跨文化商务交际Unit4Nonverbalcommunication
跨文化商务交际-unit 4Intercultural communication theories today
NOTES
1.Many anthropologists, social psychologists, and communication scholars have devised taxonomies that can be used to analyze key behavioral patterns found in every culture.
NOTES
5. Face and 【译文】面子和面子行为 【注】
面子是指一个人希望别人给予他的、受到社会赏识的自我价值感。 面子行为是指具体的言语及非言语形式的维护面子、捍卫荣誉的 行为。面子定位表明交际者首先考虑的是自我、他人还是双方， 由此产生三种不同的面子：自我的面子（self-face）、他人的面 子（other-face）和相互的面子(mutual-face)。自我的面子是交际 冲突中面子受到威胁时，交际者对自我形象的关切，他人面子是 在冲突中，交际者对对方形象的关切或顾虑，相互的面子是交际 者对对方形象以及相互关系的关切或顾虑。一般而言，在跨文化 冲突中个体主义文化的交际者更关注自我面子的保护；集体主义 文化的成员更愿意迁就他人的面子，或更注重挽回双方的面子。
NOTES
4. Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Orientations
【译文】霍尔的高语境与低语境文化定位
【注】
爱德华·霍尔(Hall)是一位建树颇丰的人类学家和文化学家， 被公认为跨文化交际学科的奠基人。高、低语境文化论是 霍氏最具洞察力和影响力的理论创建之一。高语境文化是 指倾向于传递高语境信息的文化，它通过外部环境或内化 于人们心中的价值观与规范等来表达大部分意义，而用语 言明确传达的仅仅是整个信息的一小部分。低语境文化正 好相反，它倾向于把大部分信息编入明晰的语言之中，直 接地表达出来。霍尔认为，在世界文化连续流中，没有任 何一个国家的文化位于两个极端，它们都分布在两极之间 的某个位置上。言外之意，高、低语境文化的分类是相对 的，每种文化都有一定的混合性，不存在绝对意义上的类 型。
【素材】Unit 4 文本 Non-verbal Communication(人教)_2
双语有声阅读Non-verbal Communication 非语言的文字的交际If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn't catch question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. Speakers and listeners - oral communication, and writers and readers - written communication. And you'd be quite right. There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. Nonverbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short.When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a wo rd. I referred a moment ago to “the average European”, because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed.Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorised into five kinds: 1. body and facial gestures; 2. eye contract; 3. Body contract or “proximity”; 4. clothing and physical appearance; and 5. the quality of speech. I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity." This simply means "closeness". In some cultures - and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one - it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space.Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker (like a professor, for example) is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signalling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that I'm boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals - and it might be fun if you did.All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in factnervous, but a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence. Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly over look into someone else's eyes for very long. If you try it, you'll find they will soon look away, probably in embarrassment.I've already mentioned proximity, so just a brief word now about our last two categories, which concern the way people dress and the way they speak. These are both pretty obvious signals. People may dress casually and speak casually, which signals that they are relaxed. Or they can dress formally and speak formally, showing their tenseness. In fact, non-verbal communication can, as the saying goes, speak volumes.假如现在有个人问你，什么是人与人之间的主要交际手段，那么你会说什么？这并不是一个能把人难住了的问题。
