阅读教程第二版-蒋静仪-Unit3
阅读教程3第二版教学设计
阅读教程3第二版教学设计前言《阅读教程3》是一本针对英语学习者的阅读教材，适用于高中、大学及成人英语学习者。
本文将介绍该教材的教学设计，旨在帮助教师更好地利用教材教授阅读技能。
教学目标阅读教程3的主要教学目标是帮助学生提高英语阅读能力，包括：•提高学生阅读理解能力•提高学生阅读速度•帮助学生掌握阅读技巧教学方法本教材的教学方法以阅读为主，辅以听力、口语、写作等学习技能，采用综合教学法。
具体方法如下：1. 阅读教学教师应根据学生水平及课程内容制定教学计划，选择合适的阅读材料，并利用教材提供的阅读教学方法，如课前预读、阅读训练及阅读后讨论等。
2. 听力教学教师可以利用教材提供的听力材料进行听力训练，帮助学生提高听力理解能力。
同时，教师可以引导学生将阅读材料朗读出来，以提升其口语表达能力。
3. 写作教学教师可以以本教材为基础，设计写作任务，如就读文章写一篇读后感、写一篇文章总结等等，以帮助学生掌握英语写作技巧。
教学内容《阅读教程3》共包含8个单元，每个单元安排了不同主题的文章，以满足学生不同水平的需求。
教师应根据具体情况选择适当的单元进行教学。
下面为单元主题与文章内容的简要介绍：单元一：文化差异本单元主要介绍文化差异，包括不同国家、不同文化之间的差异。
文章主题涵盖了饮食、服饰、方式等方面。
单元二：人物传记本单元主要介绍一些历史上或当代的重要人物，如科学家、文学家、艺术家等，有些文章也会介绍人物所处的时代背景。
单元三：环保本单元主要介绍环保意识及环境污染的历史、原因、影响等方面。
文章主题涵盖了垃圾处理、空气污染、气候变化等方面。
单元四：社会发展本单元主要介绍各个领域的发展，如科技、医疗、经济等方面。
文章主题涵盖了机器人、基因技术、金融危机等方面。
单元五：健康与运动本单元主要介绍健康和运动的相关话题，包括如何保持身体健康、如何进行适当的运动、如何预防疾病等。
单元六：旅游本单元介绍旅游与文化，包括各国旅游景点、不同的旅游方式、文化之旅等。
蒋静仪 阅读教程2 课后习题答案(含quotations)
蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案(含quotations)Unit four① Sleep is better than medicine.(Proverb)Good health relies more on a good night’s sleep than on medicine.② A dream is a wish your heart makes, when you’re fast sleep.(Disney World advertisement) A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world.③. A light supper, a good night’s sleep, and a fine morning have often madea hero of the same man who, by indigestion, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward.(Lord Chesterfield 1694-1773, British Statesman, Author) When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good night’s sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, h e/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well throughout the night, and wakes up to rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence.Reference answers to the exercises Reading OneCheck your comprehension1. By sleeping in total darkness during the day and working under brightlights that simulatesunlight, rather than conventional indoor lighting.2. It relaxes muscles and stimulates the release of endorphins—chemicals that act as natural painrelieves. 3. No.4. We need to keep a meal schedule to get a good sleep.5. We should refrain from a) eating too late in the evening; b) eating heavy or spicy food in theevening; and c) snacking in the middle of the night.6. The side effects of taking sleeping pills are: a) feeling groggy; b) insomnia getting worse; c)developing a tolerance for sleeping pills: and d) a potentially fatal blood disorder with some sleeping pills.7. Alcohol suppresses restorative dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and may butunrepressed toward morning.8. We can read a book, listen to quiet music, take a hot bath or tryrelaxation techniques, such asmeditation or yoga.9. Lights absorbed through the eyes can reset our biological clocks and make our sleep problemsworse.10. We should stay in bed because we would still get some rest that way.Check your vocabulary1. Because exercise can relax muscles and increase the release of endorphins, which arechemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain, it helps to overcome stress.2. There are no special foods to help you sleep, but you can have a regular timetable for yourmeals, just like a regular sleep timetable. A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clock running smoothly.3. Your body can also become used to the pills, and after a while they are no longer effective andyou need larger doses or stronger drugs.4. Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and, once itscalming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrepressed toward mooring.5. The researches used bright light which is as strong as natural sunlightjust after dawn (at least100 times stronger than ordinary room light), which reset subjects’ bodyclocks by as much as 12 hours and made them as alert at midnight as they would ordinarily be at noon.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension FTFFFTTCheck your vocabulary1. spontaneous;2. provoke;3. integrity;4. thrives;5. inflict;6. universal;7. illusion; 8. revertReading Three1.a;2. d;3. b;4. c;5. cCheck your vocabulary1. aggression;2. symbolic;3. disguise;4. fulfillment;5. represent;6. reconstruct;7. anxious;8. guilt;9. therapist; 10. illuminate; 11. random;12. spareReading FourCheck your comprehension A TFTTTFTCheck your vocabulary A1. image;2. mood;3. up-bringing;4. inanimate;5. folkloric;6. depressed;7. acknowledge; 8 in combination with; 9. relieveCheck your vocabulary B1. indifferent;2. revolve;3. monochrome;4. passionate;5. decipher;6. inspired;7. allusion;8. correlatedPost-readingA. Getting to sleep at night and waking up in the morning are two perennial problems forhuman beings, who do not always regard sleep as very important. The importance we attach to sleep is correlated with what kind of beds we use for sleep and how highly we rate beds in our life. B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. aUnit Five1. Interpretation of the quotations① The physical dimension involves caring effectively for our physical body—eating the right kinds of foods, getting sufficient rest and relaxation, and exercising on a regular basis. (Stephen R. Covey) The measurement of the elements relating to our body involves paying close attention to our body and keeping it in a healthy state by eating the right kind of food, getting enough rest and relaxation, and exercising regularly.② Early in life, people give up their health to gain wealth…In later life, people give up some of their wealth to regain health! (Ken Blanchard) When people are still young, they earn money at the expense of their health…When they get old, they spend money in order to restore their health.③. Remind yourself of the exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health. Those who do not know how to fight worry die young. (Dale Carnegie) Remember that worrying beyond a reasonable limit can affect your health adversely. Those who do not know how to control worry die at an early age.Reference answers to the exercises Reading OneCheck your comprehension A TFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. While many people in China and Chinatowns in other parts of the world have already knowna lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the level of knowledge about Tai Chi from different perspectives.2. You can learn Tai Chi by following an instruction book or attending a Tai Chi class. Eitherway the aim is to practice it in accordance with your physical health.3. Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. If pains is experienced, it means you areoverdoing it and getting nothing.4. You may need to practice Tai Chi for several months before you can feel the effects it maybring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle.5. For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solution to all health problems.6. Though young people might prefer athletic activities that are more physically demanding,they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension 1. d; 2.b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. c; 6.d Check your vocabulary A1. scooped up;2. prone;3. inflicted;4. cut back on;5. set in;6. shed;7. modest;8. bypassCheck your vocabulary B.1. I thought I could not be affected by the gradual weakening of the body that other peopleseemed to be afflicted with when getting old.2. Your body is till in very good condition considering the fact that you are elderly. I hopedoctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.3. Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly, walking only two street blocks took me anhour.4. Once again I can compete with younger players.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension B TTFTFFCheck your vocabulary A1. put an end to…;2. counterproductive;3. refined;4. blink;5. spill over;6. view…as;7. account for;8. withholdCheck your vocabulary B.1. in response to;2. was denounced;3. elicited;4. devastating;5. hold back;6. welled up; 7 film; 8. bidReading FourCheck your comprehension A FTTFFTCheck your vocabulary A1. quantify;2. to date;3. subsequent;4. exposure;5. promptly;6. conceivable;7. precaution;8. preliminary;9.boutCheck your vocabulary B1. Previous studies suggested that patients who had been given medialtreatment fornonmelanoma skin cancers ran a greater risk of developing new tumors. Butthese studies were too limited to lead to authoritative and complete results.2. It is shown in the findings that people with prior skin cancers are at much greater risk thanresearchers have thought.3. The researcher team followed every participant and trailed each case of new skin cancer thatdeveloped fro a continuation of five years.4. When exposed to the sun, people who easily get sunburned were at a greater risk of gettinganother nonmelanoma skin cancer.5. The older you are, the more likely you will be affected by skin cancers. That’s because theamount of damage to health caused by the exposure to the sun is increased year after year.Post-reading 1-5 B C A A DUnit SixPart One: Interpretation of the quotations1. True friendship is like good health. We often do not appreciate its existence until we lose it.2. A good wish to make friends may come to our minds easily and quickly, but establishing atrue friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as fruit slowly ripens.3. If you want to succeed in gaining the support and loyalty of a man with his dedication to yourgoal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Reference answers to the exercises Reading OneCheck your comprehension A. FTTFFTCheck your vocabulary1. Friendship does not rely on judgment. You may feel the goodness in a friend, but the goodnesswas acknowledged after you had made friends with him.2. If you only want those who possess good qualities to be your friends because you have goodqualities, you are far from getting true friendship just as you can hardlybuild up true friendship if you are after friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits.3. So if one knows what friendship really means, he would never put an end toit only becausehis friend happens to be lacking respectability in character.4. We should remain humble before friendship and love because we are granted this free gift. Weshould feel ashamed rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone.5. Our judgments and penalties have to be part of our life as we pay men and dress them in thecourt suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension A FFFTTCheck your vocabulary A1. knot;2. accommodate;3. slip away;4. be treated like dirt;5. loosen the rein;6. promptly;7. kiss up to;8. stretch;9. halt; 10. keep bottled upCheck your vocabulary B1. ram;2. dissipate;3. smashed;4. were ostracized;5. rein;6. briefly;7. gave way;8. were going蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案（含quotations）Unit One Human Relationship1. Interpretation of the quotations① No man can be separated from the society and disconnected with other people as an island is isolated from the mankind. The inherent(内在的) oneness of mankind is just like a whole mass land. ②. when you deal with issues about yourself, try to be calm, reasonable and intelligent; but when you deal with issues about other people, you need to be affectionate, sincere and sympathetic. ③ Here is an easy-to-follow, buy established and uncontroversial model for getting along with other people successfully. You just face and accept any serious misfortune or failure peacefully, as if it were something of litter significance or value; but never treat some ordinary, commonplacethings as if they were extremely serious. Reference answers to the exercises Reading One:Check your comprehension 1-5 ADCCBCheck your vocabulary1. Fisher and Ury’s theory is based on the belief that the ―win or lose‖ model does not workwhen two sides try to reach an agreement.2. Use positive statements surrounding ideas that are negative.3. You can often successfully resolve differences if you try thiscollaborative approach. Reading TwoCheck your vocabularyResisted; frustration; fluttered; jerked; restless; haltingly; gratefully; thoughtless Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension 1-7 FTFFTFTCheck your vocabularyAdministrative; meekly; hysterical; requisition; deposit; severe Confronted; spluttered; irate; bogus; purchase Reading fourCheck your comprehension 1-6 FTTTFTCheck your comprehension1. How often does this seriously affect people’s communication and make them fail in buildinggood relationships?2. Every time parents and children disagree with each other, specialists often explain that―generation gap‖ is the reason.3. We are not sure whether the term is an acceptable explanation because the word ―generation‖is used, but the other word ―gap‖ can be applied when analyzing people’s different opinions. 4. Specialists in communication immediately challenge this belief and view it in a different way. 5. A speaker may not speak as fast as the listener can think.6. Because they have free time to spend by themselves, the listeners probably think of otherthings and no longer concentrate.7. As people’s interests vary, when the topic does not attract them, the listeners stop listening. 8. If the speaker does not give a good impression because of his looks or other matters, thelistener would probably refuse to follow what the speaker says. Check your vocabulary A 1. give rise to 2. arise from 3. imply 4. facilitate 5. sound6. carry away7. gesture8. exercise9. tune inCheck your vocabulary Bdisposal; distractions; facilitate; resort; skip; contributes; deserted; solution Post-readingA. Through several incidents in childhood, Mary learned from her father how to listen to other’scriticisms, hear the truth in the criticisms, and respect her own opinion. When she grew up, she did her Daddy advised and made achievements in her career. B. 1-5 DBDABUnit Two1. Interpretation of the quotations① Little children, headache; big children, heartache.(Italian Proverb)In terms of problems that children give to their parents, big children are far troublesome than little children.② Mother Nature is providential. She gives us twelve years to develop a love for our children before turning them into teenagers. (William Galvin) Mother Nature has designed everything for us. She gives us twelve years to establish a close and affectionate parent-child bond before they become troublesome teenagers who keep giving us headaches.③. Adolescents are not monsters. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. ~Virginia Satir, The New Peoplemaking, 1988 Adolescents are not frightening creatures. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among theadults in the world, who are properly not so sure themselves. (Virginia Satir)Reference answers to the exercises Reading OneCheck your compression A 1-6 TFTTFFCheck your comprehension B1. to be independent/ independence/ freedom/ their own lives2. primitive/ simple/ tribal way3. become adults4. frustrated, rebellious, restless5. became/ were furious6. the house keyCheck your vocabularyshelter; sit up; rein; adapt; primitive; puberty; lenient; worked outReading twoCheck your comprehension B 1-6 FFTTFTCheck your vocabulary 1-5 ACAACReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A 1-5 TFTFTCheck your comprehension B1. One child sits in a chair and sticks out his/her leg so that another one running by is launchedlike a space shuttle.2. Several children run to the same door, grab the same handle, and beat each other up, ignoringthe fact that there are other doors available.3. In restaurants, small children cast their bread on the water in the glasses the waiter has justbrought.4. A child uses a chair to slip to the floor.5. They yell at each other with one sticking his/her foot inside the door and waving it around,and the other being disgusted but refusing to close the door.Check your vocabulary A1. You have decided to give up the joys of producing copies of some great art pieces at your ownease in order to instead produce copies of yourselves, who keep you on the edge of desperation.2. ―Well,‖ I said, searching deep inside myself to give a paternal suggestion, ―The best way is toclose your door.‖]3. And we decided to have children not for the reason of making my wife look older.4. We did not plan to lose the days when we went shopping after enjoying a comfortable brunchtogether on fine Saturdays. Check your vocabulary Bintimate; confess; make up; ceaseless; yell; paternal; rewardingReading FourCheck your comprehension A 1-4 DADBCheck your comprehension B 1-6 TTTFFTCheck your vocabulary Amanipulative; thrives; squeaked; sabotaged; penetrated; suffocating; juggle; personaCheck your vocabulary B.nasty; sting; addiction; sneak; lease; rigidtactics; unconditional; verge; encounter; franklyPost ReadingB. 1-8 TTTF FTFTUnit Three1. Interpretation of the quotations① Beauty more than bitterness makes the heart break.(Sara TeasdaleBeauty is good and of value. But the pursuit of beauty at the cost of other things may cause even bigger trouble than what pain and hardship will bring about.② There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.(Francis Bacon) Any beautiful thing is not perfectly proportional. Some deviation from standard is not only allowed but also necessary for beauty to show its characteristics.③. If you get simple is beauty and nought else, you get about the best ting God invents.(Robert Browning) Simple beauty is the best thing that you can be awarded of all the things in the world.Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Reference answers to the exercises Reading oneCheck your comprehension 1-7 TTFTTFFCheck your vocabulary1. Some people prefer black hair, but other people like brown hair more.2. You have been so greatly influenced by the environment you are in that you tend to look atbeauty that way.3. Women’s magazines, advertisements and the m edia all focus their topics on appearance andlooks, and they keep warning you about the harm and risk of bad breath, sweat, being too fat or too thin.4. The image you form about yourself may be very inaccurate.5. Good looks shouldn’t exactly follow t he model of any particular individual.Reading twoCheck your comprehension A1. They were 202 primary school students, most of them aged eight and nine.2. Children as young as seven were unhappy with their bodies and nearly one-in-three girls andboys wanted to thinner.3. It was ―worrying that a number of the children have these sorts of beliefs and attitudes,‖ andthat there are more children with early-onset anorexia, which ―is usually alot more difficult to treat and usually a lot more sever e,‖ though only a minority would go on to develop an eating disorder.4. Ms. Thomas said children needed to learn that any body shape was acceptable and they shouldbe proud of their body.5. He felt sad and guilty as a professional on the eating disorder research program.Check your comprehension B 1-5 TFTFTCheck your vocabularyindictment; predisposes; purge; specialist; dietary; nominated; onsetReading threeCheck your comprehension A 1-5 CCDACCheck your comprehension B 1-5 FFFTTCheck your vocabularyperused; previous; desperately; convince; belittle; complimented; elated; addictedReading FourCheck your comprehension A 1-6 FTFFTFCheck your vocabulary Apeck away; stand out; mould; advance; release...from; normality; hailedPost-reading B. 1-5 CACCDabout; 9. slashed; 10. stoically; 11. clunkedCheck your vocabulary C1. So I never said anything to show my unwillingness of going to the boarding school, though allmy senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip.2. I got to know later that the school’s counselor had asked my mother to leave unnoticedwithout saying goodbye to me in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions.3. Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling of missing our dead parents, but also the fact thatthey were with us before. And we kept it as secret deep in our mind.4. The only thing we can complain about is that Carneys are too good to us and some of you aremaking use of their goodness.5. Everyone thinks you were making up to the Carneys. Many boys are angry at your act offlattery.6. It was a place where the restraints and the outward aggressive appearance of being unwillingto compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior.7. Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself of the burden I could no longer carry inmind.8. But we didn’t carry a photo of our dead fathers with us, and we even didn’t keep one in ourrooms. Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension B FFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. address;2. shift; 3 prior; 4. circled; 5. stung; 6. weaves; 7. makeup; 8.retrieved; 9. dampened; 10. deserve; 11. faithfully; 12. tinfoil; 13. crushes; 14. glamourReading FourCheck your comprehension TFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1. collapsed;2.ignited;3. a handful of;4. clean up;5. shut off;6. spark;7. forecasted; 8. hangs out; 9. rush; 10. in advancePost-reading B.1-5DCBCBCUnit seven culture and customsPart One; interpretation of the quotations1. Culture is not only the positive result of meaningful education, but also the results of people’sfeeling, judgments about things and ways of behaving.2. Culture is not only reflected in books and architectures, but also in our clothing, gestures ashead movements and postures as the way we talk and so on.3. People are tending to be satisfied with the most ordinary things around them; they mark fewimpressions of the beautiful and perfect things in mind, though they should appreciated those to keep their feelings alive. Therefore, everyone ought to do at least one thing, such as hearing a little song, reading a good poem, seeing a beautiful picture, or even speaking a few reasonable words.Reference answers to the exercises Check your comprehension B FFTTTCheck our vocabulary1. resorted to;2. aversion;3. adaptation;4. deprived of;5. detrimental;6. generate;7. nurtureReading TwoCheck your vocabulary1. prestige/status;2. defined;3. respectively;4. scheduled;5. average;6. status;7. prestige;8. latenessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A FTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. The boy felt apprehensive of the day for him to return home.2. The student was brought in front of the blackboard to account for his behavior.3. Although they are brothers, they have little in common.4. When he first came to America, he couldn’t adapt to the rapid pace of change.5. They felt puzzled when they were doing the project, because the principles were alien tothem.6. Compared with other women of her age, she was indeed luckier.Reading Four1. She would accompany us across the seven long, hilly blocks and put us before theserious-looking principal though we were unwilling and crying.2. Very often I tried to avoid being connected to my annoying, loud grandmother who followedafter me when I was walking around casually in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown.3. He treated my mother severely and unkindly and very often criticized her substandard English,which was mixed with Chinese.4. When he made a mistake in English, he would blame her for it.Check your vocabulary B1. heritage;2. dissuade;3. mustiness;4. outshout;5. chaotic;6. be hard on someone;7. cornerPost-reading1. US;2. J;3. J;4. J;5. US;6. J;7. US;8. J;9. US; 10. USUnit Eight About LanguagePart One: Interpretation of the quotations1. The language ability is the only human characteristic that makes a human being different fromother forms of life.2. If all other things remain equal, every human brain has the same structure that can react to anyfactors which cause a reaction. This is why a baby can learn any language because it has the same reaction to the same stimulus as any other baby.3. Language is not the work of the intellectuals or dictionary-makers. Rather, it is the product ofgenerations of people’s work, needs, relationships, and happiness and it is broadly and deeply rooted among common people.Reference answers to the exercises Check your vocabulary1. The international languages for pilots and air traffic controllers, airspeak, and for forpolicemen, policespeak, have English as their base.2. Because of the influence of Hollywood movies and pop music, many new learners of Englishhave already learned some English.3. Some countries think that the use of English can damage or call into question their identity aspeople or nation.4. For people with different first language, English, as a second language, has enabled them tocommunicate with each other without difficulty.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension B TTFTFCheck your vocabulary1. origin(s);2. speculate;3. predispose;4. Syntax;5. contentment;6. eventuallyReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A. 1-5 FTTFT; 6-10 TFTFFCheck your comprehension B谢谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快!。
研究生英语阅读教程基础级第二版lesson3课后习题答案
Language Points
3. *keep sth. to yourself not tell anyone else about something 对…秘而不宣，不把…讲出来 (line 3, para. 3)
① 有这类爱好不该让人知道。 One must keep such interests to oneself. ② 我要你保守这事的秘密。 I want you to keep this to yourself! ③ 别保守了，我们需要你的知识和经验。 Don’t keep it to yourself, we need your knowledge and experience.
Unit One Efficient Reading
Lesson Three Reading Rate
Varying Your Rate and Comprehension As we have learned in the previous lessons, a guiding principle of efficient and flexible reading is that not all materials should be read in the same way or with the same level of comprehension. You should select a level of comprehension appropriate for what you are reading. The level of comprehension and recall that you choose is largely determined by your purpose of reading. Throughout this unit you have seen how your purpose for reading shapes how you read. Even though you are now aware of the need to select a comprehension and recall level that is compatible with your purpose, it is not always easy to apply this knowledge and make decisions about how you will read material before you begin reading. Practice and frequent reminders to yourself are necessary to achieve this goal.
2021年蒋静仪阅读教程2课后习题答案(含quotations)
蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案（含quotations）欧阳光明（2021.03.07）Unit One Human Relationship1. Interpretation of the quotations① No man can be separated from the society and disconnected with other people as an island is isolated from the mankind. The inherent(内在的) oneness of mankind is just like a whole mass land.②. when you deal with issues about yourself, try to be calm, reasonable and intelligent; but when you deal with issues about other people, you need to be affectionate, sincere and sympathetic.③Here is an easy-to-follow, buy established and uncontroversial model for getting along with other people successfully. You just face and accept any serious misfortune or failure peacefully, as if it were something of litter significance or value; but never treat some ordinary, commonplace things as if they were extremely serious.Reference answers to the exercisesReading One:Check your comprehension1-5 ADCCBCheck your vocabulary1.Fisher and Ury’s theory is based on the belief that the “win or lose”model does not work when two sides try to reach an agreement.e positive statements surrounding ideas that are negative.3.You can often successfully resolve differences if you try thiscollaborative approach.Reading TwoCheck your vocabularyResisted; frustration; fluttered; jerked; restless; haltingly; gratefully; thoughtlessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension1-7 FTFFTFTCheck your vocabularyAdministrative; meekly; hysterical; requisition; deposit; severe Confronted; spluttered; irate; bogus; purchaseReading fourCheck your comprehension1-6 FTTTFTCheck your comprehension1.How often does this seriously affect people’s communication andmake them fail in building good relationships?2.Every time parents and children disagree with each other, specialistsoften explain that “generation gap” is the reason.3.We are not sure whether the term is an acceptable explanationbecause the word “generation” is used, but the other word “gap” can be applied when analyzing people’s different opinions.4.Specialists in communication immediately challenge this belief andview it in a different way.5. A speaker may not speak as fast as the listener can think.6.Because they have free time to spend by themselves, the listenersprobably think of other things and no longer concentrate.7.As people’s interests vary, when the topic does not attract them, thelisteners stop listening.8.If the speaker does not give a good impression because of his looksor other matters, the listener would probably refuse to follow what the speaker says.Check your vocabulary A1.give rise to2.arise from3.imply4.facilitate5.sound6.carry away7.gesture8.exercise9.tune inCheck your vocabulary Bdisposal; distractions; facilitate; resort; skip; contributes; deserted; solutionPost-readingA.Through several incidents in childhood, Mary learned from herfather how to listen to other’s criticisms, hear the truth in the criticisms, and respect her own opinion. When she grew up, she did her Daddy advised and made achievements in her career.B.1-5 DBDABUnit Two1. Interpretation of the quotations① Little children, headache; big children, heartache.(Italian Proverb)In terms of problems that children give to their parents, big children are far troublesome than little children.②Mother Nature is providential. She gives us twelve years to developa love for our children before turning them into teenagers. (William Galvin)Mother Nature has designed everything for us. She gives us twelve years to establish a close and affectionate parent-child bond before they become troublesome teenagers who keep giving us headaches.③. Adolescents are not monsters. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. ~Virginia Satir, The New Peoplemaking, 1988 Adolescents are not frightening creatures. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are properly not so sure themselves. (Virginia Satir)Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your compression A1-6 TFTTFFCheck your comprehension B1.to be independent/ independence/ freedom/ their own lives2.primitive/ simple/ tribal way3.become adults4.frustrated, rebellious, restless5.became/ were furious6.the house keyCheck your vocabularyshelter; sit up; rein; adapt; primitive; puberty; lenient; worked out Reading twoCheck your comprehension B1-6 FFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1-5 ACAACReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A1-5 TFTFTCheck your comprehension B1.One child sits in a chair and sticks out his/her leg so that anotherone running by is launched like a space shuttle.2.Several children run to the same door, grab the same handle, andbeat each other up, ignoring the fact that there are other doors available.3.In restaurants, small children cast their bread on the water in theglasses the waiter has just brought.4. A child uses a chair to slip to the floor.5.They yell at each other with one sticking his/her foot inside the doorand waving it around, and the other being disgusted but refusing to close the door.Check your vocabulary A1.You have decided to give up the joys of producing copies of somegreat art pieces at your own ease in order to instead produce copies of yourselves, who keep you on the edge of desperation.2.