--CFA一级Notes习题笔记
cfa一级笔记

cfa一级笔记摘要:1.CFA 一级考试概述2.CFA 一级考试内容3.CFA 一级考试备考策略4.CFA 一级考试笔记资源正文:【CFA 一级考试概述】CFA(Chartered Financial Analyst)一级考试是CFA 认证考试的第一个阶段,适用于那些希望在金融和投资领域发展职业生涯的人士。
CFA 一级考试为考生提供了一个全面的金融知识体系,帮助他们在投资工具、公司金融、经济学、财务报表分析等方面建立扎实的基础。
通过CFA 一级考试,考生将获得一个全球公认的金融专业资格,为进入金融行业或晋升管理层铺平道路。
【CFA 一级考试内容】CFA 一级考试涵盖了以下几个主要方面:1.投资工具:包括股票、债券、衍生品等金融产品及其交易策略。
2.公司金融:涉及资本预算、财务报表分析、现金流量预测等方面的知识。
3.经济学:宏观经济学、微观经济学、国际金融等方面的内容。
4.财务报表分析:财务报表的编制、分析、解读等技巧。
【CFA 一级考试备考策略】1.制定学习计划:根据考试大纲,为每个知识点分配合理的学习时间。
2.参加培训课程:可以选择线上或线下的CFA 培训课程,以提高学习效率。
3.多做模拟题:模拟题可以帮助考生熟悉考试题型,检验学习成果,提高答题速度。
4.建立知识体系:将所学知识点归纳总结,形成自己的知识体系。
5.保持学习动力:与志同道合的人一起学习,分享经验,互相鼓励。
【CFA 一级考试笔记资源】1.CFA 官方网站:提供最新的考试大纲、样题、考试资讯等。
2.网络课程:很多教育机构提供线上的CFA 培训课程,如高顿、金程等。
3.书籍资料:市面上有很多针对CFA 一级考试的辅导书籍,如《CFA 一级备考指南》、《CFA 一级精选习题集》等。
4.同学互助:与同学或考友互相分享笔记,取长补短。
通过以上内容,相信你对CFA 一级考试已经有了更全面的了解。
cfa level 1 notes

EthicsEthics●Shared beliefs. Ethics are important because the investment industry is built on trust.●Profession: Specialized knowledge and skills, commitment to serve others, a sharedcode of ethics.●Ethical and law: 有相同的地方,也有独立的地方。
(比如举报老板可能是违法的)●Situational influences (e.g. environmental and cultural elements) lead to unethicalbehaviour than internal traits. Loyalty to employer/colleagues is powerful among them.●Ethical decision-making process: Identify-Consider-Decide, Act- Reflect●The code of ethics publicly communicates the established principles and expectedbehaviour of its members, while the standards of conduct serve as benchmark for the minimally acceptable behaviour of community members.The Code of Ethics●Act with integrity, competence, diligence, and respect and in an ethical manner with theparticipants in the global capital markets.●Place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above.●Reasonable care and independent professional judgment on professional activities.●Practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner.●Promote the integrity and viability of the global capital markets for the ultimate benefitof society.●Maintain and improve their professional competence.Standards of Professional Conduct●Professionalism: Knowledge of the law, independence, objectivity, no misrepresentation, nomisconduct (Breaking the law is related to civil obedience, not necessarily misconduct).●Integrity of capital market: Do not act on material non-public information (包括无意泄露,而不是单纯考虑是否利用信息进行了套利). No market manipulation. However, it isacceptable to use public and nonmaterial non-public information to form the analysis which can be material. (Mosaic Theory)●Duties to clients: Loyalty, prudence, care, fair dealing, suitability of advisory, performancepresentation, preservation of confidentiality. (能自己支付的费用就自己付,不能因为disclose了就安然接受)●Duties to employers: Loyalty, no additional compensation, supervision to their work. (Cancontact former clients in the absence of noncompetence agreements)●Investment analysis, recommendations, and actions: Diligence, reasonable basis,communication with (prospective) clients, record retention.●Conflicts of interest: Disclosure of conflicts and referral fee, prioritize transaction.●CFA candidate: Not imply there is some sort of partial designation earned after passing alevel. (e.g. Tracy, CFA II is unethical)Global Investment Performance Standards (GIPS)●Firms must include all fee-paying, discretionary portfolios (委托账户) for at least 5years or since inception, then build up to 10 years.●Sections: Fundamentals of compliance (total firm assets), input data (fair value),calculation methodology (firmwide consistent), composite construction (asset value weighted average), disclosure, presentation, real estate, private equity, wrapfee/separately managed account (SMA) portfolios.