爱玛性格分析
《爱玛》中爱玛的人物形象分析 爱玛是怎样的人
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简·奥斯汀《爱玛》中女性意识的觉醒与缺失
简·奥斯汀《爱玛》中女性意识的觉醒与缺失简·奥斯汀是英国著名的女作家，她的作品以刻画社会人物和揭示社会风气而闻名。
《爱玛》是她的代表作之一，通过对女性意识的觉醒和缺失的刻画，奥斯汀展现了当时英国上层社会女性的处境和心理，同时也反映了她对当时社会的批判。
在《爱玛》中，奥斯汀通过主人公爱玛的塑造，展现了她对女性意识的觉醒和缺失。
爱玛是一个生活在乡村庄园的富家女，她美丽、聪慧、自信，但同时也自私、傲慢、喜欢控制别人。
奥斯汀通过对爱玛的塑造，展现了当时上层社会女性的特征和心理状态。
爱玛的觉醒体现在她对自己的情感和内心世界的反思和挖掘上。
在和好朋友哈丽埃特的交谈中，爱玛开始反思自己的行为和态度，她意识到自己的傲慢和自私，开始反思自己的做法对别人造成的影响。
奥斯汀通过爱玛的内心独白和情感纠葛，揭示了她内心的挣扎和成长，展现了她的意识觉醒过程。
爱玛的觉醒并不完整，她的自私和傲慢依然存在，甚至在一些时候更加严重。
在和侄女哈丽埃特的交往中，爱玛试图控制和干涉哈丽埃特的生活，导致了很多不幸的后果。
她的高傲和自私让她无法真正了解他人的内心世界，无法体会他人的痛苦和困惑，这也反映了她对女性意识的缺失。
爱玛的故事并非个例，奥斯汀通过其他女性角色的刻画，也展现了当时上层社会女性的意识觉醒和缺失。
哈丽埃特是一个孤儿，她贫穷而普通，但是善良、质朴，对爱玛充满敬仰和依恋。
奥斯汀通过哈丽埃特的刻画，展现了她的纯真和对真爱的渴望，同时也反映了她对外界的无知和对自己的不够了解。
她在和爱玛的交往中，经历了成长和觉醒的过程，她不再盲目崇拜爱玛，开始学会为自己争取权利和尊严。
奥斯汀通过其他女性角色的刻画，也展现了她对女性地位的关注和理解。
伊丽莎白是一个聪明、独立、有主见的女性，她对自己的命运有清晰的认识，不愿为了嫁入豪门而放弃自己的价值观和追求。
奥斯汀通过对伊丽莎白的刻画，展现了她对女性自主权和地位的批判和关注，同时也反映了她对当时女性社会地位的不满和期待。
《包法利夫人》中爱玛悲剧形象新探析
包法利夫人》中爱玛悲剧形象新探析行云流水（陇东学院中文系，甘肃庆阳 745000）摘要：《包法利夫人》是19世纪法国批判现实主义作家福楼拜的代表作品，这部作品描述了一个可悲、可怜、甚至可笑的错位者——爱玛一步步走向悲剧的人生过程，她缺乏现实感，无法在现实生活中去确立自己的位置，但爱慕虚荣、耽于幻想的她有着不切实际的强烈感情，在恶浊鄙俗的社会环境中，她的这种感情经不起别人的诱惑，最终在追求理想的爱情中走向了毁灭。
她人生错位的悲剧既为世人所唾弃，也值得人们去同情和深思。
关键词：《包法利夫人》；爱玛；错位；悲剧；爱情中图分类号：I106.4 文献标识码：A19世纪的法国文坛名家辈出，被视为现实主义的时代。
而在这些大师中，福楼拜上承巴尔扎克，下接左拉和莫泊桑，将现实主义推向了高潮。
虽然他留下的作品屈指可数，主要有《包法利夫人》、《萨朗波》、《情感教育》、《圣安东的诱惑》等几部，但他以自己独特的艺术风格位列19世纪法国文坛“三巨人”之一，成为世界小说史上独树一帜的大作家。
长篇小说《包法利夫人》是福楼拜（1821-1880）最具代表性的作品，也是享誉世界的文学经典，被后人誉为世界十大文学名著之一。
它以简洁而细腻的笔触，描述了女主人公爱玛一生的悲剧，并通过爱玛这个悲剧妇女的经历再现了19世纪中叶法国的外省生活。
这部伟大的作品可以说开创了文学史上的一个新纪元，它不仅改变了法国的小说，同时也改变了世界的小说。
“左拉说：‘《包法利夫人》具有一种明晰和完美，这种完美使这部小说成为典型小说和小说的最终典范’。
”[1]“这部篇幅不长的小说被认为是‘新艺术的法典’，‘最完美的小说’，‘在文坛上产生了革命性的后果’。
……从某种意义上来说，它开创了文学的新流派。
”[2]这样地评价《包法利夫人》是一点也不夸张的，也更加显示了它在世界文坛上的成就和地位。
福楼拜着手写《包法利夫人》是1851年9月19日在卢昂近郊的克罗瓦塞别墅，他花费了四年多时间写成，可谓精雕细琢。
从《包法利夫人》中浅谈爱玛的典型人物形象
从《包法利夫人》中浅谈爱玛的典型人物形象从《包法利夫人》中浅谈爱玛的典型人物形象摘要：《包法利夫人》中的女主人公爱玛·包法利她将“爱”作为自己的唯一的人生寄托和理想，却在追寻“爱”的过程中逐渐迷失在情欲的诱惑和物欲的享受中不可自拔。
她不惜背叛现实世界的伦理道德来追求她理想世界中那个浪漫，美丽，自由的爱情，以至于在她所幻想的理爱情一再破灭后，债台高筑高台的爱玛只能在走投无路中结束了短暂的一生。
爱玛这一典型人物经过作家的艺术加工后更能显示人物自身的特征性，是一个具有丰满，鲜明而独特性格又包含了普遍性与深刻意蕴的人物形象。
关键词：爱玛典型人物反思（一）《包法利夫人》中爱玛的人物经历爱玛是一个富农的女儿从小在修道院里接受过贵族式的教育, 在那里她学过刺绣, 钢琴和画画与此同时她也阅读了大量浪漫主义的小说。
她深信自己能够得到了那种浪漫到不可思议的爱情, 因此选择了结婚。
嫁给了一个才貌平平的乡村医生夏尔·包法利，夏尔既没有主见，又没有才干，举止毫无风度，谈吐枯燥乏味，在婚后不久, 她便对夏尔感到各种不满。
虽然包法利确实深爱着她, 但却不是爱玛所希望的那种爱，爱玛渴望的是那种高贵的享受的生活方式而他表达爱却是实实在在的,缺乏了激情和浪漫。
她对包法利带给她平淡的没有激情的人生感到很失望，在遇到了风度翩翩的租客莱昂时她选择了出轨与莱昂相爱，被抛弃。
之后她又遇见了罗多尔夫，他是爱耍心机，玩弄女人的人，单纯的向往着浪漫爱情的爱玛很快又坠入爱河但又很快就被罗多尔夫所抛弃。
一段时间的伤心难过之后，爱玛又重新遇到了莱昂与他旧情复燃，为了满足她内心对浪漫爱情的定义她不惜借高利贷来实现她的理想爱情。
当她那些所谓的浪漫爱情都幻灭时，债主也找上门来，债台高筑的爱玛只能在走投无路之下选择了服毒结束短暂的一生。
（二）爱玛这一典型人物的刻画方式艺术源于生活，小说是允许虚构的。
在这一点上福楼拜的小说创作中可以明显感觉出他对内容真实性的把握。
爱玛电影观后感
爱玛电影观后感《爱玛》是一部根据简·奥斯汀的同名小说改编而来的电影。
从字面上就可以看出，这部电影以女主角爱玛为中心，讲述了她的一生。
观看这部电影，我不禁被爱玛的坚持和个性所深深打动。
爱玛是一个聪明、美丽且富有的年轻女子，她在小村庄里过着安逸的生活。
然而，她从小养成了一个爱钻牛角尖的毛病，总是觉得自己高于一切，喜欢替别人作主，什么事情都要干涉一番。
初看之下，她似乎只是一个心高气傲的女子，但是随着剧情的推进，我们逐渐发现，她的内心深处是一个温柔而充满爱心的人。
爱玛表面上嘲笑着人们的婚姻和感情，却在不经意间对自己的真爱视而不见。
她只顾着调度她人的姻缘，却对自己的感情视而不见。
她一直都被一个人默默守护，直到有一天，她突然意识到自己的错误。
她为自己对待爱情的冷漠感到后悔，然而，真爱却离她越来越远。
我为她的糊涂感到惋惜，同时也为她的成长而感到欣慰。
爱玛的个性让她在小村庄的人们当中成了一个眼中钉。
然而，她并没有改变自己的方式，仍然坚持着自己的信念。
她对待他人的好奇心和关心，使得她真正成为了一个长者们心目中的小天使。
她用自己的行动证明了自己是一个真正关心他人、乐于助人的人。
这种坚持和个性深深地打动了我，也让我深思。
《爱玛》这部电影不仅仅是一个爱情故事，更是一个成长故事。
它告诉我们，爱情是需要真心去对待的，我们不能因为自己的固执和傲慢，而失去真正的幸福。
同时，它也告诉我们要坚持自己的信念，不要被他人的眼光所左右。
整部电影的布景和音乐都给人一种古典而优雅的感觉，让人仿佛置身于那个真实而古老的时代。
演员们的表演也极具感染力，特别是主演的爱玛，她完美地诠释了爱玛那种自恋却又无私的性格，令人印象深刻。
最后，我要说，这是一部与众不同的电影，它告诉我们要真正去关爱别人，关心别人的感受。
正是因为有了这种关心和爱心，爱玛才能真正地成长起来，找到自己的幸福。
这部电影给我留下了深刻的印象，让我感受到了爱与成长的重要性。
奥斯丁笔下爱玛女主人公的形象分析
一、爱玛的中上流阶层的傲慢与偏见,使得她主要根据人们的社会地位来衡量所有的人。
在海伯里的乡村,爱玛的家庭——伍德豪斯家族在财富以及社会地位上等级均居首位。
作为这样显赫家庭的女儿,她深受家族传统的观念的影响,认为任何人的社会地位都是由他的财富决定的,而下等阶层在很多方面都是卑劣的。
因此,爱玛总是瞧不起下层的那些人。
在去里士满的途中,爱玛遇见了贝茨夫人——海伯里前教区牧师的遗孀,和她惟一的女儿艰难度日,而且激起大家对一位无为的老太太所能产生的全部敬意。
爱玛知道贝茨夫人比她贫穷很多,因此她无礼傲慢地对待贝茨夫人,并且以讽刺的言语来侮辱她。
爱玛如此傲慢势利甚至残酷的这段情节给读者留下了深刻印象。
事实上,是她的傲慢和偏见使她无意识地超越了行为准则。
这种傲慢和偏见进一步表现在她做媒中。
爱玛热衷于做媒。
她两次给哈丽特·史密斯做媒,但是均以失败告终。
其失败的原因主要是她对哈丽特的偏见以及对罗伯特·马丁的反感。
这里举个例子,当爱玛第一次遇见哈丽特时,想:“那对柔和的蓝眼睛和全部的天然丽质,不应当埋没在海伯里及其周围的下等阶层中。
她已结交的熟人全都配不上她。
她刚刚离开的学友尽管都是些很好的人,但是肯定对她有害。
”[2 ]事实上,哈丽特是一个并不聪明的弃儿,但是她体贴、迷人、温顺却又毫无主见。
在哈丽特的眼中,爱玛是哈特费尔德如此显赫的名流,以至于哈丽特惟一的愿望便是接受某个高高在上者的指引。
她希望和中等阶层建立联系,特别是能嫁给富有的男士,从而可以改变她的生活方式。
但最后,她发现她的血统是实现她梦想的一个很大的障碍。
读者注意到,第一次见面时,哈丽特的容貌是让爱玛喜欢她的原因之一。
然后,爱玛猜想哈丽特的父亲一定是一个拥有巨大财富的绅士,尽管事实上没人知道哈丽特的父亲是谁。
在这种偏见下,爱玛断言:“马丁家的人准是些粗俗不雅的人,根本不适合跟一位知识和风度几近完美的姑娘进行紧密交往。
”[2 ]在爱玛眼里,仅仅凭马丁家从奈特利先生家租种了农田这一点,就断定罗伯特·马丁仅仅是一个粗俗的农夫,而他的妻子也应该只是个没受过教育的农夫的女儿。
[《爱玛》中“爱玛”的性格分析]爱玛中女性人物性格分析
[《爱玛》中“爱玛”的性格分析]爱玛中女性人物性格分析《爱玛》是18世纪末19世纪初英语著名女作家简奥斯汀所著六部长篇小说之一,于1815年出版,被相当一部份评论家看作是她最成功的作品。
但它却并不如作者的另一部作品《傲慢与偏见》引人注目。
而我在一口气读完这部作品之后发现不管在人物性格的塑造上还是在故事情节发展上,《爱玛》都是较为成熟的。
小说通过海伯里小村中的人与事,刻画出19世纪初英国中产阶级社会的众生相。
主要情节围绕女主人公爱玛与村中几个主要家庭中人物的关系展开。
爱玛是个“又漂亮,又聪明,又有钱”的年轻姑娘,由于具有这般得天独厚的条件,不禁有点“自视过高”,因而喜欢“随心所欲”。
她自己打定主意不结婚,却热衷于给别人牵线搭桥。
而她给别人做媒,每每不是“按照情理”,而是“凭着异想天开或一时冲动”,乱点鸳鸯谱,结果闹出许多笑话,吃了不少苦头。
不过,爱玛虽然没给别人撮合成一门亲事,但她自己最后却坠入了情网,与奈特利先生喜结良缘,跟另外两对青年男女一起,构成了《爱玛》的喜剧结局。
二、爱玛的性格缺陷(一)势利的爱玛小说一开始,爱玛就暴露出她在道德方面的不完善。
她非常势利、自私、保守和主观,但她却从未意识到这些是她的不足,相反,她总是自我感觉良好,心安理得。
生于富裕的乡绅士家,爱玛从小受到良好教育,但她却很势利。
她瞧不起一切地位低,家境不如她的人。
她经常教育哈里特:要注意自己现在的身份,要同那些地位低,没教养的人划清界线,别跟他们扯上关系。
(二)自私的爱玛爱玛也很自私。
首先表现在“令人难过的事―令人略感难过的事―终于降临了―但又决非以令人不快的方式出现的,泰勒小姐结婚了。
”她从没想过是自己耽误了泰勒小姐的青春和幸福。
另外,爱玛做事也总是从自己的喜恶出发,很少在意别人的感受,这点可在她百般阻止哈里特接受马丁求婚的事情上略见一斑。
(三)主观的爱玛爱玛的主观臆断在小说里也表现得非常突出。
她从来都是按照自己的意愿行事,很少听得进别人的意见,除非当她意识到自己错了。
《包法利夫人》主要人物剖析[指南]
《包法利夫人》主要人物分析一.在现实生活中惨遭摧残的浪漫主义者------爱玛爱玛是一个农家的女儿，在修道院受过贵族化的教育，读过许多浪漫主义的小说，她瞧不起当乡村医生的丈夫的平庸无能，梦想着传奇式的爱情，她的第一个情人是一个道德败坏的乡绅（罗多尔夫），第二个情人是个自私怯懦的文书（莱昂）。
她的偷情没能给她带来幸福，倒给投机商人带来了可乘之机，使她成为高利贷者剥削的对象，最后她积债如山，无法偿还，丈夫的薄产已被她挥霍殆尽，情人又不肯伸出援手，她在山穷水尽，走投无路的情况下，只好服毒自尽。
从宏观上看，爱玛的性格集浪漫，激情，狭隘，虚荣于一身。
渴望着与骑士一样的男子谈轰轰烈烈的爱情，时时内心都憧憬着甜蜜，她把爱情想象为“一只披满粉红色羽毛，在富有诗情画意的瑰丽天空中翱翔的大鸟，藏在她心里”，认为爱情“应该突然而降，伴随着巨大的轰鸣和闪电------就如同猛然扑向人间的暴风雨，让人世间都感到震惊；犹如狂风扫落叶，把意志夺走，把整个心灵带往深渊”。
她有着超常的激情和充沛的精力，她和罗多尔夫骑马到野外回来后，觉得自己又有了个青春期，她早上天还没亮就去和情人约会，晚上夜深人静又去和情人约会。
她狭隘，因为她的心仅局限于对浪漫爱情的幻想，她的眼光很少触及到她身边那位对她一心一意的丈夫，她看到她周围的那几类人就以为看到了整个社会，看到了一个舞会，就以为看到了整个巴黎。
她虚荣，刚结婚就大量购置豪华家具，身无分文了还赊购名贵衣物，她总是希望丈夫名扬天下，总想着能过上贵妇的生活。
这仅仅是我们从表象上观察的爱玛，如果从另一个角度去解读她，我们会发现，爱玛虽然是一个失足女人，但她并没有什么与生俱来的坏秉性，而生活却无可挽回的把她推向深渊。
