研究生英语第二单元 Cancer & Chemicals课件
研究生专业课 医学英语 答案
英译汉Cancer rates worldwide could increase by 50 percent by 2020，reaching 15 million new cases a year. The World Health Organization's World Cancer Report says that if no preventive measures are taken increases of this order are inevitable because they stem from habits-such as smoking-that are already established.到2020年，全世界癌症的发病率有可能增加50个百分点，每年可能将出现1500万新病例。
世界健康组织全球癌症报告指出，如果不采取积极的预防措施，这样的趋势将无法避免。
因为这是从已经形成的生活习惯—例如抽烟—滋生出来的。
汉译英人体是由各种类型的细胞构成的，这些细胞多达50万亿，它们之间相互联系，相互依赖。
如果丧失其中的某些细胞，比如说失去构成整条腿的细胞，将会严重影响其余所有肌体组织；而像心脏或肾脏之类的器官，哪怕相对较少的细胞受到严重损害，也可能会最终导致所有50万亿细胞的死亡。
A man body is composed of 50 trillion cells of a variety of types，all interrelated and interdependent. Loss of some of those cells，such as those making up an entire leg，will seriously handicap all the rest of the organism，and serious damage to a relatively few cells in an organ，such as the heart or kidneys，may end by killing all 50 trillion.英文写作电子版专业文献来源：King Pan Ng, Axel M Hillmer, Charles T H Chuah，et al,A common BIM deletion polymorphism mediates intrinsic resistance and inferior responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer. Nat Med. 2012 Mar 18;18(4):521-8. doi: 10.1038/nm.2713.This paper is chiefly centering on describing the discovery of a common polymorphism which mediates intrinsic resistance and inferior responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer.The authors discovered a common intronic deletion polymorphism in the gene encoding BCL2-like 11 (BIM) , by using paired-end DNA sequencing.Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) elicit high response rates among individuals with kinase-driven malignancies. However, the extent and duration of these responses are different, suggesting the existence of genetic modifiers affecting an individual’s response to TKIs.BIM upregulation is required for TKIs to induce apoptosis in kinase-driven cancers. The polymorphism was sufficient to confer intrinsic TKI resistance in CML and EGFR NSCLC cell lines, but this resistance could be overcome with BH3-mimetic drugs.To sum up, the paper offers an explanation for the heterogeneity of TKI responses across individuals and suggest the possibility of personalizing therapy with BH3 mimetics to overcome B I M -polymorphism–associated TKI resistance1。
研究生英语1—9单元课文+翻译
Unit 1Ghosts for Tea' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach,and a few yachts,with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below,a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.' Have you heard about the terrible tragedy that occurred there in that lighthouse?' he asked in a hushed whisper.'I imagine there may be plenty of legends attached to such a dramatic-looking place' , I suggested.'It's no legend' , declared the old man. 'My father knew the two men involved.lt all took place fifty years ago to-day. Let me tell you.His voice seemed to grow deeper and more dramatic.'For a whole week that lighthouse had been isolated by storms' , he began, 'with terrifying seas surging and crashing over the rocks. People on shore were anxious about the two men working there. They'd been on the best of terms until two or three weeks before, when they had quarrelled over cards in the village inn. Martin had accused Blake of cheating. Blake had vowed to avenge the insult to his honour. But thanks to the wise advice of a man they both respected, they apologised to each other, and soon seemed to have got over their disagreement. But some slight resentment and bitterness remained. and it was feared that the strain of continued isolation and rough weather might affect their nerves, though, needless to say, their friends had no idea how serious the consequences would be.'Fifty years ago to-night,no light appeared in the tower, and only at two o'clock in the morning did the beam suddenly start to flash out its warning again.'The next morning the light was still visible. The storm had almost blown itself out, so a relief boat set out to investigate. A grim discovery awaited the crew . The men's living-room was in a horrifying state. The table was over-turned: a pack of playing cards was scattered everywhere: bloodstains splashed the floor. The relief men climbed the winding stair to the lantern room and there discoveredMartin's body, crouched beside the burning lamp. He had been stabbed and was dead. Two days later, Blake's body was washed up. scratched, bruised, and terribly injured.' Only then could we really start guessing what had happened. This great tragedy could only have been due to a renewal of their quarrel. Bored and depressed as a result of their isolation, Martin and Blake must have started to play cards. Again suspecting cheating, Martin had accused his former friend of dishonesty; a fight had broken out and Blake had seized his knife. In a fit of madness he had attacked his companion, who had fallen mortally wounded. Then, appalled by what he had done, the loneliness, the battering of wind and waves, Blake had rushed to the parapet and flung himself on to the rocks below, where the sea had claimed him.'But Martin was still alive. Hours later, after darkness had fallen, he had recovered consciousness. He remembered his job of lighting the lamp; suffering intense pain, the poor wretch crawled slowly up the winding staircase, dragging himself from step to step till he got to the lantern. At his last ' gasp he managed to light this before finally collapsing.'For years afterwards it was said that the lighthouse was haunted, and, owing to these stories, they didn't have any applicants for the job of lighthouse-keeper from among the superstitious local inhabitants. And now they say that on every anniversary of that day, especially when the sea is rough, you can stand in the living-room, hear the cards failing and the sound of angry cries, see the flash of a blade,and then glimpse a figure rushing to the parapet. And then you hear the slow dragging of a body from step to step towards the room above.'The old man paused and I turned to go.'By the way' , he added, 'have you any free time this afternoon? If so, why don't you have teain the lighthouse? We are putting on a special boat trip to-day. We're charging a pound. And my brother, who bought the old lighthouse when they built the new one just on the point, can serve very good teas there - included in the price of the boat trip - a bargain, considering the problem of obtaining the food. And if you are at all sensitive to the supernatural, you're likely to have an unusual, perhaps an uncanny experience there.I eyed him appreciatively. 'You're wasting your talents' , I said. 'You should have been a fiction writer. ''You don't believe it? exclaimed the old man indignantly.'I'd find it a job,' I answered. ' My father, Henry Cox, started as keeper of that lighthouse fifty- two years ago, and he and Jim Dowley, now retired on a pension, were in charge for ten years. Come and see my dad one day with that tale; he'd enjoy it' .But the old man had already turned his attention to a more likely client.Google翻译：“10便士比湾景”。