●Compliance are recommended but not required to be verified by third party (excludingthe audit group).Quantitative MethodsYielda)Interest rate●The interest rate, r, is the required rate of return; also called the discount rate oropportunity cost. It can be viewed as the sum of the real risk-free interest rate and a set of premiums: inflation, default risk, liquidity and maturity.b)Holding period return●(ending value – beginning value + cashflow received)/beginning valuec)Bank discount yield●The bank for US Treasury bills (and other money-market instruments sold on a discountbasis) is given by r BD= (F − P0)/F × 360/t , where F is the face amount to be received at maturity, P0 is the price of the Treasury bill, t is the number of days to maturity.●Money market/Bond equivalent yield r MM = HPY ×360/t = (360 × r BD)/(360 − t × r BD).●Discount yield = 贴现值/面值×360/nAdd-on yield = 贴现值/市价×365/nd)Continuous Compound●The stated annual interest rate is a quoted interest rate that does not compound withinthe year. The periodic rate is the quoted interest rate per period, equalling the stated annual interest rate divided by the number of compounding periods per year.这里指的都是,而不是连续复利●The effective annual rate is the amount by which a unit of currency will grow in a yearwith interest on interest included. We can use discrete or continuous compounding to find a periodic rate that corresponds to a particular EAR. E.g. For an 8% annual interest rate with semiannual compounding, the EAR is 8.16%. 1.00*(1.04)2 = 1.0816e)Cost of trade credit●Credit term 2/10 means 2% discountf)Spread●G-spread: A yield spread over a government bond.●I-spread: interest rate swap in the same currency with the same tenor as a bond●Z-spread: add an equal amount to each benchmark spot rate and value the bond.●Option adjusted spread OAS = Z-spread – option valueAnnuity● An annuity is a finite set of level sequential cash flows.● Two types of annuities, the annuity due (a first cash flow that occurs immediately) and the ordinary annuity (first cash flow occurs one period from the present).● The present value of a perpetuity is A/r . A is the periodic payment.● E.x. Pay nothing for three years, but then pay $20,000 per year for four years. 20000的年金算完之后处以3年的discount rate 而不是4年(答案52585.46) NPV and IRR● The net present value (NPV) of a project is the present value of its cash inflows minus the present value of its cash outflows. The internal rate of return (IRR) is the discount rate that makes NPV equal to 0.● The IRR rule is to accept all projects with an internal rate of return exceeding therequired rate of return. It can be affected by problems of scale and timing of cash flows. If there are conflicts between the IRR and NPV method, use NPV.● Profitability index = NPV/CF 0, accept if PI>1Statisticsa) Summary Statistics● Population (all members of a specified group) VS Sample (subset of a population). Population Variance Sample Variance● Semivariance: the average squared deviation below the meanTarget semivariance: average squared deviation below a stated targeCoefficient of variance CV= sample standard deviation/sample mean● The geometric mean is always no larger than the arithmetic mean, and the difference increases as the dispersion increases. Harmonic mean is even smaller.● Mean absolute deviation MAD= ∑|X i −X ̅|/N n i=1● C hebyshev’s inequality: 任意数据集,位于其平均数m 个标准差范围内的比例总是至少为(1- 1m 2),m 为大于1的任意整数。
CFA一级笔记之经济学

AVC=
X
c Cost per share ATC
AVC
Economy scale
ATC= =AVC+
MC——总成本关于 Q 的导数
TC=VC+FC
成本曲线的移动:
(1)资源 P↑,成本↑
(2)tax↑,cost↑
Diseconomy (3)regulation↑
scale
LTC cost↑
Q
Q
Q
9. 四种市场结构(profit max MR=MC)。
Elasticity
P
Inelasticity
P
高价区间弹性大,P↓,
P-E
总收入↑
1.替代品的存在
P-1
E=-1,单位弹性收入最大化
2.预算约束
低价区间弹性大,P↑, 总收入↓
D
D
需求收入弹性→1.低档品,负弹性,收入↑→D↓。2.正常商品,收入↑→D↑。 0<E<1, 必需品。E>1 奢侈品
7. law of D (边际效用 8.
