A Dramatic Monologue is a kind of poetic expressio

1.A Dramatic Monologue is a kind of poetic expression, in which a fictional or historical character delivers a speech to the audience, enlightening them about his or her feelings, actions and motives.The Dramatic monologue was heavily used in the literary works of the Victorian period. Usually directed to a silent audience, the Dramatic Monologue was often used as a tool to give the audience an insight into the mind of the speaker, as well as create sympathy for him/her as well. Dramatic monologue refers to a type of poetry. These poems are dramatic in the sense that they have a theatrical quality; that is, the poem is meant to be read to an audience.2.Stream of consciousness is a way of writing, which depicts the thoughts, perception and feelings of character in a free form. Its technique presents that those thoughts, feelings and perception are all illogical, and syntax is in free forms. It is used to describe the mental and emotional reactions of one of the characters, not accord with every day thinking. It is a style of writing that attempts to describe the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, associations as the character experiences them. Among English writers, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two majors advocates of this technique.3.An epiphany is an experience of sudden and striking realization. Epiphanies are studied by psychologist and other scholars, particularly those attempting to study the process of innovation. Epiphanies are relatively rare occurrences and generally following a process of significant thought about a problem. Often they are triggered by a new and key piece of information, but importantly,a depth of prior knowledge is required to allow the leap of understanding.4.The Oedipus complex, in psychoanalytic theory, is a group of largely unconscious (dynamically repressed) ideas and feelings which center around the desire to possess the parent of the opposite sex and eliminate the parent of the same sex. According to classical theory, the complex appears during the so-called "oedipal phase" of libidinal and ego development; i.e. between the ages of three and five, though oedipal manifestations may be detected earlier.5. Aestheticism(also the Aesthetic Movement) is an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts. It was particularly prominent in Europe during the 19th century, but contemporary critics are also associated with the movement. In the 19th century, it was related to other movements such as symbolism or decadence represented in France, or decadentismo represented in Italy, and may be considered the British version of the same style6. Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts. Symbolism was largely a reaction against Naturalism and Realism, anti-idealistic movements which attempted to capture reality in its gritty particularity, and to elevate the humble and the ordinary over the ideal. These movements invited a reaction in favour of spirituality, the imagination, and dreams; the path to Symbolism begins with that reaction. Some writers, such as Joris-Karl Huysmans, began as naturalists before moving in the direction of Symbolism; for Huysmans, this change reflected his awakening interest in religion and spirituality.7. The Theater of the Absurd is a designation for particular plays of absurd fiction, written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, as well as to the style of theater which has evolved from their work. Their work expressed the belief that, in a godless universe, human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down.The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man‟s reaction to a world apparently without meaning or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by an invisible outside force.ment on Rocking Horse WinnerThe setting is post industrial revolution England, and the story takes place during a period the Americans call …the roaring 20‟s‟, a time characterized by greed and a grasping materialism. The home of the family is a posh suburban English dwelling, maybe it is a rural part of England within reach of London.The opening paragraphs of “The Rocking-Horse Winner” are written in a style similar to that of a fairy tale. Instead of “once upon a time,” though, Lawrence begins with “There was a woman who was beautiful, who started with all the advantages, yet she had no luck.” This is a conscious attempt on the part of the author to use the traditional oral storytelling technique.This story also combines th e supernatural elements of a fable, mainly Paul‟s ability to “know” the winners just by riding his rocking horse, with the serious themes of an unhappy marriage and an unhealthy desire for wealth at all costs. The story begins with fable-like simplicity but ends with a serious message about wasted lives.2.Analysis of the Causes of Tess’s TragedyT he story has taken place in the Victorian era,which was the patriarchy society.At that time,man controlled all the things,while woman had no real rights and equality.As a lady,she should obey all the rules of the capitalistic systems,especially in chastity and marrige .Tess was a pure beautiful girl with lower social level in the Victorian era,so she had to do all the things under her father‟s order, no matt er she liked it or not,such as claiming kinship to the noble D‟Urbervilles.Thomas Hardy created Tess as an attractive and warm-heart pure woman who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. Thus result Tess has become the victim of her family and the society in which she exists. I t is obvious that the poverty of the small farmers,her parents‟ vanity and ir responsibility, Alec‟s wickedness, Angel‟s conventional ideas, Tess‟s character as well as Hardy‟s fatalism are the direct causes of Tess‟s trag edy. But the direct causes are deeply rooted in the cruel social environment: the impoverished peasant, the unjust law and cruel convention. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that the society is the real and deeply rooted cause of Tess‟s tragedy.3.Theme of ArabyOne theme of Araby concerns innocence and experience. It could be phrased in terms of the narrator's disappointment in love: "By showing the narrator's romantic view of Mangan in contrast to the bleakness of the neighborhood and the tawdry nature of the carnival, where he hopes to find an item to please her and win her love, James Joyce suggests that romance belongs to the world of the young not the old, and that it is doomed to fail in a world flawed by materialism and a lack of beauty." Evidence would include the early description of the girl, a description of the neighborhood, his plans to go to Araby, and then what he finds when he gets there. The final sentence of the story could be analyzed closely for a strong conclusion for it shows the humiliation he undergoes when he learns how foolish romance and idealism are.4.The theme of Lord of FliesThe most important theme of Lord of the Flies is the conflict between the human impulse towards savagery and the rules of civilization which are designed to contain and minimize it. Throughout the novel, the conflict is dramatized by the clash between Ralph and Jack, who respectively represent civilization and savagery.It is important to note that Golding's novel rejects supernatural or religious accounts of the origin of human evil. While the boys fear the "beast" as an embodiment of evil similar to theChristian concept of Satan, the novel emphasizes that this interpretation is not only mistaken but also, ironically, the motivation for the boys' increasingly cruel and violent behavior.At the end of Lord of the Flies, Ralph weeps "for the end of innocence," a lament that retroactively makes explicit one of the novel's major concerns, namely, the loss of innocence. When the boys are first deserted on the island, they behave like children, alternating between enjoying their freedom and expressing profound homesickness and fear. By the end of the novel, however, they mirror the warlike behavior of the adults of the Home Counties: they attack, torture, and even murder one another without hesitation or regret.Lord of the Flies is in part an allegory of the Cold War. Thus, it is deeply concerned with the negative effects of war on individuals and for social relationships.5.The comment of the main character Pip in Great ExpectationsAs a character, Pip‟s two most important traits are his immature, romantic idealism and his innately good conscience. On the one hand, Pip has a deep desire to improve himself and attain any possible advancement, whether educational, moral, or social. His longing to marry Estella and join the upper classes stems from the same idealistic desire as his longing to learn to read and his fear of being punished for bad behavior: once he understands ideas like poverty, ignorance, and immorality, Pip does not want to be poor, ignorant, or immoral.On the other hand, Pip is at heart a very generous and sympathetic young man, a fact that can be witnessed in his numerous acts of kindness throughout the book (helping Magwitch, secretly buying Herbert‟s way into business, etc.) and his essential love for all those who love him. Pip‟s main line of development in the novel may be seen as the process of learning to place his innate sense of kindness and conscience above his immature idealism.ment on The French Lieutenant’s WomanThe story takes place in 19th century Victorian which is of tradition, arrogance, hypocrisy and selfishness in ideology, moral values. For women, it is still a dark age full of prejudice and much of repression, women have been in a gender disadvantage and become an object neglected, dominated and selected. Sarah, her gloomy, tragic face is neither pretty nor demure, submissive and shy that Victorian women should be, but she owns another charm with mysterious, deep and subtle distinction. She has a rebellious spirit. Although she is weak in society, but she never compromise the fate, despite the discrimination, she is still in her own way. Her distinctive appearance and demeanor, and also her fighting with the Victorian social supremacy constantly, which shows she is a rebel in her time. She is the pursuer of true love and a self seeker. She is a new woman, who realizes the importance of financial and spiritual independence. She constantly pursuits for her freedom, she is a rebel in area that she lives in. She is representative who is pursuing self-liberation in early age. The theme of The French Lieutenant‟s Women is freedom. Sarah is a rebel old times, a new woman has entered the 20th century in thoughts and moral, her manipulation to Charles embodies the female individual will and freedom against the male domination.7.The Theme Of A Woman on a RoofA Woman on a Roof” is not just about the conflict between both genders, but the war of class differences concerned we can learn from it. The heroine sunbathing and the heroesof three work men in different ages share the same hot sun but live the totally distinguished life. And the people in lower status also show their desires in spite of the prejudice from the upper class.。