unit2山大研究生英语第二单元
Integrated Course for Graduates
unit2山大研究生英语第二单元
Unit 2 Communication and Culture
unit2山大研究生英语第二单元
Unit 2 Communication
and Culture
Part I Suggested Teaching Plan
Step 3
Step 3
4th period Step 4
5th period Step 5
Warming Language/ Language/ Discussion Study the来自upculture
culture
based on writing
Step 2 Global
study and practice
and Culture
Part II Detailed Study of the
Texts and Classroom
Activities Language Study
1.beneficial a.有利的，有益的
An aptitude for computing is beneficial for students taking this degree. 计算才能对于攻读这个学位的学生有益处。
analysis of
Text A
study and the video practice clip
Check on Further homework reading:
Text B
skills and write an essay
unit2山大研究生英语第二单元
Unit 2
Unit 2 研究生英语,探索
go
with
normally accompany (sth) Money does not always go with happiness. Disease often goes with dirt.
Structure Analysis: Part 1: (Para. 1-4) Part 2: (Para. 5-12) Part 3: (Para. 13)
Part 1: Description of different people’s ideas about lies and lying . Part 2: Classification of different kinds of lies. Part 3: Different cultures may have different standards regarding when lies are acceptable.
A viewpoint that goes to extreme is that lying is always bad and that people should avoid telling a lie by every possible means.
4. Each lie makes the next one easier to tell, and the liar comes not only to disrespect herself, but to mistrust others, whom she believes will lie as easily as she. (Lines 3-5, Para. 2)
研究生英语Unit Two
Unit TwoText AI. Introduction1. Warm-up activities:a. What is ignorance?b. What is the relationship between ignorance and knowledge?c. Some say ignorance is bliss. Some say ignorance is the root of all evil. State your opinion on it.Reference:a. Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something. It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.b. If one is overwhelmed by ignorance, he or she would not be able to know more knowledge; if one is equipped with knowledge, he or she would be able to know he or she is vulnerable to ignorance.c. (open)Once upon a time, an old illiterate person asked somebody to write a letter for him. He said, “Please write whatever I am telling you.” He then began to explain his life while the writer was busy writing. He talked about himself and some of his problems. After he finished, he turned to the writer and said, “All right. Now read me all you have writt en.” The man began to read the letter. Little by little the old man, listening to the writer very carefully, started crying. The writer looked at him surprisingly and said, “These are what you have already explained. There is nothing more in this letter. W hy are you crying then?”Still crying hard, the old man said, “I partially knew that I was a poor wretched man, but I didn’t know it so clearly as you told me today!”Quotes:a. Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn.—Benjamin Franklinb. There is nothing more frightful than ignorance in action.—Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Real knowledge is to know the extent of one’s ignorance.—ConfuciusThe recipe for perpetual ignorance is: be satisfied with your opinions and content with your knowledge.—Elbert Hubbarde. He must be very ignorant for he answers every question he is asked.—V oltaire2. Main idea of the text:The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author felt pitiable yet not necessarily so depressed about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education：Apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.II. Additional Information for the Teachers’ Reference Trial and error, or trial by error, is a general method of problem solving, fixing things, or for obtaining knowledge. “Learning doesn’t happen from failure itself but rather from analyzing the failure, making a change, and then trying again.” In the field of computer science, the method is called generate and test. In elementary algebra, when solving equations, it is “guess and check”. This approach can be seen as one of the two basic approaches to problem solving and is contrasted with an approach using insight and theory.Confidence trickster: a confidence trick or confidence game is an attempt to defraud a person or group by gaining their confidence. The victim is known as the mark, and any accomplices are known as shills.Confidence tricksters often rely on the greed and dishonesty of the mark, who may attempt to out-cheat the con artist, only to discover that he or she has been manipulated into losing from the very beginning. This is such a general principle in confidence tricks that there is a saying among con men that “you can’t cheat an honest man.” The confidence trickster often works with one or more accomplices called shills, who help manipulate the mark into accepting the con man’s plan. In a traditional confidence trick, the mark is led to believe that he will be able to win money or some other prize by doing some task. The accomplices may pretend to be random strangers who have benefited from successfully performing the task.III. Language Points1.Just as suddenly, and without premeditation, I found myself reviewing the extent of my knowledge and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew practically nothing about anything.---Just as it happened suddenly, I found myself evaluating the extent of my knowledge without my careful reflection upon this issue beforehand and, before it was time to get up, I had come to the conclusion that I knew literally nothing-meditation: n. the action or practice of meditatingHis later letters are intense meditations on man’s exploitation of his fellows.He was deeply interested in meditation, the East, and yoga.