英国文学 (1)
1 Literary characteristics of the Anglo-Saxon period.
The main literary form of the period is poetry and there are two groups: pagan poetry and religious poetry, and often Christian one.
2He is regarded as “father of English poetry”, and one of the greatest narrative poets in England。
Chaucer’s main works masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales It is one of the most famous works in all literatures. In arranging the poem, he imitates the framework of Boccaccio’s Decamenon《十日谈》：a general prologue + 24 tales with interlogues.(P43)
He covered all the major types of medieval literature in his masterpiece, such as romances, folk tales, animal stories.
3 The definition English Renaissance
The term Renaissance originally indicates a revival or rebirth of ancient Greek
and Roman arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.
Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into
English during the 16th century. The study and propagation of classical
learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists.
They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his
environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from
the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.
Two key features of Renaissance
A.The humanists showed a thirsting curiosity for classical literature. There aroused a
general of the study of Greek and Latin authors.( e.g. translating their works, modeling their literary forms, borrowing their subjects )
B.They had a keen interest in life and human activities. For the first time, man is
considered as the centre of the universe. The interest in God and in the life after death is transformed into the exaltation of man and an absorption in earthly life.
4 Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare
Christopher Marlowe
Marlowe is one of the greatest playwrights in the English Renaissance. He is also a great lyrical poet. He reformed the genre of drama in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It was Marlowe who made blank verse (an unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal vehicle of expression in drama.
His main works : Dr. Faustus Tamburtaine, the Great The Jew of Malta
William Shakespeare
Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-on-Avon and died in 1616.
Altogether, he produced 38 dramas, (history plays, tragedies, comedies, tragic comedies) 2 long narrative poems, and 154 sonnets.
the first period is the period of his apprenticeship in play-writing.
Content: bear the marks of youth, but of youth with astonishing versatility and wonderful talent.
Style: the principle of causing the action to revolve one or two central figures and making the character not the incident the source of action is gradually followed.
Language: blank verse
The second period (1595-1600)
The second period of Shakespeare’s work is his mature period.
Tone: sweet and joyful
Theme: all the wrong shall disappear before the force of good. Virtue will have its triumph in the end.
Style: a great lift in characterization, esp. heroines of the comedies.
The third period (1601-1607)
the third period of Shakespeare's dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”
Content: The complicated social contradictions are mercilessly exposed.
Style: The tragic note is aggravated.
Theme: A mass of evil is represented.
The fourth period (1608-1612)
the fourth period of Shakespeare’s work is the period of romantic drama.
This period witnesses a turn from the storm, the gloom from the third period to “a great peacefulness of light”, and a harmony of earth and heaven. All shall be well in the end. Sonnets:
sonnet: a lyric poem of fourteen lines, typically written in iambic pentameter and usually following strict patterns of stanza division and rhyme.
Shakespearean sonnet
Sonnet 18 1.definition of English sonnet: It is a 14-line verse written in iambic pentameter with the rhymic form of ababcdcdefefgg.
General comment on Shakespeare
1.Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism n world literature.
2.Shakespeare pictures a series of ideal characters to embody his humanist’s thoughts
3.Shakespeare gives us a world of full-blooded people who represent all the complexities
and implications of real life.
4.Shakespeare is skillful in many poetic forms; the song, the sonnet, the couplet and the
dramatic blank verse.
5.Shakespeare is a great master of the English language.
5English Revolution and Restoration Main literary men
A.John Bunyan班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》
main story: Christian set out from the City of Destruction毁灭城to make his way to the Holy City. On his way, he meets with the perils and temptations of the Slough of Despond失望谷，Vanity Fair虚荣市, and Doubting Castle怀疑城. He faces and overcomes the demon Appolyon地狱魔王, and finally came to the Celestial City天国.
definition of metaphysical poetry:玄学派诗歌The leading man of metaphysical school ohn Donne多恩/ 邓恩
John Milton 弥尔顿his greatest works .Paradise lost失乐园(the greatest epic after Beowulf ) Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙Enlightenment启蒙运动
A new prose literature in Addison and Steele.
Periodical Literature报刊文学in the 18th-century England.
Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》28 荒岛生活
Evaluation of the novel:
1 Robinson Crusoe is a typical 18th English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, persistence in overcoming obstacles in struggling against hostile natural environment.
2 In the story of the Hero’s first adventures on the deserted island, the hero is depicted as a man struggling against nature, and he seems to live in this island through different stages of human civilization in a seemingly primitive environment.