“Well,”I said, searching deep inside myself to give a paternalsuggestion, “The best way is to close your door.”]3.And we decided to have children not for the reason of making mywife look older.4.We did not plan to lose the days when we went shopping afterenjoying a comfortable brunch together on fine Saturdays.Check your vocabulary Bintimate; confess; make up; ceaseless; yell; paternal; rewarding Reading FourCheck your comprehension A1-4 DADBCheck your comprehension B1-6 TTTFFTCheck your vocabulary Amanipulative; thrives; squeaked; sabotaged; penetrated; suffocating; juggle; personaCheck your vocabulary B.nasty; sting; addiction; sneak; lease; rigidtactics; unconditional; verge; encounter; franklyPost ReadingB. 1-8 TTTF FTFTUnit Three1. Interpretation of the quotations① Beauty more than bitterness makes the heart break.(Sara Teasdale Beauty is good and of value. But the pursuit of beauty at the cost of other things may cause even bigger trouble than what pain and hardship will bring about.②There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.(Francis Bacon)Any beautiful thing is not perfectly proportional. Some deviation from standard is not only allowed but also necessary for beauty to show its characteristics.③. If you get simple is beauty and nought else, you get about the best ting God invents.(Robert Browning)Simple beauty is the best thing that you can be awarded of all the things in the world.Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets. Reference answers to the exercisesReading oneCheck your comprehension1-7 TTFTTFFCheck your vocabulary1.Some people prefer black hair, but other people like brown hairmore.2.You have been so greatly influenced by the environment you are inthat you tend to look at beauty that way.3.Women’s magazines, advertisements and the media all focus theirtopics on appearance and looks, and they keep warning you about the harm and risk of bad breath, sweat, being too fat or too thin.4.The image you form about yourself may be very inaccurate.5.Good looks shouldn’t exactly follow the model of any particularindividual.Reading twoCheck your comprehension A1.They were 202 primary school students, most of them aged eightand nine.2.Children as young as seven were unhappy with their bodies andnearly one-in-three girls and boys wanted to thinner.3.It was “worrying that a number of the children have these sorts ofbeliefs and attitudes,” and that there are more children with early-onset anorexia, which “is usually a lot more difficult to treat and usually a lot more severe,” though only a minority would go on to develop an eating disorder.4.Ms. Thomas said children needed to learn that any body shape wasacceptable and they should be proud of their body.5.He felt sad and guilty as a professional on the eating disorderresearch program.Check your comprehension B1-5 TFTFTCheck your vocabularyindictment; predisposes; purge; specialist; dietary; nominated; onset Reading threeCheck your comprehension A1-5 CCDACCheck your comprehension B1-5 FFFTTCheck your vocabularyperused; previous; desperately; convince; belittle; complimented; elated; addictedReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-6 FTFFTFCheck your vocabulary Apeck away; stand out; mould; advance; release...from; normality; hailedPost-readingB. 1-5 CACCDUnit four① Sleep is better than medicine.(Proverb)Good health relies more on a good night’s sleep than on medicine.②A dream is a wish your heart makes, when you’re fast sleep.(Disney World advertisement)A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world.③. A light supper, a good night’s sleep, and a fine morning have often made a hero of the same man who, by indigestion, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward.(Lord Chesterfield 1694-1773, British Statesman, Author)When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good night’s sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, he/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well throughout the night, and wakes up to rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension1.By sleeping in total darkness during the day and working underbright lights that simulate sunlight, rather than conventional indoor lighting.2.It relaxes muscles and stimulates the release of endorphins—chemicals that act as natural pain relieves.3.No.4.We need to keep a meal schedule to get a good sleep.5.We should refrain from a) eating too late in the evening; b) eatingheavy or spicy food in the evening; and c) snacking in the middle of the night.6.The side effects of taking sleeping pills are: a) feeling groggy; b)insomnia getting worse; c) developing a tolerance for sleeping pills: and d) a potentially fatal blood disorder with some sleeping pills. 7.Alcohol suppresses restorative dream sleep, causes numerous shortawakenings and may but unrepressed toward morning.8.We can read a book, listen to quiet music, take a hot bath or tryrelaxation techniques, such as meditation or yoga.9.Lights absorbed through the eyes can reset our biological clocks andmake our sleep problems worse.10.We should stay in bed because we would still get some rest that way. Check your vocabulary1.Because exercise can relax muscles and increase the release ofendorphins, which are chemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain, it helps to overcome stress.2.There are no special foods to help you sleep, but you can have aregular timetable for your meals, just like a regular sleep timetable.A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clockrunning smoothly.3.Your body can also become used to the pills, and after a while theyare no longer effective and you need larger doses or stronger drugs.4.Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causes numerous shortawakenings and, once its calming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrepressed toward mooring.5.The researches used bright light which is as strong as naturalsunlight just after dawn (at least 100 times stronger than ordinary room light), which reset subjects’body clocks by as much as 12 hours and made them as alert at midnight as they would ordinarily be at noon.Reading TwoCheck your comprehensionFTFFFTTCheck your vocabulary1. spontaneous;2. provoke;3. integrity;4. thrives;5. inflict;6. universal;7. illusion;8. revertReading Three1.a;2. d;3. b;4. c;5. cCheck your vocabulary1. aggression;2. symbolic;3. disguise;4. fulfillment;5. represent;6.reconstruct; 7. anxious; 8. guilt; 9. therapist; 10. illuminate; 11. random; 12. spareReading FourCheck your comprehension ATFTTTFTCheck your vocabulary A1. image;2. mood;3. up-bringing;4. inanimate;5. folkloric;6. depressed;7. acknowledge; 8 in combination with; 9. relieveCheck your vocabulary B1. indifferent;2. revolve;3. monochrome;4. passionate;5. decipher;6. inspired;7. allusion;8. correlatedPost-readingA.Getting to sleep at night and waking up in the morning are twoperennial problems for human beings, who do not always regard sleep as very important. The importance we attach to sleep is correlated with what kind of beds we use for sleep and how highly we rate beds in our life.B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. aUnit Five1. Interpretation of the quotations① The physical dimension involves caring effectively for our physical body—eating the right kinds of foods, getting sufficient rest andrelaxation, and exercising on a regular basis. (Stephen R. Covey)The measurement of the elements relating to our body involves paying close attention to our body and keeping it in a healthy state by eating the right kind of food, getting enough rest and relaxation, and exercising regularly.②Early in life, people give up their health to gain wealth…In later life, people give up some of their wealth to regain health! (Ken Blanchard) When people are still young, they earn money at the expense of their health…When they get old, they spend money in order to restore their health.③. Remind yourself of the exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health. Those who do not know how to fight worry die young. (Dale Carnegie)Remember that worrying beyond a reasonable limit can affect your health adversely. Those who do not know how to control worry die at an early age.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension ATFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.While many people in China and Chinatowns in other parts of theworld have already known a lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the level of knowledge about Tai Chi from different perspectives.2.You can learn Tai Chi by following an instruction book or attendinga Tai Chi class. Either way the aim is to practice it in accordancewith your physical health.3.Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. If pains is experienced,it means you are overdoing it and getting nothing.4.You may need to practice Tai Chi for several months before you canfeel the effects it may bring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle.5.For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solution to all healthproblems.6.Though young people might prefer athletic activities that are morephysically demanding, they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension1.d;2.b;3. d;4. a;5. c;6.dCheck your vocabulary A1. scooped up;2. prone;3. inflicted;4. cut back on;5. set in;6. shed;7. modest;8. bypassCheck your vocabulary B.1.I thought I could not be affected by the gradual weakening of thebody that other people seemed to be afflicted with when getting old.2.Your body is till in very good condition considering the fact thatyou are elderly. I hope doctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.3.Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly, walking onlytwo street blocks took me an hour.4.Once again I can compete with younger players.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BTTFTFFCheck your vocabulary A1. put an end to…;2. counterproductive;3. refined;4. blink;5. spill over;6. view…as;7. account for;8. withholdCheck your vocabulary B.1. in response to;2. was denounced;3. elicited;4. devastating;5. hold back;6. welled up; 7 film; 8. bidReading FourCheck your comprehension AFTTFFTCheck your vocabulary A1. quantify;2. to date;3. subsequent;4. exposure;5. promptly;6. conceivable;7. precaution;8. preliminary;9.boutCheck your vocabulary B1.Previousstudies suggested that patients who had been given medialtreatment for nonmelanoma skin cancers ran a greater risk of developing new tumors. But these studies were too limited to lead to authoritative and complete results.2.It is shown in the findings that people with prior skin cancers are atmuch greater risk than researchers have thought.3.The researcher team followed every participant and trailed eachcase of new skin cancer that developed fro a continuation of five years.4.When exposed to the sun, people who easily get sunburned were ata greater risk of getting another nonmelanoma skin cancer.5.The older you are, the more likely you will be affected by skincancers. That’s because the amount of damage to health caused by the exposure to the sun is increased year after year.Post-reading1-5 B C A A DUnit SixPart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.True friendship is like good health. We often do not appreciate itsexistence until we lose it.2. A good wish to make friends may come to our minds easily andquickly, but establishing a true friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as fruit slowly ripens.3.If you want to succeed in gaining the support and loyalty of a manwith his dedication to your goal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension A.FTTFFTCheck your vocabulary1.Friendship does not rely on judgment. You may feel the goodness ina friend, but the goodness was acknowledged after you had madefriends with him.2.If you only want those who possess good qualities to be yourfriends because you have good qualities, you are far from getting true friendship just as you can hardly build up true friendship if you are after friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits.3.So if one knows what friendship really means, he would never putan end to it only because his friend happens to be lacking respectability in character.4.We should remain humble before friendship and love because weare granted this free gift. We should feel ashamed rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone.5.Our judgments and penalties have to be part of our life as we paymen and dress them in the court suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension AFFFTTCheck your vocabulary A1. knot;2. accommodate;3. slip away;4. be treated like dirt;5. loosen the rein;6. promptly;7. kiss up to;8. stretch;9. halt; 10. keep bottled upCheck your vocabulary B1. ram;2. dissipate;3. smashed;4. were ostracized;5. rein;6. briefly;7. gave way;8. were going about;9. slashed; 10. stoically; 11. clunked Check your vocabulary C1.So I never said anything to show my unwillingness of going to theboarding school, though all my senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip.2.I got to know later that the school’s counselor had asked my motherto leave unnoticed without saying goodbye to me in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions.3.Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling of missing our deadparents, but also the fact that they were with us before. And we kept it as secret deep in our mind.4.The only thing we can complain about is that Carneys are too goodto us and some of you are making use of their goodness.5.Everyone thinks you were making up to the Carneys. Many boysare angry at your act of flattery.6.It was a place where the restraints and the outward aggressiveappearance of being unwilling to compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior.7.Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself of the burden Icould no longer carry in mind.8.But we didn’t carry a photo of our dead fathers with us, and weeven didn’t keep one in our rooms. Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BFFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. address;2. shift; 3 prior; 4. circled; 5. stung; 6. weaves; 7. makeup;8.retrieved; 9. dampened; 10. deserve; 11. faithfully; 12. tinfoil; 13. crushes; 14. glamourReading FourCheck your comprehensionTFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1. collapsed;2.ignited;3. a handful of;4. clean up;5. shut off;6. spark;7. forecasted; 8. hangs out; 9. rush; 10. in advancePost-readingB.1-5DCBCBCUnit seven culture and customsPart One; interpretation of the quotations1.Culture is not only the positive result of meaningful education, butalso the results of people’s feeling, judgments about things and ways of behaving.2.Culture is not only reflected in books and architectures, but also inour clothing, gestures as head movements and postures as the way we talk and so on.3.People are tending to be satisfied with the most ordinary thingsaround them; they mark few impressions of the beautiful and perfect things in mind, though they should appreciated those to keep their feelings alive. Therefore, everyone ought to do at least one thing, such as hearing a little song, reading a good poem, seeing a beautiful picture, or even speaking a few reasonable words. Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your comprehension BFFTTTCheck our vocabulary1. resorted to;2. aversion;3. adaptation;4. deprived of;5. detrimental;6. generate;7. nurtureReading TwoCheck your vocabulary1. prestige/status;2. defined;3. respectively;4. scheduled;5. average;6. status;7. prestige;8. latenessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension AFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.The boy felt apprehensive of the day for him to return home.2.The student was brought in front of the blackboard to account forhis behavior.3.Although they are brothers, they have little in common.4.When he first came to America, he couldn’t adapt to the rapid paceof change.5.They felt puzzled when they were doing the project, because theprinciples were alien to them.pared with other women of her age, she was indeed luckier. Reading Four1.She would accompany us across the seven long, hilly blocks and putus before the serious-looking principal though we were unwilling and crying.2.Very often I tried to avoid being connected to my annoying, loudgrandmother who followed after me when I was walking around casually in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown. 3.He treated my mother severely and unkindly and very oftencriticized her substandard English, which was mixed with Chinese.4.When he made a mistake in English, he would blame her for it. Check your vocabulary B1. heritage;2. dissuade;3. mustiness;4. outshout;5. chaotic;6. be hard on someone;7. cornerPost-reading1. US;2. J;3. J;4. J;5. US;6. J;7. US;8. J;9. US; 10. USUnit Eight About LanguagePart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.The language ability is the only human characteristic that makes ahuman being different from other forms of life.2.If all other things remain equal, every human brain has the samestructure that can react to any factors which cause a reaction. This is why a baby can learn any language because it has the same reaction to the same stimulus as any other baby.nguage is not the work of the intellectuals or dictionary-makers.Rather, it is the product of generations of people’s work, needs, relationships, and happiness and it is broadly and deeply rooted among common people.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your vocabulary1.The international languages for pilots and air traffic controllers,airspeak, and for for policemen, policespeak, have English as their base.2.Because of the influence of Hollywood movies and pop music,many new learners of English have already learned some English. 3.Some countries think that the use of English can damage or call intoquestion their identity as people or nation.4.For people with different first language, English, as a secondlanguage, has enabled them to communicate with eachother withoutdifficulty.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension BTTFTFCheck your vocabulary1. origin(s);2. speculate;3. predispose;4. Syntax;5. contentment;6. eventuallyReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A.1-5 FTTFT; 6-10 TFTFFCheck your comprehension B。
新世纪大学英语第二版综合教程一英语课后翻译主编秦秀白蒋静仪
新世纪大学英语第二版综合教程一英语课后翻译主编秦秀白蒋静仪文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]Translation in Unit1(1)法官要求记者不要公开受害人的姓名。
（disclose）The judge asked the reporters not to disclose the name of the victim.(2)老师费尽苦心务必使我们全都理解他的话，（take pains to do sth）The teacher took pains to make sure that we all understood what he said.(3)最近学校在学业优秀的学生中进行了一项调查。
（conduct， attain）Recently the school conducted a survey among those students who have attained academic excellence.(4)他说他要接受这份工作，我们要求他写封信证实。
（confirm）He said he would accept the job, so we have asked him to confirm his acceptance by writing usa letter.(5)乔治学习很努力，他要尽量利用学习的机会。
（make the most of）George studies very hard. He wants to make the most of his chance to learn.(6)我们不能去。
第一，天气太冷。
另外，我们正忙着。
（to begin with）We can’t go. To begin with, it’s too cold. Besides, we’re busy.(7)该是有人公开讲清楚这些基本事实的时候了。
阅读教程蒋静仪(泛读3)United3
