中国舞台艺术的起源与发展2

1.舞台艺术的含义(meaning);Performing art is the art of

performing on stage, which mainly include dramas (including opera), folk art（曲艺）, music, dance, acrobatics(杂技), magic, martial arts（武术） and other art forms.

2.起源及发展(origin and development);In China, performing

art can be traced back to the 11th century B.C. around the western zhou dynasty (BC - 771 B.C.) 1066. The famous “big dance "(大舞)is combined with dance, music and poetry and other art forms.Since then, The famous patriotic poet “jiuge”

appeared , it has a strong ballet factors(舞剧因素), but can’t be said performing art strictly

Chinese performing art ,made a real progress in 1949 when the People's Republic of China established. “The pigeon”is one of ballets in this time. After that, traditional

music-drama(传统戏)，new historical drama(新编历史剧)，

modern creation(现代戏) has a great development.

3.A brief introduction of jingju and kunqu:

Beijing Opera, also called the national opera of China, is one of the country's major traditional opera forms. Its formation may be traced back to over 200 years ago. Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental(东方的) art, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world.

Like many other traditional Chinese operas, Beijing Opera mainly relies on singing and dancing to tell stories. It is a comprehensive art form, which synthesizes literature, music, dancing and fine arts.

Its actors and actresses use four basic performing methods on stage: chang (singing), nian(recitation),zuo (facial and body posturing and acting) and da (martial arts). According to the gender, age and social position of different roles which they play, actors synthesizes literature, music, dancing and fine arts. Its actors and

actresses are divided into four categories:sheng (male roles), dan

(female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou

(clowns). In the performance, the make-up and the costumes of the

roles in each category have their own fixed patterns.For example,

Mei Lanfang (1894-1961), Shang Xiaoyun (1900-1976), Cheng

Yanqiu and Xun Huisheng (1900-1968) were named the four most

famous Dan actors of Peking Opera at this time.（找这四个人的图

片及两张京剧著名剧目的图片）

.Kunqu Opera

Kunqu Opera was founded before the Ming Dynasty in Kun Shan, a place near Suzhou in today's Jiangsu Province. It is held in great respect and is regarded as the sister opera of Beijing Opera. Its music is much softer and similar from play to play. Kunqu used to be shown to royal or wealthy families only.

Kunqu is famous for its music and its poetic style. Its dialogue is also more refined. T he most prominent characteristic of Kunqu performance is its lyricism, where the posture of each role is in a dancing mode.

The musical instruments used for Kunqu are different from Beijng Opera. Perfectly matching the poetry style of the play, the flute （笛子）is used as the main accompanying instrument instead of stringed instruments. Others are bamboo-pipe, sheng(笙), erhu and pipa.