-practically: adv. virtually; almostAmong the recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature more than half are practically unknown to readers of English.2.I woke from no nightmare, but was in calm and contented possession of my faculties.--- I woke from no nightmare, but remain in a sane state of being calm and contented. faculty: n.a. an inherent mental or physical powerHe is not in full possession of his mental faculties.b. an aptitude or talent for doing somethingHe had the faculty of meeting everyone on the level.c. a group of university departments concerned with a major division of knowledge the faculty of arts; the law faculty3. A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results.--- A mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate of equal proportion gives birth to very unpleasing effect.disconcerting: adj. causing one to feel unsettledIf the results of an experiment are too disconcerting, the scientist will check to see whether the experiment was rightly conducted without breach of other conditions. 4.I can play, with a dubious proportion of success, the game of applying to English thoughts and objects the names under which similar thoughts and objects seem to be known in France.---I can play the game of labeling English thoughts and objects with the equivalent thoughts and objects available in France, though whether this works is doubtful. dubious: adj. hesitating, doubting, or questionableHe holds the dubious distinction of being relegated with every club he has played for. It sounds a morally dubious proposal.5. I know- as yet so tentative that no two of them use the same term in the same way.---I know, not so clearly, that the various rival practitioners of a science hold such uncertain views that no two of them use the same term in the same way. practitioner: n. a person actively engaged in an art, discipline, or profession, especially medicineThe best that a practitioner can do is to have regard to the sort of multiplier which has in the past been adopted by judges in similar circumstances.tentative: adj. not certain or fixed; provisionalIt would be at once the most tentative and most final treaty that Earth had ever signed.6. The acquisition of this inconsiderable store has cost me fifty-six years and myparents a good deal of money.---It took me fifty-years and my parents a good sum of money to acquire such poor store of knowledgeinconsiderable: adj.a. of small size, amount, or extentThe prince avoided such pitfalls by simply chartering private jets and paying for them out of his not inconsiderable private coffers.b. unimportant or insignificantAt the same time, there is a good deal of self-congratulation at attending a good college- they are even inclined to exaggerate its not inconsiderable virtues.7. When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and receive the ticket to Tottenham Count Road, I am not devoured by any desire to know how the miracle is worked.---When I put three pennies into an automatic machine, and get the ticket to the stop of Tottenham Court Road from the machine, I did not have a very strong desire to know the way how the machine works.devour: v.a. to eat (food or prey) hungrily or quicklyThe plants grow naturally in impoverished peat bogs, and they devour insects as a source of protein.b. (of a person) to be totally absorbed by a powerful feelingThe grey eyes roamed over her face, and she felt as though she was being devoured by some huge magnetic force.8. As I said, outside of the range of my own immediate experience, and such deductions of cause and effect as seem to be constant when I come into contact with them, I know next to nothing-and that at the end of an elaborate and costly education.---As I said, though I have received a very systematic and costly education, I know literally nothing, except for the range of my immediate experience, and the unchangeable deduction of cause and effect derived from my daily experience.next to: almostThe sense of relationship overreaches the historical truth that Shakespeare may have known next to nothing of the actual works of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. elaborate: adj. involving many carefully arranged parts or details; detailed and complicated in design and planningAn elaborate system of accounting and reports was worked out, and the trade was to be managed in the most scientific way.Some, like the British and the French, maintain an elaborate system of personal contacts and have experts constantly studying special areas of the American scene. 9. After all, when we put theories aside, and come down to brass tacks, why should I be?---Anyway, when we ignore theories, and start talking about the basic facts, why should I be?put aside: ignoreIf Palfrey ever had any doubts about the wickedness of slavery, they were put aside after he received an inventory of the slave property he had inherited.See also set aside, brush aside, aside from, stand asidebrass tacks: the most important or basic facts of a situationGet down to the brass tacks , and quit talking round the subject.10. Why should my limited understanding be tossed about on long and short waves, provi ded I can switch over from the program I don’t want to the one I do?---Why should I torture my limited understanding so much, if I can switch over from my disliked program to my liked program?toss about: feel agitated for something that can not be decidedAlmost any topic under the sun was likely to be tossed about in the course of a morning’s talk.Because he was the victim of the unhappy marriage of his parents, tossed about between the two, he lacked a stable and warm background.11. Not long ago, I made an appalling howler through satisfaction at my own knowledge.---Not long ago, I made a shockingly stupid mistake because of my satisfaction with my own knowledge.appalling: adj. horrifying; shockingIn Mozambique, many are living in appalling conditions without clean water and proper sanitation.howler: n. a very stupid or glaring mistakeThe prospect of making a howler in front of millions of people is a worry, for Television has destroyed some goalkeepers.12. He consults his lawyer before he gives rein to his just indignation.