文体与翻译
英翻汉
Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career.Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well.3) People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error.4) That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere.People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism.When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way.They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as ―prickly
有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误，敢于承担自己的责任，这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系，所以八面玲珑，到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误，他们首先想到自己，拒不承认自己有错，或情绪低落或大发雷霆，成为有刺的人，难以相处。
The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them. A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn.
A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise. The historical course of man’s life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road. While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place, he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place, the enormously magnificent spectacle of which, he feels, is better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure.
、历史的道路，不全是平坦的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界，这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山叠岭，绝壁横断，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其险峻。民族生命的过程，其经历亦复如是。人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致，使我们经过这段道路的人，感到一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美的趣味，没有雄健的精神是不能够感觉到的。
We are glad to note from your letter of March 9 that, as exporters of Chinese Cotton Piece Goods, you are desirous of entering into direct bushiness relations with us. This happens to coincide with our desire.At present, we are interested in Printed Shirting and shall be pleased to receive from you by airmail catalogues, samples and all necessary information regarding these goods so as to acquaint us with the quality and workmanship of your supplies.Meanwhile please quote us your
lowest price, CIF Vancouver, inclusive of our 5% commission, stating the earliest date of shipment.Should your price be found competitive and delivery date acceptable, we intend to place a large order with you.
从贵方3月9日来函有幸得知，作为中国棉织品的出口商，贵方热切盼望与我方建立直接的贸易关系。这正好与我方愿望相同。目前，我方对印花衬布很感兴趣。若能收到贵方航寄的有关这类产品的目录、样品及必要的资料，以帮助我方了解贵方产品的质量和工艺，我方将不胜感谢。若贵方的报价具有竞争性，装运日期可以接受，我方便大量订货。
4.The heart, which is a muscular pump, beats about 72 times a minute through a continuous and automatic process of muscular contraction and relaxation. It is about the size of a fist, weight about 9-11 ounces and is placed snugly between the lungs, a little more to the left than to the right. A partition runs down the center of the heart, dividing it into left and right sections which work at the same time but deal with two different types of blood. Each section is again divided into upper and lower parts, the auricles and ventricles. The blood is pumped through all four chambers in turn in the course of being circulated through all parts of the body.The heart's first purpose is to supply a steady flow of oxygen to all the body cells and to return carbon dioxide to the lungs. On its journey the blood distributes dissolved foods and carries away wastes.心脏，这是肌肉泵，跳动每分钟约72次通过连续自动的肌肉收缩和放松的过程。这是关于一个拳头大小，重量约9盎司和放置紧贴在肺，一点点的左侧比右侧更。一个分区运行了心脏的中心，分为左、右两部分工作的同时，但随着血液的两种不同类型的交易。每个部分又分为上部和下部，心房与心室。血液被泵送通过四室依次被循环通过身体的各个部分的过程。心脏的首要目的是对身体所有的细胞并将二氧化碳到肺部提供氧气。在它的旅途血液分布溶解食物和带走废物。
5.we can never go back again , that much is certain . The past is still too close to us . The things we have tried to forget and put behind us would stir again , and that sense of fear , of furtive , struggling at length to blind un--reasoning panic--now mercifully stilled , think God -- might in some manner unforeseen become a living companion , as it had been before .
He is wonderfully patient and never complains, not even when he remembers .... which happens , I think , rather more often than he would have me know .
I can tell by the way he will look lost and puzzled suddenly , all expression dying away from his dear face as though swept clean by an unseen hand , and in its place a mask will form , a sculptured thing , formal and cold , beautiful still but lifeless . He will fall to smoking cigarette after cigarette, not both eying to extinguish them , and the growing stubs will lie around on the ground like petals . He will talk quickly and eagerly about nothing at all, snatching at any subject as a panacea to pain.
I believe there is a theory after suffering and that to advance in this or any world we must endure ordeal by fire . This we have done in full measure, ironic though it seem.
We have both know fear , and loneliness , and very great distress . I suppose sooner or later in the life of everyone comes a moment of typical. We all of us have our particular in the end. We have conquered ours, or so we believe.我们再也回不去，那是一定的。过去是我们太近了。我们试着忘记，把我们后面的事情会再搅拌，和恐惧感，鬼鬼祟祟的，终于挣扎着盲目恐慌——推理——联合国现在仁慈了，觉得上帝——可能以某种方式意外成为生活中的伴侣，因为它已被砍伐。他非常耐心，内文COM——平原，甚至没有当他记住了…发生的事情，我想，更经常比他会让我知道。我可以告诉的方式，他将会迷失和困惑，突然之间，所有expyession 死亡离他亲爱的脸好像被一个看不见的手扫干净，并在其piace面具会形成，一个复杂的事，
正式和冷，美丽却毫无生机。他会抽烟——ING的香烟在香烟，不是botheying前——区分他们，和怪存根将躺在地上像花瓣。他迅速和热切地将谈话关于什么都没有，抢在叉学科的灵丹妙药，疼痛。我有一个理论后的痛苦，提前在这个或任何世界性——必须在火的考验。这个我们已经做了充分的措施，但它似乎具有讽刺意味的。我们都知道，恐惧，和孤独感，和非常伟大的DIS——树。我想迟早会在每个人的生命后一刻tyial。我们大家都有各自特定的最后。我们已经征服了我们，我们相信.
汉翻英
夜是安静的，然而也是生动的。狗儿活跃起来了，它们悄然无声地沿着院子围墙跑着，不时停下来支支耳朵，细察来自远近的一切动静，履行保卫主人的指责。鼠儿活跃起来了，不过放过任何机会往窝里拉拽着大意的人们没有安放好的食物，尽量避免发出任何声响。猫儿也活跃起来了，它们藏好了身子，然而耳朵和眼睛都在紧张地工作着，伺机捕捉这些夜里活动的窃贼。
The night was serene but full of life. The dogs, becoming active, ran silently along the courtyard wall to defend their masters dutifully. They stopped now and then, pricking their ears up for any sound near and far. The rats, growing busy, ran hither and thither not to miss any chance to drag to their home any food those careless people left around, trying their their best not to make any sound, while the crouching cats, getting vigilant with their eyes and ears alert, were waiting patiently for the chance to catch these night thieves.
