大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定
汉译英句子翻译原则
1. 主语的确定•主语的三种处理方法：•①以原句主语作译文主语•直接法•②重新确定主语•间接法•③增补主语•添加法•①直接法•例句1：我们的房子是一百多年前制造的。
•Our house was built over a hundred years ago.•例句2：我是地球人。
•I come from the earth.•例句3：如果不恰当地处理，锅炉及机动车辆排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。
•Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.•例句4：如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。
•If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writing.•例句5：中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。
•China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.•例句6：人有失错，马有漏蹄。
•As a horse may tumble, a man may make mistakes.•非常简单•文化差异•应用有限•②间接法•中英文表达的习惯不同•语言地道，句式多样•例句7：世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
•译法1（直接法）：At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.•译法2（间接法）：The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.•例句8：1964年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。
汉英翻译中谓语确定
谓语的选择一、英汉谓语的比较? 英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。
? 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系。
? 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个，多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。
二、单个谓语的翻译? 如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。
? 1、这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。
? - This incident showed that he was dishonest.? 根据主语，这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。
? 2、农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。
? Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots.? 从逻辑上分析，原文主语实际上是创造对象，创造的主体是“人”，因此译文变更了谓语动词，使主语和谓语构成符合逻辑的搭配，并增补people 一词。
当然，此句也能译成被动句：? Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.? 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
? －China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*)? -The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.? 分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。
后种译法以“时间”为主语，以“find”为谓语，是比较典型的“无灵主语句”。
二、根据动宾搭配确定谓语? 动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们就需要重新选择谓语。
句子翻译主语与谓语的确定
句子翻译: 主语与谓语的确定汉语为语意型语言, 注重意会性.因此汉语的语法特征是: 主语可以有诸多不同类别的词语充当,主语隐含不显或无主句的情况时常可见;谓语的成分非常复杂,且不受主语支配, 没有人称,数,时态的变化; 句子见多无逻辑关联词. 所以句子看似松散,如流水般无定法可依.(SUBJECT-PROMINENT LANGUAGE)英语为语法型语言,注重形式的严谨, 其句法特征是: 主语突出,易于识别,只能由名词或名词性短语担任;谓语绝对受主语支配, 在人称和数上保持一致,有时态语态和语气变化;句子间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连.所以英语依法构句,形式完整而严密.(SUBJECY-PREDICATE PIVOT)1.主语的确定方法一: 以原句主语为译文主语1)然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了.(鲁迅全集第二卷, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Miserable wrinkles bagan to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.2)如果说,词汇是语言的”建筑材料”,那么句子便是文章的”基本部件”. (朱伯石<<写作与语言>>, 李定坤译)If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.3)中国有两点是靠的住的,一是讲原则,二是说话算数.(邓小平)China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.4)人有失错,马有漏蹄As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.5)欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛,从街道上汹涌而过.The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.方法二:重新确定主语1)鲁迅的骨头是最硬的, 他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨,这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格.Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.2)幸亏这些青年妇女,白洋淀长大的,她们摇的小船飞快.小船活象开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼(孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译)it was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river: their boat went like the wind. It shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.3)他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸, 嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色.(吴强<<红日>>, A.C.BARNS译)He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.4)1946年10月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹, 使世界大为震惊.a.China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.(better version)b.In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.5)胎又瘪了.We’ve got another flat tyre.6)树缝里也陋着一两点路灯光,没精打采的,是渴睡人的眼.(朱自清<<河塘夜色>>,杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eye of one who is dozing.7)人不可貌相,海水不可斗量.a.it is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.b.We cant judge people from their appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints.方法三:增补主语1)沉默啊,沉默啊!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡.(鲁迅<<纪念刘和珍君, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.2)那肥大的荷叶下面,有一个人的脸,下半截身子长在水里,那不是水生吗?又往左右看去,不久,各人就找到了各人丈夫的脸.啊,原来是他们.( 孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译文)Not far away under a broad lotus leaf they saw a man’s head –the rest of him was submerged. It was Shuisheng. Looking right and left, each soon discovered her husband – so this was where they were!3)用劳动实现自己的理想,用理想指导自己的劳动.(陈毅<<赠郭沫若同志>>)You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.4)不懂就是不懂,不要装懂.不要摆官架子.钻进去,几个月,一年两年,三年五年,总可以学会的.(毛泽东)We muse not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or tow, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.2.