3 The hero’s adventures indicate the glorification of the bourgeois man who has the courage and will to face hardships and the determination to improve on his livelihood by struggling against nature.
4) The novel is written in the style of autobiography. The book describes the hero’s career as a sailor, a merchant, a plantation owner, a slave trade, which, together with his adventures provides a realistic picture of the life of the 18th England.
5) The book is written in a simple, straightforward style with vivid depiction of the detailed experiences and adventures. The sentences are variable, sometimes short and plain, sometimes long and rambling. The language is smooth, easy and colloquial.
B. Jonathan Swift斯威夫特His work Gulliver’s Travels《格列夫游记》
a. His voyage on the island of Lilliput小人国
b His voyage on the island of Brobdingnag大人国
c. His voyage on the island of Laputa飞鸟国
d. His voyage on the island of Houyhnhnms彗马国
6 Romanticism in England
A. Robert Burns彭斯Robert Burns (P290) was the best known Scottish lyric( 抒情诗)
poetry about love and friendship, the most outstanding “A Red, Red Rose”（all long song 友谊地久天长）
B William Blake布莱克William Blake (P282) is a famous democratic poet, his poetry is mainly about the life in London, chiefly the sufferings and hardships of the common people in the big city.---- His works:P285 The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings. The Songs of Experience describes a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
C The active romanticists or the later generation of romanticists, which was represented by Byron拜伦, Shelley雪莱and Keats济慈
D Jane Austen简·奥斯丁Features of her novels
A: narrow scope: country gentry life.
B: realistic delineation: Austen employed a strong sense of irony in her critique of aristocratic disaffection and the pretensions of the nouveau riche.
C: themes in Austen’s works: love and marriage
D: witty, humorous and simple language and her subtle irony style.
E: women as the main characters
F: criticism of Jane Austen:
7The Victorian Age Poetry: Hood(lower); Tennyson and Browning (higher dramatic monologue)布朗宁诗歌的主要艺术特点：（1）戏剧独白
Definition of Critical Realism: P153It is literary trend in the Victorian Age. It first rose in France and then spread to England and other European countries. Critical realism found its best and fruitful expression in novels. Critical realists followed the traditional humanism of Renaissance and Romanticism and the critical and rebellious spirit of the Chartist Movement. Their concern was directed on the life and destiny of common masses. They depicted a panoramic picture of the social life. They didn’t approve of the use of violence to set right the social justice, and the way they favored was that man reform the society with love.
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Br?nte, Wuthering Heights by Emily Br?nte, Agnes Grey by Anne Br?nte.
王守仁《英国文学选读》译文汇总.
Unit 1 Geoffrey Chaucer 1343-1400 夏雨给大地带来了喜悦送走了土壤干裂的三月沐浴着草木的丝丝经络顿时百花盛开生机勃勃西风轻吹留下清香缕缕田野复苏吐出芳草绿绿碧蓝的天空腾起一轮红日青春的太阳洒下万道金辉小鸟的歌喉多么清脆优美迷人的夏夜怎好安然入睡美丽的自然撩拨万物的心弦多情的鸟儿歌唱爱情的欣欢香客盼望膜拜圣徒的灵台僧侣立愿云游陌生的滨海信徒来自全国东西南北众人结伴奔向坎特伯雷去朝谢医病救世的恩主以缅怀大恩大德的圣徒那是个初夏方临的日子我到泰巴旅店投宿歇息怀着一颗虔诚的赤子心我准备翌日出发去朝圣黄昏前后华灯初上时分旅店院里涌入很多客人二十九人来自各行各业不期而遇都到旅店过夜这些香客人人虔心诚意次日要骑马去坎特伯雷客房与马厩宽敞又洁净店主的招待周到而殷勤夕阳刚从地平线上消失众人同我已经相互结识大家约好不等鸡鸣就起床迎着熹微晨光干燥把路上可是在我叙述故事之前让我占用诸位一点时间依我之见似乎还很必要把每人的情况作些介绍谈谈他们从事什么行业社会地位属于哪个阶层容貌衣着举止又是如何那么我就先把骑士说说骑士的人品出众而且高尚自从军以来就驰骋于疆场待人彬彬有礼大度而豪爽珍惜荣誉节操和骑士风尚为君主效命创辉煌战绩所到国家之远无人能比转战于基督和异教之邦因功勋卓著缕缕受表彰他攻打过亚历山大利亚在普鲁士庆功宴上有他这位佼佼者多次坐首席从立陶宛直打到俄罗斯同级的骑士都大为逊色攻克阿给西勒有他一个还出征到过柏尔玛利亚夺取烈亚斯和萨塔利亚他还
