英国文学 (1)
1 Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon period.The main literary form of the period is poetry and there are two groups: pagan poetry and religious poetry, and often Christian one.2He is regarded as “father of English poetry”, and one of the greatest narrative poets in England。
Chaucer’s main works masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales It is one of the most famous works in all literatures. In arranging the poem, he imitates the framework of Boccaccio’s Decamenon《十日谈》：a general prologue + 24 tales with interlogues.(P43)He covered all the major types of medieval literature in his masterpiece, such as romances, folk tales, animal stories.3 The definition English RenaissanceThe term Renaissance originally indicates a revival or rebirth of ancient Greekand Roman arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated intoEnglish during the 16th century. The study and propagation of classicallearning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists.They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, hisenvironment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man fromthe tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Two key features of RenaissanceA.The humanists showed a thirsting curiosity for classical literature. There aroused ageneral of the study of Greek and Latin authors.( e.g. translating their works, modeling their literary forms, borrowing their subjects )B.They had a keen interest in life and human activities. For the first time, man isconsidered as the centre of the universe. The interest in God and in the life after death is transformed into the exaltation of man and an absorption in earthly life.4 Christopher Marlowe and William ShakespeareChristopher MarloweMarlowe is one of the greatest playwrights in the English Renaissance. He is also a great lyrical poet. He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It was Marlowe who made blank verse (an unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal vehicle of expression in drama.His main works : Dr. Faustus Tamburtaine, the Great The Jew of MaltaWilliam ShakespeareShakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon and died in 1616.Altogether, he produced 38 dramas, (history plays, tragedies, comedies, tragic comedies) 2 long narrative poems, and 154 sonnets.the first period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing.Content: bear the marks of youth, but of youth with astonishing versatility and wonderful talent.Style: the principle of causing the action to revolve one or two central figures and making the character not the incident the source of action is gradually followed.Language: blank verseThe second period (1595-1600)The second period of Shakespeare’s work is his mature period.Tone: sweet and joyfulTheme: all the wrong shall disappear before the force of good. Virtue will have its triumph in the end.Style: a great lift in characterization, esp. heroines of the comedies.The third period (1601-1607)the third period of Shakespeare's dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”Content: The complicated social contradictions are mercilessly exposed.Style: The tragic note is aggravated.Theme: A mass of evil is represented.The fourth period (1608-1612)the fourth period of Shakespeare’s work is the period of romantic drama.This period witnesses a turn from the storm, the gloom from the third period to “a great peacefulness of light”, and a harmony of earth and heaven. All shall be well in the end. Sonnets:sonnet: a lyric poem of fourteen lines, typically written in iambic pentameter and usually following strict patterns of stanza division and rhyme.Shakespearean sonnetSonnet 18 1.definition of English sonnet: It is a 14-line verse written in iambic pentameter with the rhymic form of ababcdcdefefgg.General comment on Shakespeare1.Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism n world literature.2.Shakespeare pictures a series of ideal characters to embody his humanist’s thoughts3.Shakespeare gives us a world of full-blooded people who represent all the complexitiesand implications of real life.4.Shakespeare is skillful in many poetic forms; the song, the sonnet, the couplet and thedramatic blank verse.5.Shakespeare is a great master of the English language.5English Revolution and Restoration Main literary menA.John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》main story: Christian set out from the City of Destruction毁灭城to make his way to the Holy City. On his way, he meets with the perils and temptations of the Slough of Despond失望谷，Vanity Fair虚荣市, and Doubting Castle怀疑城. He faces and overcomes the demon Appolyon地狱魔王, and finally came to the Celestial City天国.definition of metaphysical poetry:玄学派诗歌The leading man of metaphysical school ohn Donne多恩/ 邓恩John Milton 弥尔顿his greatest works .Paradise lost失乐园(the greatest epic after Beowulf ) Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙Enlightenment启蒙运动A new prose literature in Addison and Steele.Periodical Literature报刊文学in the 18th-century England.Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》28 荒岛生活Evaluation of the novel:1 Robinson Crusoe is a typical 18th English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, persistence in overcoming obstacles in struggling against hostile natural environment.2 In the story of the Hero’s first adventures on the deserted island, the hero is depicted as a man struggling against nature, and he seems to live in this island through different stages of human civilization in a seemingly primitive environment.3 The hero’s adventures indicate the glorification of the bourgeois man who has the courage and will to face hardships and the determination to improve on his livelihood by struggling against nature.4) The novel is written in the style of autobiography. The book describes the hero’s career as a sailor, a merchant, a plantation owner, a slave trade, which, together with his adventures provides a realistic picture of the life of the 18th England.5) The book is written in a simple, straightforward style with vivid depiction of the detailed experiences and adventures. The sentences are variable, sometimes short and plain, sometimes long and rambling. The language is smooth, easy and colloquial.B. Jonathan Swift斯威夫特His work Gulliver’s Travels《格列夫游记》a. His voyage on the island of Lilliput小人国b His voyage on the island of Brobdingnag大人国c. His voyage on the island of Laputa飞鸟国d. His voyage on the island of Houyhnhnms彗马国6 Romanticism in EnglandA. Robert Burns彭斯Robert Burns (P290) was the best known Scottish lyric( 抒情诗)poetry about love and friendship, the most outstanding “A Red, Red Rose”（all long song 友谊地久天长）B William Blake布莱克William Blake (P282) is a famous democratic poet, his poetry is mainly about the life in London, chiefly the sufferings and hardships of the common people in the big city.---- His works:P285 The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The Songs of Experience describes a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.C The active romanticists or the later generation of romanticists, which was represented by Byron拜伦, Shelley雪莱and Keats济慈D Jane Austen简·奥斯丁Features of her novelsA: narrow scope: country gentry life.B: realistic delineation: Austen employed a strong sense of irony in her critique of aristocratic disaffection and the pretensions of the nouveau riche.C: themes in Austen’s works: love and marriageD: witty, humorous and simple language and her subtle irony style.E: women as the main charactersF: criticism of Jane Austen:7The Victorian Age Poetry: Hood(lower); Tennyson and Browning (higher dramatic monologue)布朗宁诗歌的主要艺术特点：（1）戏剧独白Definition of Critical Realism: P153It is literary trend in the Victorian Age. It first rose in France and then spread to England and other European countries. Critical realism found its best and fruitful expression in novels. Critical realists followed the traditional humanism of Renaissance and Romanticism and the critical and rebellious spirit of the Chartist Movement. Their concern was directed on the life and destiny of common masses. They depicted a panoramic picture of the social life. They didn’t approve of the use of violence to set right the social justice, and the way they favored was that man reform the society with love.Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brönte, Wuthering Heights by Emily Brönte, Agnes Grey by Anne Brönte.。
英国文学练习题1
