句子的翻译-谓语
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Lecture 10汉译英谓语的处理
Lecture 10
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汉译英中谓语的处理
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 8、这时寂静无声。 • silent / silence • 参考译文：It is very quiet at the moment. • 9、屋里有一位客人。 • 参考译文：There is a guest in the room.
• 2、这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。 • There will build more apartment buildings. • Many more apartment buildings will be constructed here. • 参考译文：More apartment buildings will be built here.
Lecture 10
汉译英中谓语的处理
• ―You mean me? Well, yes, I think I could make people dance to my tune. But today it’s another story. It’s not me but others who have changed. People’s moods change everyday.‖
Lecture 9
After-class exercises
• 11、只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的 错误。 • The more cautions you pay, the less mistakes you will make. • Only if we being very careful, can we get rid of some errors. • 参考译文：Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary mistakes.
句子的英译 主语和谓语的确定 翻译理论方法
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例9．目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远 的社会和经济改革。 • At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.
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• 不是所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的 情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如：
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1） 把汉语原文的宾语确定为英 语译文的主语
• 宾语是动作所及的对象，常常是人或者物。 • 在翻译中，我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语
来充当英语译文的主语。 • 但是，在这种情况下，一般需要用英语的
被动句式来翻译。
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例7． 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观 念的理解都需要智慧。
• Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
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例6：推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维 护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民 在新世纪的三大历史任务。
• To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard the world peace and promote the common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.
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例4：如今我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家 常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐 食品。
例9．目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远 的社会和经济改革。 • At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.
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• 不是所有确定汉语原文宾语为译文主语的 情况都一定要用被动结构来翻译。如：
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1） 把汉语原文的宾语确定为英 语译文的主语
• 宾语是动作所及的对象，常常是人或者物。 • 在翻译中，我们可以选择汉语原文的宾语
来充当英语译文的主语。 • 但是，在这种情况下，一般需要用英语的
被动句式来翻译。
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例7． 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观 念的理解都需要智慧。
• Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
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例6：推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维 护世界和平与促进共同发展，是中国人民 在新世纪的三大历史任务。
• To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard the world peace and promote the common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.
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例4：如今我们有许多不同的选择：除传统的家 常菜以外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐 食品。
8句子谓语翻译
人称一致的问题
• One third of the population here ___ workers. The population of the earth ___ incre asing every year. • His family ___very large. • His family ___ music lovers.
句子谓语
句子谓语的翻译处理：
选择和确定译文谓语 ，确 定译文谓语时的一些问题
主谓一致的问题
• 主谓一致涉及三个基本原则:
语法一致原则:主语和谓语在单复数形式上的一致
意义一致原则:谓语动词的单、复数要取决于主语
所表达的概念，而不取决于表面上的语法标记
就近原则:当主语由两个或两个以上名词或代词组成
时，谓语动词的数要与它紧邻的名词或代词的数一致
•
Neither his family nor he knows anything about
it.
动词三性：时态、语气、语态
• 注意Tense, mood, voice
• 我是上海生上海长的。 • 错：I was born and grew up in shanghai. • 改： I was born and bred/raised/brought up in shanghai.
注意：
• more than one +名词“作主语时,谓语动词常 用单数
• More than one teacher gets the flowers.
• "many a +名词"作主语时,从意义上看是复数, 但谓语动词常用单数.
• Many a student has been sent to plant trees.