---Before the happily ignorant man let the free go of his anger, he consults his lawyer. give rein to: to give someone the complete freedom of actionShe is highly adept at encouraging people not only to think and give rein to the excitement of ideas, but also to think critically.13. In fact, such a premium has our civilization put upon ignorance, he gets along very comfortably indeed.---In fact, our civilization has regarded ignorance as being so valuable that the happily ignorant man actually gets quite well along his life.put a premium on: to regard or treat as particularly valuable or importantThe practice not only created a dependency culture by reducing the incentive to work, but put a premium on early marriage and on childbirth14. It would be downright discourteous to oppose to his discourse the obstacle of any previous knowledge.---It would be utterly rude to object to his talk, which may be a threat or obstacle to any previous knowledge.downright: adj. (of something bad or unpleasant) utter; complete (used for emphasis) She played a little game with herself, seeing how downright rude she could act to the others, before they’d take offense, threaten to call the manager.discourteous: adj. showing rudeness and a lack of consideration for other peopleThe young man had so little time to learn and he had to be curious he had to find out, so it was not a discourteous question.15. Am I just a surreptitious, disgraceful exception to a rule of enlightenment? Am I just the only one who does not know?---Am I just a shameful guy who keeps the secret of being the only ignorant person to myself？surreptitious: adj. kept secret, especially because it would not be approved ofLow wages were supplemented by surreptitious payments from tradesmen. enlightenment:n. the action or state of attaining or having attained spiritual knowledge or insightI gained a good deal of enlightenment from him.Key to ExercisesI. Reading comprehension1. In a morning when he woke up a few minutes earlier than he usually is, and he had not thought it before.2. It is unwise to take hold of the little door in front of a coal range in one’s fingers (learnt at the age of seven), that a mixture of sherbet and milk chocolate in equal parts produces disconcerting results (discovered at night)，and that it is socially inexpedient to make jokes about false teeth.3. It means that the author can not be sure that his application of the names of the thoughts or objects of one language to another is successful or not, and thus he thinks that its feasibility is doubtful.4. He thinks that his knowledge is inadequate compared to his lifelong investment and his parents’ money. But he feel reassured that ignorance does no harm to him, for an ignorant person does n’t misquote.5. When people realize the fact that sometimes memory is not reliable, the knowledge they possess will bring them trouble and mistakes. Therefore, ignorance does work at this time, for the ignorant men seldom make inaccurate judgment without making aninvestigation first.6. He thought that the author of the book he needed to review had neglected some contents in the book, but actually the author had not. He learned from this experience that ignorance can be a great help to him, for his memory may deceive him sometimes.7. The sentence has an ironical tone, which means that under such civilization of valuing ignorance, knowledge is not necessarily so much useful as one requires. One’s knowledge can sometimes be less helpful to him than necessary, for the information can be quickly accessed in various means.8. (open)II. Vocabulary1. expedient2.sane3. impart4. verify5. discourteous6.tentative7. dubious 8. premium 9.tossing 10. devouredIII. Phrases1. give rein to2.bet on3. at a discount4. put a premium on5. in possession of6. gave an account of7. come down to8. a burst ofIV. Error detection and correction1. “express”改为“expressing”:The potters had virtually eschewed freehand drawing and elaborate motifs of the pots, while yet expressing a belief that there was order in the universe.2. “happen”改为“happens”Taxpayers are being poured into South Africa to support a system dedicated to the oppression of 12 million people the color of whose skins happens not to be white.3. “and”改为“that”This wonderful work of art is such a joy to look at that I can never be sufficiently grateful to you for having given so much of your time in order to give me pleasure.4. “have”改为“have had”Mrs. Thatcher suggested that “had America stayed in Europe after the First World War and we had a NATO then, I do not believe we would have had a Second WorldWar.”5. “manage with”改为“manage”An infectious outbreak among the staff at a time when holidays are at a peak will be more difficult to manage.6. “robbed”改为“robbed off”To escape from a prison camp required a very special state of mind, and I left behind me brave men, whom captivity had robbed of all hope.7. “condemn”改为“condemned”One moment he had been looking forward to a happy and wealthy retirement and now, minutes later, he was a condemned criminal with only a few hours left to live.8. “likely”改为“more likely”This finding is consistent with the fact that student leaders are more likely to be supporters of the values implicit in civil liberties than the other students.9. “much”改为“as much”He ate what he felt like, slept as much or as little as he pleased, and moved about the draughty rooms of the house, like an elderly tourist in a cathedral.10. “allowing”改为“of allowing”It is a question of allowing the human race to survive, possibly under the domination of a regime which most of us detest, or of allowing it to destroy itself in appalling anguish.V. Cloze1. bitterly2. pitch3. sprawling4. observing5. entitled6. vacuum7. around 8. likely 9.diminish 10. contemplation 11. impose 12. subversion 13. reassessment 14. frazzled 15. rejuvenate参考译文无知的乐趣那天早晨，我突然从睡梦中醒过来，这比往常要早几分钟。
研究生英语unittwo
Comparison of Chinese and Western Cultures
Family in Chinese Culture
Family is the center of Chinese culture, and filial piety is highly valued. Chinese people often prioritize family needs and wishes over their own.