多次游弋于地中海跟随登陆大军将敌战败十五次比武他大显身手为捍卫信仰而浴血奋斗在战场上三次杀死敌将高贵的武士美名传四方他还侍奉过柏拉西亚国君讨伐另一支土耳其异教军没有一次不赢得最高荣誉他骁勇善战聪慧而不痴愚他温柔顺从像个大姑娘一生无论是在什么地方对谁也没有讲过半个脏字堪称一个完美的真骑士他有一批俊美的千里马但是他的衣着朴实无华开价的底下是结识的布衣上上下下到处是斑斑污迹他风尘仆仆刚从战场归来片刻未休息就急忙去朝拜 Unit 2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 生存或毁灭这是个必答之问题是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌并将其克服此二抉择就竟是哪个较崇高死即睡眠它不过如此倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患那么此结局是可盼的死去睡去但在睡眠中可能有梦啊这就是个阻碍当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊在死之长眠中会有何梦来临它令我们踌躇使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨如暴君之政骄者之傲失恋之痛法章之慢贪官之侮或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之还有谁会肯去做牛做马终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难而不远走高飞飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身后之事而使他犹豫不前此境乃无人知晓之邦自古无返者所以「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光像个病夫再之这些更能坏大事乱大谋使它们失去魄力第二场同前凯普莱特家的花园罗密欧上罗密欧没有受过伤的才会讥笑别人身上的创痕朱丽叶自上方
英国文学史上个大名家
1 William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亚1564~1616 ①Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies:
英国文学名词解释
Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature
英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)
Byronic hero A proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom. Sonnet A sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定的押韵方式。莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。 Lake Poets The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement 早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。 Metaphysical poetry（玄学派诗歌） Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the17t
英国文学译文
第一部分：早期和中世纪英国文学 第一章：英国的组成 1、大不列颠人（英国人） 在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。英国这个民族是一个混血族。早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。“最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力”。英国人曾生活在部落社会。 2、罗马人的占领 在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这时的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。 3、英国人的占领 同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。他们是来自北欧的三个部落：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区，并在东英吉利亚建立王国。七个像这样的王国在大不列颠岛上逐渐出现。到公元7世纪，这些小王国开始合并成为今天称为英格兰的统一王国，或被称作盎格鲁人之国。这三个部落的人混合在一起，被称为今天的英国人，而盎格鲁人占绝大多数。他们说的三种方言自然而然的发展成为一种语言——盎格鲁撒克逊，或者古英语，和今天我们所说的英语有着很大的区别。 4、盎格鲁撒克逊人的社会状况 在盎格鲁撒克逊人定居在大不列颠之前，他们仍过着部落式生活。家庭成员以亲属关系联合在一起，分别定居在不同的村落。主要的战争乐团由年轻人组成，勇士们食用族长的食物与其分享战利品。虽然说族长有权决定他子民的生死，但是将在外难免军令有所不受。他熟悉他的每一个士兵，和他们一起吃喝玩乐。这就是当时盎格鲁人称作为“氏族军事民主”。 在占领大不列颠后，盎格鲁撒克逊的社会形态发生了巨大的变化。“我们知道，统治管理未屈服的人民是与非犹太人的法令相违背的……因此，非犹太人社会体系需要改革成为国家机关……首先，征服者代表必须是军事指挥官，被占领地区的内外安全需要加强指挥官的权利。这样，军事领导权转变成君权的时刻到来。一切以成定局。因此，盎格鲁撒克逊时期见证了英国由部落社会向封建社会转变的过程。 5、盎格鲁撒克逊人的宗教信仰以及其影响 盎格鲁撒克逊人是异教徒。他们信奉北欧的古老神话传说。那就是为什么北欧神话学说在英语这门语言中留下痕迹的原因。例如，一周中的天数就是由北神命名的。奥丁，我们所说的神，星期三以他的名字命名，星期四以托尔的名字命名，美丽女神弗丽嘉，祈祷者以她的名字命名星期五。星期二则是为了纪念另一个北欧之神--蒂乌。
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学概述-王守仁
英国文学概述－王守仁 英国文学概述 英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁—撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁—撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利?乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯?莫尔（Thomas More, 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、