南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物，和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄，一逞豪彦。从孙权、谢安到洪秀全、孙中山，从祖冲之、葛洪到李时珍、郑和，从刘勰、萧统到曹雪芹、吴敬梓，从王羲之、顾恺之到徐悲鸿、傅抱石，还有陶行知、杨廷宝等等，中国历史上一批杰出的政治家、军事家、科学家、文学家、艺术家、教育家、建筑家等荟萃于此，在这块钟灵毓秀的土地上一圆他们的辉煌之梦。他们是中华民族的优秀儿女，巍巍钟山、滚滚长江养育了他们，为他们提供了施展抱负的舞台，他们也以自己的雄才大略、聪明智慧为中华民族的灿烂文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。Nanjing has witnessed the continuous emergence of many distinguished talents and noble hearts as well as monumental achievements that shone through the ages. Attracted by her special appeal, a great number of powerful figures and people actuated by high ideals have stayed in or frequented this metropolis to contend for the lead or to give play to their genius and virtues. Military commanders such as Sun Quan and Xie An; political leaders such as Hong Xiuquan and Dr. Sun Yat-sen; scientists like Zu Chongzhi, Ge Hong, Li Shizhen and Zhenghe; men of letters such as Liu Xie, Xiao Tong, Cao Xueqin and Wu Jingzi; artists like Wang Xizhi, Gu Kaizhi, Xu Beihong and Fu Baoshi; educators such as Tao Xingzhi; and architects like Yang Tingbao—all these renowned historical figures used to settle on this blessed land to have their splendid dreams fulfilled. The towering Purple Mountains and billowing Yangtze River nurtured them and provided them with arenas in which to realize their aspirations. By virtue of their genius, vision, and sagacity, these best and brightest sons and daughters of the nation made spectacular contributions to the resplendent Chinese civilization.
3.还是从火车上说起吧！大约在我四岁多的时候，我坐过火车。当时带我坐车的人，是我的舅舅，叫张全斌。我记得那时我的打扮挺滑稽的，穿着蓝布大褂、小坎肩，戴瓜皮小帽。那时候，小孩打扮成那个样子，够不错了。在我的童年中，也就只有过这么一次。在火车上，因为小，没坐过火车，也很少见过家里以外的人，觉得挺新鲜。也许人在幼年时代终归想要些温暖吧！那时舅舅抱着我，哄着我，我觉得很温暖。一路上吃了半斤炒栗子，睡了一会儿觉，就到了北京。根据这个情况，现在估计起来，我可能是从天津来的。我现在对我原来的
父母还有个模糊不清的印象，父亲、母亲的形象还能回忆起一点儿，但很模糊。究竟家里姓什么？哪里人？不知道。我只知道自己的生日和乳名。生日是我长大以后听家里大人说的，是农历十月十五酉时生人，所以我的乳名就“酉”，北京人的习惯爱用儿化韵，前面加个小，后面加个“儿”，就叫“小酉儿”。关于我个人的历史情况，我就知道这一些，再多一点都记不起来了。（侯宝林，《我的青少年时代》）
Let me talk about my trip on the train first. When I was about four years old I had traveled by train. The man I went with was my uncle named Zhang Quanbin. I still remember the funny way of my dressing - in a blue cloth gown with a short sleeveless jacket over it and a skullcap on the head. But in those days it was good enough for small kids to be dressed like that and that was my only time in my childhood. As I had never traveled by train and seldom met anyone beyond my family, I felt everything was new to me. Maybe because I was so young, I always wanted to be hugged, getting the comfort. I was very happy, being held and calmed all the way. We ate half a jin of roast chestnuts, had a nap and soon arrived in Beijing. According to the case mentioned above I assume I might have come from Tianjin. Even today the blurry images of my own parents was in my memory . As for what my family name was and where my parents came from, I really don't know. I only remember my birthday and my infant name. I was told about my birthday by my foster-parents when I grew up. I was born in the “you" period (betwe en 5-7 p.m.), 15th of the 10th lunar month. So I was named You. Prefixed with xiao-young, and suffixed with a diminutive er--an intimate way of addressing young and small things by Beijingers, my name, therefore, became Xiao You'r. This is all I know about my childhood and beyond that I do not remember any more.
4.、你看，我这么想：赶二十七老头子生日那天，你去给他磕三个头。等一转过年来，你再去拜个年。讨他个喜欢。我看他一喜欢，就弄点酒什么的，让他喝个痛快。看他喝到七八成了，就热儿打铁，你干脆认他作干爹。日后，我再慢慢的叫他知道我身子不方便了。他必审问我，我给他个’徐庶入曹营---一言不发’（老舍《骆驼祥子》）
Look,here is my plan.on the twenty-seventh,th e old man’s birthday,you come and kowtow three times to him.then,on new year’s day,you come again to wish him happy new year.that will put him in good mood and I’ll get some wine and tidbits and let him have a good drink.when he’s nearly right,you strike while the iron’s hot and ask him to be your https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c1295153.html,ter on,I’ll gradually let him know that I don’t feel so well.he’s sure to ask questions but I’ll hold my tongue to begin with.
在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿筵席，缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应”。We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations. Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. This is like dining in a restaurant. You will be not only favorably impressed with the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. What accounts for all this is, in the first place, you are hungry when you start to eat. As the saying goes, “Hunger is the best sauce”, and vice versa.
在巴黎，名目繁多的酒会，冷餐会是广交朋友的好机会。在这种场合陌生人相识，如果是亚洲人，他们往往开口之前先毕恭毕敬地用双手把自己的名片呈递给对方，这好像是不可缺少的礼节。然而，法国人一般却都不大主动递送名片，双方见面寒暄几句，甚至海阔天空地聊一番也就各自走开，只有当双方谈话投机，希望继续交往时，才会主动掏出名片。二话不说先递名片反倒显得有些勉强.