批判性思维
能够对文章的观点和论据进行批判性分析， 形成自己的独立见解。
Writing skills
01
清晰的结构
能够设计出合理、清晰的文章结构， 使读者易于理解和接受。
逻辑性
能够逻辑清晰地表达观点，使读者 能够跟随作者的思路。
03
02
丰富的表达
能够运用丰富的词汇和句型，使文 章表达生动、形象。
创新性
04 Academic English and Thesis Writing
Academic Paper Structure and Format
Summary
A well-structured academic paper follows a standard format to ensure clarity and organization.
Oral expression
流利度
能够流利、自然地表达自己的观点和想法。
音量控制
能够根据场合和需要调整自己的音量，使自 己的表达更加得体。
清晰度
能够清晰地发音，使听众能够听清楚每一个 单词和句子。
肢体语言
能够运用适当的肢体语言来增强自己的口头 表达效果，使表达更加生动有力。
2021医学考研复试：肿瘤科[SC长难句翻译文]
SCI长难句肿瘤科第一章-免疫治疗Great progress has been made in the field of tumor immunology in the past decade,but optimism about the clinical application of currently available cancer vaccine approaches is based more on surrogate endpoints than on clinical tumor regression.In our cancer vaccine trials of440 patients,the objective response rate was low(2.6%),and comparable to the results obtained by others.We consider here results in cancer vaccine trials and highlight alternate strategies that mediate cancer regression in preclinical and clinical models.在过去的十年中，肿瘤免疫学领域取得了很大的进展，但是对目前可用的癌症疫苗方法临床应用的乐观态度更多的是基于替代终点而不是临床肿瘤消退。
在我们对440名患者进行的癌症疫苗试验中，客观应答率较低(2.6%)，与其他研究获得的结果类似。
我们在此考虑癌症疫苗试验的结果，并强调在临床前和临床模型中介导癌症消退的替代策略。
知识点总结：①optimism n.乐观主义②vaccine n.疫苗③surrogate n.代理人，替代④endpoint n.终端，末端⑤preclinical adj.临床前的Rosenberg,Steven A.,Yang,James C.,and Restifo,Nicholas P."Cancer immunotherapy:moving beyondSCI长难句肿瘤科第二章-靶向治疗Several vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-targeted agents, administered either as single agents or in combination with chemotherapy, have been shown to benefit patients with advanced-stage malignancies.VEGF-targeted therapies were initially developed with the notion that they would inhibit new blood vessel growth and thus starve tumors of necessary oxygen and nutrients.It has become increasingly apparent,however,that the therapeutic benefit associated with VEGF-targeted therapy is complex,and probably involves multiple mechanisms.A better understanding of these mechanisms will lead to future advances in the use of these agents in the clinic.一些血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)靶向药物，无论是作为单一用药或与化疗联合使用，已被证明对晚期恶性肿瘤患者有益。
研究生英语第二单元PPT课件
morbidity: 病态; 不健全; 发病; 发病率; mortality: 死亡率; 必死性，必死的命运 tumors: 肿瘤 aflatoxin: 黄曲霉毒素 benzopyrene :苯并芘
2021/3/12
2
In our daily life. What are the common chemical carcinogens?
10 grams of alcohol consumed the equivalent(相当于) of
5% alcohol beer 200ml. In all cancers, about 3% are
caused by alcohol, and about 75% of head and neck
carcinogen:致癌物
2021/3/12
3
It is known cancer causing chemicals
had one more thousand kinds of. Including natural and synthetic（人工 合成）.The common are the following ：
Cancer & Chemical
—Are We Going Too Far？
Materials Science and Engineering:
陈俊Michael
2021/3/12
1
Noun Explanation
Cancer & Chemical : refers to the compound which can lead to increased morbidity or mortality, animal and human tumors. For example: aflatoxin, benzopyrene and benzene etc..