(1)完全竞争(同质产品、价格接受者、无进入障(2)垄断竞争(monopolistic competition 差异化产品、负斜率 D、低障碍)
P
M
P
MC
P
ATC
MR=P=D
ATC
M
P
long
short
D
M AT
short
MR=P=D
AT
D
利润最大化
Q
long
Q
(3)垄断(monopoly 一个卖者,无替代品,进入障碍高)
经济学
1. 财政政策——凯恩斯主义(关注 AD 而非 AS,价格和工资具有向下刚性) (1) 相机决策(discretionary)→反周期政策(countercyclical)
CFA level1 notes summary 01

1.Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct 道德准则及七大职业标准,前导考点:CFA从业人员必须遵守的准则;不遵守会出现可能的处罚结果,什么样的情况下受到处罚;CFA协会里哪些部门负责准则调查;Question1A broker and CFA charterholder has been arrested for the crime of murder. Which, if any, of the following could result in the member being summarily suspended from using the CFA designation?CFA持证人因为暗杀被抓,在哪种情况下会取消CFA的资格?A)Either being convicted or pleading guilty to the crime. 被判有罪,暗杀成立B)Both of the results listed here.C)He is acquitted of the crime, but he is barred from continuing to work in the investmentindustry. Acquit宣判…无罪,被判无罪,但是被禁止在本行业工作如果题目改下,酒驾、打架被抓,理由荒唐,不会被取消CFA资格Solution B:Both of these are reasons that CFA Institute may use for summarily suspending use of the CFA designation.持证人一旦违反准则,受到的处罚结果有三个:The Designated Officer may decide:1.That no disciplinary sanctions are appropriate. 无任何处罚结果2.To issue a cautionary letter. 发警告信(严重性一般)3.To discipline the member or candidates. 处罚(严重性强),直接取消资格第三种还有两种可能:Sanctions may include condemnation by member’s peers or suspension of candidates participation in the CFA program. 其他的CFA持证人对其进行公开谴责(严重性强)Inquiry can be prompted by: 可能被调查的情况•Self-disclosure by members or candidates. 自我披露,CFA每年做问卷调查,FCS职业准则申明,告诉协会过去一年是否严格遵守准则,未遵守的地方要披露。
CFA一级笔记-第八部分 固定收益证券

CFA一级考试知识点第八部分固定收益证券债券五类主要发行人超国家组织supranational organizations,收回贷款和成员国股金还款主权(国家)政府sovereign/national governments,税收、印钞还款非主权(地方)政府non-sovereign/local governments(美国各州),地方税收、融资、收费。
准政府机构quasi-governments entities(房利美、房地美)公司(金融机构、非金融机构)经营现金流还款Maturity到期时间、tenor剩余到期时间小于一年是货币市场证券、大于一年是资本市场证券、没有明确到期时间是永续债券。
计算票息需要考虑付息频率,未明确的默认半年一次付息。
双币种债券dual-currency bonds支付票息时用A货币,支付本金时用B货币。
外汇期权债券currency option bongds给予投资人选择权,可以选择本金或利息币种。
本金偿还形式子弹型债券bullet bond,本金在最后支付。
也称为plain vanilla bond(香草计划债券)摊销性债券amortizing bond,分为完全摊销和部分摊销。
偿债基金条款sinking found provision,也是提前收回本金的方式,债券发行方在存续期间定期提前偿还部分本金,例如每年偿还本金初始发行额的6%。
票息支付形式固定票息债券fixed-rate coupon bonds,零息债券会折价发行,面值与发行价之差就是利息,零息债券也称为纯贴现债券pure discount bond。
梯升债券step – up coupon bonds票息上升递延债券deferred coupon bonds/split coupon bonds,期初几年不支付,后期才开始支付票息。
(前期资金紧张或研发型项目)实物支持债券payment-in-kind/PIK coupon bonds票息不是现金,而是实物。
CFA一级笔记-第三部分 经济学

CFA一级考试知识点第三部分经济学需求函数demand function =f(, I , …)为商品X的需求量;为商品X的价格;I 为消费者收入;为其他相关商品的(替代品或互补品)Y的价格。