英国文学练习题1Exercises for English literature （1）I. Fill in the blanks.（25%）1. The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the_________poetry and the_________poetry.2. _________ is regarded as the "Father of English Song", the first known religious poet of England.3. In the second half of the 7th century, the first English poet, _________ by name, began to sing.4. The history of English literature begins in the__________ century.5._________, the first English poem, still intact as a whole piece today, is the greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes and the most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek and Roman literatures6.It was __________ who decided that literature should be written in the vernacular or Old English.7.__________ is the first English poet ever to sign his composition8._________made the translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate Version into Middle English, the firstattempt ever to translate the Holy Scripture into English.9.The most important work of Alfred the Great is _________, which is regarded as the best monument of the OldEnglish Prose.10.__________ is the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.11.The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Morte d' Arthur concerning with _________legend.12.Critics tend to divide Chaucer's literary career into three periods: the___________period, the__________periodand the_________period.13.Among the Middle English poets, three are the greatest. One is the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.The other two are _________ and____________14._________ was the first most significant poet in English history to write in Middle English.15.The Canterbury Tales contains the________ and 24 tales, four of which are fragments.16._________ is the author of Decameron, which has the similar way of telling stories to that of The CanterburyTales.17.The framework in The Canterbury Tales is a__________18.When Chaucer died in 1400, he was the first to be buried in Westminster Abbey and founded ________19.________, the first English printer, brought the technique of printing from movable type into England fromItaly.20.The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance t ransformed from Chaucer’s_____England intoShakespeare’s _______ one.21.The translation of the Homeric classics, Iliad and Odyssey, won _______ the title “a translator of the prince ofpoets”22.Thomas Wyatt, the first great Englsih sonneteer, introduced the ______ into England. He first used a couplet for the conclusion of sonnets---a practice followed by Shakespeare.23.Henry Howard, Earl of Surry, brought the _______ intoEnglish poetry in his translation of Virgils’ The Aenied, and it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama.24.Edmund Spenser is often referred to as "the poets' _______" because of his considerable influence on later poets.25.The word “euphemism” comes from John Lyly’s _________26.As a sonnet sequence, Sidney’s sonnet cycle ______________ was probably the first of its kind ever to appear in English literary history.27.The drama had gone through a number of phases over the centuries including those of the ____, the _____, the _______, the _______ and the _______drama.28.________ is considered the first great English dramatist and the most important Elizabethan playwright beforeShakespeare.29.Shakespeare's 154 sonnets fall into two series: one series are addressed to W. H, a young man, and the otheraddressed to a________30.A Shakespearean sonnet is composed of three four-line quatrains and a concluding two-line________31. The second period of English Renaissance is also called the________ period or the Age of________32. Soon after the ________was introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil's The Aeneid, and it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama.33. Shakespeare's plays have been traditionally divided into four categories according to dramatic type: histories, _______ , tragedies and___________34. Though written in the form of an________, the characters in The Pilgrim's Progress impress the readers like real persons. The places in it are English scenes, and the conversations which enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of the writer's time.35. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _______ , and the___________ later.36. John Donne is the founder of the school of ____________. His works are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.37. Because of the success of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced in 1671 another epic,________38. John Milton's Paradise Lost opens with the description ofa meeting among the fallen angels, and ends with the departure of _______ and___________from the Garden of Eden.39. The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, poet, _______ , and playwright.40. Paradise Lost is a long epic. The stories are taken from___________ .41. The Pilgrim's Progress tells of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies form City of Destruction, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the_____________42. Pamela is written in the form of a __________novel.43.____________ written by Sheridan is a clever satire on the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of many young women of the upper classes of the 18th century.44. The biography of Samuel Johnson entitled Life of Johnson is frequently considered the best in the English language. The author of the book is_________45. The only important English dramatist produced in the18th century is___________46. Friday is a character in the novel___________.47__________is called the Father of the English Novel.48. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, ______ was the first to introduce rationalism to England.49. The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of_________50. __________is Alexander Pope's best satirical poem. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general.II. Choose the best answer.（23%）1.Beowulf is a ________ poem, describing an all-round picture of the tribal society.A. paganB. ChristianC. romanticD. lyric2.Caedmon's life story is vividly described in _______ 's Historic Ecclesiastica .A. GrendelB. BedeC. CynewulfD. Beowulf3.In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called_________A. heroic coupletB. quatrainC. Spenserian stanzaD. terza rima4.The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of themedieval English society and created a whole gallery of vividcharacters from all walks of life is most likely________A. William Langland's Piers the PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower's Confessio AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight5.In the English Renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and the achievements of human culture. The most significant intellectual movement was______A. the ReformationB. geographical explorationsC. humanismD. the Italian revival6.Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia was a long _________ written in an elaborately artful prose.A. pastoral eclogueB. pastoral lyricC. pastoral romanceD. pastoral drama7.Sir Philip Sidney is known for the following three works EXCEPT__________A. ArcadiaB. Astrophel and StellaC. The Shepherd's CalendarD. Apology for Poetry8.The following playwrights belong to the "university wits", EXCEPT_________A. John LylyB. Ben JonsonC. Thomas KydD. Christopher Marlowe9.Which is NOT the works of Christopher Marlowe?A. LycidasB. Tamburlaine the GreatC. The Jew of MaltaD.The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus10.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of Christopher Marlowe's best works in which Dr. Faustus seeks ________ no matter at what cost and finally meets his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A. moneyB. immoralityC. knowledgeD. political power11.Which of the following plays does NOT belong to Shakespeare's great tragedies?A. OthellloB. MacbethC. Romeo and JulietD. Hamlet12.Which of the following plays does NOT belong to Shakespeare's comedies?A. Heary VB. The Merchant of VeniceC. A Midsummer Night's DreamD. The Winter's Tale13.An important variety of ode in the 16th century was________ , a poem in praise of marriage, conventionally following the course of the wedding day.A. hymnB. epithalamionC. odeD. ballad14.Which of the following poetic forms is the principal form of Shakespeare's dramas?A. lyricB. sonnetC. blank verseD. quatrain15.5. "Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested" is foundin_________ A. Francis Bacon's "Of Studies" B. Thomas More's Utopia C. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress D. Fielding's Tom Jones16.6. In Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylockbecause__________A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise went bankruptC. Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD. his ships had all been lost17.The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is the beginning line of one ofShakespeare's____________A. comediesB. tragediesC. sonnetsD. histories18.8. John Dryden's tragedy All for Love deals with the samestory as ___________ 's Antony and Cleopatra.A. William ShakespeareB. John MiltonC. Christopher MarloweD. John Bunyan19.9. In John Milton's Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledgeof___________A. Love and HateB. Good and EvilC. Faith and BetrayalD. Sense and Sensibility20.10. Which of the following novels by Henry Fielding satirizes the politicalsystem of England and the then Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole?A. Joseph AndrewsB. Jonathan Wild the GreatC. The History of T om Jones, a FoundlingD. Amelia21.11. The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for_________A. material wealthB. spiritual salvationC. universal truthD. self-fulfillment22.12. "To wage by force or guile eternal war, Irreconcilable to our grad Foe." (John Milton, Paradise Lost ) Bywhat means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God?A. By planting a tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.B. By turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man's life.C. By removing God from His throne.D. By corrupting man and woman created by God.23.13. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious__________of his time.A. persecutionB. improvementC. prosperityD. disillusionment24.14. Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in______________A. alliterationB. heroic coupletC. sonnetD. blank verse25.15. Lives of the Poets consists of the biographies of 52 poets and affords some of the best-known pictures of the early English poets. Its author is_____________A. Samuel RichardsonB. Jonathan SwiftC. Joseph AddisonD. Samuel Johnson26.16. Jonathan Swift's famous prose work _______ is a satirical dialogue between the Ancients and the Moderns in the character of the Bee and the Spider.A. A Modest ProposalB. The Battle of the BooksC. The Drapier 's LettersD. A Tale of a Tub27.17. Of all the 18th century novelists, __________ was the first to set out in theory and practice, to writespecially a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modem novel its structure and style.A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Henry FieldingD. Oliver Goldsmith28.Which of the following is NOT a character in the novel The History of T om Jones, a Foundling?A. BlifilB. SophiaC. Mr. AllworthyD. Amelia29._________ is the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman--Dictionary of the English Language,which has become the foundation of all subsequent English dictionaries.A. Samuel JohnsonB. Laurence SterneC. Oliver GoldsmithD. Samuel Richardson30.In Sheridan's The School for Scandal, the man who wins the hand of his beloved as well as the inheritance ofhis rich uncle is__________A. Charles SurfaceB. Joseph SurfaceC. Sir Peter TeazleD. Sir Benjamin Backbite31.Modern English novel arose in the___________century.A. 16thB. 17thC. 18thD. 19th32._________was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughoutEurope in the 18th century.A. The RenaissanceB. Puritan MovementC. Romantic MovementD. The Enlightenment33.Sheridan's ___________ is the best English comedy since the days of Shakespeare.A. She Stoops to ConquerB. The RivalsC. The School for ScandalD. The Conscious Lovers34.Which of the following place does Gulliver visit first in Gulliver's Travels?A. LilliputB. BrobdingnagC. LaputaD. Houyhnhnms35.The rise and growth of ____________ is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature,which has given the world such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift and Henry Fielding.A. nco-classical poetryB. realistic novelC. sentimentalist novelD. Gothic novel36. _________ is Poet Laureate in English Literary history?A. John DrydenB. Edmund SpenserC. William ShakespeareD. Christopher Marlowe37. The most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was________A. the ReformationB. humanismC. the Italian revivalD. geographical exploration38. Which of the following plays does not belong to Shakespeare's great tragedies?A. Romeo and JulietB. King LearC. HamletD. Macbeth39. Which statement about the Elizabethan age is not true?A.It is the age of translation.B.It is the age of poetryC. It is the age of exploration.D. It is the age of the protestant reformation.40. _________ first made blank verse the principal instrument of English dramaA. ShakespeareB. WyattC. SidneyD. MarloweIV. Definitions: (37%)1.alliteration2.assonance3.understatement4.blank verse5.heroic couplet6.iambic pentameter7.eclogue8.university wits9.renaissance hero10. Spenserian stanza。
英国文学1
Caedmon---he is the first known religious poet of England. He is known as the father of English songs. His life story is vividly described in Bede’s The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. His first poem is The Hymn of Praise. He composed many other poems by using the biblical material.Alfred the Great---king of Wessex kingdom. He is another important figure in prose writing of Anglo-Saxon period. He was a well-known translator. He translated some important Latin works into English, among which, the most important is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This book records the main happenings of the Anglo-Saxon period. It is the best monument of the Old English prose. Beowulf---It is the oldest poem in the English language. It is the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. It consists of more than 3,000 lines. It had been passed form mouth to mouth for hundreds off years before it was written down in the 10th century or at the end of the 9th century. The main stories in the poem are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. Writing Features---1) It is not a Christian but a pagan poem, despite the Christian flavor given to it by the monastery scribe who wrote it down. It is the product of an advanced pagan civilization. The whole poem presents to us an all-round picture of the tribal society. The social conditions and customs can be clearly seen in the poem. It helps us a lot when we study the primitive society off Europe. So the poem has a great social significance. 2) The use of strong stresses and the predominance of consonants are notable in the poetical lines. Each line is divided into two halves, and each half is made to have two heavy stresses. 3) The use of alliteration is another notable feature of the poem. Three stressed syllables of each line are arranged in alliteration, which makes the whole line even more emphatic.4) A lot of metaphors and understatements are used in the poem.Romance----The romance was the prevailing literary form in the medieval period. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse and sometimes in prose, which described the life and adventures of a noble hero. Its essential features are the following: 1) It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality. 2) It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealises the virtues. 3) It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life. 4) It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady. 5) The central character of the romance is the knight who is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, or taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king. The romance, as a literary genre, prospered for about 300 years (1200-1500). It was written for the upper class, so it had little to do with the common people. Romance cycles: the matter of Britain, the matter of Rome, the matter of France. The master works of romance is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.The Norman conquest----In October 1066, the Duke of Normandy William the Great led the Norman army to attack England. The two armies met and fought at Hastings. Finally the English army was defeated. William and his men marched speedily into London and William became the king of England. Its consequences---William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. After the Norman conquest, chivalry was introduced into England. The knightly code, the romantic interest in women, tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary were reflected in the literature of that period. English language was made a despised thing as the leading language used by the ruling class and a large number of French words entered the English language. Latin was used by the scholars and clergymen. Three languages existed in England then.William Langland ------his masterpiece is Piers Plowman. Artistic Features of the poem---1) It is written in the form of a dream vision. The author tells the stories under the guise of having dreamed them. 2) The poem is an allegory that relates truth through symbolism. 