《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称：跨文化商务交际课程英文
《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称：跨文化商务交际课程英文《跨文化商务交际》课程学习大纲课程名称: 跨文化商务交际课程英文名称:课程编码: 401022060 学时/学分: 32学时 3学分适用对象: 商务英语专业编写人: 张宁一、课程介绍《跨文化商务交际》为我国高等英语专业商务类核心课程之一。
同英语国家的人们用英语进行有效的交流是应用英语类专业教学的重要目的之一。
然而有效的交流不仅仅是一个语言技巧问题，还涉及到许多文化因素。
本课程的主旨是帮助学生解决在跨文化交际中因文化的差异而产生的种种问题。
二、课程学习目标通过本课程的学习，学生应能够认识语言、文化和交际三者之间的关系;对各类交际形式有所认识;对对象国文化有更进一步的了解,更有效地进行交流;预料和避免由于不同的文化期望而产生的误解;解释手势和其他形式的体态语;讨论有关文化适应和相容的问题。
学习目标一览表1. 掌握本课程的基础性内容，包括跨文化交际学的需求,发展简史及内涵等基本知识点的识记和理解。
知识2. 对跨文化交际理论有较系统的理解和掌握。
目标3. 能够结合本专业特点理论联系实际，透过现象把握其基本规律。
1. 通晓跨文化交流的本质、基本理论和技巧。
2. 了解文化差异产生的过程。
能力目标 3. 掌握基本的沟通方法和策略。
4. 提高英语语言运用能力和跨文化交际能力1. 培养科学、严谨的学习态度、执着探索、创新改革的科学精神。
文化素质2. 培养自身的国际视野、创新意识、跨文化交际和人际交往意识。
目标三、课程教学内容《跨文化商务交际》课程的教学内容共分为八个模块，每个模块由基础性内容、提高性内容、拓展性内容三部分构成，基础性内容是必须掌握的内容，提高性内容是在基础性内容的基础上对基本问题的探讨和梳理，拓展性内容是对所学知识的延伸性学习，是课程内容的前瞻性分析和理论延展。
第1至4章以跨文化交际学的基本理论为框架，阐述阐述交际、文化、跨文化交际等基本概念、交际与文化的关系;介绍文化差异在言语和非言语交际方面的表现;不同的文化价值观的理论划分，以及在文化层面上分析了人们在跨文化商务交际中存在的众多价值观念差异。
跨文化交际课程unit4
Proverbs
The proverbs that we can find the equal version both in Chinese and English
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Man proposes, God disposes 尽人事，听天命。/ 谋事在人，成事在天
It is a sin to steal a pin
Culturally loaded words
What is culturally loaded words?
Loaded words and phrases are those which have strong emotional overtones (n. 暗示，弦 外音，寓意) or connotations (n. 涵义，言外之 意 ), and which evoke strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.
Contents
Verbal Communication:
Culturally loaded words
Cultural reflections on proverbs and taboos
Nonverbal Communication:
Time language Space language Body language Paralanguage
Can you find the equivalent words in English for these Chinese words?
龙----- dragon
《Non-verbal Communication》 讲义
《Non-verbal Communication》讲义《Nonverbal Communication》讲义在我们的日常生活和人际交往中，沟通是至关重要的。
而大多数人往往会将注意力集中在语言交流上，却忽略了另一种同样强大且具有影响力的沟通方式——非言语沟通（Nonverbal Communication）。
非言语沟通涵盖了各种形式，包括肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、姿势、手势、触摸，甚至包括个人的空间利用和服饰打扮等。
肢体语言是我们传递信息的重要手段之一。
例如，一个自信的人通常会挺直腰背，走路步伐坚定；而一个沮丧或缺乏自信的人可能会弯腰驼背，脚步拖沓。
当我们与他人交流时，如果对方不停地交叉双腿或者摆弄手指，这可能暗示着他们的紧张或者不耐烦。
再比如，双臂交叉抱在胸前，有时可能表示防御或拒绝的态度。
面部表情能够传达丰富而细微的情感。
一个真诚的微笑可以瞬间拉近人与人之间的距离，让人感到温暖和受欢迎。
皱起的眉头则可能表示困惑、担忧或不满。
眼睛是心灵的窗户，眼神交流在沟通中起着关键作用。
坚定而直接的眼神通常被视为诚实和自信的表现；而回避眼神接触可能暗示着心虚、不自在或者缺乏兴趣。
姿势也能传递出大量的信息。
一个开放、放松的姿势，比如身体前倾、双手自然摆放，显示出对交流的积极参与和接纳。
相反，蜷缩起来的姿势可能表示退缩和不愿意参与。
手势可以强化我们的言语表达。
在描述某个大小时，用手比划可以让对方更直观地理解。
但需要注意的是，不同的文化中，某些手势可能具有完全不同的含义。
比如，在某些国家，竖起大拇指表示赞赏；而在另一些国家，可能是一种不礼貌的手势。
触摸是一种非常亲密和有力的非言语沟通方式。
轻轻的拍肩可以表示安慰和鼓励；握手的力度和方式也能传达出不同的情感和态度。
然而，触摸的方式和程度必须根据关系的亲疏和文化背景来把握，否则可能会引起不适或误解。
个人的空间利用也在非言语沟通中扮演着角色。
每个人都有自己的“个人空间泡泡”，当他人侵入这个空间时，我们可能会感到不舒服或有压力。
商务英语NonverbalCommunication
Body Movement
❖ Gesture
➢ Emblems or Symbols V for victory.