新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读B(学生用书)Unit 2词汇
1lush [lʌʃ]adj.丰富的，豪华的；苍翠繁茂的2libido [li'bi:dəu]n. 性欲；生命力3wobbly ['wɔbli]adj. 不稳定的；摆动的；歪斜的4stock [stɒk]adj. 存货的，常备的；平凡的5awe [ɔ:]n. 敬畏；惧怕6withered ['wɪðəd]adj. 枯萎的；憔悴的；凋谢了的；尽是皱纹的7spinster ['spinstə]n. 老姑娘；未婚女人8Parisian [pə'rizjən]n. 巴黎人9spoils [spɔilz]n. 战利品（spoil的复数）；赃物10scoot [sku:t]vt.迅速跑开；猛冲11clutch [klʌtʃ]vt.抓住；紧握12rave [reiv]v. 赞扬；吹捧13antisocial [,ænti'səuʃəl]adj. 反社会的；扰乱社会的；不爱交际的14sage [seidʒ]n. 圣人；贤人；哲人15meditation [,medi'teiʃən]n. 冥想；沉思，深思16embrace [im'breis]vt.拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含17demographer [di:'mɔɡrəfə]n. [统计] 人口统计学家，人口学家18momentum [məu'mentəm]n. 势头；[物] 动量；动力；冲力19wreak[riːk]vt.发泄；报仇；造成（巨大的破坏或伤害）20havoc ['hævək]n. 大破坏；浩劫；蹂躏21Spaniard ['spænjəd]n. 西班牙人22Scandinavian [,skændi'neiviən; -vjən]n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系23Briton ['britən]n. 英国人；大不列颠人24outnumber [,aut'nʌmbə]vt.数目超过；比…多25tony ['təuni]adj. 时髦的，漂亮的；贵族化的26track [træk]n. 轨道；足迹，踪迹；小道27foster ['fɔstə]vt.培养；养育，抚育；抱（希望等）28sharp [ʃɑ:p]adj. 急剧的；锋利的；强烈的；敏捷的；刺耳的；精明的；漂亮的；潇洒的；时髦的29savvy ['sævi]adj. 有经验的；聪慧的30temperamentally [,temprə'mentli]adv. 气质地31affiliate [ə'filieit, ə'filiit, -eit]n. 联号；隶属的机构等；分支机构；会员32hefty ['hefti]adj. 重的；肌肉发达的；异常大的；强壮的；有力的；相当多的33crop [krɔp]n. 产量；农作物；庄稼；平头34connotation [,kɔnəu'teiʃən]n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）35wanderlust ['wɔndəlʌst]n. 流浪癖；漫游癖；旅游热36shy [ʃai]adj. 害羞的；畏缩的，胆怯的；不足的；未达到的；缺乏的37allot [ə'lɔt]vt.分配；拨给；分派38addictive [ə'dɪktɪv]adj. 使人上瘾的39strain [streɪn]vt.拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力40complex ['kɔmpleks]n. 复合体；综合设施；建筑群；综合性建筑41driven['drɪvn]adj. 被动的，受到驱策的；有紧迫感的；（人）发愤图强的42gentrification [,dʒentrifi'keiʃən]n. 下层住宅高档化；乡绅化43latte ['lɑːteɪ; 'læteɪ]n. 牛奶；拿铁咖啡（coffee latte）44mainstay ['meinstei]n. 支柱；中流砥柱；主要的依靠；主桅支索45urbanite ['ə:bənait]n. 都市人46lager ['lɑ:ɡə]n. （美）贮藏啤酒（等于lager beer）47bicker ['bikə]vi. 闪动；斗嘴；潺潺而流48committed [kə'mitid]adj. 坚定的；效忠的；承担义务的49requisite ['rekwizit]adj. 必备的，必不可少的；需要的50hypothetical [,haipəu'θetikəl]adj. 假设的；爱猜想的51vista ['vistə]n. 远景，狭长的街景；展望；回顾52marketer ['mɑ:kitə]n. [贸易] 市场商人；市场营销人员53clamorous ['klæmərəs]adj. 吵闹的；大声要求的54groan [ɡrəun]vt.呻吟；抱怨55compact [kəm'pækt, 'kɔmpækt]adj. 紧凑的，紧密的；简洁的56prop [prɒp]n. 支柱，支撑物；支持者；道具；（橄榄球中的）支柱前锋57churn [tʃə:n]vt.搅拌；搅动58cellulite ['selju:lait]n. （胖女人臀腿部的）脂肪团59stiletto heel[stɪ'letəʊ]n.（女式高跟皮鞋的）细鞋跟60buoyant ['bɔiənt]adj. 轻快的；有浮力的；上涨的61diabetes [,daiə'bi:ti:z]n. 糖尿病；多尿症62portal ['pɔ:təl, 'pəu-]n. 大门，入口63sublime [sə'blaim]adj. 庄严的；令人崇敬的；极端的；超群的64sexologist [seks'ɔlədʒist]n. 性学家；性科学家65heterosexual [,hetərəu'seksjuəl]adj. 异性的；异性恋的66attached [ə'tætʃt]adj. 附加的；依恋的，充满爱心的67buzz [bʌz]vi. 作嗡嗡声；东奔西忙68modem ['məudem]n. 调制解调器（等于modulator-demodulator）69cheeky ['tʃi:ki]adj. 无耻的；厚脸皮的70shod ['ʃɔd]adj. 穿鞋的；装有蹄铁的；有金属包头的71mandatory ['mændətəri:, -,tɔ:ri]adj. 强制的；托管的；命令的72fusion['fjuːʒ(ə)n]n. 融合；熔化；熔接；融合物；[物] 核聚变73tramp [træmp]vi. 流浪；践踏，踩；脚步沉重地行走74divorcee [divɔ:'si:, -'sei]n. 离了婚的人75seismic ['saizmik, 'sais-]adj. 地震的；因地震而引起的76societal [sə'saiətəl]adj. 社会的77flurry ['flʌri]vi. 慌张；激动78penthouse ['penthaus]n. 阁楼；顶层公寓，屋顶房间79mortgage ['mɔ:ɡidʒ]n. 抵押80diaper ['daiəpə]n. 尿布81ominous ['ɔminəs]adj. 预兆的；不吉利的82slant [slɑ:nt, slænt]vi. 倾斜；有倾向83prickle ['prikl]vt.针一般地刺；戳；使感到刺痛84tuna ['tju:nə]n. 金枪鱼，鲔鱼85wistful [英[ˈwɪstfl] 美[ˈwɪstfəl]adj. 渴望的；沉思的，默想的；引起怀念的；不满足似的86coupon ['ku:pɔn]n. 息票；赠券；联票；[经] 配给券87whiff [hwif]n. 一点点；单人小划艇；琴鲆属鱼；吸气或吹气88precariousness [pri'kɛəriəsnis]n. 不安全；不稳定89ballast ['bæləst]n. 压舱物，[建] 压载物；道渣，碎石90curmudgeon [kə:'mʌdʒən]n. 脾气坏的人，乖戾的人；吝啬鬼；存心不良的人91mortal ['mɔ:təl]n. 人类，凡人92accrete [æ'kri:t]vi. 