（1）In paris,various kinds of the cocktail parties ,buffet parties offer golden chance s for making new friends. On such occasion,Asians usually are respectful with two hands, and pass over their namecards before any polite greetings. It seems a habitual courtsy for the strangers they meet.
（2）In Paris, cocktail parties and buffet receptions of different kinds offer great opportunities for making friends. On such occasions, strangers may get to know each other. If they are Asians, they will, very respectfully and with both hands, present their calling cards to their interlocutors before any conversation starts. This seems to be the required courtesy on their part.
（1）However,for French ,they consider it illogical to hand over cards without any diretly conventional greetings. As usual, they talk ,even spiel to each other, and go away respectively.Only when they find common tastes in it,and have a will to further their relationship, would they present their“precious”cards.（2）The French, however, usually are not so ready with such a formality. Both sides will greet each other, and even chat casually about any topic and then excuse themselves. Only when they find they like each other and hope to further the relationship will they exchange cards. It will seem very unnatural to do so before any real conversation gets under way.
曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，像亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动，像闪电般，霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着，这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。叶子底下是脉脉的流水，遮住了，不能见一些颜色；而叶子却更见风致了。As far as eye could see, the pool with its winding margin was covered with trim leaves, which rose high out of the water like the flared skirts of dancing girls. And starring these tiers of leaves were white lotus flowers, alluringly open or bashfully in bud, like glimmering pearls, stars in an azure sky, or beauties fresh from the bath. The breeze carried past gusts of fragrance, like the strains of a song faintly heard from a far-off tower. And leaves and blossoms trembled slightly, while in a flash the scent was carried away. As the closely serried leaves bent, a tide of opaque emerald could be glimpsed. That was the softly running water beneath, hidden from sight, its colour invisible, though the leaves looked more graceful than ever.
春花秋月何时了？往事知多少！小楼昨夜又东风，故国不堪回首月明中。
雕栏玉砌应犹在，只是朱颜改。问君能有几多愁？恰似一江春水向东流
Yu the Famous Beauty (Five Dynasties) Li Yu
Spring flowers and autumn moon—when will they be ended?
how many past events can we tell?
The east wind blew through my small lodge again last night.
The old country,bathed in a bright moon,
Is an overwhelming sight!
Those carved balustrades,those marble terraces—
They should still be there,
Only the rosy cheeks have faded.
How much sorrow,pray,can a person carry?
Like the spring torrent flowing eastward,without tarry!
专门用于汽车大赛的汽车如，夏夫来或蒙特卡罗，从外观上看与从汽车修理厂买来的普通用途的汽车没什么区别。事实上，他们有区别，参加大赛的汽车是经过特殊方式制造的。首先，它们所采用的部件必须经过严格的组装，也就是说，参赛的汽车事实上是通过手工制造的。The cars which are used in rallies like the Safari or the Monte Carlo look the same as ordinary cars which have been bought from a garage.In fact,they are not the same;they are cares which have been rigorously tested are used.Secondly,the components which are chosen are put together much more carefully.In other words,the cars which are driven in rallies are in effect cars that have been built by hand.
流向广州的珠江是中国南方最大的一条河流，漓江收纳了流向珠江的支流，桂江中流的河水。春天时节河水漫溢，此时泛舟于漓江上，可见河水清澈见底，江水蜿蜒曲折，或深或浅，举世闻名的阳朔风景主要集中在漓江两岸。沿江而行，两岸的各种景观一一展现在眼前，只见苍翠奇特的群山隐现在雾中，在石壁间又可见坐落在竹林中的小村落。早上出发沿漓江而下，在约八小时的路程中，可见两岸锦绣江山所组成的画卷不断在眼前展现，不知不觉中便到达了目的地阳朔。During my staying here in the city, I've found the ？construction here is excellent. Saying, there're many ways to raisemy transportation in and out of the city. There are two main types of urban public transport on the road, bus and taxi. There are also subway trains, light trains etc. for me to take. But on most occasions, I would like to call a taxi. When I travel between cities, I prefer inter-city trains. These trains are usually very punctuate and safe. A good way to spend time on the train is to go to the dining car and enjoy a meal of local style. I'd like to say the transportation here is really convenient and efficient. All in all the city is undoutly the ideal destination for me and all of the tourists.
11.万里长城据称是唯一可以从月球上望见的地球建筑物，人们可以从位于北京西北75公里以外的八达岭区直接观望到蜿蜒连绵的万里长城。//长城始建于战国时期，以防御北方外族人入侵.统一中国的秦始皇动用了无数人建成了今天的中国长城。//举世闻名的长城全长6,700公里,起始于俯望渤海湾的山海关，止于甘肃省的嘉峪关.两千年来几经修整，是中华民族的历史见证。//万里长城雄伟壮观。古代中国人在没有机械的条件下用双手修建了这样伟大的建筑真是了不起。
The Great Wall claims to be the only man-made structure on the earth which is visible from the moon. The winding Great Wall can be viewed from the Badaling district, about 75 kilometers to the northwest of Beijing.//It was built during the Warring States period to prevent invasions of nomadic people from the north. The first Qin emperor, who united China into one country, mobilized hundreds of thousands of builders to complete what is known today as the Great Wall of China.//The world-famous Great Wall is 6,700 kilometers long from Shanhaikuan, which overlooks the Gulf of Bo Hai, to Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu province. The wall underwent repeated reconstruction during its 2000-year history, witnessing the historical changes of the Chinese nation.//The Great Wall is magnificent. It is really great that the ancient Chinese constructed such a gigantic structure without any machinery available.