3) The poet uses indignant satire in his description of social abuses caused by corruption prevailing among the ruling classes, ecclesiastical and secular. 4) The poem is written in alliteration. Social Significance of Piers Plowman----Piers Plowman, the hero of the story, is not a representative of the poor peasants. He is one of the well-to-do peasants. He has no intention of upsetting the feudal order of society, and he accepts the existing social relations. This is the limitation of the poem. In spite of that, Piers Plowman remains a classic in popular literature. It praises the poor peasants, and condemns and exposes the sins of the oppressors. It was very popular in the 14th and 15th centuries. It played an important part in arousing the revolutionary sentiment on the eve of the uprising of 1381 headed by Wat Tyler and John Ball. It gives us a realistic social picture of medieval England. Geoffrey Chaucer-------He is acclaimed not only as the father of English poetry but also as the father of English fiction. His literary career can be divided in to three periods. 1) The first period, about 30 years, including his youth and early manhood, is the period of French influence. In this period, he translated The Romaunt of the Rose, the most popular poem of Middle Ages, from French into English. 2) The second period, about 15 years, covers Chaucer’s active life as a diplomat and man of affairs. In this period, Italian influence seemed to be stronger than the French. The major works were adaptations from Italian writers in this period. His masterwork is Troilus and Criseyde. 3) The third period, covering his last 15 years, is generally known as the English period. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales. In this great work, the author gives his reader a picture of English society in Middle Ages. Features of Chaucer’s writing-----Chaucer’s language is vivid and exact. His style is flexible. His prose is easy and informal. He uses mild satire when he deals with people’s foibles and weaknesses. He uses rhyming couplet, which he introduced from France, in writing his major poems. He is the first great writer to use the dialect of London in writing. The social significance of Canterbury Tales----- In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer draws a true-to-life picture of English feudal society of his day. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie, he affirms man’s right to pursue happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church. As one of the forerunners of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. His tales expose and satirise the social evils of his day. They criticize the degeneration of the noble, the heartlessness of the judge, and the corruption of the church.Popular Ballads----popular ballads are originally dance songs. They are little stories in verse form, which can be sung or recited by the common people. The origin of the English and Scottish ballads is obscure. Usually they are anonymous, and are handed down orally for many generations. They are simple and crude in story and highly condensed and dramatic in presentation. In the 15th century, there were several kinds of ballads: historical, legendary, fantastical, lyrical and humorous. Popular ballads were found all over Europe in that period, but a particularly fertile soil was the border area between England and Scotland, for once many bloody battles were fought between the English and Scots there, such as Robin Hood.Morality play----It is an allegory in dramatic form. It is a dramatization of the battle between the forces of good and evil in the human soul. A well-known example is Everyman.Renaissance -------The original meaning of the word “renaissance” was the “rebirth’ of classical Greek and Latin literature. The term is commonly applied to the historical period which followed the Middle Ages. Renaissance period was thought to be in contrast with the Middle Ages, whichwas considered and inhibited by dogmatic theology. Renaissance was extolled as learned, civilized, broad-minded, progressive, enlightened and free-thinking. Italy is customarily taken as the starting place of Renaissance. Later, the movement spread northward to other European countries—to France, to Germany, to the Low Countries, and lastly to England. English Renaissance started in the late 15th century or the early 16th century. In Renaissance period, great achievements were made by painters, writers, sculptors, architects, scientists, philosophers and astronomers. The famous writers in this period are: Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio in Italy; Erasmus in the Netherlands; Montaigne, Rabelais and the poets of the Pleiad in France; Lope de Vega and Cervantes in Spain; Sir Thomas More, Thomas Wyatt, Edmund Spenser, Philip Sidney, Shakespeare and Francis Bacon in England.Sir Philip Sidney------He is known for three principal works. 1) Arcadia----It is a long prose-verse pastoral romance, written for the entertainment of Sidney’s sister. In this romance, the poet praises the delights of rural life and the love of the young people, and expresses his aspiration for a peaceful and happy life. 2) Astrophel and Stella-----This work is a collection of songs and sonnets. It consists of 108 sonnets and 11 songs. 3) An Apology for Poetry---It is one of the earliest English critical literary essays. It was written to answer a pamphlet called The School of Abuse, an attack on poetry and drama.University wits: a name given to a group of writers who flourished in London in the last 20 years or so of the 16th century. All of members of this group were oxford or Cambridge university graduates, the most notable of them were: Marlowe, Nash, Greene, Lyly, Lodge and Peele. They were famous for writing comedies and tragedies.Edmund Spenser: He is often referred to as “the poets’poet”because of his influence on later poets is considerable. He is generally acknowledged to be the greatest non-dramatic poet of the Elizabethan age. Major work: The Shepherd’s Calendar pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month a year. The Shepherd in the poem represent the poet and his friends. It is Spenser’s first important poem, which consists of 12 eclogues and is written in different metres. All 12 eclogues, with the exception of the first and the last, are in dialogue form. The theme of love is the dominant one. And the more significant eclogues are those on the theme of religion. The poem demonstrates Spenser’s skilful mastery of a variety of meters and his innovative efforts also showed that the traditional form of pastoral could be adapted to a variety of subjects, moral or heroic. The Faerie Queen is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6. The work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. The plan of the whole poem is a stranger in distress appears, claiming help against a dragon or giant. A knight is assigned to each guest, and the 12 books were to describe the 12 adventures of 12 knights who stand for 12 different virtues, as Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy. The dominating thoughts of the poem are nationalism, humanism and Puritanism. For The Faerie Queen, Spenser originated a nine-line verse stanza. The verse has 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a 9th line of 6 iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c. This verse, the “Spenserian Stanze” is justly famous and has often been used since. (characteristics of Spenser’s poetry:1.a perfect melody. 