合生；增大生长；依附93toppling v. 推翻（topple的ing形式）94ritual ['ritjuəl, -tʃu-]n. 仪式；惯例；礼制95consolation [,kɔnsə'leiʃən]n. 安慰；慰问；起安慰作用的人或事物96void [vɔid]n. 空虚；空间；空隙97hallmark ['hɔ:lmɑ:k]n. 特点；品质证明98snug [snʌɡ]adj. 舒适的；温暖的；紧身的；隐藏的99smug [smʌɡ]adj. 自鸣得意的；自以为是的；整洁的100s pineless ['spainlis]adj. 没有骨气的；无脊椎的；懦弱的101m uffler ['mʌflə]n. 围巾；消音器；面纱；厚手套102d affodil ['dæfədil]n. 水仙花103b enign [bi'nain]adj. 良性的；和蔼的，亲切的；吉利的104o ft [ɔft, ɔ:ft]adv. 常常；再三105c ontemplation [,kɔntem'pleiʃən]n. 沉思；注视；意图106p lume [plu:m]vt.用羽毛装饰107r apturous ['ræptʃərəs]adj. 狂喜的；兴高采烈的；欢天喜地的108m using ['mju:ziŋ]adj. 沉思的；瞑想的109w holesome ['həulsəm]adj. 健全的；有益健康的；合乎卫生的；审慎的110d issipating v. 驱散，消散（dissipate的ing形式）111s elf-effacing ['selfə'feisiŋ]adj. 谦让的；谦逊的；不出风头的112l urk [lə:k]vi. 潜伏；潜藏；埋伏113s quander ['skwɔndə]vt.浪费114c edar ['si:də]n. 雪松；香柏；西洋杉木115l itany ['litəni]n. 冗长而枯燥的陈述；连祷116a rgyle [a:'gail]n. 多色菱形花纹；多色菱形图案的袜子117w indowsill ['windəusil]n. [建] 窗台；[建] 窗沿118g astronomical [ɡæstrə'nɔmik,-kəl]adj. 美食学的，美食法的119l atchkey ['lætʃki:]n. （尤指住所前门的）门锁钥匙；弹簧锁钥匙120s hove [ʃʌv]vt.挤；强使；撞；猛推121I RS abbr. 美国国税局（Internal Revenue Service）122m ayonnaise [,meiə'neiz]n. 蛋黄酱123w obble ['wɔbl]vi. 摇晃；摇摆；游移不定124m arshmallow ['mɑ:ʃ,meləu]n. 棉花糖；蜀葵糖剂；药蜀葵125m oonscape ['mu:nskeip]n. 月球表面；月面景色126e nchanted [in'tʃa:ntid]adj. 被施魔法的127w ring [riŋ]vt.拧；绞；紧握；使痛苦；折磨。
吐血整理当代研究生英语读写教程2~7和9中英对照word版
吐血整理当代研究生英语读写教程2~7和9中英对照word版Unit 2 WHY IS IT SO HARD FOR MEN AND WOMEN TO TALK 男女交谈为何如此困难I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward to end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands do not talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said, "She is the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It is true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she did not keep the conversation going, we would spend the whole evening in silence."那是在弗吉尼亚郊区一个住所的客厅里，我正在一次小型聚会上发言——这是一次女性的聚会，但也邀请了男性参加。
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Food safety incidents in recent years
KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) Sudan Red event（肯德基苏丹红事件） Sudan Red is A chemical stain,is not food additives. It is carcinogenic.It has obvious toxic effects to the human body.(苏丹红是一种化学染色剂，并非食品添加 剂，具有致癌性，对人体有明显毒性）
This article appreciate
Walking into the room，Ames looked like the quintessential scientist：wire-rimmed bifocals， rumpled suit，tousled hair and a sallow complexion that showed he spent more time in his laboratory than in the California sunshine. quintessential: 完美典型的 wire-rimmed： 金属丝镜架的 bifocals： 双光眼睛 rumple： 弄皱 tousle： 弄乱（尤指头収） sallow： （指皮肤）病黄色的 complexion： （脸部）皮肤，肤色
Difficult sentences
Based on animal tests of nearly 1000 chemicals， the data show that daily consumption of the average peanut-butter sandwich，which contains traces of aflatoxin （a naturally occurring mold carcinogen in peanuts），is 100 times more dangerous than our daily intake of DDT from food， and that a glass of the most polluted well water in the Silicon Valley is 1000 times less of cancer risk than a glass of wine or beer is. （paragraph 7 the fourth sentence） Analysis:这里非谓语短语based on 引导的从句，that引导宾 语从句作show的宾语，which引导的非限定性定语从句补 充说明sandwich，括号里句子解释说明aflatoxin。
Background and extended knowledge
Problems of food safety
Food safety refers to food non-toxic , harmless, conforming to proper nutritive requirements, not causing any acute , subacute or chronic hazard to human body health . According to the definition made by the World Health Organization, food safety is “public health problem” that poisonous and harmful substances in food effect to human body health .