英国文学(上)复习纲要
The Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066 Events & Terms ?Celts ?Roman Conquest ?Anglo-Saxons ?Myth Celts ?500 B.C and 100 B.C. ?Coming from central Europe ?Tribal society ?Clan as unit ?Celtic warriors enjoying fighting ?Lack of unity Roman Conquest ?55BC - 407AD ?Roman general Julius Caesar ?Roman emperor Claudius ?Britannia: British Isles as a province of Roman empire ?Roman governors ?Christianity The Anglo-Saxons (449-1066) ?Angles, Saxons, Jutes, tribes from the places now northern Germany and southern Scandinavia ?Creation of the English nation ?Old English or Anglo-Saxon ?Anglo-Saxon myth: The Lord of the Rings; The Song of Beowulf Myth(ology) The story, handed down from olden times, especially concepts or beliefs about the early history of a race or a nation usually with supernatural episodes. Questions for Anglo-Saxon Period ?What is your impression of Beowulf as a hero and king? ?What do you think is the most important theme of Beowulf? ?In what way is the movie different from original myth and why? The Anglo-Norman Period 1066-1350 Events & Terms ●Norman Conquest ●King Arthur
新编英国文学选读(上册)翻译
英国文学史（上册） 第一章安格鲁—撒克逊时期（450—1066） 1.历史背景 不列颠群岛最早的居民是凯尔特人，他们最初居住在莱茵河上游地区，大约在公元前600年，他们移居到了不列颠群岛。在大约公元前400到公元前300年时，凯尔特人的一个分支——布立吞人，来到了不列颠群岛，“不列颠”这个名字便是由他们所取。凯尔特人的文化属于铁器文化的早期阶段，他们知道如何铸造铁剑和种植庄稼。关于他们的信仰，我们所知甚少，但是我们能了解到他们五月节的宗教典礼和槲寄生（一种植物）的祭奠仪式，这些已经成为英国人民民族传统的一部分。 从公元前55年到公元407年，不列颠群岛在罗马帝国的统治之下。那时，罗马帝国是奴隶社会，它统治了整个欧洲，并且有很高的文明水平。罗马人打败了凯尔特人，成为了不列颠群岛的主人，伦敦就是在罗马人的统治时期内建成的。 第一个来到不列颠的罗马将领是著名的尤里乌斯.凯撒，公元55年，在他取得高卢战役的胜利后，带领一万名士兵跨过英吉利海峡来到那里。但是他只在哪儿待了几个星期，虽然他在第二年又来到了不列颠，他并没有在岛上驻扎军队，因为他当时正忙于平息欧洲大陆的叛乱，还有罗马帝国的内战。在罗马人对不列颠扩大征服之前，就这样过去了一个世纪。罗马人统治了不列颠三个半世纪，他们筑寺庙、修大路、砌城墙、建军营，但是，对凯尔特人的文化生活却影响不大。他们建成了四、五十个城邑，如今无论何时，如果你在英国听到一个城镇的名字是以“切斯特”或“卡斯特”结尾的，那么毫无疑问，它一定是坐落在一个罗马军队曾经的屯兵之地上。因为这样的词来源于拉丁语“卡斯楚”，它的意思是“要塞、堡垒”。大部分我们所知道的罗马统治时期的不列颠，都来源于凯撒的《高卢战记》，和普布里乌斯?克奈里乌斯?塔西佗的《日耳曼尼亚志》。 大约公元450年，大批的安格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人入侵不列颠群岛，他们定居在英格兰，把凯尔特人赶往威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰等周边地区。安格鲁人和撒克逊人是日耳曼部落，他们占据着易北河的两岸，也就是现在丹麦和德国的地方，这两个部族之间的语言也大致相同。从他们特有的的部族名字我们可以得知他们是非常勇敢的海上民族。古散克逊语“安古尔”意思是“钩子”，从中我们可以得知他们住在海边，以捕鱼为生。而“撒克逊”这个名字则源于“希克斯”，意思是短剑，从这个名字我们可以判断他们是坚强勇敢的战士。尽管遭到凯尔特人的奋勇抵抗，安格鲁—散克逊人最终还是将他们击败，成了不列颠群岛的新主人，也是现在英国人的祖先。 在大约公元500年，在对抗韦塞克斯王国的建立者——国王瑟迪克的过程中，一个传奇人物，凯尔特人的亚瑟王，名声大噪。在都城索美塞特夏，他的宫殿卡米洛特，亚瑟王召集了一批最勇敢的追随者，也就是著名的圆桌骑士。他为他的王国同安格鲁—撒克逊侵略者英勇作战了24年，后来他的故事也成了英国骑士文学的题材。 在从欧洲大陆移民之前，安格鲁—撒克逊人明显还处在部落社会的晚期，在他们移往不列颠之后，部落社会逐渐解体，封建社会开始形成。在将近公元6世纪时，在英格兰已经有7个较大的王国。 从8世纪后期开始，丹麦人，也就是维京人，开始入侵英格兰，起先只是沿着东海岸，
英国文学史一些重要的作家及其成就
1.(1)Chaucer:He is the earlist writer of humanist thought .he is the first man use many common English word in his writing.His early influence as a satirist is also important.Chaucer was a man of immense knowledge, culture and experience. He wrote wittily and observantly and never boringly. He lived at a time when English was beginning to emerge in something resembling its present form, which makes him accessible to the modern reader. Chaucer's great achievement was to establish English as a major literary language. Nothing like his "Canterbury Tales" had been produced before in English and it is a masterpiece of characterisation and narrative. He is able to present them with a wonderfully detached but sympathetic eye .he also might have been continuing an English tradition that had evolved from the alliterative verse of the Middle Ages and reflected the 'natural' rhythms of English speech. 