需求曲线公式也可以简化为= f(),需求曲线与需求函数式互为反函数,被称为反需求函数= f()需求曲线,是价格的变化量、是需求量的变化量,横坐标是需求曲线Q,纵坐标是价格P ,图形是个向右下倾斜的曲线。
需求价格弹性,衡量商品需求对价格变化的敏感程度= () () 其中是需求函数的斜率,不是需求曲线的斜率。
如果题目中表达式是:Q=10-2P,则=-2,如果P=5-1/2Q,等于-1/2的倒数,即=-2曲线弹性绝对值大于1,富有弹性elastic曲线弹性绝对值小于1,缺乏弹性inelastic曲线弹性绝对值等于1,单位弹性unit elastic需求价格弹性的因素:替代品的可得性availability of substitutes与相似性closeness of substitutes、该商品展消费者总预算的比例、反应时间、商品服务的必要性。
商品富有弹性>1,价格下降需求量上升幅度会超过商品下降幅度,从而总收入或总支出增加,商品富有弹性时,价格和总收入或总支出呈反向关系。
<1时,商品缺乏弹性,价格和总收入或总支出呈正向关系。
飞机经济舱富有弹性,降价会提高整体收入,商务舱价格弹性低,打折会使得整体收入降低。
交叉弹性为正是替代品交叉弹性为负是互补品收入弹性为正是正常品(奢侈品)收入弹性为负是低档品(劣质品)需求量增加的为正效应、需求量减少的为负效应。
吉芬商品Giffen goods指价格越低总需求越低(方便面)韦伯伦商品Veblen goods价格越高总需求越高(奢侈品)生产函数Q=f ( K , L )Q为产量、K为实物资本、L为劳动力。
短期市场简化为Q=f ( L )企业生产效率三种指标衡量:总产量、平均产量、边际产量。
CFA一级笔记-第五部分 公司金融

CFA一级考试知识点第五部分公司金融公司治理corpoate governance是指对公司的内部控制和流程进行管理的系统。
传统公司治理理论称为股东理论shareholder theory,认为公司管理层最重要的责任就是最大化股东利益。
利益相关者理论stakeholder theory,不仅要关注股东,还要关注客户、供应商、雇员和其他相关利益者。
股东对高管薪水具有决定权say on pay董事会必须做到两点:勤勉义务duty of care、忠诚义务duty of loyalty。
董事会下设专门职能委员会审计委员会audit committee薪酬委员会remuneration / compensation committee提名委员会nomination committee治理委员会governance committee风险管理委员会risk committee投资委员会investment committeeESG投资,也称为ESG整合,就是在投资过程中充分考虑环境environment、社会society、治理governance三个因素。
这种投资也被称为可持续投资、责任投资或社会责任投资。
ESG应用方法主要以下四种:负面筛查法、正面筛查法、影响力投资、主题投资。
项目类型分为五类替换项目、扩张项目、新产品项目、强制性项目mandatory projects、其他项目(喜好等)分析现金流时需要关注项目能给公司带来的税后增量现金流after tax incremental cash flows,其中又包括机会成本opportunity costs和外部效应externalities两个因素。
机会成本是指公司放弃的次优项目的收益。
外部效应一方面是正外部效应,也称协同效应synergy,另一方面是负外部效应,也称利益侵蚀cannibalization.(对公司同类产品的影响)同时需要考虑到税后的因素。
CFA 1 笔记

Session11、永续年金只有现值PERPETUAL ANNUITIES 或PERPETUITIES)永续年金是指无限期支付的年金2、马赛克理论 mosaic theory 一个洞察力很强的分析员,如果通过对公开信息,以及一些非重大的非公开信息的分析,得出了关于公司的行为或者事件的结论,即使这个结论是重大的非公开信息,也不构成对这条准则的违反,这就是所谓的马赛克理论,也是分析员的价值所在。
3、P44客户隐私保守,但非法的,法律要求的,客户允许的可披露,同时可给为同一客户服务的同事。
P46,工作之外的行为要报告雇主且在开始前得到雇主同意P47为了保护客户的利益,或者为了维护资本市场的诚信,而不是为了个人的得失的情况下,有时候可以违反对雇主的的忠诚责任(有限忠诚)4、记录保存,如公司没有要求,CFA要求保存7年P605、Chartered Financial Analyst 或者CFA 的标志,必须跟在一个证书持有人名字的后面(比如张三,CFA),或者作为形容词(例如张三是CFA Charterholder);但是不能够作为名词(不能够说,张三是CFA)。
这个规定适用于书面和口头的沟通。
CFA 个人titile,不能用作公司titile.CFA 三级前只有candidate(报名,且参加考试后)6、GIPS 标准是2004 年12 月7 日被投资业绩委员会(IPC)修订,并于2005 年2 月4 日被CFA 协会理事会(CFA Institute Board ofGovernors)采用的。
修订之后的标准的生效时间是2006 年1 月1 日。
包含了2005 年12 月31 日以后数据的业绩表现,都必须符合修订之后的标准的要求。
只包含2005 年12 月31 日以前数据的业绩表现,可以按照符合1999 年版本的GIPS 标准进行展示(06年以前特别国家适用CVG的公司也可以宣称符合GIPS, country version of GIPS(CVG ),are granted reciprocity to claim compliance with theGIPS standards for historical periods prior to 1 January 2006。