If you're interested in meeting a person to date or even marry, how would you go about finding that special someone? In the past, you could go to a club and hope to run into someone interesting. or, you could ask your friends to fix you up with a blind date. You could also take out a personal advertisement.In a newspaper or pay a matchmaking serve to find someone suitable.These days, however, you can also sit down in front of your computer. And log on to one of a growing number of online dating services. In 2003, more than 45 million America visited at least one internet matchmaking website, such as match. com, or . These sites are steadily increasing in popularity as single people discover the advantages of finding potential mates in cyberspace.One benefit of online dating sites is the huge number of people to choose from. , the largest of these sites, offers 8 million profiles of individuals who are all looking for love. Yahoo! Personals is the second largest, with 2.9million subscribers. It would take months or years to meet 100 people you find interesting , but on the Internet, you can view 100 profiles in an hour. Then you can decide which ones you want to correspond with and you have many more chances of meeting an individual who is right for you.Online dating sites also allow you to search for people with very specific qualities, interests, or backgrounds and screen out those whodon’t have what you’re looking for. Many sites allow you to search for people with specific income levels, religious beliefs, or hobbies. By reading what other subscribers write about themselves, you can learn right away whether their interests and goals are similar to your own. Therefore, Internet dating services provide a more efficient way to assess potential compatibility.What’s more, a number of “niche” online dating sites are catering to even more specific tastes. If you want to meet people who have earned a minium of a master’s degree, you can go to . , a site where single pet lovers might meet a kindred , a meeting place for Jewish singles established in 1997, already has 350000 members. Psychologists say that such niche sites are particularly practical because they increase the increase the odds of finding the perfect match.Once you locate individuate who might be compatible withyou,Corresponding with them via the Internet is an efficient and effective way to get acquainted.By exchanging photos,messages, and even videos through e-mail, chat rooms, and personal websites, you can get a thorough understanding of potential partners’personalities and preferences. It’s true that cyberdating will not allow for an assessment of personal chemistry between two people; however, if they are encouraged by the information they gain during their correspondence with each other,two individuals can always arrange to meet in person to see if there’s spark. Cyberdating gives two people plenty of opportunities to get to know each other intellectually before entering into relationship.Yet another advantage of online dating services is the reduction of the costs involve in exploring possible new relationships. Some of these costs, of course, are financial. In traditional dating, a couple spends a lot of time and money on food and entertainment. But online dating provides people withe a sitting in which they can converse and become better acquainted without having to spend any money. Cyberdating also reduces the emotional and metal costs of getting to know others face-to-face. Meeting someone through the Internet significantly reduces the awkwardness that often comes with meeting in individual in person. Later, if one partner decides to end a relationship that existed only online, the break is often easier on both parties because they don’t have as much invested as they might have in a traditional dating situation.The best reason, though, to try online fating services is probably the undeniable success found by many other cyberdaters. Word is spreading that participation in these sites does indeed lead to a new romance, for a growing number of Americans, cyberdating is also resulting in marriage. And as more and people prove that online dating services are not just for losers,the embarrassment of advertising for a partner online is rapidly fading.Three are about 85 million single people in the United States alone. Many of them are becoming disillusioned with traditional methods of finding a soul mate. Others--such as busy professionals,single parents, and physically disabled people--just need better ways to connect with others. It appears that the Internet will be able fulfill some of their needs.。
蒋静仪-阅读教程2-课后习题答案(含quotations)
蒋静仪阅读教程2 课后习题答案〔含quotations〕Unit One Human Relationship1. Interpretation of the quotations①No man can be separated from the society and disconnected with other people as an island is isolated from the mankind. The inherent(内在的) oneness of mankind is just like a whole mass land.②. when you deal with issues about yourself, try to be calm, reasonable and intelligent; but when you deal with issues about other people, you need to be affectionate, sincere and sympathetic.③Here is an easy-to-follow, buy established and uncontroversial model for getting along with other people successfully. You just face and accept any serious misfortune or failure peacefully, as if it were something of litter significance or value; but never treat some ordinary, commonplace things as if they were extremely serious.Reference answers to the exercisesReading One:Check your comprehension1-5 ADCCBCheck your vocabulary1.Fisher and Ury’s theory is based on the belief that the “win or lose”model does not workwhen two sides try to reach an agreement.e positive statements surrounding ideas that are negative.3.You can often successfully resolve differences if you try this collaborative approach. Reading TwoCheck your vocabularyResisted; frustration; fluttered; jerked; restless; haltingly; gratefully; thoughtlessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension1-7 FTFFTFTCheck your vocabularyAdministrative; meekly; hysterical; requisition; deposit; severeConfronted; spluttered; irate; bogus; purchaseReading fourCheck your comprehension1-6 FTTTFTCheck your comprehension1.How often does this seriously affect people’s communication and make them fail in buildinggood relationships?2.Every time parents and children disagree with each other, specialists often explain that“generation gap” is the reason.3.We are not sure whether the term is an acceptable explanation because the word “generation”is used, but the other word “gap” can be applied when analyzing people’s different opinions.4.Specialists in communication immediately challenge this belief and view it in a different way.5. A speaker may not speak as fast as the listener can think.6.Because they have free time to spend by themselves, the listeners probably think of otherthings and no longer concentrate.7.As people’s interests vary, when the topic does not attract them, the listeners stop listening.8.If the speaker does not give a good impression because of his looks or other matters, thelistener would probably refuse to follow what the speaker says.Check your vocabulary A1.give rise to2.arise from3.imply4.facilitate5.sound6.carry away7.gesture8.exercise9.tune inCheck your vocabulary Bdisposal; distractions; facilitate; resort; skip; contributes; deserted; solutionPost-readingA.Through several incidents in childhood, Mary learned from her father how to listen to other’scriticisms, hear the truth in the criticisms, and respect her own opinion. When she grew up, she did her Daddy advised and made achievements in her career.B.1-5 DBDABUnit Two1. Interpretation of the quotations①Little children, headache; big children, heartache.(Italian Proverb)In terms of problems that children give to their parents, big children are far troublesome than little children.②Mother Nature is providential. She gives us twelve years to develop a love for our children before turning them into teenagers. (William Galvin)Mother Nature has designed everything for us. She gives us twelve years to establish a close and affectionate parent-child bond before they become troublesome teenagers who keep giving us headaches.③. Adolescents are not monsters. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are probably not so sure themselves. ~Virginia Satir, The New Peoplemaking, 1988Adolescents are not frightening creatures. They are just people trying to learn how to make it among the adults in the world, who are properly not so sure themselves. (Virginia Satir)Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your compression A1-6 TFTTFFCheck your comprehension B1.to be independent/ independence/ freedom/ their own lives2.primitive/ simple/ tribal way3.become adults4.frustrated, rebellious, restless5.became/ were furious6.the house keyCheck your vocabularyshelter; sit up; rein; adapt; primitive; puberty; lenient; worked outReading twoCheck your comprehension B1-6 FFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1-5 ACAACReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A1-5 TFTFTCheck your comprehension B1.One child sits in a chair and sticks out his/her leg so that another one running by is launchedlike a space shuttle.2.Several children run to the same door, grab the same handle, and beat each other up, ignoringthe fact that there are other doors available.3.In restaurants, small children cast their bread on the water in the glasses the waiter has justbrought.4. A child uses a chair to slip to the floor.5.They yell at each other with one sticking his/her foot inside the door and waving it around,and the other being disgusted but refusing to close the door.Check your vocabulary A1.You have decided to give up the joys of producing copies of some great art pieces at your ownease in order to instead produce copies of yourselves, who keep you on the edge of desperation.2.“Well,” I said, searching deep inside myself to give a paternal suggestion, “The best way is toclose your door.”]3.And we decided to have children not for the reason of making my wife look older.4.We did not plan to lose the days when we went shopping after enjoying a comfortable brunchtogether on fine Saturdays.Check your vocabulary Bintimate; confess; make up; ceaseless; yell; paternal; rewardingReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-4 DADBCheck your comprehension B1-6 TTTFFTCheck your vocabulary Amanipulative; thrives; squeaked; sabotaged; penetrated; suffocating; juggle; personaCheck your vocabulary B.nasty; sting; addiction; sneak; lease; rigidtactics; unconditional; verge; encounter; franklyPost ReadingB. 1-8 TTTF FTFTUnit Three1. Interpretation of the quotations①Beauty more than bitterness makes the heart break.(Sara TeasdaleBeauty is good and of value. But the pursuit of beauty at the cost of other things may cause even bigger trouble than what pain and hardship will bring about.