谓语的确定与主谓一致汉语句子的谓语五花八门,非常复杂,而英语句子的谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语承担. 因此汉译英时,有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语,但多数情况下,我们既不能照搬原文主语,也不能照搬原文谓语,须做调整,或另找谓语.从思维步骤来看,主谓的选择互为因果,译者可根据行文需要,在确定译文主语的时候,也在考虑谓语动词的选择,或者反过来,先相好谓语动词,再来选择主语, 两者确定的顺序很难分清.简单的说,谓语的选择要兼顾表意和构句的双重需要一.基于表意需要1.首先考虑它能否准确传达原意1)中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务.a.The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.b. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.(better)2)这事到了现在,还是时时记起.a.Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.(better)b.Even now, I still often think about this.2.还需考虑其与主语的语意关联及主谓搭配.1)世纪至交,中国外交空前活跃.a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.(better)b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.2)(听说你明天开张,)也许用的着,特意给你送来了.a.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took themalong.b.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)Thought these might come in handy, so I brought themalong.(better)3)现在,连我们也欠饷啊!a.Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears.b.Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time.(better)4)在同新闻界谈话的时候,上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词.c.When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of thesuperlative degree.d.You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree whenthey talk to the press.(better).3.也须考虑其与宾语的搭配,包括系表搭配等.1)(颐和园)1900年糟八国联军破坏,(至1903年才得以修复)a.The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.b.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.(bothare fine)2)模特们逐渐地镇定了下来,有了自信.a.They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence…b.They gradually calmed down, regained self-confidence…(better)二.基于构句需要指译文必须遵守英语语法规范,遵守主谓一致原则,时态语态正确,句式连贯顺畅,表达地道自然.1.一年年,燕子来了去了一年年,阶前草绿了黄了(陈敬容<<只要是广阔的世界>>,庞秉均译)Year after year the swallows come and go;Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green,yellows.2.九斤老太早已过了八十大寿,仍然不平而健康. 六斤的双丫角,已经成为一支大辫子了.(鲁迅<<风波>>,杨,戴译)Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time age and is as full complaints, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.3.他给我的印象是,态度非常的呆板僵硬,仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棍似的.He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.4.河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红,该是村女种的吧. (鲁迅<<野草. 好的故事>> 杨,戴译)The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.5.液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化,因为液体没有固定的形状.换言之,无论你把它放在什么样的容器中,它的形状总是和容器的形状完全一致.Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.。
汉英翻译课件之 谓语确定
Two thirds of the swampland has/have been reclaimed for farming. Forth minus fifteen leaves/leave twenty-five. Seven plus/and five makes/make twelve. All of the cargo was/were lost. All of the crew were/was saved.
句子翻译之谓语确定
英汉谓语之比较
英语句子谓语只有动词和动词词组才能充当； She was smiling. He likes translation. They have become health-conscious. John is at home. We gave him advice. We consider that plan wonderful. He has put the salt on the table. The children might have been playing in the garden. I agree with you on that point. In the valley we came across a group of Mexicans.
学校教育不仅要抓智育，更要重视德育。 Schools must provide students not only sound intellectual training, but, more importantly, moral development.
2 汉语动词无时态变化，时态概念通过词汇手段来
大学在推动经济增长方面的作用已是有目共睹。 Already, the university’s role as an engine of economic growth is well recognized. 我们的国防变得越来越巩固和强大。 Our national defence becomes more and more consolidatory and powerful. 他在会上说的话非常正确，非常有说服力。 What he said at the meeting is very right and persuasive. 他们ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ言语和行动充满了信心和自豪。 They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
大学英语四六级汉英翻译之句子主谓确定
2. 这一证书课程分三年学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.
2 重新确定主语
由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯 存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对 应地转换英语中。在许多情况下，我们需 要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文 流畅，语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨 (sycophancy or obsequiousness )。 --Lu Xun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness. (没有表达比喻的实际意义) --Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
谓语动词选择
一． 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一 致
1.
在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。 Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.
汉英翻译四步..
❖ B从语篇衔接中确定主语
❖ 在汉语语篇中，主语的衔接作用主要是 通过对原词的重复，省略或代词替代来 实现。而英语语篇中的主语则往往避免 重复原词，更不能省略原词，而更多地 使用照应和替代来衔接上下文。
❖ 蜜蜂这物件，最爱劳动，广东天气好， 花又多，蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着，酿的 蜜多，自己吃的可有限。
2、谓语的确定
❖汉语中的谓语同主语相似，具有开 放性，几乎各种词类和语言单位都 可以充当汉语句子的谓语，但译成 英语时，句子的谓语只能转化成系 动词或实义动词。
❖ A：汉语谓语如果是名词、数词、形容 词、介词短语等，译成英语的时候一般 要在这些词前面加上连系动词，如be, look, appear, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste等，否则译文句子就不能成立。如：
不断地运动。
1）He is a scientist and a violinist as well. 2）In the solar system the planets as well as the
sun itself are in constant motion.