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CFA一级Notes习题笔记EthicsCode of Ethics1.act with integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the investment profession, and other participants in the global capital markets2.place the integrity of the investment profession and the interests of clients above their own personal interestse reasonable care and exercise independent professional judgement when conducting investment analysis, making investment recommendations, taking investment actions, and engaging in other professional activities4.practice and encourage others to practice in a professional and ethical manner that will reflect credit on themselves and the profession5.promote the integrity of, and uphold the rules governing, capital markets6.maintain and improve their professional competence and strive to maintain and improve the competence of other ivestment professionals.Standards of Professional ConductI professionalismA.knowledge of the lawB.independence and objectivityC.MisrepresentationD.MisconductII.integrity of capital marketsA.material nonpublic informationB.market manipulationIII.duties to clientsA.Loyalty,Prudence and CareB.Fair DealingC.SuitabilityD.Performance presentationE.preservation of confidentialityIV.duties to employersA.loyaltyB.additional compensation arrangementsC.responsibilities of supervisorsV.investment analysis, reommendations,and actionsA.Diligence and reasonable basismunication with clients and prospective clientsC.record retentionVI.conflicts of interestA.Disclosure of conflictsB.priority of transactionsC.referral feesVII.responsibilities as a CFA institute member or CFA candidateA.conduct as menbers and candidates in the cfa programB.reference to CFA institute, the cfa designation, and the cfa program1.私人投资跟Code无关,但滥用举报违反personal conduct。
I(D), misconduct2.承销的公司发现问题,要先向上级反映,寻求支持。
I(A),法律相关3.发现违规但无法纠正,要首先脱离关系,寻求法律支持。
I(A),法律相关4.遵守可行的最严格的法律,没有例外。
SII(A),内幕交易,I(A),法律相关5.人为操纵volume或价格违反code and standards。
II(B),market manipulation6.告知投资者投资策略的情况下,操作细节不披露,不违反II(B)7.最不正确的是“必须向监管机构或政府报告违法证据”,其他选项有:知道违反但不采取任何行为阻止;有责任立刻阻止知法犯法;碰到违法应向上级咨询。
I(A),法律8.不能说有CFA证就better performance,CFA标志只能用作形容词和在某人名字之后,不能放大加粗CFA字母VII(B),标志使用9.要了解客户的投资需求,不能自以为是,III(C)10.采用federal reserve等公布机构的数据,不算剽窃plagiarism.采用别人的数据结合自己的分析,只用自己的名字发表算剽窃;用别人的分析报告向自己的客户推荐,算剽窃。
I(C)Misrepresentation11.介绍资料中不包括失败的数据,违反c&s III(D) Performance presentation12.接受公司外的offer要向公司报告并获得批准IV(A) Loyalty13.supervisor不仅要警告和阻止下属违规,还要采取措施方式再次发生。