爱玛生活在复辟王朝后期与七月王朝统治时期，这是法国历史上一个新旧势力激烈搏斗的时期，经过大革命打击的封建贵族们，在拿破仑失败后又杀了回来，企图恢复往日的生活方式，拿破仑时代的英雄主义风气被奢靡，腐败，虚伪，矫饰的贵族之风所取代。
从性格方面剖析爱玛的心智成熟历程
On Emma’s Mental Maturity from the Perspective of Her Personality ReformationApplicant:AmySupervisor:Faculty:College of Foreign Languages… UniversityApril 12, 2010摘要《爱玛》是简·奥斯丁的一部比较成熟的作品，她笔下的爱玛性格复杂。
这部作品描写的是爱玛在经历了一个个错误之后，抛弃幻想，获得自我，最后步入成熟。
本文主要从性格方面来剖析爱玛的成长，爱玛在生活中经历了种种挫折与失败，但她能在这些过程中吸取经验和教训，并逐步走向了成熟，表现了19世纪初女性在社会发展中的成长与进步，同时也启发现代女性要在性格方面逐步完善自我，从而更好地展现成熟魅力。
本文在国内外研究的基础上首先浅析爱玛的性格缺陷：自负、势力、主观。
然后重点以爱玛身边的主要人物，如奈特利先生和哈丽特小姐等为独特视角来看她心智走向成熟的过程以及她自始至终的转变，并从爱玛自身及当时社会背景分析了转变的原因。
最后运用了心理学理论进一步阐述了转变后的爱玛新形象：认清现实，认清自我，并且能虚心改正自身的性格缺点，这样读者能更好地了解爱玛这个人物形象。
关键词：爱玛性格缺陷性格转变心智成熟心理学AbstractEmma is a relatively mature work by Jane Austen, in which Emma has complicated personality, and she abandons illusionary, gains her own identity and finally makes a step to mental maturity after suffering so many mistakes. In this paper, Emma’s growth is mainly analyzed from the perspective of her personality. Though Emma has suffered kinds of setbacks and failures, she gradually goes to maturity by gaining experience and education, which demonstrates women’s growth and progress in the early 19th century, and also inspires modern women to gradually improve themselves in personality and better present maturity charm. This paper is based on domestic and foreign researches, first analyzes Emma’s personality defects: self-conceit, snobbery and subjectivity, then illustrates the process of Emma’s mental maturity and her personality reformation from the special perspective of some surrounding characters such as Mr. Knightley and Harriet, also analyzes the causes of her better changes from her self-consciousness and social background. At last, it applies psychology theories further to present a new image of Emma: confronting the reality, gaining autonomy and modestly correcting her personality defects, which makes readers understand the character Emma better.Key Words: Emma, personality defects, personality reformation, mental maturity, psychologyContentsIntroduction (1)1. Emma’s Personality Defects (2)1.1 Self-conceit (2)1.2 Snobbery (3)1.3 Subjectivity (4)2. Emma’s Personality Reformation (5)2.1 Through Her Relationship with Surrounding Characters (5)2.1.1Reined Back by the Reasonable Knightley (5)2.1.2 Mirrored by the Tractable Harriet (6)2.1.3Nurtured by the Kind Bates (7)2.1.4 Convinced by the Talented Jane (8)2.2 Causes of Emma’s Personality Reformation (9)2.2.1 Emma’s Self-consciousness (9)2.2.2 Society’s Demands (10)3. Emma’s Mental Maturity (11)3.1 Correct Recognition of Herself (11)3.1.1Abandonment of Illusion & Reality Confronting (11)3.1.2 Improvement of Identity & Autonomy Gaining (12)3.2 Modest Correction of Her Personality Defects (14)3.2.1 Self-reflection (14)3.2.2 Others’ Influence (15)Conclusion (17)Bibliography (18)IntroductionThe English writer Jane wrote Emma in 1815, the most mature one in art and in thought among all her works. This novel centers on the heroine Emma’s choice of spouse for others, in which her words and behaviors are ridiculous, but her mental maturity is well presented with the unfolding of the story.Indeed, Emma has her personality defects, she overlooks herself because of uniquely favorable conditions, and she has her own way to do matchmaking, without taking account for reality. Therefore, as to the heroine, Austen (1994:3) even claims Emma whom no one but herself will much like. To mention Emma’s imperfection, Arnold Keitel’s opinion (1985:74) is that Emma is not a commonly so-called positive heroine. Also, Craik (1965) points out that the heroine Emma is almost cruelly treated and in every paragraph she is described to have faults out of her foolishness, vanity, ignorance and her selfishness. However, some scholars see Emma’s personality reformation, though they have not detailed explanation. For example, Li Zhengshan (1996:75) thinks that Emma is a new woman image who is finally brave to confront the reality, receive others’advice and correct her own faults. Li Yunxia (2002:56) also notices that there is always a paragraph describing Emma’s self-blame after her fault behaviors. The most important is that the critic Mark Scholer (1985:102) carefully analyzes the whole structure of the plot, and he finds that there is hardly perceivable reformation of Emma’s personality in scenes consisting of different characters. And Sun Hongfei (2009:109) in his paper Emma, the Harbinger of Bildungsroman in England, points out that Emma gains experience and education through various setbacks and failures. However, all these analyses do not delicately make a research for the process of Emma’s mental maturity in her personality, and the new image of Emma is not presented concretely, either. Therefore, in this paper, Emma’s personality defects will be presented in Chapter Two. And in Chapter Three,from the special perspective of the relationship between Emma and some surrounding characters, how her personality reforms will be well interpreted, also the causes of her reformation will be analyzed. And the new image of Emma with mental maturity after experiencing so much will be detailed presented in Chapter 4.Finally, a general conclusion about the paper will be made and some researching limits also will be pointed out in Chapter 5.1. Emma’s Personality DefectsIn the beginning of the novel, Emma is introduced to be the mistress of the house from a very early period, always does just what she likes, and is〝in a disposition to think a little too well of herself〞(Austen, 1994:13). Emma has become quite intelligent and educated, but her increasing knowledge, authority, and power contribute to her many faults:〝She is a spoiled child. The real evils of Emma’s situation were the power of having rather too much her own way.