9_句子的翻译
译成独立句
定语从句较长，与主句关联又不紧密，汉译 时就作为独立句放在主句之后。这种译法仍 然是顺序分译法。例如： （1）Friction wears away metal in the moving parts，which shortens their working life. 运动部件间的摩擦力使金属磨损，这就 缩短了运动部件的使用寿命。
2。英语以动词think, suppose, believe, seem, expect, feel, anticipate 等作为谓语且后接不定式短语的否定句中，汉译 时原文中否定谓语动词，译文中否定不定式短语。如： Liquids, except for liquid metal such as mercury, are not considered to be a good conductors of heat. 除了液体金属如水银外，其它液体则被认为是不良导热体。 For many years the atom was not believed to be divisible. 过去多年来原子一直被认为是不可分割的。
（2）Such a slow compression（缓慢压缩） carries the gas through a series of states， each of which is very nearly an equilibrium state（平衡状态） and it is called a quasistatic（准静态） or a“ nearly static” process. 这样的缓慢压缩能使这种气体经历一系 列的状态，但各状态都很接近于平衡状态， 所以叫做准静态过程，或“近似稳定”过程
否定的转移
英汉两种语言在表达否定方面有一定的差异， 有些句子在英语中否定的是主语，而汉译时 则否定谓语；还有一些句子在英语中否定的 是谓语，而译成汉语时却否定了状语，这种 否定转移的现象需要我们特别注意。
句法成分名词解释
句法成分名词解释句法成分（也称为句子成分）是语法学中对句子中各个词和词组的分类方式，用于描述句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。
句法成分可以帮助我们理解句子的语法结构，分析句子的意义，并且能够帮助我们进行句子的改写与翻译。
句法成分主要分为以下几类：1. 主语（Subject）：主语是句子中的一个成分，通常是指执行动作或经历动作的人或事物。
主语一般位于谓语动词之前，回答“谁”或“什么”提问。
例如：“小猫在床上睡觉。
”中的“小猫”就是主语。
2. 谓语（Predicate）：谓语是句子中叙述主题动作或状态的成分，它可以是动词、形容词或介词短语。
一般说来，谓语可以用来回答“做什么”或“是什么”的问题。
例如：“他每天早上跑步锻炼身体。
”中的“跑步锻炼身体”就是谓语。
3. 宾语（Object）：宾语是句子中受到动作的影响或承受其作用的成分。
它一般位于及物动词之后，可以回答“做什么”或“受到什么”的问题。
例如：“我吃了一块披萨。
”中的“一块披萨”就是宾语。
4. 定语（Attributive）：定语是修饰名词的成分，它可以是形容词、名词性短语或动词的过去分词等。
定语一般位于被修饰词的前面，用来限制、描述或修饰名词的意义。
例如：“蓝色的天空”中的“蓝色的”就是定语。
5. 状语（Adverbial）：状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的成分，用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、方式等。
状语可以位于句子的任何位置。
例如：“我昨天在公园里散步。
”中的“昨天”和“在公园里”就是状语。
6. 补语（Complement）：补语是一种补充说明动词或形容词的成分，用来补充、扩充或说明主语或宾语的性质、状态或特点。
补语一般紧跟在经历动词、系动词、感知动词或使役动词之后。
例如：“他看起来很开心。
”中的“开心”就是补语。
除了以上常见的句法成分外，还有一些其他的句法成分，如状语补语、同位语、独立主格等。
句法成分的正确辨析和归类对于理解句子的结构和分析句子的语义非常重要，它能有效地帮助我们理解语言并提高我们的语言表达和理解能力。
主语从句谓语动词
主语从句谓语动词
主语从句是一个句子结构，在其中一个句子充当另一个句子中的主语。
以下是一些常见的主语从句谓语动词及其中文翻译：
1. She believes that he can succeed.她相信他能成功。
2. It is important to eat healthy.健康饮食很重要。
3. Whether we go or not depends on the weather.我们是否去取决于天气。
4. What she said surprised me.她说的话让我感到惊讶。
5. Whether he will come to the party is still unknown.他是否会来参加派对还不确定。
这些例子中，主语从句作为主句中的主语，并且谓语动词分别是"believes"、"is"、"depends"、"surprised"和"is"。
英语翻译之句子成分转换
翻译时句子成分的转换: 英译汉时，有时为了通顺，往往需要将原文的某一句子成分转译成另一部分进行句子成分的转换：非主语转译成主语：定语译为主语a.If there shouldbe any last-minutechangein the sailing time, we’llcontact you by telepho ne.开船时间假如临时有更改，我们会用电话通知你。
（状语译为主语）b.In many countri es, free-portareas or foreign-trade zones have been establi shed, where foreign merchan ts need not pay tariffsfort their unloade d goods if thegoods remainwithinthese areas or zones.c.许多国家都建立了自由港和保税区，在那里，外国商人只要是在本区内，未卸船的货物可以不纳税。
d.The average tempera ture insummeris as high as 35C. One can not be pleasan t livingin that place.夏天的平均温度高达摄氏35C，生活在那里不可能舒服。
e. A good many new books werepublish ed by the ForeignLanguag e Press last year.外文出版社去年出版了许多新书。
谓语译为主语f.When a materia l is stresse dbeyondthe elastic limit apermane nt deforma tion results当一种材料的应力超过弹性极限时，就会产生永久变形。
句子的翻译-谓语
中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR. 中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world.
谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分 重视。 Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
选择谓语要注意时态、人称和数的变化
过去的五十年并不是发明创新的黄金时期。 The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations. 实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了 我国经济水平。 Since China started to implement the policy of reform and opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy has been raised.
谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分 重视。 Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
选择谓语要注意时态、人称和数的变化
过去的五十年并不是发明创新的黄金时期。 The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations. 实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了 我国经济水平。 Since China started to implement the policy of reform and opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy has been raised.
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谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
他给我的印象是，态度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛肚子里吞 下了一根拨火棒似的。 He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker. 河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红，该是村女种的吧。 The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.
谓语的确定
首先看谓语表意是否准确、贴切(meaning) 必须关照谓语与主语的语义关联以及主谓词语的搭 配(collacation with subject) 也须考虑谓语与宾语的搭配，包括连系动词与表语 的搭配，以及搭配的修辞效果。 (collacation with object)
首先看谓语表意是否准确、贴切
必须关照谓语与主语的语义关联以及主谓词 语的搭配
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. 现在，连我们也欠饷啊！ Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears. Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time.
首先看谓语表意是否准确、贴切
这事到了现在，还是时时记起。 Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. Even now, I still often think about this. 我们大为惊奇的是，那幢经受强烈的地震而幸存下来 的唯一的建筑物竟是砖木结构的。 To our great surprise, the only building that survived the violent earthquake was one of brick and wood structure. To our great surprise, the only building that fortunately existed after the violent earthquake was one of brick and wood structure.
选择谓语要注意时态、人称和数的变化
过去的五十年并不是发明创新的黄金时期。 The past fifty years was not really a golden age for inventions and creations. 实行改革开放以来改变了过去封闭半封闭状态，提高了 我国经济水平。 Since China started to implement the policy of reform and opening up to the outside, its total or semi-closure has been changed and the level of its economy has been raised.
也须考虑谓语与宾语的搭配
我又闲了一个多月啦！ I’ve been idle for another month now. Another month now and I’ve had no work. (颐和园)1900年遭八国联军破坏，（至1903年才得以 恢复）。 The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers. The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.
谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
农业搞好了，农民能自给，五亿人口就稳定了。 If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants selfsupporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure. If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.
谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
思想…… 是炉火， 炉火是墙上的树影， 是冬夜的声音。 Thoughts … Are the fire in a stove, The fire in a stove is the tree’s shadow on the wall. And the sound in the winter night.
谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要 (sentence structure)
选择谓语时考虑构句需要，指译文必须遵守英语语法规 范，遵循“主谓一致”的原则，保证谓语和主语的人称 和数一致，谓语动词时态、语态正确，句式连贯顺畅， 表达地道自然。
谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
一年年，燕子来了去了 一年年，阶前草绿了黄了 Year after year the swallows come and go; Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green, yellows. 九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且康健。六 斤的双丫角，已经成为一支大辫子了。 Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complains, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.
常常选择汉语原文的动词谓语作英语译文的 谓语，但是选择谓语需要注意“瞻前顾后”
中国加入世贸组织以后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会 将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。 After China’s entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development. 迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠 的方法。 So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.
谓语的确定应该基于构句的需要
关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分 重视。 Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants. The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
必须关照谓语与主语的语义关联以及主谓词 语的搭配
在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。 When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree. You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press. （现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化，）他们的言语和行动 都充满了信心和自豪。 Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
谓语是随着容器的变化而变化，因为液体没 有自己的固定形状。换言之，无论你把它放在什么样 的容器中，它的形状总是和容器内壁的形状完全一样。 Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.
中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR. 中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world.