➢ Illustrators Police officer’s hand held up to stop traffic.
➢ Regulators Glancing at your watch to signal that you are in a hurry.
➢ Walk Caribbean: move as if they had separate parts North American, French, Spaniards: walk as though their bodies are one
Body Movement
❖ Posture
➢ Sit Manners Arab: sit on the floor Japan: floor, with legs tucked under United States: cross their legs while seated Women cross at the ankle Men cross with ankle on the knee Middle East: sit with legs crossed is offensive Thailand: never point legs in the direction of another person
Body Movement
❖ Gesture
➢ Hand gesture 4. The single finger beckon U.S, Britain: fingers upturned and palm face the body, summon someone (e.g. a waiter) to come here China: different gesture, hand extended toward the person, palm open and facing down with all fingers crooked Yugoslavia, Malaysia: only used for beckoning animals
跨文化交际Non-verbal Communication
The Differences of Non-verbal Communication in Different Cultures It‟s often said that if we want to be understood by others, we need to speak out. As a matter of fact, words are not always effective to express our feeling, especially when dealing with people from different cultures. Then, as Socrates agreed, our body can convey some information. Therefore, when communicating with people from other cultures, the differences of non-verbal communication, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact and body distance, may have great impact on communication, which makes a better understanding of the differences of non-verbal communication in different cultures quite necessary. In the following, gestures and eye contact will be mainly discussed.Gestures are an important component of non-verbal communication. As with any other language, the language of gestures also differs from culture to culture, and the same gesture may convey quite different messages. The U.S. former President, Richard Nixon once got a frosty reception when he landed on a visit to one South American country and came out of the aircraft with both hands held high showing the ring gesture---form an …O‟ by holding the tip of the forefinger to the tip of the thumb. In American culture, the ring gesture means that you think something is good, but in the country President visited, it means …go to hell‟. Similar problems occur in other countries, too. For instance, in France, you may be misunderstood if you use the ring gesture to show your opinion to their new house, because it means zero and worthless. In Tunisia, it may cause a greater problem for it means …I‟ll kill you‟ in its culture. In Japan, it means money. Beckoning can also lead to misunderstanding. For example, in America, people use the index finger to beckon someone to come to you, while it would be considered impolite in Malaysia where it is only use to beckon animals. In Australia it means to beckon …ladies of the night‟. So, when confronting with people from other cultures, we need to be very careful in order not to be misunderstood.“Eye is the window of soul.”Eye contact is also very important when communicating with others. For public speakers, they should always make a lot of eye contact to audience to see their responds---whether they are interested in the speech, whether they can understand, etc. But when to look and how long to look are not easy job for an international person. For British, not looking at the person could imply many things, such as fear, uneasiness, guilt or indifference. However, it doesn‟t mean that the more eye contact, the better. When walking along the street, you mustn‟t stare at the approaching strangers when they are about 8 feet away, because it‟s rude behavior. But in China, people tend to be very curious about new things and looked at them intensely, which may make British and American embarrassed when they first come to China.In short, body language, like our verbal language, is of great significance in sending messages. It may make the communication easier and more effective, and also may cause misunderstandings. No matter under what circumstance, a better way to avoid problems is to “do as the Romans do.”。