文体特点与翻译要点
六种基本文体的特点 新闻报刊文体 特点 一、报刊英语的用词问题 1.报刊词汇中常有打量所谓“新闻词语”，它们常用于报刊中，带有新闻文体 特色具有特定含义。比如出于宣传效果，新闻文体用词极力追求新奇：夸张词、典故词、比喻词、借喻词、生僻词、俚语词、联缀词等等 2.新闻文体常常借用体育、军事、商业、科技、赌博、文学以及娱乐业等等方 面的词，其目的是力图反映现代新闻语言学与当代现实生活的融合性。 3.新闻文体中套语以及陈俗语较多。 二、报刊英语的句法特点 1.采用“扩展简单句”，层次分明，思路清晰。 2.采用主动语态，病辅以被动语态，使人产生一种直接感。 3.采用直接引语和间接引语，追求“最大限度客观性”。 4.英美消息写作遵循导语为先，依次按事实的重要性递次发展。 5.要求新闻撰稿人排除个人情感和倾向性保持客观性。 汉译要点 一、准确翻译新闻词语 二、坚持严谨的翻译态度和作风 三、翻译新闻报道时，韩语译文不宜太俗或太雅 四、一般来说，各种新闻体裁的作品以提供“事实”或“消息”为目的，避免使用激烈的 词语。 论述文体 特点 一、用词端重、典雅、规范、严谨，它倾向于用正式语体。 二、句子结构复杂巨型变化以及扩展样式较多。论述文旨在解析思想，开发 论点，辨明事理，展开论争，因此文章内容往往比较复杂。 汉译要点 一、透彻理解原文，首先是准确掌握词义。 二、论说文重逻辑论证，因此翻译这类文章首先必须反复诵读原文全文，抓住文章的中心 思想，分析文章的总体结构和谋篇布局的脉络。 三、注意汉译论述文的一般用词倾向和风格、体式。
公文文体 特点 一、明确清晰，避免晦涩。好的公文用词准确，避免用模棱两可之词。 二、严谨紧凑，避免松散。公文行文紧凑，能抓住公众或者读者注意力，避 免用过多的插入语，尽量避免使用描写性修饰语，力图保持公众或读者在思维和视觉上的连贯感。 三、程式规范化，避免标新立异。程式化标准化的公文程式使办事者一看就 知道什么事，怎么办。 现代英语公文文体呈现僵化趋势： 一、用词生涩，句式拖沓。 二、内容空洞，故弄玄虚。 三、拘泥形式，繁文缛节。 四、句子冗长，结构盘错。 汉译要点 一、首先抓住对原文的透彻理解 二、翻译公文文体的英语材料时，译者必须注意汉语语体 三、翻译公文英语时必须注意该材料所涉及的专业内容、了解专业词汇和术语的 涵义，最好具有有关专业的必要知识。 四、翻译公文必须注意形式问题，包括公文程式、格式、体例等等。 五、译文所用词应严格遵守“一贯性”的原则，在同一篇或同一类材料中不应一 词数译，莫衷一是，造成概念混淆。 描述及叙述文体 特点 一、用词最丰富。题材广泛，进行描绘，记述剖析；语域最宽，可有正式英 语非正式英语，口语，书面语，也可大量使用俚语甚至方言。 二、语言现象丰富。语法现象多，特别是假设语气，绝对式分词结构。句型 变化多。修辞手法特别是比喻、比拟、夸张、强调或倒装和对仗。 三、情态最丰富。诉诸人人感情，注重感染力。 四、风格最多样。不同时代具有不同的文风。 汉译要点 一、必须紧紧抓住深透理解原文这一基本环节 二、尽量做到赏心悦目
实用文体翻译
学习心得：翻译——找到原语的所指 在顾维勇教授的引领下，我们共同学习了这篇对“十一五”规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例进行批判性研究，翻译——找到原语所指此篇论文。突出强调的是在学习的过程中，我们大家在对实用文体翻译有了更深层次的认识。即实用文体翻译是一项十分严肃的工作，倘若在翻译的过程中没有找到真正的原语所指，只是对其字面意思的解释，那么译者也就会和原语作者想要表达的语气、问题、语用含义等相背道而驰了。 在顾维勇教授的这篇论文中，他选择在“十一五”规划教材《商务英语翻译》中三个大方向（1、同意词语叠用2、句子结构的理解3、复数问题4、专业术语和行话）出现严重误译的30个误例，强调了在实用文体翻译过程中，找出原语“所指”是至关重要的。以下是本人通过学习了翻译——找到原文的所指，结合实例后表达的个人的拙见。 在英汉两种语言都有同义词叠用现象。这些同义词的叠用是为了表达趋同或者趋异的意思。 例1As part owner, you benefit by receiving part of the profits or dividends and sharing in the growth of the values of the company. 原译：作为该公司的部分拥有者，你的道德实惠就是，收获公司的部分利润和红利。（李明，2011：71） 很明显此处的profits or dividends属于同义词叠用“趋同” 现象，表示利润的含义。而译者没有在专业术语的层面上准确表达原文作者想要表达的真正语义，将这对在意义上“趋同”的一对同义词独自分开，翻成了利润或红利。 例2Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created. 原译：商务是指生产、分配、销售等一切活动的组合，通过这些活动，创造利润和经济盈余。（李明，2011：94） 同样，原文译者对此处profit or economic surplus的理解仅仅停留在其字面意思，并没有结合真正的商务情景和商务专业知识找到原文的所指。此处同样是属于同义词叠用中意义“趋同”现象。都是表达
公文文体翻译的特点
一、公文的文体特点及翻译 （一）公文的文体特点 公文主要包括政府发布的各种公告、宣言、声明、规章法令、通告、启示和各类法律文件。其文体特点主要体现在以下几方面： 1）措词准确。发布公文的目的一般在于解释或阐明公文发布者的立场、观点或政策、措施，因此公文在措词上必须准确明晰，切忌模棱两可或含糊晦涩。 2）用词正式，且多古体词。公文作为政府或职能部门所发布的文章，需具有其权威性、规范性。因此在用词上一般较为正式，并且不排除使用一些较为古雅的词（如hereinafter, hereof, herewith等等）。 3）普通词多有特定意义。许多普通的词在公文体中常常具有其特定的意义。如allowance一词通常指"允许"、"津贴"，而在经贸合同中则多指"折扣"。 4）长句、复杂句较多。公文体为使其逻辑严谨，表意准确，在句法上常常叠床架屋，以至使得句式有时显得臃肿迟滞，同时句子的长度也大为增加。 （二）公文的翻译 翻译公文首先要注意公文特有的形式，包括格式、体例等。对已模式化、程式化的格式译者决不应随便更改。其次，译者应透彻理解原文，特别是要正确把握原文词义，认清一些common words在公文中特有的含义。再次，在措词上必须使译文的语体与原文相适应。一般说来，英语公文翻译通常应使用正式书面语体，并酌情使用某些文言连词或虚词。最后，公文翻译中要注意长句的处理。要在理清句意和各部分之间逻辑关系的前提下恰当使用切分法或语序调整法，以使译文通畅、自然、地道。 二、商贸函电的文体特点及翻译 （一）商贸函电的文体特点 商贸函电指经济贸易活动中的各类信函、电报、电传等。其文体特征主要有： 1）措词简洁明了。为使表达明晰，商贸函电在措词上力求简明扼要，不太讲究修饰。 2）用语正式庄重。正式庄重的语言常常显得诚恳、自然、有礼貌，因此常用于商贸函电中。
文体与翻译