〞(Pollemus Robert, 1980:56).Indeed, Emma is self-conceited, snobbish and subjective; however, she is not aware of these defects at the very beginning.1.1 Self-conceitIn Jane Austen’s view, Emma’s self-conceit is the fault of her nature. Her existence has been too privileged; she has been made to feel too important. When introducing Emma in the beginning, Austen uses such vague adjectives as〝handsome〞,〝clever〞,〝with a comfortable and happy disposition〞and〝seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence〞(Austen, 1994:11).All these words apparently seem commendatory, because Emma’s grace and beauty are well described, but in fact they are satiric and negative, embodying Emma’s self-conceit to some extent.Because of her cleverness, Emma has elitism for her intelligence, confidentlybelieving that she possesses preeminent knowledge and in Highbury nobody is evenly matched with her. Due to Emma’s high social rank and her privileged family background, she never yields to anyone. On contrary, she holds and insists her own judgments. As Austen describes, Emma is the first mistress in Highbury, so in her eyes she is superior compared to others not only in material but in spiritual aspect. What’s more, Emma likes to control others’ thoughts and feelings, always thinking her own are better. For example, about Harriet’s inner love to Martin, Emma prevents the love process by her so-called cautious considering. Actually, Emma always keeps the role of mistress spiritually, and she prides herself on her distinctive ideas.1.2 SnobberyDuring the development of Emma, the title heroine, her indulgence in flights of fancy and her sense of superiority cause her to misguide Harriet Smith and treat others unjustly. Emma’s opinion and treatment of Robert Martin, a lower class farmer, is the very example, because she believes that he is a very〝unfit〞match for Harriet Smith due to his lower class rank:They were a family of the name of Martin […] but they must be coarse and unpolished, and very unfit to be the intimates of a girl who wanted only a little more knowledge and elegance to be quite perfect. (Austen, 1994:14-15)Emma’s thoughts of Mr. Martin clearly illustrate the prejudice that the upper class has towards the lower class. Craik even calls her〝a social snob, and looks down upon Martin, such an assiduous and kind man.〞(1965:126) Emma insists that property and social rank is the key to marriage, so she always tells Harriet that they should fit their own position, and draw a clear line of demarcation with those who are uneducated or in the lower class , and even seriously warns Harriet not to have any relationship with them. Also when Mr. Elton proposes to her, she never thinks of him as an equal, because she is superior to him in wealth, social rank and appearance, undoubtedly she reckons that Mr.Elton can’t match with her, even despising this man in the bottom of her heart.1.3 SubjectivityEmma’s subjectivity and supposal are also reflected conspicuously. She always does things according to her own will, hardly listening to others’opinions, except that she realizes her own faults. Mainly the superior social rank causes Emma to arrange for others’ fate irresponsibly, so she always takes so active a part in bringing any two people together, and it is adventuring too far and assuming too much to make what ought to be serious a trick.Emma’s first act in the novel is to congratulate herself on what she imagines to be her role in successfully doing matchmaking for Miss Taylor. Her fancy and imagination of people’s lives is based on a false perception of reality. She is referred to as an 〝imaginist〞(Li Yunxia, 2002:58).Then she concentrates on the prospect of making something of her friendship with Harriet. She fashions a match between Harriet and Mr. Elton, and persuades Harriet into a fanciful contemplation of the man, but actually Mr. Elton is attracted by Emma herself.Another example is that Emma indulgently imagines Frank’s return to court her. Emma for a while believes herself to be in love with Frank Churchill. She also imagines herself just like the subject of Frank’s mediation, as he is at the moment the subject of hers.〝No, if he had relieved me at all to share his feelings, he would not have been so wretched〞(Austen, 1994:190). But after〝forming a thousand amusing schemes for the progress and close of their attachment〞(190), she decides the answer is〝No〞, and regards Harriet as the object of his affections. Especially his rescue of Harriet from the Gipsies sets Emma〝on fire with speculations and foresight!〞(242), she believes that they must be in love but in fact Frank has got engaged to Jane Fairfax.2. Emma’s Personality ReformationIn the novel, many of Emma’s behaviors are unsatisfactory, one fault after another. But from the delicate description, we know Emma has suffered a lot and she gradually recognizes her personality defects, in which she also has a hardly perceivable reformation in personality.2.1 Through Her Relationship with Surrounding CharactersThrough many small stories in the relationship between Emma and some surrounding characters, Emma herself has some personality reformation. Especially Mr. Knightley, as a reliable guide and a mentor, corrects Emma’s judgments and helps her growth. Meanwhile, Harriet Smith, a tender and tractable girl, is arranged as mirror to reflect Emma’s thoughts and her final introspection. In addition, kind Bates and talented Jane also help Emma’s personality reformation.2.1.1Reined Back by the Reasonable KnightleyTo recognize the mistakes and realize Emma’s final reformation, Mr. Knightley is arranged as the chief corrective. The role of Mr. Knightley does not only bring Emma the beginning of a new life, but correct her every fault, even blame her as a frank tutor (Sun Hongfei, 2009:110).Due to Emma’s early loss of the mother, her father’s weakness, and her governess, Miss Taylor’s sisterly companion rather than an authority figure, Emma has assumed the role of mistress and exercised the independent will like a male adult, so she requires a man to rein her in and create boundaries to her will. Luckily comes Mr. Knightley,〝a sensible man about seven or eight-and-thirty, was not only a very old and intimate friend of the family, but particularly connected with it as the elder brother of Isabella’shusband.