3、选择关系
1）他们宁愿待在家里而不愿意去观光。 They would rather stay at home than go sightseeing.
❖人ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้常把闯红灯看成小错，不当回 事，然而闯红灯一旦形成习惯，则 问题远非是违反交通规则。
❖ Red-light running has always been regarded as a minor wrong, so it has never been taken seriously. When the violation becomes habitual, however, a great deal more than a traffic problem is involved.
英语四六级考试翻译：主谓合理搭配
英语四六级考试翻译：主谓合理搭配前几节课我们已经讲过了英语四六级考试有六大策略，今天我们就来具体讲一下翻译的第一个策略叫主语的翻译。
大家都知道在做翻译的时候，我们要去看一个句子的主谓宾的结构，才能准确进行翻译。
四六级翻译中，主语的翻译主要重视三个方面：第一个就是主谓合理搭配问题。
大家一定要注意，在评分准则里面提到过一个非常重要的一点，叫主谓一致。
如果说你的主谓不一致的话，那么会造成你的翻译在阅卷老师判分的过程中，出现一些扣分的现象。
第二个是无主语句的问题，我们应该怎么样去处理。
最后就是句子如果已经翻译出来了，应该怎样做一个简单的调整，让句子整体来讲看起来是平衡的，更加符合英文的表达习惯。
本节课我们通过真题的分析讲解，来看一下第一部分主谓合理搭配问题。
例句：现在全世界各地都在学习中国功夫。
分析：看到这个句子，按照常规的翻译思路，我应该上来先找一下句子的主干。
在这个例句里主语是：全世界各地。
谓语动词是：学习。
功夫，是这个句子的宾语。
功夫。
因此，我们找到的这个句子的主干应该是：全世界各地学功夫。
这个时候我们具体来看一下，就会有疑问。
这个“全世界各地”到底是不是主语呢？世界各地他自己会不会学功夫呢？显然是不会的。
所以这样的情况我们就会发现，这句话中其实是没有一个明显的能够发出动作的一个主语。
因为我们知道主语它是表示动作的发出者，也就是说你要能主动的去发出来这个动作来。
但是“全世界各地”并不能够去发出动作。
所以这样的情况下，我们就要去想，如果“全世界各地”不能够去发出动作，那么这个地方到底是谁在学习功夫呢？其实很简单，我们有两种处理方式。
第一种是把这个地方变成被动，变成功夫被学。
因此同学们要注意，如果说在没有明显主语的情况下，我们第一步要做的事情是变被动。
功夫是被学，而这个“全世界各地”可以用让它做一个句子的状语。
还有一种情况就是补充主语。
我们都知道应该是全世界各地的人们在学习中功夫，所以我们可以用people all over the world作这个句子的主语。
汉译英主语的确定
Determining the Subject of a Sentence汉译英的一个关键步骤是考虑译文的整个句子怎么摆放，如何构建译文句子的总体框架，主要确定那拿什么作为英语主语。
汉英句法结构有相似性，即传统语法认为汉英句子总统框架相同，都属于主－动－宾（SOV），但同时也存在着许多差异。
英语是一种注重主语的语言（subject-prominent language）,而汉语则是注重主题的语言(topic-prominent language)。
具体地说，汉语经常采用主题—述题（topic—comment）的句式，主语的句法功能弱，有时还不容易识别；英语主语的句法功能强，几乎都采用主语—谓语（subject—predicate）的句式，主语是整个句子最关键的成份。
就英语而言，主语一旦选定，句子总体框架大致就确立了。
e.g.这件事你不用操心。
（通顺）This you don’t need to worry about. (×)You don’t need to worry about this. (√)This is not something you need to worry abo ut. ( √)It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对应结构)There is no need for you to worry about this. ( √) （汉语没有对应结构）汉语是主题显著的语言，其句法特征是意合，这一特征往往使句子中的指代关系（尤其是主语）在形式上不明显（有时主语不清）。
而英语是主语显著的语言，它所突出的是主语，除省略句外，每个英语句子都必须有主语。
再者，由于英语句法特征是形合，这一特征要求英语句子各成分之间的关系要明晰，以免句子结构混乱，影响意义传达。
因此，译者必须善于认准和确定原文句子中不明显、被省略或未说明的主语，并在译文中妥贴地表现出来。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
基于丝绸之路带来的灵感，我们的火炬接力，将途径 希腊，埃及，美索不达米亚，波斯，印度和中国， 这些都以共享和平，共享奥运为主题。
With a concept inspired by the Silk Road, our Torch relay will travel through Greece, Egypt, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia, India and China, carrying the message “Share the peace, Share the Olympics”.
