一般过去时与现在完成时
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一般过去时
1.一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
2.Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:
⑴am 和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn’t)
⑵are在一般过去时中变为were。(were not=weren’t)
⑶带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样,即否定句在was或were 后加not,一般疑问句把was或were调到句首。
3.句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子
否定句:didn’t +动词原形,如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.
一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如:Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑问句:⑴疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?如:What did Jim do yesterday?
⑵疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式?如:Who went to home yesterday?
动词过去式变化规则:
1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked
2.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted
3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped
4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied
5.不规则动词过去式:am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat
现在完成时:
基本结构:主语+have/has+过去分词(done)
①肯定句:主语+have/has+过去分词+其他
②否定句:主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他
③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)
(1)现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.
I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)
(2)现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作(用行为动词表示)或状态(be动词表示)常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用. Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
注:瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose……)不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
come-be go out-be out finish-be over open-be open die-be dead ……
a)1.have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词
1、be+married代marry
2、be+ill代fall (get) ill
3、be+dead代die
4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be+awake代wake/wake up
6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词
1“be+on”代start,begin
2“be+up”代get up
3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to
常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表:
1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
→have been in sw./at…相应的介词
2. have come/gone back/returned →have been back
3. have come/gone out →have been out
4. have become →have been
5. have closed / opened→have been close/open
6. have got up →have been up;
7. have died →have been dead;
8. have left sw. →have been away from sw.
9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep →have been asleep;
10. have finished/ended/completed →have been over;
11. havemarried →have been married;
12. have started/begun to do sth. →have done sth. ;
13. have begun →have been on
14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
15. have lost →haven’t had
16. have put on →have worn
17. have caught /get a cold →have had a cold;
18. have got to know →have known