2. a rare sense of beauty.3.a splendid imagination.4.a lofty moral purity and seriousness.5.a dedicated idealism. In addition to above, Spenser uses strange forms of speech and obsolete words in order to increase his rustic effect.) William Shakespeare The second period: he wrote four histories: RichardⅡ, Henry Ⅳ,par tⅠ＆Ⅱ,and Henryⅴ;6 comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night and The Merry Wives ofWindsor, and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar. It is a period of “great Comedies” and mature historical plays. The general spirit of this period is optimism. Meantime, there is sorrow, there is pathos and there is sin; the innocent may suffer, the guilty may go unpunished for a time, and even find good fortune; but virtue, nevertheless, shall have its reward and triumph in the end, and the wrong shall disappear before the force of good. In the historical plays of this period, different phases of English life are shown before us: kings and princes, statesmen and courtiers, the rich citizen life and the life of the tavern, and the adventures of rogues and cheats, as a whole, this period is Shakespeare’s sweet and joyful time, in which he succeeds in portraying a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuits of people in real life.(great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth great comedies: As you like it, Twelfth night, A mid-summer night’s dream, Merchant of Venice ) Features of Shakespeare’s Dramatic Works--- 1) Shakespeare is a realist. He is one of the founders of realism in English literature. His plays are mirrors of his age, reflecting the major contradictions of that time. He described the decaying of the feudal society and the rising of the bourgeois spirit. 2) In his plays, Shakespeare also clearly reflected the contradictions between the rich and the poor. He showed his sympathy to the poor people and disclosed the greed and cruelty of the upper class. 3) The story of Shakespeare’s plays often took place in other countries or in the past instead of in England or in his own age. 4) Shakespeare’s main characters are depicted in typical situations. They are typical characters. Their fundamental traits are revealed their conflicts with their surroundings, in their relations with they fellowmen. 5) Shakespeare’s dramatic form fits the content of his plays very well. His plays are not controlled by the rules of the classical unities of time, place and action. A plays covers several days or years. 6) In order to reproduce the manifold images of life, Shakespeare used peculiar combination in his drama: combination of majestic and funny, of poetic and prosaic, of tragic and comic. 7) Shakespeare was a great master of English language. The language of each of his characters fits his position in society and reveals the peculiarities of his character. He commanded a vocabulary larger than any other English writer. 8) Shakespeare is also a great poet. He was skilled in many poetic forms. He could write songs, lyrics, sonnets, couplets, quatrains, and blank verse. Influence------ 1) He is a universal poet. His genius includes all the world of nature and of man. He has been given the highest praise by various scholars and critics all over the world. 2) Shakespeare’s plays have been so widely read and so carefully studied that all English writers of any importance cannot escape form Shakespeare’s influence, either directly or indirectly, either in thought, content, or in poetic form or language. Moreover, he has been known all the world and his works have been translated into many different languages and consequently exerted great influences upon many writers in many countries. 3) As a great artist, Shakespeare was more than the supreme representative of a great era. Ben Jonson’s famous observation that “he was not of an age, but for all time” has stood the test of more than three centuries.Restoration comedy: the kind of drama which prevailed between the restoration of the English monarchy in 1660 and early 18th century. It was chiefly concerned with presenting a society of elegance and stylishness. Its characters were gallants, ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops, rakes, social climbers and country bumpkins. Witty, urbane and sometimes licentious, it dealt with the intricacies of sexual and marital intrigue and also with adultery and cuckoldry. Wycherley’s The Country Wife and The Plain Dealer; and Congreve’s The Double Dealer and The Way of the World are example.Francis Bacon------ When Bacon published in 1597 his first collection of short Essays, he became the first English “essayist”. His “scientific” style introduced to England a form of writing that was easy to understand, precise in language and diversified in topics. Bacon wrote prose in an age of poetry, when men around him were composing songs, sonnets and plays in verse, his pioneering efforts made essay writing a popular form in England.Bacon’s works-----1) the philosophical works: The Advancement of Learning (In this work, it deals with the accomplishments of science up to his time.) The New Instrument (Bacon describes the method by which knowledge could be universalized,) 2) the literary works of Bacon are his essays. They are noted for their style and striking observations of life. They are the first true English prose classics. 3) the professional works: Essays (among these essays the famous pieces are Of Study, Of Travel, and Of Wisdom) Generally speaking, Bacon’s literary style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness and forcefulness.。
18世纪英国文学(1)
第二节18世纪英国文学一、概述在世纪初，现实主义小说登上文坛，在长达五十余年的发展中，产生了笛福、斯威夫特、理查逊、菲尔丁、高尔斯密、斯泰恩等一批出色的小说家，它代表18世纪英国文学的最高成就，也使英国文学在整体上达到欧洲同一时期的最高水平。
18世纪中后期，具有感伤主义色彩的墓园诗派出现繁荣局面，哥特式小说也展露异彩。
18世纪后期，彭斯和布莱克的诗歌唱了浪漫主义先声。
启蒙主义是18世纪英国文学的思想主轴。
18世纪英国启蒙文学具有发展的特点。
前期相信理性的绝对权威，力图在现存社会结构内树立美德，创造自由。
英国启蒙文学发生在资产阶级革命之后，它所面临的主要任务是全面确立资本主义社会的伦理规范。
三、现实主义小说与戏剧1、产生背景：（1）哲学基础；（2）印刷技术的改进与廉价读物的出现；（3）大量普通读者出现。
2、丹尼尔·笛福（Daniel Defoe, 1660－1731）及《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe, 1719）《鲁滨逊漂流记》写鲁宾逊在海外荒岛的冒险开拓经历，那种试图单枪匹马与未知世界斗争的开拓本能，敢于挑战极限的精神，开天辟地的气魄和勇气宣示了个人英雄主义时代的来临。
3、撒姆尔·理查逊（Samuel Richardson, 1689－1761）有书信体小说《帕米拉》（Pamela, 1739－1740），以及小说《克莱丽莎》（Clarissa, 1747－1748）。
《帕米拉》：贵族B先生、女仆帕米拉。
小说中对阶级关系的处理方式：两个阶层各守其职，以此为基础建立起来稳定的社会结构。
新道德的基础是建立在阶级划分、阶级容忍、阶级合作以及理性基础上的。
小说的书信体结构。
5、亨利·菲尔丁（Henry Fielding, 1707－1754）的主要小说：《大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传》（The Life and Death of Jonathan Wild the Great, 1739－1740）、《约瑟·安德鲁传》（The Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend, Mr. Abraham Adams, 1742）、《汤姆·琼斯》（Tom Jones, 1749）、《亚美丽娅》（Amelia, 1751）等。
Charles Dickens1 英国文学课件
His Wife
Catherine (his wife) lived in a London house She died in 1879
She was born 1815 On April of 1836 she got married to
Dickens
His marriage
A Tale of Two Cities, present a criticism of the
complicated fundamental social institutions and morals in Victorian England,e.g. the legal system
life in Oliver Twist, the enslaving education in Nicholas Nickleby, the legal fraud in Pickwich Papers. The debtor’s prison in David Copperfield, the money-worship in Dombey and His Son. With an eye
His Children
Dickens had seven chiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้dren Their names were Charley, Sydney,
Francis & Henry, Alfred, Walter, and Plorn They were all close in age
His birth place in Landport
Evening Chronicle. With Catherine he had 10
children. They separated in 1858. Some biographers have suspected that Dickens was more fond of Catherine's sister, Mary, who moved into their house and died in 1837 at the age of 17 in Dickens's arms. Eventually she became the model for Dora Copperfield. Dickens also wanted to be buried next to her and wore Mary's ring all his life. Another of Catherine's sisters, Georgiana, moved in with the Dickenses, and the novelist fell in love with her. Dickens also had a long liaison with the actress Ellen Ternan, whom he had met by the late 1850s.
英国文学课件1
2. General Prologue
1) general framework a group of vivid sketches of medieval figures from different walks of life (except the highest and lowest)
1. Influenced by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio The House of Fame (1372—80) Legend of Good Women (1380—86) 2. English period (1387—1400)
III. The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
英国文学 British Literature
LITERATURE Novels, plays, and poetry are referred to as literature, especially when they are considered to be good or important. The literature on a particular subject of study is all the books and articles that have been published about it Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.
