位置Z(GB/T 1957-2006)
光滑极限量规极限尺寸的计算方法和步骤
查出被测孔和轴的极限偏差 (表2-4，表2-7，表2-8)； 查出工作量规的制造公差T和通规公差带位置要素Z 值 (表6-6)； 确定轴用校对量规的制造公差(TP=T/2)；
确定工作量规的形状公差(T/2)；
指示表的测量不确定度
比较仪的测量不确定度
光滑工件尺寸检验实例
例1：被测工件为轴F 45 f 8 ，试确定验收极限并选 择适当的测量器具；分析该轴可否使用分度值为 0.01mm 的外径千分尺，以量块为标准器，进行比较测 量验收。
例2：某轴的长度为100mm，其加工精度为线性尺寸的 未注公差中等级，即GB/T 1804-m，试确定其验收极限， 并选择适当的测量器具。 f (精密级)—IT12；m (中等级)—IT14 c (粗糙级)—IT16；v (最粗级)—IT17
画出工件、工作量规和校对量规的公差带图；
计算各种偏差；
在公差带图上标注。
光滑极限量规极限尺寸的计算
例3：计算F 30H8/ f 7孔和轴用各种量规的极限偏差。
量规型式的选择和技术要求