英翻汉 Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career.Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well.3) People with skill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error.4) That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere.People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism.When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way.They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. They mark themselves as ―prickly 有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误，敢于承担自己的责任，这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系，所以八面玲珑，到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误，他们首先想到自己，拒不承认自己有错，或情绪低落或大发雷霆，成为有刺的人，难以相处。 The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them. A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn. A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise. The historical course of man’s life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road. While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place, he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place, the enormously magnificent spectacle of which, he feels, is better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure. 、历史的道路，不全是平坦的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界，这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山叠岭，绝壁横断，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其险峻。民族生命的过程，其经历亦复如是。人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致，使我们经过这段道路的人，感到一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美的趣味，没有雄健的精神是不能够感觉到的。 We are glad to note from your letter of March 9 that, as exporters of Chinese Cotton Piece Goods, you are desirous of entering into direct bushiness relations with us. This happens to coincide with our desire.At present, we are interested in Printed Shirting and shall be pleased to receive from you by airmail catalogues, samples and all necessary information regarding these goods so as to acquaint us with the quality and workmanship of your supplies.Meanwhile please quote us your
翻译与文体 文学翻译
翻译与文体--文学翻译 文学翻译首先必须明确什么是文学。然而，要给文学下个确切的定义，却并不容易。综合中外论者对文学一词的阐释，我们知道文学具有以下主要特性：文学是语言的艺术，是用语言来反映生活、反映现实、表达思想、抒发情感的，是emotion-centered;它有审美价值，其语篇功能主要是用艺术的语言叙事、画物、言情，达到感染人、娱悦人、教育人的目的。文学的这些特性也是它有别于其它文体的地方。要说清楚文学是什么虽然不易，但人们却能很容易地告诉你：小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、影视等是文学。如此说来，文学语言就该是这些文学作品的语言，文学文体也就该是小说文体、诗歌文体、散文文体和戏剧影视文体的总和。尽管小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、影视中又能分出各种流派、各种风格的作家作品，诚所谓体中有体、类中有类，但我们的注意力这里主要集中在英语各体类之间的文学共性的东西，即小说、诗歌、散文、戏剧、影视的语言特征及其翻译。 一、小说的翻译 （一）英语小说的文体特征 综观所有的语篇和文体，文学文体是最为游移不定的。在英语文学的发展过程中，作家们总是在不断地寻新求异，文学式样和创作手法总是随着时代和社会的变化而不断更新，其文体特征也不断变化，绝不象科技文体或新闻文体那样，虽然有变化但变化的速度相对缓慢。就小说而言，时代不同，其主要特征也会呈现出或多或少的区别，故文学史常有断代研究；不同时期又有不同的流派，流派中又有不同的作家，故作家语言研究长盛不衰。因此从严格意义上来讲，小说抑或其它样式的文学作品，不存在一个统一的文体特征。以下论述的只是小说所具有的较具普遍性的风格特点。 1）语言的形象性 小说创作主要是形象思维。它通过形象思维来建构小说世界，来"展现"画面场景，借助具体细致的描绘来营造真实可信的氛围，渲染某种特定的情绪，使读者有身临其境的感受。在情节描写中，作家崇尚具体形象，力避抽象演绎。与这一特点相伴的词语特征是： （1）准确。如果一个作家要写一个人行走的动作，他会在十几个表示形态各异的行走动词中选择一个最为贴切的。如果是写一个人的哭，他也会在cry，sob，weep等词语之间作出理想的取舍。 （2）多限定词、修饰词。这也是为了使描述准确和具体。如D·H·劳伦斯的The Odour of Chrysanthemums 的开头一句：The small locomotive engine, Number 4, came clanking, stumbling down from Selston with seven full wagons.（四号小火车的车头拖着七节装满货物的车厢，从赛尔斯顿方向跌跌撞撞地开了过来，一路上发出叮叮咣咣的声响。）读者读之，如闻其声，如见其形，而同样一个场景，如要用抽象的语汇进行描述，读者的感受就大不相同了。
实用文体翻译
实用文体翻译 期末整理根据老师PPT整理而成供学弟学妹们复习使用~~ 一、翻译标准 1、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则 2、直译与意译 重点难点： A，He had the agility of a man half his age.他像岁数比他小一半的人那样敏捷。B，Every dog has its day.人人皆有得意之日。 C，Cast pearls before swine. 对牛弹琴 D，They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼命逃跑，连吃奶的力气都用上了。 二、英汉差别 1、真朋友&假朋友 2、转换：译者将大脑中分析好的语言材料——具有原语深层结构形式的一串词语——转换为具有译语深层结构的一串词语。 3、重构：将已经转换为译语深层结构的一串词语，为着符合译语惯用的表层结构形式、更好地表达原文内容、更好地体现原文功能与风格的目标，重新排列、连接或删除。 4、英汉差异 ——句子扩展模式 中：句首开放性和句尾封闭性英：句首封闭性，句尾开放性 ——形合和意合 中：意合英：形合 5、“核心句分析法”，即把英语复杂句分解为语义相对完整的只包含单个主谓框架(即只包含一个谓语动词)的多个句子——核心句，分析各个核心句间的语义逻辑关系，然后用合乎译语表达习惯的排列方式对各核心句进行重构。 按照汉语（一）先发生先说后发生后说，（二）先说事实，后说评价，（三）先说因后说果（以及先说条件后说推断、先说手段后说目的、先说反面后说正面等）的原则，并使用适当的省略、重复、代称等，把核心句翻译成汉语。 重点难点： A,阴（the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world）