Main idea
Most man-made cancer risks are trivial compared with daily natural risks .If you spend all your time chasing trivia,you lose sight of the important risks.
aflatoxin
黄曲霉毒素
Difficult sentences
But Bruce Ames,chairman of the department of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley,had plans to liven the proceedings. (paragraph 2 the second sentence) Analysis: chairman of the department of biochemistry 引导非限 定性定语从句。非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松 散，它与主句之间有一个逗点"，"隔开；它对其先行词没 有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。有时也用 它来对全句进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响 句子意思。由于上述原因，非限定性定语从句在表达意思 方面也有别于限定性定语从句。另外，非限定性定语从句 在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把 它作定语翻译。translation：但加州大学伯克利分校生物 化学系系主任布鲁斯· 爱姆兹却计划使会议开的更有生气。
Food safety incidents in recent years
Health million illegal cooking oil event （健康元地沟油事件）
Illegal cooking oil，referring to the life of all kinds of inferior oil, such as recycled cooking oil ， repeated use of frying oil.（地沟油,泛指在生活中存 在的各类劣质油,如回收的食用油 反复使用的炸油） Long-term edible may cause cancer, great harm to the human body.（长期食用可能会引収癌症,对人体的 危害极大）
text structure
Part2(6-14):This part introduce the process of Ames’s cancer research .Ames’s test is a remarkable achievemre are some opinions against Ames . And Ames restates that we can’t spend all our time chasing trivia at the price of giving up the whole chemical industry .
Difficult sentences
Even his critics say the Ames test—his simple， inexpensive laboratory procedure that helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer—is a remarkable achievement. （paragraph 6 the last sentence） Analysis:这里两个破折号用在一个解释性的插入语前面和后 面，相当于一个括号，在本句中解释The test。 translation：甚至爱姆兹的批评者也认为他的试验是一项了不 起的成就，这种试验是在实验室中进行的一种物美价廉的 操作方法，它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症。
Unit two Cancer & Chemicals
Contents
1、The author 2、text structure 3、Difficult sentences 4、This article appreciate 5、Background and extended knowledge
Food safety incidents in recent years
Shuanghui clenbuterol event（双汇瘦肉精 事件）
Clenbuterol can increase the growth rate of pigs and generate more lean meat . But it has serious impact on our health.
This article appreciate
Too many natural substances also tested positive as carcinogens or mutagens：fruit juices，brown mustard，celery，parsley. fruit juices：Antimony content is 2.5 times higher than tap water.Antimony, this kind of material can cause cancer, heart and lung problems. 锑含量比自来水高2.5倍，这种物质能够引収癌症，心脏和 肺部问题。 brown mustard：芥菜 celery：芹菜 parsley：欧芹 These food contain nitrite, easy to produce carcinogens 这些菜中含有亚硝酸盐,容易生成致癌物质
Difficult sentences
translation：根据将近1000种化学物质做的动物实验所得的数 据表明，每日消耗的普通花生酱三明治中含有的微量黄曲 霉素（花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物）比我们每日从 食物中摄取DDT的危险大100倍。一杯硅谷最受污染的井 水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小1000倍。 DDT：化学名为双对氯苯基三氯乙烷 (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)，化学式 (ClC₆H₄)₂CH(CCl₃)。中文名称从英文缩写DDT而来，为 白色晶体，不溶于水，溶于煤油，可制成乳剂，是有效的 杀虫剂。为20世纪上半叶防止农业病虫害，减轻疟疾伤 寒等蚊蝇传播的疾病危害起到了不小的作用。但由于其对 环境污染过于严重，目前很多国家和地区已经禁止使用。