〞(Austen, 1994:7). Mr. Knightley represents everything including mental strength, social savvy and assertiveness. In this sense, Mr. Knightley seems a reliable figure and model for Emma.Indeed, as a frank and reasonable lover, Mr. Knightley’s commentary on Emma’s errors is reliable and good-willed. He appoints himself the role of teacher and mentor, instinctively longing to mold and improve his beloved Emma’s personality. In the novel, he tells Emma precisely where her mistakes lay; each of his affirmation of a value and each of his accusation of error are to the point and do Emma much good. For example, he rebukes Emma for manipulating Harriet by unrealistically making match for her; he attacks her for superficiality and pride; he condemns her for gossiping and flirting with Frank Churchill; and he blames her for being disrespectful and unfeeling in treating Miss Bates. Each time after his criticize, Emma grows mentally and makes a step to maturity.On the whole, Mr. Knightley is〝one of the few people who could see faults in Emma Woodhouse and the only one who ever told her of them〞(Austen, 1994:8). For most time Mr. Knightley’s conduct is without blame and also his judgment is unshakable, and the sixteen years’ difference in age between him and Emma enables him to be mentally mature compared to Emma. Without Mr. Knightley’s frank criticism, Emma’s growth and personality reformation can not be achieved so easily.2.1.2 Mirrored by the Tractable HarrietHarriet Smith is really a minor character in Emma.In spite of Harriet’s minor importance, she is so frequently communicated with Emma that she has woven into almost every events Emma encounters. Also Emma always thinks of her and cares for her even when Harrier is not on the spot. Therefore, it can be concluded that in fact Harriet occupies a rather important role in Emma’s personality reformation, and she can be looked as a mirror of Emma’s introspection.At first, in Emma’s eyes, Harriet is just an inadequate substitute for Miss Taylor.And Emma is so delighted at her role in Miss Taylor’s successful marriage that she decides to find a suitable husband for Harriet. Mr. Elton and Frank Churchill become Emma’s choice for Harriet. In Emma’s judgment, Mr. Elton’s eagerness about the picture of Harriet drawn by Emma shows his affection to Harriet. But the fact is what Mr. Elton has done is to flatter Emma, not Harriet. The second candidate, Frank Churchill, at one time rescues Harriet from gypsies’ assailment, and later overtly praises Harriet’s beauty. So Emma believes〝such an adventure as this, ——a fine young man and a lovely young woman thrown together in such a way could hardly fail of suggesting certain ideas to the coldest heart and the steadiest brain.〞(Austen, 1994:301).However, it turns out that what Frank has done to Emma and Harriet is only in order to conceal his real relationship with Jane Fairfax. Therefore, Emma writes wrong answers for the tractable Harriet, and poor Harriet becomes the victim of Emma’s over self-assurance and fancy imagination. When all the facts are open, Emma has to think about her own defects. So without her manipulation of Harriet and the final failure, Emma will not recognize her personality defects and make any better change.More significantly, in addition to these two failed matchmakings, Harriet’s confession of her love to Mr. Knightley becomes a mirror to reflect Emma’s true feeling. It really helps Emma to recognize herself and especially where her own love lies. (Cui Huiyong, 2007:31) Undoubtedly, it is Harriet who makes Emma realize her affection for Mr. Knightley. Because of all the above, consequently Harriet turns out to be a mirror for Emma to introspect herself and make a progress in her personality reformation.2.1.3 Nurtured by the Kind BatesTo Emma, Miss Bates is〝a clumsy and stupid, grinning cheekily and boring〞old virgin (Liu Qing, 2008:76). Because in the novel, the presence of Miss Bates is always with her wordy talking about family trivialities, and in her words there are no logic and profundity at all. And Emma never looks squarely at Miss Bates whose social rank islower than her. Only to abide by the courtesy and norms of upper classes, Emma sometimes condescends to visit Miss Bates and her mother. But it is known to the whole Highbury that Miss Bates takes good care of her mother and often companies Mr. Woodhouse while Emma is not at home. In addition, Emma later is curious about Jane Fairfax, so she needs Miss Bates to offer some information. Compared with the kind, unselfish and responsible Miss Bates, Emma is so snobbish and selfish.Especially when they together go outing to Box Hill, Emma insults Miss Bates of her boring remarks and extreme talkativeness,〝Ah! Ma’am, but there may be a difficulty. Pardon me——but you will be limited as to number——only three at once.〞(Austen, 269).Miss Bates is extremely hurt by this comment. This insult proves to be a very tactless and unfeeling manner by Emma.Emma’s unkindness and cruelty completely shocked everyone at presence. Luckily Emma accepts Mr. Knightley’s lecture〝So unfeeling to Miss Bates. How could you be so unfeeling to a woman of her character, age and situation?