文体与翻译心得汪福祥
文体与翻译学习心得 随着春去夏来，酷热难耐，转眼间我们的第二学期的学习也接近尾声了。在这短暂而又充实的一个学期里，我从汪福祥老师的《文体与翻译》一课上受益匪浅，感慨良多。汪老师的谆谆教诲不仅仅使我站在了一个更高的角度来看待翻译，审视翻译，总结翻译，更帮助我领悟到了人生中看待生活，看待工作，看待世间万物的豁达心态。 随着中国外事活动的日益频繁以及中国与国外公司合作、民间交流的不断升温，市场对于翻译的需求量也是日益增加，翻译的类型与文体也在朝着规范化的方向不断发展。而层出不穷的翻译文体又需要相对应的翻译理论，翻译技巧和翻译方法。作为一名不久以后翻译行业的从业人员，我迫切地需要掌握如何来处理遇到的文体，以更好地为人民、社会以及国家来服务，奉献自己的光和热，也在这一过程中实现自己的人生价值。而汪福祥老师的《文体与翻译》，不仅仅为我在翻译中遇到的各种各样的问题答疑解惑，更为我以后工作的道路指引了方向。 从汪福祥老师的课上我了解到，不同的翻译文体有着不同的语言学特点，小至字词句，大至段篇章，不同的文体因其表达目的的不同而有着修辞、句式和结构等各方面的差异。而作为翻译工作者，我们的使命就是针对不同的文体，运用不同的理论、技巧和方法，将原文的意思淋漓尽致地假我们之手传达给读者。 文学翻译除了说明要传达出“思维内容”外，还着重强调了“风格特色”——因为这正是文学作品不可缺少的关键之一。没有风格的作品必然显得苍白无力，毫无生气，正如人缺少了个性一样。而作品有了风格，人物的音容笑貌以及作者的思想情感便会跃然纸上，机趣横生。因此，作为文学翻译，它必然也要力求传达出原著的精神风貌，否则便沦为鸡肋，难以打动读者。另一方面，文学翻译还强调了“忠实、准确”——这可是文学翻译的要害，也是难点所在。翻译毕竟不是创作，其性质决定了它必须忠实准确地传达出原著的精神风貌，而不得随心所欲，自由发挥。但是由于两种语言特点不同，规律不同，一层不变地进行翻译是产生不了应有效果的。因此就需要进行调整，在保持“神韵”的准则下语言上作些变通——这便是文学翻译的“再创作”。不如此，翻译出来的东西看似忠实，实则成了死译、硬译，违背了原作的精神风貌。
文体与翻译练习
1. 公文翻译 要坚持两手抓，一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击各种犯罪活动。这两只手都要硬。打击各种经济犯罪活动，扫除各种丑恶现象，手软不得。广东二十年赶上亚洲“四小龙”，不仅经济要上去，社会秩序、社会风气也要搞好，两个文明建设都要超过他们，这才是有中国特色的社会主义。新加坡的社会秩序算是好的，他们管得严，我们应当借鉴他们的经验，而且比他们管得更好。 --邓小平1992年在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点 2004年，全国各族人民在中国共产党领导下，高举邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想伟大旗帜，团结奋进，锐意创新，社会主义现代化事业取得令人鼓舞的重大成就。 2. 法律翻译： 工程合同条款 Unless it is legally or physically impossible, the contractor shall execute and complete the works and remedy the defects therein in strict accordance with the contract to the satisfaction of the engineer. 聘请外籍教师合同 一、＿＿＿聘请＿＿＿籍＿＿＿(外文姓名)＿＿＿＿＿(译名)女士(先生)为英语教 师。双方本着友好合作精神，自愿签订本合同并保证认真履行合同中约定的各项义务。 二、合同期自＿＿年＿＿月＿＿日起至年月日止 ．．．．．．． 十一：当事人双方发生合同纠纷时，尽可能通过协商或者调解解决。若协商，调解无效，可向国家外国专家局设立的外国文教专家事务仲裁机构申请仲裁。 本合同于年月在(地点)签订，一式两份，每份都用中文和英文写成，两种文本同等作准。 Computer programs — software — is an area where copyright laws are up in the air. Right now, software is not adequately protected under the copyright laws, but this situation may soon change. However, depending on the circumstances, protection is sometimes available under the “ common law” of unfair competition and trade secrets. 公函 May 10, 2006 Your Excellency, The various subjects we discussed yesterday were all matters of very great importance. To avoid possible misunderstanding in our talk, I have composed a
实用文体翻译1 (7)
对实用文体翻译的认识 对于实用文体翻译这门课程一开始并不了解，也并没有想到这门课程有如此深的学问，虽然到目前为止上课次数并不多，但却使我受益匪浅。 实用文体翻译这门课程对于我们商务英语专业的学生来讲更像是及时雨一般，给我们打开了商务英语翻译新世界的大门。虽然老师一开始在课堂上讲的东西我们还不怎么了解，但是在老师的讲解后，都恍然大悟。对于我来讲，实用文体翻译是一门非常具有实践性与实用性的课程，也是一门需要更多的耐心的知识去揣摩的学问。 语言是交流的工具,而翻译则是沟通的桥梁。实用文体翻译作为翻译的一种,其特点是实用性很强,不管用于什么目的,都有很强的针对性。当今世界是一个全球化的社会,信息的流通是全球性的,因此实用文体翻译的重要性由此突显了出来。由于文体的不同，翻译也具有不同的类型。文体就是在特定的交际领域。通过有目的地选择所产生的表现手段和表达方式的总体。它是在历史上形成的，同时被整个社会所接受的完整体系。它分为文学文体和应用文体。而我们专业主要涉及商务文体的翻译。 通过这门课程，我学习到学习实用文体翻译切忌不懂装懂，在翻译过程中，要学会结合实际情况和语言表达习惯，不能生搬硬套，这样不仅会使翻译出来的内容理解困难，甚至改变原文所要表达的意思。当然，实用文体翻译并不是一个只要词汇量达到完美效果的一种翻译，也就是说实用文体翻译并不是说只要勤查词典就能够解决问题的一件事情，而是需要对于你所要翻译的文体所在领域有足够的了解，甚至精通，也要从实践中理解词汇在实用文体中意思。比如我们商务英语专业，在商务文体的翻译中，文体意识尤为重要。商务文体的翻译者必须具有过硬的商贸业务知识，包括源语与译语。否则翻译后的不仅文章不准确不够专业，给读者以困扰，更甚会对现实商务交易中造成不好的影响及结果而影响正常交易。商务文体翻译需要较高的商务文体理解能力以及商务专业知识，既要理解正确，表达也要正确。切不可望文生义，理所当然的翻译出个单词的常用语义或表面字义。在翻译的过程中，我们会遇到一些非常普通常用的词汇，但是在商务文体中出现时它的意义就会发生变化，不可依旧以常义理解，一定要把词汇放在特定的句子中理解，表达出其的商务意义。这就体现了对商务知识了解的重要性。 总之，实用文体翻译对译者的要求比较高，要求翻译者有较强的专业知识和较高的文体理解意识，因此对于我们商务英语专业的学生来讲也要加强商务知识的学习和专业领域的深入了解，这样才能使我们在将来的工作中将商务文体翻译工作做到最好。
文体与翻译.doc