有责任向上级报告监管漏洞,IV(C)responsibilities of supervisors14.supervisor向上级报告漏洞,但公司不予理睬,s应放弃管理职责直到措施被采纳。
IV(C)responsibilities of supervisors15.分析师不能接受高价值的住宿,行程和饭局礼遇,而且要拒绝礼品。
借助高档饭局来做营销,即使通报上级也不可以,因为过于高档,影响独立性原则。
I(B) independence and objectivity16.分析师的旅行和住宿应由公司承担。
分析师要求公布研究公司给的报酬,向公司报告受到的礼品,公布推荐费。
I(B) independence and objectivity17.客户信息保密原则III(E).preservation of confidentiality18.事实和主观判断分开陈述。
V(B)communication with clients and prospectiveclients19.fair dealing原则,不能在消息公布前与大客户沟通,不能让亲属与别的客户区别开,前后都不行,要同步。
不能在消息公布前先行交易(内幕交易)。
III(B).Fair Dealing20.消息公布后应该有合适的waiting period才能操作自己或者公司的交易。
公布同时操作自己的帐户也违反c&sIII(B).Fair Dealing21.不能保证满意,不能保证所有服务(inhouse和外包),不能保证肯定盈利,小公司不能说有长history.I(C)Misrepresentation22.不能给高于平均的交易费来获得信息,不能只选某些交易员因为他们推荐客户,不能随意调整风险组合。
III(A).Loyalty,Prudence and Care23.记忆中重建老公司的模型是允许的,因为重建了supporting data。
IV(A).loyalty .V(C).record retention24.不披露推荐费。
VI(C).referral fees25.正确描述candidate 和member. VII(B).reference to CFA institute, the cfadesignation, and the cfa program26.II(A) 内幕消息。
27.没法律的地方要遵守CFA code,I(A), II(A)内幕交易28.考官提前发考题给两个朋友,一个看了一个没看。
即使一个没看,3个都违反了VII(A),因为没看的也参与了cheating的计划。
29.网络聊天室中的内幕消息也不能用于交易。
II(A)内幕交易30.接受别的公司的兼职要得到原公司的允许consent to all the terms, IV(A)loyalty31.用小盘股来最终S&P500,并超越它的收益不现实。
III(D)Performancepresentation32.空洞的说辞并不违反standard,但是参与这个行为的分析师违反了I(D).Misconduct33.IPO前按照75%的IPO价格给了10%股份给management,I(A)违法,I(D)misconduct,注意不是利益冲突34.基金经理应朋友要求购买ipo操纵股价。
II(B)35.告知客户推荐费关系的情况下,不违规。
VI(C).referral fees36.因自己的爱好相关的产品对投资作出推荐,违反V(A)Diligence and reasonablebasis37.自己通过信托托管的股票,对分析师发表研究报告也造成利益冲突,必须披露。
VI(A)Disclosure of conflicts38.数据必须包括总结帐户的,必须有据可查,必须考虑听众的知识水平。
III(D)Performance presentation39.fair dealing的推荐:maintain a list关于客户和持仓情况,写下书面的交易流程,review保证没有客户区别对待。
不能对所有客户的需求认为一致。
III(B) fair dealing40.V(A).Diligence and reasonable basis要求对第三方的研究报考review,保证independent和objectivity。
41.VI(B)没说过亲友的交易要在别的客户之后处理。
建议不要参与ipo怕有利益冲突。
Quantitative MethodsConcept Checkers P1281.N=15, I/Y=9, PV=-1000, FV=2.N=50, I/Y=20, PV=-10, FV=3.N=3, I/Y=0, FV=100, PV=4.N=7, I/Y=8, FV=10000, PV=5.N=8, PV=-3, FV=4.5, I/Y=6.I/Y=12, PV=-5000, FV=10000, N=; 也可以用72法则,72/I/Y=翻倍的年数7.CF0=0,CF1=500,CF2=200, CF3=800, I=12, NPV=8.CF0=0, CF1=10, CF2=-20, CF3=10, CF4=150, I=8.5, NPV=9.N=20, I/Y=10, PMT=50000,FV=0, PV=10.N=5, I/Y=9.5, PV=-10000, FV=0, PMT=11.BGN, N=15, I/Y=11, PMT=8000, FV=0, PV= ,END;也可以N=14,I/Y=11,PMT=8000, FV=0, PV=?-800012.N=10, I/Y=11, PV=0, FV=60000, PMT=13.N1=10, I/Y=9, PMT1=4000, FV1=0, PV=?=-FV2, N2=4, PMT2=0, PV2=, 算清楚前一段折现到哪一年末。