〞(Austen, 271) and really realizes her own personality defects. She is angry with herself and asks herself, as she drives away from Box Hill,〝how could she have been so brutal, so cruel to Miss Bate〞, and she also asks herself,〝how have she exposed herself to such ill opinion in anyone she valued〞(Austen, 273).Therefore, the next day she goes to the Bates’to give her apology. It is obvious that from the bottom of Emma’s heart, she is nurtured by the kind Bates, and she sees Bates’ warm heart.2.1.4 Convinced by the Talented JaneJane Fairfax grows up with no advantages of connection or improvement to be engrafted on what nature has given her in a pleasing person, good understanding, and warm-hearted, well meaning relations (Austen, 178). When Jane comes back to Highbury, Emma feels she is sorry to have to pay civilities to a person she does not like! The reason may be a difficult question to answer, but Mr. Knightley’s words are quite to the point〝[…] because you see in her the really accomplished young woman, which you want to be taught yourself〞(Austen, 180). However, Emma owes it to Jane’s coldness and reserve.Especially when these two young ladies give some music in that evening at Hartfield, which makes Emma see the big difference between Jane and herself. Emma is obliged to play, and the thanks and praise which necessarily follow appeared to her an affection of candor, an air of greatness, meaning only to show off in higher style of her own superior performance. And she thinks that Jane is〝the worst of all, so cold, so cautious! There was no getting at her real opinion.〞(182) .W hat’s more, her saying〝but I hope I am not often deficient in what is due to guests at Hartfield.〞(184), which indirectly reflects that Emma realizes she is not as talented as Jane. However, responding to Emma’s insincere greeting and care, Jane is always not inclined to decline impolitely. Though Jane is short of wealth, mentally her superiority makes Emma reflect upon the past and sigh about herself〝so cold, so false! I am like putting on a play, and that is a kind of life to deceive others!〞(412).Finally, Emma said with a sincerity which no one could question〝She [Jane] is a sort of elegant creature that one cannot keep one’s eyes from. I am always watching her to admire […]〞(423). Therefore, convinced by Jane’s nice behavior and superior performance, Emma actually recognizes her own defects and inwardly decides to take Jane as a good example.2.2 Causes of Emma’s Personality ReformationIt is obvious to see that Emma suffers from her errors in the stories with some main characters. Her indulgence of imaginative fancy and a good deal of misjudgments and misperception are not the only theme of the novel.2.2.1 Emma’s Self-consciousnessTo Emma herself, she is warm-hearted and clever, adding to her superiorbackground, she is a relatively independent and advanced female compared to other women in that society. Undoubtedly, she is a woman of high authority in Highbury. Though she is conceited, snobbish and subjective, Emma finally realizes not all things are like what she thinks, and she can calm down to think and come to her senses, making analyses and judgments independently under Mr. Knightley’s education(Liu Qing, 2008:77). Especially after all the truth is open that Mr. Knightley makes a proposal to Emma, Frank Churchill makes his relationship with Jane Fairfax public and Harriet marries to Robert Martin, Emma faces up to her own defects and determines to correct them.Of course, her personality reformation is in the expectance, after all Emma is not ignorant like those who always seek for men’s protection without own minds (Liu Cunbo, 2001:36). So she realizes that she must change, especially her insulting Miss Bates in Box Hill violates her own standards as well as Mr. Knightley’s, and threatens her with the loss both of his respect and of her own esteem.2.2.2 Society’s DemandsEmma’s personality reformation is not only her own needs, but also the needs of the society, which crushes her pride and forces her to abandon her delusional system. In the 18th century,〝reason〞was a very famous term, and at the same time, morality was paid close attention to and everyone needed morality as guidance，and this thought trend lasted until the early 19th century. Thus, in some degree, Emma’s personality defects reflect her imperfect morality; therefore, she is bound to face up to change her personality better with the change of social reality. In addition, as an upper-class woman, Emma has to keep her words and behaviors fit to her position. Otherwise, she cannot honor the surrounding’s appreciation; neither can she enjoy a happy life in such a big harmonious environment (Liu Cunbo, 38).3. Emma’s Mental MaturityIndeed, Emma suffers a lot from her errors, and grows as a result of her sufferings. When Emma actually sees the harm that her errors have caused on others, even herself, she makes a step to maturity in her personality. Directed mainly by Mr. Knightley’s particular guidance, she evolves into a complete person and comes to her final mental maturity.3.1 Correct Recognition of HerselfThough Emma suffers from her errors and their harmful consequences, she can finally recognize herself correctly. On the one hand, she is aware that in marriage the reality cannot be led astray by her fancy or imagination. On the other hand, she improves her identity and gains her complete autonomy.3.1.1 Abandonment of Illusion & Reality ConfrontingFrom the very beginning, Emma just does matchmaking for Harriet by her imagination, without considering the pairs’birth and social class. However, at last she realizes this, especially when Harriet confides her inner love to Mr. Knightley, Emma thinks that〝it was a union to distance every wonder of the kind〞(Austen, 402). Then she regrets what have done in the past,〝Had she left her [Harriet] where she ought […], had she not, prevented her marring the unexceptionable young man who would have made her happy and respectable in the line which she ought to belong——all would have been safe; none of this dreadful sequel would have been.〞(403)Therefore, at last when Mr. Knightley tells Emma that Harriet will marry Martin, she assures Mr. Knightley〝[…] but it does not make me unhappy〞(453) and she cheerfully answers him〝I think Harriet is doing extremely well. In respectability ofcharacter, there can be no doubt that they are.