文体与翻译31 文体与翻译 Style and Translation Course: style and translation Lecturer: Wen Yuee CONTENTS History of translation Translation of Modern Essays 罗新璋曾不无感慨地说: 不懂钱锺书, 罗新璋曾不无感慨地说:"不懂钱锺书,是国人的悲哀;不识钱氏译艺谈,也是译界的不幸. 的悲哀;不识钱氏译艺谈,也是译界的不幸." 在《林纾的翻译》一文中,钱锺书先生提出了著名的文学林纾的翻译》一文中, 翻译"化境" 翻译"化境"论,即:"文学翻译的最高理想可以说是把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字, '化'.把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹, 语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原有的风味,那就算得入于'化境'".(1997 269) '" First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the "halo effect." This means that if you're viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you've met will likely assume everything you do is positive. How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer's first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use,38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions. In fact, when our facial expression or tone of voice conflicts with our words, the listener will typically put more weight on the nonverbal message. To make your first encounter a positive one, start with a firm handshake. If the interviewer doesn't initiate the gesture, offer your hand first. Whenever you have a choice of seats, select a chair beside his or her desk, as opposed to one across from it. That way there are no barriers between the two of you and the effect is somewhat less confrontational. If you must sit facing the desk, shift your chair slightly as you sit down, or angle your body in the chair so you're not directly in front of your interviewer. Monitor your body language to make sure you don't seem too desperate for the job, or too eager to please. Keep a Poker face in business
实用文体翻译1 (9)
对商务文体翻译的理解 翻译是语言交流与沟通的桥梁和纽带，把一种文字翻译成另一种文字，需要我们扎实的功底。以前翻译课上的翻译学习与练习，我们更多学习的是翻译技巧。而《实用文体翻译》让我们对实际商务中的翻译有了更好的理解，大大巩固和提高了大家的英语翻译能力，下面仅为我学习中的一些想法。 首先，我认为译文完整准确是商务翻译的基础。顾教授也认为“准确严谨”是翻译的首要标准，做不到这点就谈不上商务文体。比如，下面例（1）的翻译就不够准确，而例（2）的翻译则不够完整。 （1）The date of receipt issued by transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the delivery of goods. 译文：由有关的运输机构所开具收据的日期即被视为交货日期。 句中的concerned按其字面意思译成“有关的”显得笼统、不够严谨。根据合同内容做具体分析后，可以看出，运输机构和合同货物之间的关系是“承运”的关系。所以译成“由承运的运输机构所开具收据的日期即被视为交货日期”更能揭示其实质意义。 （2）Payment: By irrevocable L／C at sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment. 译文：支付：不可撤销的即期信用证装船前30天开到卖方。 改译为：支付：买方应在装船前30天将不可撤销的即期信用证开到卖方。 译文完全照原文字面翻译，从内容上显得不够完整，未能恰当体现出原文中买方和卖方的关系。改译通过添加原文表面没有、实际却隐含的成分使译文完整、内容清楚，体现合同文字的严密性，便于合同读者的准确理解。 其次，译文的通顺着重体现在“条理清楚”上，特别是在处理长句、复杂句时更加如此。为了尽量容纳更多的信息量，同时提供的信息既完整又严密，商务原文中的英语句式结构一般多为复杂的长句。在不影响原文意义的条件下，译文应尽量用规范的语言表达方式，使译文通顺明晰。例如（3）： （3）The Buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the Seller. 译文：如果买方向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），并出具相应的检验证明，卖方将支付全部费用。 改译为：买方须凭复检证明书向卖方提出索赔（包括换货），由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负担。 译者对原文陈述的事实条理没有弄清楚，将买方提出索赔的依据“凭检验证
实用文体翻译整理
实用文体翻译整理扬州大学：顾维勇 031413103 张志伟 英语翻译 外国语学院
1.术语对等意识---------------------------------------------------约定俗成的行话 2.复数意识 3.专业知识意识 例如：举一些都看得懂，但是没有专业知识就翻译不出的行话 Firm offer实盘non-firm offer虚盘 Cap上限floor下限ceiling封顶 Call【术】赎回；买权/进call or put买权或卖权（COP） Particular average单独海损general average共同海损 Lot在外卖运输中是货票的意思 商务英语中handle翻译为“作业”，即装卸货作业 Less handling作业量小 Corporation和company中，corporation是比较官方的，company有合伙人的意思。但是，Ltd.co是目前责任有限公司的官方书写模式，约定俗成。-------------------------------------《实用文体翻译》顾维勇P68-69 广告体翻译特点： 1.吸引力（抓住眼球） 2.创新（陈词滥调谁要看你？） 3.说服力（骗你来，要你买，挣你钱） 4.影响力（装逼） 手法：押韵、双关、对比、夸张、拟、喻、重复 借用傲慢与偏见来装个逼： There’s no pride in prejudice(某英国报刊广告：想说本报刊公正客观) 借用An apple a day keeps the doctor away装个逼： A Mars a day keeps you work, rest and play.(Mar s相当于咬一口之类的巧克力棒，憨豆来做过广告，一咬就精力十足的说~) 旅游文本翻译的特点： 1.词汇量大（天文地理，无所不涉及） 2.知识面宽广（宗教、民俗、禁忌、神话等等） 3.文化层次多元（旅游就是跨文化交际的一种形式，遇到此类文本翻译，必须 查当地的文化背景） 4.措辞讲究（优美的大词，装逼装到飞起来） 5.语言明快幽默（不能像Chinadaily那样太官方，不过我国基本都是很官方的 翻译···坑到没话说） 6.引用古诗词（自己的话不够描述，往往引用古诗词来装逼，总是给翻译出难 题）