《Non-verbal Communication》 讲义
《Non-verbal Communication》讲义《Nonverbal Communication》讲义在我们的日常生活和人际交往中，沟通是至关重要的。
然而，我们常常只关注语言交流，却忽略了另一种同样强大且富有影响力的沟通方式——非语言沟通（Nonverbal Communication）。
非语言沟通涵盖了一系列无需通过言语表达的信息传递方式，包括肢体语言、面部表情、眼神交流、姿势、手势、空间距离、触摸、服装打扮等等。
肢体语言是一种非常直观的非语言沟通形式。
例如，一个人的站立姿势或者走路方式都能传递出他们的自信程度、情绪状态甚至性格特点。
当一个人昂首挺胸、步伐坚定时，往往给人一种自信、果断的印象；而如果一个人弯腰驼背、步履蹒跚，可能会让人觉得他缺乏自信或者心情低落。
还有手部的动作，比如紧张时会不自觉地搓手，兴奋时会用力挥手等。
面部表情更是一种丰富的信息传递渠道。
微笑通常表示友好和快乐；皱眉可能表示困惑、不满或担忧；瞪大的眼睛可能表示惊讶或恐惧。
眼睛作为心灵的窗户，眼神交流在非语言沟通中也起着关键作用。
持续的眼神接触可以表示真诚和专注，但过度的直视可能会被视为具有侵略性；而避免眼神接触可能暗示着不诚实或者缺乏自信。
姿势也能传达出许多信息。
坐得笔直可能表示专注和尊重，而懒散地靠在椅子上可能显得漫不经心。
手势在不同的文化中可能有不同的含义，但一些通用的手势，如竖起大拇指表示赞同或称赞，挥手表示再见等，在跨文化交流中也能被广泛理解。
空间距离在沟通中也有重要意义。
人们在与他人交流时，会不自觉地保持一定的距离。
这种个人空间的概念在不同文化和情境中有所差异。
比如，在商务场合，人们可能会保持相对较大的距离，以显示专业和尊重；而在亲密的朋友或家人之间，距离则会更近，体现出亲近和信任。
触摸也是一种有力的非语言沟通方式。
轻轻的拍拍肩膀可以表示鼓励和支持；握手的力度和方式可以传达出自信或友好的程度。
但需要注意的是，触摸在不同文化中的接受程度和含义可能大不相同，所以在跨文化交流中要谨慎使用。
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• 2. You tell someone that you are pleased with his performance, and at the same time you pat the person on the shoulder.
• The function of compleect
• Facial expressions and gestures that augment the verbal expression of feelings
Microsoft Photo
Pat one’s stomach before a meal
smile
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• 1. When we say “The new museum is south of that building”, we usually point in a certain direction.
– our non-verbal behaviour is mostly subconscious
--All communication other than that involving words and language” --“Bodily communication, other than words and language
Unit 3
Non-verbal communication
There’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip. William Shakespeare
Contents
• 1. what’s nonverbal communication? • 2. The functions of NVC • 3. Understanding the various forms of the
This is an introduction to New Zealand’s unique indigenous people’s, the Maori. This picture illustrates the Maori greeting. It is believed that when Man created his mate out of earth, he breathed life into her through her nose. When Maori press noses together they are sharing their ‘breath of life’.
It's hard to tell that world we live in is either a reality or a dream.
Comparing verbal and non-verbal communication
Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication
– in communication with others only 30 % of the communication is verbal, 70 % is non-verbal
– non-verbal communication involves gestures, facial expressions, eye contact …
nonverbal communication • 4. Understanding the nonverbal barriers in
intercultural communication
There’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip. William Shakespeare
The words we use
communicate meaning
Bodily actions and vocal qualities, more than just body language
communicate meaning
Introduction to non-verbal communication
I’m tired
Pressing one’s palm Together and rest one’s head on the back of one’s hand.
I’m full
Moving the hand in circles over the stomach
I’m hungry
Almost any emotion
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
• 3. If people in a group are boisterous, you might place your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying, “Please calm down so that I can speak”.
The universal use of non-verbal communication
• there is some universality in non-verbal communication, especially in facial expressions
• six basic emotions are communicated by facial expressions in much the same way in most societies: – happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, anger and surprise
• but what causes the non-verbal behaviours can vary
• there are also variations in the rules for non-verbal behaviour
Universal body language
Meaning
gesture