〞(Austen, 454).From the brightest smiles and these sincere words, it implies that Emma is perfectly satisfied and wishes them happy sincerely. Of course, the fact is, as Emma can now acknowledges, that Harriet has always liked Robert Martin, and Martin’s continuing love for her is irresistible. At last, Emma’s attitude towards Martin also changes, she originally describes him as a〝gross, vulgar farmer〞(14) and〝unpolished and coarse〞(15), but as the plot progresses, and in the influence of Mr. Knightley, she admits that Harriet and Robert Martin are the better pair from her bottom heart.In addition, Emma gains the truth that Mr. Elton’s unfavorable actions towards Harriet make her see Elton more clearly〝Mr. Elton was not the superior creature she had believed him〞(Cui Huiyong, 49) and Mr. Elton’s courtship to Emma herself in fact reflects the reality that he attaches much importance to her property and social rank. About Frank Churchill and Jane Fairfax’s happy ending, Emma〝has no doubt of their being happy together〞and she〝believes them to be very mutually and very sincerely attached.〞(Austen, 426).This also shows that Emma can understand the reality instead of thinking about things like having an illusionary dream.3.1.2 Improvement of Identity & Autonomy GainingWith Emma’s growth, she strengthens her ability and gains great self-knowledge. Indeed she improves her identity and gains her complete autonomy. According to Hill, two distinctive features of adolescent development are:〝(1) the emergence of more advanced thinking abilities and (2) the transition into new role in society.〞(Cited in Steinberg, 1993:6) And Laurence Steinberg introduces〝identity〞and〝autonomy〞in his five sets of psychological issues, in which〝identity〞means〝discovering and understanding who they are as individuals〞,〝autonomy〞is〝establishing a healthy sense of independence〞. In Emma, the title character just makes great progress in these two aspects.In the beginning of the novel, Emma takes pride in the fact that she has helped to make a match between Miss Taylor and Mr. Weston, so she identified herself as a good matchmaker. However, Emma’s success as matchmaker leads her to abuse her power later in the novel. Her role changes from a facilitator to a manipulator gradually. Then Emma believes she could judge everybody’s emotion and begins to take the role of the 〝do-all〞for others to follow her own plan. However, when Harriet falls in love with Mr. Knightley, Emma realizes that he is the very man she own has loved long unconsciously. At this result, she learns to regret taking the role of the〝do-all〞and realizes who she really is and where she is headed. She has proposed to arrange everybody’s destiny with unpardonable arrogance, which is universally mistaken. Therefore, at last Emma understands that she can not and should not do all, and she is not a manipulator.About autonomy, Steinberg focuses on three sorts of concerns that are of special importance to the personal development:〝becoming less emotionally dependent on parents, becoming able to make independent decisions, and establishing a personal code of value and morals.〞(1993:14)It is easy to see Emma’s emotional and behavioral autonomy in the beginning of the novel, while her value autonomy is gained through a series of encounters.Emma is virtually equal to an orphan. Although she has a father, her father acts more like a child than a parent, so Emma has been mistress of the house from a very early period. Thus, she can make any independent decisions at her ease and is scarcely influenced by others.But Emma is deficient in establishing a proper personal code of value and morals. Luckily, Emma finally improves her personality by learning to respect others, cares for others’feeling and not to interfere with others’emotion. The changes of her attitudes toward Miss Bates and Jane Fairfax are two examples proving Emma’s value autonomy. With the instruction of Mr. Knightley, Emma regrets for her scornful and ungracious thoughts toward Miss Bates and through this event she forms a proper code of value。
从言语反讽视角看《爱玛》中的人物性格特征
从言语反讽视角看《爱玛》中的人物性格特征摘要运用奥斯汀&塞尔提出的言语行为理论，深入剖析简?奥斯丁小说《爱玛》中各类反讽言语行为。
通过对《爱玛》中的话语进行分析及归类，从言外行为和言后行为视角出发，对人物性格特征做出鉴析并分析其教育意义。
关键词：《爱玛》反讽性格特征教育意义《爱玛》以19世纪的英国为写作背景，描写了海伯里村首富名叫伍德豪斯先生的小女儿爱玛通过不断地暴露自己的弱点、经历不断的挫折最终走向道德完善和情感成熟的过程，是一部典型的女性成长教育小说。
她曾把这部作品献给当时的摄政王，可见其作品的社会地位。
其反讽的运用达到了炉火纯青的境界，细腻的笔触、巧妙的对话和精确的语言，把平常的小事凡人勾勒得有滋有味，让人仿佛身临其境，所以此部小说曾被视为“最伟大最具有代表性的作品”。
反讽一词最早出现在柏拉图的《理想国》中，意思为“使人受骗上当，欺诈、圆滑的辩论方式”，然而反讽真正被研究始于亚里士多德。
在文学中，它既是一种修辞技巧，也是表达与主题相左的一种语言组织方法。
在小说《爱玛》中，反讽不仅仅是一种修辞手法，更多的是借助相反的话来塑造具有鲜明特征的人物形象以达到揭露某个人性格特征的效果，具有某种教育目的。
简?奥斯丁在《爱玛》中运用反讽修辞手法向读者们呈现出一幅幅生动的人物图像，其中人物角色之间的反讽性对话更是吸引了许多学者的关注。
然而，这些研究大都是从言外行为的角度对反讽手段进行说明，忽视了言后行为在营造反讽氛围和塑造人物形象的重要作用。
因此，本文将运用奥斯汀&塞尔言语行为理论中的言外和言后行为剖析《爱玛》中反讽性会话，并对人物性格特点进行分析，以更好地在言语行为理论框架下诠释简?奥斯丁笔下生动的人物形象。
一文学与言语反讽自荷兰著名语言学家van dijk开始关注依靠语用学方法来研究文学作品，到上世纪70年代末，文学和语用学进入了空前的发展阶段，从而有了一个新的交叉学科――文学语用学。
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（2016）届本科生毕业设计（论文）题目Simple Analysis of the Character of the Emma Woodhouse浅析爱玛伍德豪斯的性格特点专业英语院系外国语学院学号**********姓名周静指导教师高建国导师2014 年 12 月浅析爱玛伍德豪斯的性格特点学生姓名：周静指导老师：高建国摘要：《爱玛》是英国女作家奥斯汀6部作品中艺术思想最成熟的一部。
它发表于1815年。
爱玛，小说的主人公，21岁的富家小姐，漂亮聪明，生机勃勃，稍稍有些娇纵。
她立誓不嫁，只想着为别人牵红线。
不过在故事的最后，她意识到自己已经爱上了一直以来默默守护她的好友奈特利先生。
本论文通过对小说《爱玛》的解读，浅析主人公爱玛伍德豪斯的性格特点。
论文主要分为两大部分：通过论述小说主线，分析爱玛伍德豪斯的性格特点。