空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。 ---In the wilderness, her sweet sounds of
laughter rose and fell like waves.
3.增补主语
汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常 可见。译者必须依照英语的语法规则将主语 增补起来。
?用劳动实现自己的理想，?用理想指导自己的 劳动。
--Lu Xun’s bones were the hardest; he was free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness. (没有表达比喻的实际意义)
--Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
2. 这一证书课程分三年学完。
This certificate course of studies will spread over 3 years.
四、原文若是形容词、名词、数量词 或介词短语作谓语，译文中常常 采用系表结构
1. 你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经 久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。
我们每个人都知道，大气污染不仅影响了环境，而且 严重损害了人的健康，大大缩短了人的寿命。
Everyone of us knows that air pollution does more than affect our environment; it cripples and shortens the lives of human beings.
2 重新确定主语
由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯 存在较大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对 应地转换英语中。在许多情况下，我们需 要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文行文 流畅，语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜媚骨 (sycophancy or obsequiousness )。
不承认这一定律，就不是物理学家。
Anyone who does not recognize this law is not a physicist.
3)采用“there+be…”或“it +be …+to…”的句型。
除了枪声，再也没有其他声音。
There was no sound but that of the gunfire. 现在很难说谁对谁错。
1)表示时间、天气等自然现象的无主句， 借用英语习惯使用的it来翻译，如：
都九点钟了，他还没有来。
It is already 9 o’clock, and he has not shown up.
下雨了，咱们快走吧。
It is raining now. let’s get going. 起大风了。
谓语动词选择
一． 所选择谓语应该在人称和数上与主语一 致
1. 在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner.
2. 面包和牛奶是少数政府不纳税的东西。 Bread and milk is one of the few things that the government do not impose taxes on.
--Exhaust from boiler and vehicles, unless properly treated, may cause air pollution in cities.
假日里，青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。
--The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
It is blowing hard.
2. 用泛指的人称代词we, you, one, anyone等充当主语。
活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn. 知己知彼，百战不殆。
Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can win a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.
English in our university.
希望今后我校能够与更多的学校结为友好学校。 It is hoped that our university will establish
friendly relations with more universities in the future.
在英语里，除祈使句等外，句子必须要有主语，否则 就不成句子。
We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.
Despite the serious damage in flooding, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide efforts to deal with flooding.
You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and high-efficient, economical and practical for high school students.
无形式标志的被动句，形式主动， 意义被动
1 以原文主语作为译文主语；
当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该 主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，我 们可以以原主语作为英译文的主语。
我们的房子是十年前建造的。
---Our house was built over ten years ago. 如果不适当处理，锅炉及机动车排出的废气就
会造成城市空气污染。
这里将建造一个新的博物馆。
A new museum will be built here. 明天上午将宣布结果。
The results will be announced tomorrow morning.
欢迎外教来我校执教英文。 Foreign teachers are welcome to teach
3. 人们目睹了两位宇航员在月球上登陆。 The two astronauts were seen to land on the moon.
--You realize your ideals through hard work, and you guide your work by ideals.
端午节吃粽子
—On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat
Zongzi (pyramid-shaped dumplings made of glutinous rice).
At the moment, it is very difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong.
4) 使用英语的被动语态，把汉语句子里的宾语 变成英语被动句的主语。
必须保证产品质量。
The quality of the products must be guaranteed.
当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.
二． 所选择的谓语必须保持事态与原文语义 相结合
1. 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物 爆炸。
The first and basic experience gained in our financial work over the last years was that it is correct to secure supplies through economic growth.
汉译英时主语确定
1. 流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。 Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.
2. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 This issue has not yet been thoroughly explored.
中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。 The strength, prosperity and development of
China will pose no threat to any countries. A strong, prosperous and developed
China will pose no threat to any countries.
His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.
三． 所选择的谓语必须与主语在逻辑 上搭配得当。
1. 科技兴农在中国发展粮食生产方面存在着巨 大的பைடு நூலகம்力。