②There is no excellent beauty that hath not some strangeness in the proportion.(Francis Bacon) Any beautiful thing is not perfectly proportional. Some deviation from standard is not only allowed but also necessary for beauty to show its characteristics.③. If you get simple is beauty and nought else, you get about the best ting God invents.(Robert Browning)Simple beauty is the best thing that you can be awarded of all the things in the world.Robert Browning (7 May 1812 – 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Reference answers to the exercisesReading oneCheck your comprehension1-7 TTFTTFFCheck your vocabulary1.Some people prefer black hair, but other people like brown hair more.2.You have been so greatly influenced by the environment you are in that you tend to look atbeauty that way.3.Women’s magazines, advertisements and the media all focus their topics on appearance andlooks, and they keep warning you about the harm and risk of bad breath, sweat, being too fat or too thin.4.The image you form about yourself may be very inaccurate.5.Good looks shouldn’t exactly follow the model of any particular individual.Reading twoCheck your comprehension A1.They were 202 primary school students, most of them aged eight and nine.2.Children as young as seven were unhappy with their bodies and nearly one-in-three girls andboys wanted to thinner.3.It was “worrying that a number of the children have these sorts of beliefs and attitudes,” andthat there are more children with early-onset anorexia, which “is usually a lot more difficult to treat and usually a lot more severe,” though only a minority would go on to develop an eating disorder.4.Ms. Thomas said children needed to learn that any body shape was acceptable and they shouldbe proud of their body.5.He felt sad and guilty as a professional on the eating disorder research program.Check your comprehension B1-5 TFTFTCheck your vocabularyindictment; predisposes; purge; specialist; dietary; nominated; onsetReading threeCheck your comprehension A1-5 CCDACCheck your comprehension B1-5 FFFTTCheck your vocabularyperused; previous; desperately; convince; belittle; complimented; elated; addictedReading FourCheck your comprehension A1-6 FTFFTFCheck your vocabulary Apeck away; stand out; mould; advance; release...from; normality; hailedPost-readingB. 1-5 CACCDUnit four①Sleep is better than medicine.(Proverb)Good health relies more on a good night’s sleep than on medicine.②A dream is a wish your heart makes, when you’re fast sleep.(Disney World advertisement)A dream reflects what you really feel in your subconscious world.③. A light supper, a good night’s sleep, and a fine morning have often made a hero of the same man who, by indigestion, a restless night, and a rainy morning, would have proved a coward.(Lord Chesterfield 1694-1773, British Statesman, Author)When one refrains from having a big supper, enjoys a good night’s sleep, and wakes up to a beautiful morning, he/she will feel like a hero. But if the same person eats too much in the evening, not sleeping well throughout the night, and wakes up to rainy morning, he/she may suffer from a lack of confidence.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension1.By sleeping in total darkness during the day and working under bright lights that simulatesunlight, rather than conventional indoor lighting.2.It relaxes muscles and stimulates the release of endorphins—chemicals that act as natural painrelieves.3.No.4.We need to keep a meal schedule to get a good sleep.5.We should refrain from a) eating too late in the evening; b) eating heavy or spicy food in theevening; and c) snacking in the middle of the night.6.The side effects of taking sleeping pills are: a) feeling groggy; b) insomnia getting worse; c)developing a tolerance for sleeping pills: and d) a potentially fatal blood disorder with some sleeping pills.7.Alcohol suppresses restorative dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and may butunrepressed toward morning.8.We can read a book, listen to quiet music, take a hot bath or try relaxation techniques, such asmeditation or yoga.9.Lights absorbed through the eyes can reset our biological clocks and make our sleep problemsworse.10.We should stay in bed because we would still get some rest that way.Check your vocabulary1.Because exercise can relax muscles and increase the release of endorphins, which arechemicals that are natural agents to reduce or get rid of pain, it helps to overcome stress.2.There are no special foods to help you sleep, but you can have a regular timetable for yourmeals, just like a regular sleep timetable. A regular timetable for your meals helps keep your body clock running smoothly.3.Your body can also become used to the pills, and after a while they are no longer effective andyou need larger doses or stronger drugs.4.Alcohol reduces refreshing dream sleep, causes numerous short awakenings and, once itscalming effects have disappeared, may leave you wide awake but unrepressed toward mooring.5.The researches used bright light which is as strong as natural sunlight just after dawn (at least100 times stronger than ordinary room light), which reset subjects’ body clocks by as much as12 hours and made them as alert at midnight as they would ordinarily be at noon.Reading TwoCheck your comprehensionFTFFFTTCheck your vocabulary1. spontaneous;2. provoke;3. integrity;4. thrives;5. inflict;6. universal;7. illusion;8. revertReading Three1.a;2. d;3. b;4. c;5. cCheck your vocabulary1. aggression;2. symbolic;3. disguise;4. fulfillment;5. represent;6. reconstruct;7. anxious;8. guilt; 9. therapist; 10. illuminate; 11. random; 12. spareReading FourCheck your comprehension ATFTTTFTCheck your vocabulary A1. image;2. mood;3. up-bringing;4. inanimate;5. folkloric;6. depressed;7. acknowledge; 8 in combination with; 9. relieveCheck your vocabulary B1. indifferent;2. revolve;3. monochrome;4. passionate;5. decipher;6. inspired;7. allusion;8. correlatedPost-readingA.Getting to sleep at night and waking up in the morning are two perennial problems forhuman beings, who do not always regard sleep as very important. The importance we attach to sleep is correlated with what kind of beds we use for sleep and how highly we rate beds in our life.B. 1. b; 2. c; 3. d; 4. a; 5. aUnit Five1. Interpretation of the quotations①The physical dimension involves caring effectively for our physical body—eating the right kinds of foods, getting sufficient rest and relaxation, and exercising on a regular basis. (Stephen R. Covey)The measurement of the elements relating to our body involves paying close attention to our body and keeping it in a healthy state by eating the right kind of food, getting enough rest and relaxation, and exercising regularly.②Early in life, people give up their health to gain wealth…In later life, people give up some of their wealth to regain health! (Ken Blanchard)When people are still young, they earn money at the expense of their health…When they get old, they spend money in order to restore their health.③. Remind yourself of the exorbitant price you can pay for worry in terms of your health. Those who do not know how to fight worry die young. (Dale Carnegie)Remember that worrying beyond a reasonable limit can affect your health adversely. Those who do not know how to control worry die at an early age.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension ATFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.While many people in China and Chinatowns in other parts of the world have already knowna lot about Tai Chi, the western researchers are just coming up from behind to reach the levelof knowledge about Tai Chi from different perspectives.2.You can learn Tai Chi by following an instruction book or attending a Tai Chi class. Eitherway the aim is to practice it in accordance with your physical health.3.Tai Chi is a mixture of relaxation and safety. If pains is experienced, it means you areoverdoing it and getting nothing.4.You may need to practice Tai Chi for several months before you can feel the effects it maybring. But when you start enjoying the effects, you’ll find yourself on your way to a new lifestyle.5.For older people, Tai Chi will not be the solution to all health problems.6.Though young people might prefer athletic activities that are more physically demanding,they can also benefit from practicing Tai Chi as it helps to reduce stress.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension1.Check your vocabulary A1. scooped up;2. prone;3. inflicted;4. cut back on;5. set in;6. shed;7. modest; 8. bypassCheck your vocabulary B.1.I thought I could not be affected by the gradual weakening of the body that other peopleseemed to be afflicted with when getting old.2.Your body is till in very good condition considering the fact that you are elderly. I hopedoctors like me will be out of work because old people like you are healthy.3.Now as I began to walk the distance painstakingly, walking only two street blocks took me anhour.4.Once again I can compete with younger players.