关键词：爱玛；生机勃勃；娇纵；做媒；优点Simple Analysis of the Character of the EmmaWoodhouseUndergraduate: ZhoujingSupervisor: Gao JianguoAbstract: Emma is one of the six novels written by Jane Austen. It is published in 1815, which has been popular. It is the last complete work in Austin’s mature period.A lot of people comment, Emma is the best representatives of arts to Jane Austen’s novel. Emma Woodhouse, at the start of the novel, she is twenty .She is a young, beautiful, witty, and rich woman in Regency England.She is very interested in matchmaking. But at the end of the story, she realized she had fallen in love with her good friend Mr. Knightley. In this paper through the understanding of the novel Emma, simple analysis of the character of the Emma Woodhouse. The paper mainly divided into two parts: firstly, the main line; secondly, analysis of the character of the Emma Woodhouse.Key Words: Emma, vigour, faults, matchmaking, virtuesContents1. Introduction (4)2. Brief introduction to Emma (4)2.1The introduction to novel’s backgro und (5)2.2 The introduction to the author and her novel (5)3. The character of Emma (5)3.1 The reason of Emma interested in matchmaking (6)4. Conclusion (7)Bibliography (8)Acknowledgement (9)1.IntroductionEmma is one of the most successful novels by Jane Austen. It is published in 1815. This novel is different from her other novels for its imperfect heroine: Emma Woodhouse.Emma is a comic story and it mainly narrates that Emma and her friend’s emotional problems and ultimately they all get a happy marriage. Emma Woodhouse, a beautiful, clever and rich young woman, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, lived with her sick father in Hartfield. Her mother died when she was a little girl. But her governess, Miss Taylor, has given her maternal love and friendship to her for sixteen years. When Emma was 21 years old, Miss Taylor marries to the neighbor, Mr. Weston. Emma takes an avid interest in matchmakers, but causes herself to involve in complex emotional situations.Emma wants to make a match for Harriet, her good friend, and Mr. Elton, a young clergy man who is actually attached to Emma. Mr. Elton goes to another town and quickly brings back a girl to marry after his love rejected by Emma, while Harriet lives a sorrow life and decides never to marry. But she is falling in love with Mr. Knightley, a thirty-four years old friend of Emma. However, Mr. Knightley has secretly loved Emma since Emma was thirteen. Finally, Harriet accepts the courtship of Robert Martin, a friend of Mr. Knightley. Emma meets Frank Churchill, Mrs. Weston’s son, at the first time and finds that she and he have a lot in common.2.Brief introduction to EmmaReaders are fond of this special heroine-Emma. The success of the novel is the Emma’s vivid character. Emma’s personality by describing her domination for others marriage and the maturity of her own emotion. Everyone would fall in love with Emma, for her virtues, and for her faults as well. Sometimes Emma is very much like a conceited and imaginative child. She thinks a little too high of herself and always does everything in her own way, therefore she often makes mistakes. She likes to be a matchmaker, but the way she follows is ridiculous. She makes no sacrifices to seek a higher social-class man for an illegitimate girl who is called Harriet. In general, the results go contrary to her expectations; sometimes she seems cruel as she insults Miss Bates. And she fails in discovering her own affections. While we may be put off by her mistakes and flights, she is also have many good qualities, which endear her to us. Through her mistakes, we see a more real and human Emma. Her mistakes make her appear as a richly character, and get closer to the readers. We are happy she is capable of fantasy, and overcomes self-delusion during the course of her novel.After she discovers her faults, she is brave enough to admit them and tries her best to correct. In the process, she gradually becomes a mature and selfless woman, and eventually she finds her true love. As a result all her faults turn out to be not faults ,but the very characteristics, which make Emma so unique as “the beauty ideal of the female character”．2.1 The introduction to Emma’s backgroundEmma's story is still happened in the 19th century British leisure and remote villages, Jane Austin use exquisite, elegant style to shape one's character. Lively, beautiful, self-conceit of Emma; the calm, self-sustaining, personable of Mr. Knightley, kind but chatter Bates. And the most can cause people to pay attention to these characters should be the bright, beautiful Emma Woodhouse.2.2 The introduction to the author and novelJane Austin (16 December 1775 –18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary as well as her acclaimed plots have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics.Jane Austen was the first realistically depicting ordinary people in daily ordinary life novelist. Her novels reflected the British middle class life comedy, shows the possibility of a" family "literature. Her explore the young protagonist from love to marriage in the process of self-discovery.3.The character of EmmaMaking mistakes is the nature of human．Nobody never makes a mistake．However，not everyone could find their faults and humbly correct them, like Emma. Every time she makes a mistake, her mind is overwhelmed by self-examination．She does not put the blame on other people or the situations. She would find the faults out and spares no effort to correct. By the way, the reason why she makes mistakes is usually attributed to her ardent, therefore they cannot be called mistakes or faults, but just a flaw in Emma’s character, which can be divided into her three self-revelations．Emma’s first self -revelation happens between Harriet and her. From this incident，we could see Emma’s kind nature and goodness. She has an amazing ardent in helping others and wants to make herself useful to people around her. In Emma’ s daily life，besides drawing, playing music and taking part in the parties, she will go out to pay a visit to some poor families with some gifts. She regards this deed as a habit but not being seized by a whim. She does have noble thoughts and feelings as she takes server people for her way to realize her self-value. Emma’s second self-revelation appears when Mr. Knightley reprimands her after she has insulted Miss Bates. This incident itself may have hurt Miss Bates, but it does not have any lasting consequences. It does not leave a bad impression of Emma on us，but we know much more about Emma’s superiority, sincerity, and genuineness. In the third self-revelation, Emma eventually sloughs off all her bad characters, has grown to be a mature woman and gains her true love which is attributed to find out each of her mistakes and her willingness to be guided. We appreciate Emma can change better and better, and congratulate in the “perfect happiness of the union between her and Mr. Knightley．