Early and medieval British Literature “Beowulf” ---the national epic of the English people. The Anglo-Saxon Period(10661350) Sir Gawain and Green Knight Popular Ballads Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
[英国文学作品]英国文学
![[英国文学作品]英国文学](https://360docs-1393072327.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/d32b940017fc700abb68a98271fe910ef12dae45.webp)
[英国文学作品]英国文学英国文学篇(1):10部英国经典小说10. 《名利场》Vanity Fair (William Makepeace Thackeray, 1848)威廉·梅克皮斯·萨克雷，1848年出版这部小说的主角或许就是英国文学史上最知名的非正统派女主角——贝奇·夏普，小说的情节围绕阶级、社会、跻身上流社会以及现代读者听来又熟悉又害怕的金融危机。
《名利场》这些要素全都具备, 讲述那个年代，也讲述着每一个年代。
9. 《科学怪人》Frankenstein (Mary Shelley, 1818)玛莉·雪莱，1818年出版这部先锋作品集科幻和哥特式恐怖于一身，营造了一个难以磨灭的“恶魔”主题，即科学家中的“现代普罗米修斯”，几世纪以来经久不衰。
8. 《大卫·科波菲尔》David Copperfield (Charles Dickens, 1850)查尔斯·狄更斯，1850年出版David Copperfield is populated by some of the most vivid characters ever created. They are as much a part of readers’ world, and their way of thinking about the world, as people they have actually met.《大卫·科波菲尔》人物形象众多，性格鲜活的角色云集。
这些人物角色仿佛是读者所在真实世界的一部分，和读者亲身遇见的人一样，有着相似的世界观。
7. 《呼啸山庄》Wuthering Heights (Emily Bront, 1847)艾米莉·勃朗特，1847年出版《呼啸山庄》“蕴含巨大的心理能量，没有其它书籍能够与之匹敌。
”读者推崇《呼啸山庄》是因为其“层层叠叠的叙述结构”和丰富惊人的想象力，更因为《呼啸山庄》超越了爱情故事本身，展现了我们转瞬即逝的欲望之下“永恒的震撼”。
英美文学欣赏最新版教学课件英国文学 Unit 1 William Shakespeare
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Without that title. Romeo, doff thy name; And for that name, which is no part of thee, Take all myself.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践， 夏天出赁的期限又未免太短；
（注解：诗人自答，对朋友的珍爱之情跃然纸上。原因在于：因为狂风会把 五月娇嫩的花蕾摧残，夏天延续的时间又过于短暂。这后两行是为下面作铺 垫。以上四句是诗的第一节，此为起。)
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? 我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？ （注解：将朋友比作英国气候最宜人的夏季，通俗自然，让人耳目一新。）
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 你不独比他可爱也比他温婉；
2. What does it mean when Juliet says “that which we call a rose/By my other name would smell as sweet”?
英美文学欣赏（第四版）
作品欣赏
Sonnet 18.
Sonnet：十四行诗（或音译为 “商籁体”）是一种格律比较严谨的 诗体。它起源于文艺复兴初期，有多 种变体。莎士比亚十四行诗为五音步 抑扬格，每行十个音节，全诗共分三 节，按照a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d-e-f-e-fg-g 格式押韵。最后两行带有警句性 质，总结全诗内容，为点睛之笔。
British literature 1英国文学
V. Romanticism
* William Wordsworth: ―Lyrical Ballads‖
* Samuel Coleridge: ―The Ancient Mariner‖
* George Gordon Byron: ―Don Juan‖
* Percy Bysshe Shelley: ―Prometheus Unbound‖ * John Keats: ―Ode to a Nightingale‖
* Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels * Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe * Henry Fielding: Tom Jones * William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell * Sentimentalism: Oliver Goldsmith: ―The Deserted Village‖ Thomas Gray: ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖
* other forms: natural science philosophy history law graphic novels/comic books films, videos and broadcast have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction. iii. Expectation of you 1. To get acknowledged with the history and framework of British literature. 2. To view literature from a literary perspective and accomplish one mid-term essay. 3. To fulfill the assignment after class.
英国文学[1]
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature
二.Beowulf 3.Features of Beowulf d. Synecdoche(提喻)：She has just seen 80 winters. Every life has its roses and thorns. e. Understatement(低调陈述):He is no bad singer. f. hyperbole(夸张):Every lovers sees a thousand graces in the beloved object.
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature
四.William Langland 1.Piers the Plowman and its author 2.A Picture of Feudal England 3.Aritisne Early and Medieval English Literature
四.William Langland 3.Aritistic features: ⑴. Piers the Plowman is one of the greatest of English poems. It is written in the form of a dream vision, and the author tells his story under the guise of having dreamed it. ⑵.The poem is also an allegory which uses symbolism to relate truth. ⑶.But, in the main, Piers the Plowman is a realistic picture of medieval England.