1.(2)MIlton:h e is political both in life and art.he is a militant pamphleteer of the English literature and the he is the greatest revolutionary poet of the 17th century;h e wrote the greatest epic in English literature,and he and Shakespeare have always been regard as two patterns of English verse;h e is a master of blank verse,he is the first man use in non-dramatic works;h e is a great stylist and famous for his grand style.h is sublimity of thought and majesty of expression have admired by many people. 2.
英国文学
英国文学 1, Periods of English Literature from 449-1965 Old english literature (449-1066) Works: The epic poem Beowulf贝尔武甫(700-750) Midieval english literature(1066-1485) Background: Norman Conquest. English Literature in Age of Chaucer (14th century) Five main writers: Langland朗格兰, Wycliffe威克里夫, Gower高尼, Mandeville曼德维尔, Chaucer乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗瑞·乔叟(1340-1400): He is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”. His main works: The Romance of the Rose, Troilus and Criseyde and The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集 Folk literature:Robin Hood Ballads English Renaissance(1485-1660) Writers: William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯·培根(1561-1626) John Milton约翰·弥尔顿(1608-1674) John Bunyan约翰·班扬(1628-1688) Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) and Richard Steele理查德·史蒂尔(1672-1729) Neo-classicism （1660-1798） Major writers: William Blake威廉·布莱克(1757-1827) Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯(1759-1796) Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福(1660-1731) Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁(1707-1754) Alexander Pope 亚历山大·蒲伯Samuel Johnson塞缪·约翰逊Joseph Addison约瑟夫·爱迪森(1672-1719) Romanticism (1798-1832) Major writers: William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770-1850) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772-1834) George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788-1824) Percy Bysshe Shelley珀西·比西·雪莱(1792-1822) John Keats约翰·济慈(1759-1821) Charles Lamb 查尔斯·兰姆(1775-1834) William Hazlitt威廉·哈兹里特Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特(1771-1832) Victoria age (1832-1901) Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870) The Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传(1836-1837) Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特(1837-1838) Nicholas Nickleby尼古拉斯·尼克贝尔(1838-1839) David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔(1949-1950) William Makepeace Thackeray威廉·马克皮斯·萨克雷(1811-1893) Anne Bronte安妮·布朗特(1820-1849) Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷(1848) Mrs. Gaskell盖斯凯尔夫人(1810-1865) George Eliot乔治·艾略特(1819-1880) Modern period(1901-1965) George Gissing乔治·吉辛John Galsworthy约翰·高尔斯华绥(1867-1933) Bernard Shaw伯纳·肖(1856-1950) William Butler Y eats威廉·巴特拉·叶芝(1865-1939) T. S. Eliot托·斯·艾略特(1888-1965) James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯(1882-1941) Robert Tressell罗伯特·特雷斯尔(1870-1911) Ralph Fox拉尔夫·福克斯(1900-1937)Wystan Huge Auden威·休·奥登(1907-1973) 2, English Renaissance literature(1485-1660)