The process of her self-revelation is also Emma’s three self-examinations and her three promotions. Just through the flaw, we are able to gain an insight into her inner thoughts and unexpressed feelings. The more we know her, the more we like her，including her small flaw. Through the three self-revelations, Emma’s charms show in front of us.3.1 The reason of Emma interested in matchmaking.In Emma, the effect of Emma’s unrestrained fancy on the course of love gives the novel its comic character. In order to analyze the reasons why Emma is fascinated with involving the young men and young women in the maze of marriage, we had better be a tourist and psychologist who can tour the landscape of her mind and analyze her personality.First, she schemes to break the attachment between Robert Martin and Harriet Smith and to make a match instead between Harriet and Mr. Elton. Having made Harriet falls in love with Elton while Martin is still in love with Harriet, Emma discovers that Elton’ s passions are directed towards herself. Emma then encourages Harriet to imagine herself in love with Frank Churchill, but Churchill is secretly engaged to Jane Fairfax, whom Mrs. Weston imagines is being sought after by Mr. Knightly. But Harriet misunderstands Emma’s hints, thinking she meant to encourage her in an attachment to Knightly. Harriet thus finds herself in love with Mr. Knightly, whom Emma finally realizes she is in love with herself. Thus, Emma is shaped into an unskillful matchmaker though she is neither simple, nor without sense, nor is she often deficient in comprehension.”The traditional image of a matchmaker is a middle-aged woman who is passionate and inquisitive, therefore, it is abnormal that a woman in her flower age has a strong passion of match making. Emma is beautiful, wealthy and intelligent who is always the target of love chasers. It seems that all these conditions provide proper prerequisite for her to participate in the activities of Emma style matchmaking.Her mind can do with seeing nothing---nothing of major import, or nothing she needs to take over the management of, and it “can see nothing that does not answer”. Seeing what she sees, interpreting as she interprets, and responding as she does to what feel like changes in the weather. In fact, these are few people admitted to genuine intimacy. On the departure of Miss Taylor, and there are many reasons for the novel’s beginning at that first deprivation of Emma’s experience. In the beginning, Emma is lonely in the mind. She needs to fill the empty spaces with activity, projects. In Emma’s age, women’s place in society is confined to home. They have few accesses to the outside world. Although Emma is well educated and has better family background, the place of her activity are also limited in her small village. Despite her father’s and sister’s obsession with upset, Emma is never ill; she is in health. In her state of “ intellectual solitude” she does need and deserve company more stimulating than her father’ s; and she does need and deserve horizons wider than those in Highbury, or even Box Hill.4.ConclusionIn Jane Austen’s works, Emma is regarded as the most successful heroine for her minute description of Emma’s mistakes. Throughout the story, Emma is making mistakes all the way. Totally, they are summed up as three major mistakes, which lead to her three revelations and self -examinations. “Error makes a man.” Making mistakes，then finding out, correcting and learning from them. This is the most common process and also the most effective way of a person’s growth. In fact, Emma is the representative figure of people who grow to maturity in this way，and it proves that Emma is success ful. By the way, Emma’s faults allow us to see her from another viewpoint, see her good side and her bad side and appreciate what she has. Emma is “faultless in spite of her faults”. Her faults make her more real and human similar to us. Through her faults, we see a richly character, not as superficial as others. The more we gain an insight into her through her faults，the more we like her. So we believe that Emma is perfect for her imperfection, and hold in esteem that she deserves the title of the beauty ideal of the female character, as she should be. Finally，both of them were found the one they loved．Jane Austin through Emma warned people, don't try to change others, and don't try to control others. Be good at knowing yourself and understanding others, adapt to the society. People should be self-knowledge. If respect each other, discover others strengths and learn from each other, will be harmonious interpersonal relationship. This is the theme of the Emma. It have extremely strong realistic meaning.Bibliography[1] Austin, Jane. Emma [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press, 1994.[2] Austin, Jane. Emma [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.[3] Jillie, Christopher. A preface to Austin [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2005.[4] Austin, Jane. Bloom, Harold.Modern Critical Vie ws [M]. New York: Chelsea HousePublishers, 1986.[5] Yang, Jianmei. Concordance of The Cop and Anthem [J]. Journal of Sichuan Foreign StudiesUniversity, 2002(3): 56-59.[6] Jessie, Weiren. History of Literature [M]. New York: New York of field,1981.[7] 安琦《爱玛》中女性人物分析[D].吉林大学,2008.[8] 蔡威《爱玛》主人公形象的“扩大”与“缩小”[J].信阳农业高等专科学校学报,2004(1).[9] 付常凤《爱玛》中的女性人物[J].电影评介,2007(8).[10] 刘爽《爱玛》中“爱玛”的性格分析[J].青年文学家,2009.[11] 李云霞.论奥斯丁《爱玛》中的女主人公形象及其塑造[J].潍坊教育学院学报,2002(4).[12] 罗胜兰.爱玛——简奥斯丁塑造的不完美的女主人公[J].南昌教育学院学报,2011(5).[13] 王红丽.弥足珍贵的个性缺憾——爱玛形象分析[J].郑州经济管理干部学院学报,2007(1):35-37.AcknowledgmentAt the point of finishing the paper, my deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Mr. Gao Jianguo, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.Zhoujing。