英国文学（上）
英国文学（上）Exercises:1. After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal _Cletic____ population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ___Angles_ , __Saxons__ , and __Jutes___ who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part __Anglio___ , or England.2. For nearly __400__ years prior to the coming of the English , British had been a Roman province . In__410_, the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3. The literature of early period falls naturally into two divisions, __pagan_and __Christian__.4.__The song of Beowulf__ can be justly termed England‘s national epic and its hero _Beowulf___—one of the national heroes of the English people.5. The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the _European Continent___ approximately at the beginning of the _6th___ century , when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the __ Scandinavian peninsula __ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes ,e.g. with the __Danes__who lived on the other side of the straits.6. Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention _Caedmon___ who lived in the half of the ___7th_ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible.7. __Caedmon__ is the first know religious poet of Engla nd . He is known as the father of English song.8. The didactic poem The Christ was produced by __Cynewulf__ .9. The most important work of __a__ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles , which is regarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede10. Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?ca. Hrothgatb. Heorotc. Grendeld. Beowulf11. ___b_ is the first important religious poet in English literature.a. Gynewulfb. Caedmonc. Shakespeared. Adam Bede12. The epic , The Song of Beowulf ,represents the spirit of _d__.a. Monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistsd. pagan13. Define the literary terms listed below. 1). Alliteration 2). Epic14. Please give brief description of The Song of Beowulf.Exercise:1.In the year __1066__, at the battle of _ Hasting___, the ___Normans_ headed by William Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2. The literature with Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, __romantic__ tales of ___love_ and adventures, in marked contrast with the __strength__ and __somberness__ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3. English literature of Anglo-Norman period is also a combination of __French__ and _Saxon___ elements.4. Defines the literary terms listed below.(1) Anglo-Norman Romance (2) Middle EnglishExercise:1. In the 14th century, the two most important writers are __William Langland__ and Chaucer.2. In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is __Sir Thomas Malory__ . He wrote an important work called Morte d’Arthur.3. Geoffrey Chaucer ,the ―__father of English poetry__‖ and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about the year 1340.4. Chaucer‘s masterpiece is _The Canterbury Tales__,one of the most works in all literature.5.The _general prologue__ provides a frame work for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and it comprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.6. Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of _his time and his country___.7. The Canterbury Tales opens with a general “prologue”where we are told of a company of pilgrims that gathered at __Tabard__ Inn in Southwark ,a suburb of London.8. Chaucer believes in the right of man to __earthly__ happiness.9.The name of the ―jolly innkeeper‖ in The Canterbury Tales is __Harry Bailey__,who proposes that each pilgrim of the __30__ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.10.The pilgrims in The Canterbury Tales are on their way to the shrine of __St. Thomas Becket‘s __ at a place named Canterbury.11.Despite the enormous plan , The Canterbury Tales in fact contains a general ―prologue‖ and only _24__ tale , of which two are left unfinished.12.In contradistinction to the __alliterative__ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry , Chaucer chose the metrical from which laid the foundation of the English __T onico-syllabic___ verse.13. Who is the ― father of English poetry ‖ and one of the greatest narrative poets of English?bA . Christopher Marlow B. Geoffrey ChaucerC. W. ShakespeareD. Alfred the Great14. When he died, Chaucer was buried in _a___ the Poet‘s Corner.A．Westminster Abbey B. NormandyC. CanterburyD. Southwark15. Chaucer‘s earliest work of any le ngth is his __c__ a translation of the French ―Roman de la Rose‖, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14thcenturies throughout Europe.A. Troilus and CriseydeB. A Red Red RoseC. Romance of the RoseD. Piers the Plowman16. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named __b___ based on Boccaccio‘s poem ―Filostrato‖.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. Beowulf17. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures. Which one is not true?dA. French literatureB. Italian literatureC. English literatureD. German literature18. There are various kinds of ballads _historical___, __legendary__, __fantanstical__, __lyrical__ and ___homorous__.19. In the numerous __border ballads__, the age-long strugglebetween the Scots and the English is reflected.20. Bishop __Thomas Perry__ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.21. Robin Hood, a __Saxon__ by birth, was an outlaw, a robber but he robbed only the rich and never molested the poor and needy.22. The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland‘s ___Piers the Plowman__.23. Define the literary terms listed below. (1) Ballad (2) Heroiccouplet24. Comment on Geoffrey Chaucer and his The Canterbury Tales. Exercise:1. The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of __feudal __ relation and the establishing of the foundations of __capitalism__.2. Because the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk , it was s time when , according to Thomas More , ―__shape devoured man__ ‖.3. __King Henry the VIII__ broke off with the Pope , dissolved all the monasteries and Abbeys in the country , confiscated their lands proclaimed himself head of __Church of England__.4. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of __Queen Elizabeth I__.5. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships andformation of the English national state this period is marked by a Flourishing of national culture known as the __Renaissance__.6.__Thomas More_wrote his _Utopia__in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of people‘s sufferings and put forwards his ideal of a future happy society.7._Thomas Wyatt__was the first to introduce the Italian sonnet into English literature.8. Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _The Faire Queene___.9. Define the literary terms listed below. (1)renaissance (2)Spenserian StanzaExercise:1.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and __Macbeth___ are generally reg arded as Shakespea re‘s four great tragedies.2. During the 22 years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced __37__ plays, __2__ narrative poems and __154___ sonnets.3. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of ___Christopher Marlowe__‘s best pl ays.4. __Edmund Spenser__ is often referred to as ― the poet‘s poet‖.5. ―Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day‖ is one of _Shakespeare‘s___ best known sonnets.6. In the __Elizabethan__ Period, William Shakespeare is thegreatest writer of England.7. Define the literary terms listed below: Dramatic Irony8. Comment on William Shakespeare and The Merchant of Venice.9. Comment on William Shakespeare and Hamlet.Exercises:1.Pope described Francis Bacon as ― the _wisest__, _brightest__,__meanest_ of man kind‖.2. Ba con‘s works may be divided into three classes, the _philosophy__, the __professional_, the _literary__ works.3. The final edition of Bacon‘s essays contains __58_ essays.4. The 17th century was a period when _absolute monarchy__ impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the _bourgeoisie__ could no longer bear the sway of __landed nobility_.5. The government of James I was a __despotism_ based on the theory of the divine right of kings.6. There were religious division and confusion and a long bitter struggle between the people‘s Parliament and theThrone--- __Puritans_ fighting against the _Cavaliers__ who helped the king.7. England became a commonwealth under the leadership of __Oliver Cromwell_.8. After _Oliver Cromwell__‘s d eath, monarchy as again restored (1660). It was called the period of the Restoration____.9. The Glorious Revolution in _1688__ meant three things the supremacy of _Parliament__, the beginning of _modern England__, and the final triumph of the principle of _political liberty__.10. The Puritans believed in __simplicity_ of life.11. The Revolution Period is also called _the Puritan Age__, because the English Revolution was carried out under a religious cloak.12. Define the literary term – Blank verse.13. The first thing to strike the reader is Donne‘s extraordinary _frankness__ and penetrating _realism__. The next is the _cynicism__ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reaction