文体翻译研究论文文体与翻译关系论文
文体翻译研究论文文体与翻译关系论文 摘要：从文体学研究的几个方面以及翻译实例对文体学与翻译的关系进行理论分析，旨在强调文体学理论在翻译研究中的应用。 关键词：文体翻译研究；文体与翻译关系；翻译实例中的文体学理论 一、引言 文体学是一门研究文体和语言风格的学科。它在西方传统修辞学的基础上发展起来，但直到本世纪初人们才开始运用现代语言学的理论与分析方法去探讨文体的问题。所以严格的意义上说，它是本世纪内才发展起来的一门新兴学科。文体学有传统文体学和现代文体学之分；传统文体学指用传统的分析方法分析作家的文学风格，研究代表作品风格特点的语言变体；现代文体学则指用现代语言学的原理与分析方法研究包括文学文体在内的各类文体，本文所说文体学当指后者。 近来较新的研究领域是用文体学的理论研究翻译及其规律。该领域的学者经过多年的翻译实践与理论研究，从文体学的角度研究翻译和翻译风格，将翻译学与文体学结合起来即文体翻译研究，这是一门符合时代要求的全新的课题。本文拟从文体学的角度来探讨一下翻译理论和实践中的问
题。 二、文体与翻译 文体学与翻译之间关系怎么样呢？下面我们来探讨一下。 第一常规和变异的问题。“常规”和“变异”是文体学中的两个术语。“常规”即指“口语或书面语中人们所公认的标准形式”，“变异”是指“不符合公认的标准的语法和语义规范的话语的统称”。通俗一点说，人们在使用语言进行交际时，总要遵循一定的规范，而这就是常规；但人们在使用语言时也不会总是遵循某种语言规范而一成不变，相反，人们为了最恰当地表现自己的思想和感情，总是在使用语言时有所选择和变化，甚至使用偏离语言常规的话语或表现形式，这就是变异。请见下面例子： the man (gatekeeper) went into drink his can of tea, the girls went on down the lane that was deep in soft dusk. gudrun was as if numbed in her mind by the sense of indomitable soft weight of the man, bearing down into the living body of the horse: the strong, indomitable thighs of the blond man clenching the palpitating body of the mare into pure control; a sort white magnetic domination from the loins and thighs and calves,
文体与翻译
英翻汉 一．Sometimes it is interpersonal skills rather than professional skills that really counts in your career.Interpersonal skills are nothing but the ability to be good listener to be sensitive toward others’ needs to take criticism well.3) People with sk ill in social relations admit their mistakes and take their share of blame which is a mature and responsible way to handle an error.4) That’s why many mediocre employees survive violent corporate upheavals while people of great talent are being laid off.Sensitive in their dealings with others they are well liked everywhere.People with poor interpersonal skills have trouble taking criticism.When confronted with a mistake they let their ego get in the way.They deny responsibility and became moody or angry. Th ey mark themselves as ―prickly 有时候，在工作中重要的倒是能否处理好人际关系而不是有多大的才能。人际关系就是一种善于听取别人的意见，体察别人的需要，虚心接受批评的能力。善于处理人际关系的人敢于承认错误，敢于承担自己的责任，这是对待错误的一种成熟和负责任的态度。这就是为什么许多平平庸庸的公司雇员在大调整中保住了位置，而有才能的人反而下岗。因为他们很注意处理各方面的关系，所以八面玲珑，到处有缘。而人际关系差的人往往不能处理好批评。碰到错误，他们首先想到自己，拒不承认自己有错，或情绪低落或大发雷霆，成为有刺的人，难以相处。 2.The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them. A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn. A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise. The historical course of man’s life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road. While a determined traveler cheerfully continues his journey upon reaching a safe and smooth place, he finds it still more fascinating to come to a rugged place, the enormously magnificent spectacle of which, he feels, is better able to generate in him a wonderful sensation of adventure. 2.、历史的道路，不全是平坦的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界，这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。一条浩浩荡荡的长江大河，有时流到很宽阔的境界，平原无际，一泻万里。有时流到很逼狭的境界，两岸丛山叠岭，绝壁横断，江河流于其间，回环曲折，极其险峻。民族生命的过程，其经历亦复如是。人类在历史上的生活正如旅行一样。旅途上的征人所经过的地方，有时是坦荡平原，有时是崎岖险路。老于旅途的人，走到平坦的地方，固是高兴地向前走，走到崎岖的境界，愈是奇趣横生，觉得在此奇绝壮绝的境界，愈能感到一种冒险的美趣。 中华民族现在所逢的史路，是一段崎岖险阻的道路。在这一段道路上，实在亦有一种奇绝壮绝的景致，使我们经过这段道路的人，感到一种壮美的趣味。但这种壮美的趣味，没有雄健的精神是不能够感觉到的。