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BTTFTFFCheck your vocabulary A1. put an end to…;2. counterproductive;3. refined;4. blink;5. spill over;6. view…as;7. account for;8. withholdCheck your vocabulary B.1. in response to;2. was denounced;3. elicited;4. devastating;5. hold back;6. welled up; 7 film;8. bidReading FourCheck your comprehension AFTTFFTCheck your vocabulary ACheck your vocabulary B1.Previous studies suggested that patients who had been given medial treatment fornonmelanoma skin cancers ran a greater risk of developing new tumors. But these studies were too limited to lead to authoritative and complete results.2.It is shown in the findings that people with prior skin cancers are at much greater risk thanresearchers have thought.3.The researcher team followed every participant and trailed each case of new skin cancer thatdeveloped fro a continuation of five years.4.When exposed to the sun, people who easily get sunburned were at a greater risk of gettinganother nonmelanoma skin cancer.5.The older you are, the more likely you will be affected by skin cancers. That’s because theamount of damage to health caused by the exposure to the sun is increased year after year.Post-reading1-5 B C A A DUnit SixPart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.True friendship is like good health. We often do not appreciate its existence until we lose it.2. A good wish to make friends may come to our minds easily and quickly, but establishing atrue friendship takes a long time and efforts, in the same way as fruit slowly ripens.3.If you want to succeed in gaining the support and loyalty of a man with his dedication to yourgoal, you have to first prove to him that you are his true friend.Reference answers to the exercisesReading OneCheck your comprehension A.FTTFFTCheck your vocabulary1.Friendship does not rely on judgment. You may feel the goodness in a friend, but the goodnesswas acknowledged after you had made friends with him.2.If you only want those who possess good qualities to be your friends because you have goodqualities, you are far from getting true friendship just as you can hardly build up true friendship if you are after friendship out of the motivation of gaining profits.3.So if one knows what friendship really means, he would never put an end to it only becausehis friend happens to be lacking respectability in character.4.We should remain humble before friendship and love because we are granted this free gift. Weshould feel ashamed rather than pleased and happy when we are no longer humble because friendship and love are gone.5.Our judgments and penalties have to be part of our life as we pay men and dress them in thecourt suit and let them be the judges to make judgments on other men.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension AFFFTTCheck your vocabulary A1. knot;2. accommodate;3. slip away;4. be treated like dirt;5. loosen the rein;6. promptly;7. kiss up to;8. stretch;9. halt; 10. keep bottled upCheck your vocabulary B1. ram;2. dissipate;3. smashed;4. were ostracized;5. rein;6. briefly;7. gave way;8. were going about;9. slashed; 10. stoically; 11. clunkedCheck your vocabulary C1.So I never said anything to show my unwillingness of going to the boarding school, though allmy senses could feel the reluctance of such a trip.2.I got to know later that the school’s counselor had asked my mother to leave unnoticedwithout saying goodbye to me in order to avoid the outburst of sad emotions.3.Not only did we refuse to admit the feeling of missing our dead parents, but also the fact thatthey were with us before. And we kept it as secret deep in our mind.4.The only thing we can complain about is that Carneys are too good to us and some of you aremaking use of their goodness.5.Everyone thinks you were making up to the Carneys. Many boys are angry at your act offlattery.6.It was a place where the restraints and the outward aggressive appearance of being unwillingto compromise gave way to something subtle that started changing our behavior.7.Like the other boys, I also wanted to free myself of the burden I could no longer carry inmind.8.But we didn’t carry a photo of our dead fathers with us, and we even didn’t keep one in ourrooms. Photos were generally regarded as something that could too easily remind us of the happy life we had spent with our dead parents; much happier and more normal than the life we had now.Reading ThreeCheck your comprehension BFFTFTCheck your vocabulary1. address;2. shift; 3 prior; 4. circled; 5. stung; 6. weaves; 7. makeup; 8.retrieved; 9. dampened;10. deserve; 11. faithfully; 12. tinfoil; 13. crushes; 14. glamourReading FourCheck your comprehensionTFTTFTCheck your vocabulary1. collapsed;2.ignited;3. a handful of;4. clean up;5. shut off;6. spark;7. forecasted;8. hangs out;9. rush; 10. in advancePost-readingB.1-5DCBCBCUnit seven culture and customsPart One; interpretation of the quotations1.Culture is not only the positive result of meaningful education, but also the results of people’sfeeling, judgments about things and ways of behaving.2.Culture is not only reflected in books and architectures, but also in our clothing, gestures ashead movements and postures as the way we talk and so on.3.People are tending to be satisfied with the most ordinary things around them; they mark fewimpressions of the beautiful and perfect things in mind, though they should appreciated those to keep their feelings alive. Therefore, everyone ought to do at least one thing, such as hearinga little song, reading a good poem, seeing a beautiful picture, or even speaking a fewreasonable words.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your comprehension BFFTTTCheck our vocabulary1. resorted to;2. aversion;3. adaptation;4. deprived of;5. detrimental;6. generate;7. nurtureReading TwoCheck your vocabulary1. prestige/status;2. defined;3. respectively;4. scheduled;5. average;6. status;7. prestige;8. latenessReading ThreeCheck your comprehension AFTFTFTCheck your vocabulary1.The boy felt apprehensive of the day for him to return home.2.The student was brought in front of the blackboard to account for his behavior.3.Although they are brothers, they have little in common.4.When he first came to America, he couldn’t adapt to the rapid pace of change.5.They felt puzzled when they were doing the project, because the principles were alien tothem.pared with other women of her age, she was indeed luckier.Reading Four1.She would accompany us across the seven long, hilly blocks and put us before theserious-looking principal though we were unwilling and crying.2.Very often I tried to avoid being connected to my annoying, loud grandmother who followedafter me when I was walking around casually in the nearby American supermarket outside Chinatown.3.He treated my mother severely and unkindly and very often criticized her substandard English,which was mixed with Chinese.4.When he made a mistake in English, he would blame her for it.Check your vocabulary B1. heritage;2. dissuade;3. mustiness;4. outshout;5. chaotic;6. be hard on someone;7. cornerPost-reading1. US;2. J;3. J;4. J;5. US;6. J;7. US;8. J;9. US; 10. USUnit Eight About LanguagePart One: Interpretation of the quotations1.The language ability is the only human characteristic that makes a human being different fromother forms of life.2.If all other things remain equal, every human brain has the same structure that can react to anyfactors which cause a reaction. This is why a baby can learn any language because it has the same reaction to the same stimulus as any other baby.nguage is not the work of the intellectuals or dictionary-makers. Rather, it is the product ofgenerations of people’s work, needs, relationships, and happiness and it is broadly and deeply rooted among common people.Reference answers to the exercisesCheck your vocabulary1.The international languages for pilots and air traffic controllers, airspeak, and for forpolicemen, policespeak, have English as their base.2.Because of the influence of Hollywood movies and pop music, many new learners of Englishhave already learned some English.3.Some countries think that the use of English can damage or call into question their identity aspeople or nation.4.For people with different first language, English, as a second language, has enabled them tocommunicate with each other without difficulty.Reading TwoCheck your comprehension BTTFTFCheck your vocabulary1. origin(s);2. speculate;3. predispose;4. Syntax;5. contentment;6. eventuallyReading ThreeCheck your comprehension A.1-5 FTTFT; 6-10 TFTFFCheck your comprehension B。
阅读教程2蒋静仪课文原文翻译
阅读教程2蒋静仪课文原文翻译【最新版】目录1.介绍蒋静仪课文原文翻译的背景和目的2.概述蒋静仪课文原文的内容和结构3.分析蒋静仪课文原文的翻译技巧和方法4.总结蒋静仪课文原文翻译的重要性和启示正文一、介绍蒋静仪课文原文翻译的背景和目的蒋静仪是一位知名的中文教育家，她的课文原文翻译系列教程旨在帮助学习者更好地理解和掌握中文。
在这个教程中，蒋静仪通过详细解析中文原文和英文翻译的对比，让学习者深入了解中文的语法结构、表达方式以及中文表达习惯和思维方式。
二、概述蒋静仪课文原文的内容和结构蒋静仪的课文原文翻译教程共分为多个章节，每个章节都选取了典型的中文文章或段落作为原文，然后提供了对应的英文翻译。
这些原文和翻译覆盖了各种不同的主题和体裁，包括新闻报道、散文、小说、诗歌等。
此外，蒋静仪还在教程中加入了一些翻译技巧和方法的讲解，帮助学习者更好地理解和掌握翻译过程。
三、分析蒋静仪课文原文的翻译技巧和方法蒋静仪在课文原文翻译教程中，运用了许多翻译技巧和方法，这些技巧和方法主要包括以下几点：1.保持原文的意思不变：翻译过程中要忠实于原文，确保翻译出来的英文表达与原文的中文表达意思一致。
2.注意语法结构的转换：中文和英文的语法结构有所不同，翻译时要注意将中文的语法结构转换成英文的语法结构，使翻译更加流畅和自然。
3.保持语言风格的一致性：翻译时要注意保持原文的语言风格，如正式、口语、幽默等，确保翻译出来的英文表达与原文的中文表达风格一致。
4.适当增删词汇：翻译过程中，有时需要适当增删词汇，以使翻译更加通顺和易于理解。
四、总结蒋静仪课文原文翻译的重要性和启示蒋静仪的课文原文翻译教程对于学习者来说具有重要的参考价值和启示。
通过学习蒋静仪的翻译教程，学习者可以更好地理解中文的语法结构和表达方式，提高自己的翻译能力。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Buttock Augmentation (or "butt augmentation" or "butt implants"): Enhancement of the buttocks. This procedure can be performed by using silicone implants or fat grafting and transfer from other areas of the body.
Abdominoplasty (or "tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the abdomen
Blepharoplasty (or "eyelid surgery"): Reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including Asian blepharoplasty
Nearly 12 million cosmetic surgeries were performed in 2007, with the five most common being breast augmentation, liposuction, nasal surgery, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The increased use of cosmetic surgery crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.
Breast lift (Mastopexy): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue or scarless Serdev suture technique
Unit 3 Beauty Im Surgery
Aesthetic Surgery involves techniques intended for the "enhancement" of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal.
Mammoplasty
Breast augmentation ("breast enlargement" or "boob job"): Augmentation of the breasts. This can involve either fat grafting, saline or silicone gel prosthetics. Initially performed to women with micromastia
Breast reduction: Removal of skin and glandular tissue. Indicated to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with gigantomastia and/or for psychological benefit in women with gigantomastia/macromastia and men with gynecomastia.
The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures are listed below. Most of these types of surgery are more commonly known by their "common names." These are also listed when pertinent.
Buttock lift (or "butt lift" or "brazilian butt lift"): Lifting, projection, tightening of the buttocks. This procedure can be performed by using the scarless Serdev suture technique without implants. [10]
In 2006, nearly 11 million cosmetic surgeries were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetics procedures performed in the United States has increased over 50 percent since the start of the century.