from the extreme __idealism__ of woman encouraged by the Petrarchan tradition.14. Donne entered the church in 1615, where he rose rapidly to be Dean of _St Paul‘s Cathedral__, and the most famous preacher of his time.15. Milton‘s father was a __Puritan_, but not so harsh as most of the _Puritans__ of his day.16. Milton opposed the __Monarchic_ party and gave all his energies to the writing of __pamphlets_ dedicated to the people‘s liberties.17. Paradise Lost tells how __Satan_ rebelled against God and how _Adam__ and __Eve_ were driven out of Eden.18. Paradise Lost presents the author‘s view in an_allegorical__, _religious__ form.19. The poem Paradise Lost consists of _12__ books.20. Paradise Lost is based on the __Bibelical__ legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race --- __Adam_ and __Eve_ , and involves God and his eternal adversary _Santan__ in its plot.21. In Revolution period __John Milton__ towers over his age as William Shakespeare towers over the Elizabethan Age and as Chaucer over the Medieval period.22. During the civil war and the commonwealth, there were two leadersin England, Cromwell, the man of action, and _John Milton__ the man of thought.23. In 1637Milton wrote the finest pastoral elegy in English, ―__Lycidas_‖to memorize the tragic death of a Cam bridge friend.24. Milton wrote his masterpiece __Paradise Lost_ during his blindness.25. Comment on John Milton and his Paradise Lost.Exercise:1. Milton and Bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century. One gave us the only epic since _Beowulf___, the other gave us the only great _allegry___.2. Bunyan‘s most important work is _Pilgrim‘s Progess___, writtenin the old-fashioned medieval form of __allegory__ and ___dream_.3. In The Pilgrim‘s Progress, the story begins with a man called __Christian__setting out with a book in his hand and a great load on his back from the city of __Destuction__.4. Christian has two objects,--- to get rid of his __bureden__, which holds the sins and fears of his life, and to make his way tothe __Celestial City_.5. John Bunyan gives a vivid and satirical description of __Vanity Fair__ which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.6. The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of _John Milton___, in the prose writing of __John Bunyan__, and also in the plays and literary criticism of ___John Dryden_.Exercise:1. No sooner were the people in control of the government than they divided into hostile parties: the liberal _Whigs___, and the conservative __Tories__.2. Another feature of the 18th century was the rapid development of __social life__.3. The Enlighteners believed in the power of reason and therefore the 18th century is also called ―the age of _Reason___‖.4. The Enlightenment on the whole was an expression of struggle ofthe progressive class of _bourgeoisie__ against __feudalism__.5. The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the __viciousness__ of human nature, and prove that man is born ___kind_ and __honest__, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of _corrupted__ social environment.6. It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three main divisions: the reign of so-called __neo-classicism__, the revival of __romatic_poetry, and the beginnings of the ___modern novel__.7. The essays and stories of Addison and Steele devoted not only to social problems, but also to __private_ life_ and __adventures__.8. Pope was a man of extraordinary __wit__ and extensive __learning__, and his contemporaries considered him as the highest __authority__ in matters of literary art.9. The image of an enterprising Englishman of the 18th century was created by Daniel Defoe in his famous novel__Robinson Crusoe__.10. ___Alexander Pope_ is the leading figure of neo-classicism in the early period of the 18th century.11. Robinson Crusoe is largely an _adventure__ story, rather than the study of __human character__ which Defoe probably intended it to be.12. In The Shortest Way with the Dissenters, in a vein of grim _humor__ which recalls Swift‘s Modest Proposal Defoe advocatedhanging all dissenting ministers, and sending all member of the free churches into exile.13. The full name of Robinson Crusoe is __The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe__.14. The story of Robinson Crusoe itself is real enough to have come straight from a sailor‘s __logbook__.15. Robinson named __Friday__ to the saved savage.16. Define the literary term, Picaresque Novels.Exercise:1.The 18th century in English literature is an age of __Prose___.2.Swift is born of English parents in ___Dublin Ireland___.3.Swift was the most remarkable __satirist__ in the 18th centurywho criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic society of his age with out mercy.4. Jonathan Swift‘s masterpiece is __Gulliver‘s Travels__.5. Gulliver‘s adventures begins with __Liliputians__, who are sosmall that Gulliver is a giant among them.6. The country in Gulliver‘s Travels is __Houyhnhnms__, wherehorses are the real people and human beings , __Yahoos___ are their filthy servants.7. In the country of __Brobdingnag __, Gulliver is but pygmy.8. Gulliver‘s third voyage is occupied with a visit to the flying islandof __Laputa__.9. A Modest Proposal is made to __English__ government to relievethe poverty of _Irish___ people.10. The Tale of a Tub is a satire on the various __churches__ of the day.Exercise:1.Henry Fielding is the greatest novelist of the __18th__ century.2.Fielding‘s fir st novel , _Joseph Andrews___ was inspir ed by thesuccess of Richardson‘s novel Pamela.3. Fielding‘s later novels are ___Jonathon Wild___, the story of arogue , which suggests Defoe‘s narrati ve ; __The History of _Tom Jones_, a Foundling_(1749) his best work; and__Amelia____ (1751) , the story of a good wife in contrast with an unworthy husband.4.In his works Fielding strongly criticizes __social relations__ in theContemporary England.5. Fielding hates that hypocrisy which tries to conceal itself under Amask of __morality__.6. The lack of __spirituality__ of the age finds the most ample expression in his page.7.To read Milton‘s __Il Penseroso__ and Gray‘s is to see thebeginning and the perfection of that ―literature of melancholy‖which largely Occupied English poets for more than a century.8. The author of the famous Elegy is the most scholarly andwell-balanced of all the early __romantic__ poets.9. Oliver Goldsmith was one of the most __versatile__ of author andmade distinguished contributions in several literary forms.10. Goldsmith was born in __Ireland__ , the son of an __Anglican__clergyman whose geniality he inherited and whose improvidence he imitated.11. As ___essayest_ ,Goldsmith is among the best of the century.12. As a __poet__ he makes the riming couples as natural and simple as his prose.13. The Deserted Village is a (n )__idylice__ story of the family of aclergy-man after they have lost their money and are living in poverty.14. Goldsmith‘s two comedies , The Good-natured Man and She Stoopsto Conquer met with opposition because the fashion wasthen for __sentimental__ comedy.15. The two plays by Sheridan and _Goldsmith___ are the only plays ofthe 18th century that have been kept alive upon the modem stage.16. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was, like Goldsmith ,a (n) _Irish__man.17. His famous comedy , _The Rivals__ , was written in histwenty-four year.18. Sheridan‘s famous comedy _The School of Scadal___, written in1777, is considered his masterpiece.19. Define the literary term, comedy of humors.20. Of all the romantic poets of the 18th century ,Blake is the mostindependent and the most _original___.21. For greater part of his life Blake was the poet of inspiration alone ,following no man‘ s __lead__ , obeying no voice but that which be heard in his own mystic __soul__.22. Beyond learning to __read__ and __write__, he received no education.23. His only formal education was in __art__.24. At 14, Blake apprenticed for seven years to a well-known __engraver__ , James Basire.25. After three years at Felpham ,Blake moved back to London , determined to follow his ―__Divine Vision___‖ though it meant a life of isolation , misunderstanding , and poverty.26. The underlying theme in Songs of Innocence is the all-pervading presence of divine and __sympathy__ , even in troubleand sorrow. 27.In 1790 Blake engraved his principal prose , ___The Marriage of Heaven and Hell_ , in which, with vigorous satire and telling apologue , he takes up his Revolutionary position.28. The__Songs of Experienc__ (1794) are in marked contrast with the Songs of Innocence.29. The brightness of the earlier work gives place to a sense of _gloom___ and mystery , and of the power of __evil__.30. In Jerusalem we have expounded Blake ?s theory of __Imagination__ .31. The greatest of __Scottish__ poets is Robert Burns.32. In 1786. when he was 27 years old ,Burns resolved to abandon the struggle and seek position in the far-off island of __Jamaica__.33.Burns wrote some __patriotic__ poems , in which he expressed his deep l ove for his motherlan d ,such as ―My Heart’s in the Highlands‖. 34. Burns‘ poetry bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh of the __Scottish__ common people.。