《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)
词汇学论文
题目: Semantic Change of English Words学期2011/2012学年第一学期科目英语词汇学班级学号姓名摘要语言作为人类表达思想和交流的工具随着人类社会的发展不断变化，在语言诸多要素中，词汇的变化是最快、最显著，这表现在新词的产生和旧词的消亡、借用外来词和旧词添新义。
本文首先介绍了词义变化的定义，然后介绍词义变化的历史原因和社会原因，最后介绍了词义变化的方式，同时主要通过介绍委婉语的词义变化，通过列举具体事例更好的了解词义变化的方式，使英语学习者能在日后的学习中，更好的了解英语词汇的意思并且正确的使用英语词汇，使英语学习更上一层楼。
关键词：语言；词义变化；委婉语；英语学习IntroductionLanguages are not confined in a fixed state, instead, they are not only constantly changing but also changes quickly. The most noticing change in the process of language development is the sematic change of words. Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very different meanings.Why the meaning of a word changed? Changes of meaning can be brought about by many cause. There are three major causes.Historically,changes of lexical meaning can be illustrated by a diachronic development of words. Although objects, conceptions, ideals, etc. change atcourse of time, but the meaning changes, because the object which it describehas changed. Socially, it is natural that in the course of the development ofsociety a number of new words are needed to describe new ideas. Scientificdiscoveries are a main kind of social cause. Psychologically, the speaker'sstate of mind may bring about semantic changes.(Feng shimei, P163-165)In fact, we can see clearly from the euphemism to types of semantic changes. Euphemism is substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation or avoided taboos. It is an important social cause of semantic changes. It is also the reflection of semantic change.According to different semantic books, semantic change can be divided into many types. But types of semantic change generally can be divided into four types.1.Generalization, for instance, alibi. A legal term signifying 'plea that the accused is not at the place when the crime is committed', has now come into common use, meaning any 'excuse'.2.Specialization, for instance, barbarian was originally a vague designation for a 'foreigner of any kind', and later was specialized to mean an 'uncivilized person'.3.Elevation, for instance, Chamberlain, now a 'high official of royal courts', was formerly a 'servant'.4.Degeneration,for instance, cunning was originally 'knowing and skillful', and later was specialized to 'sly'.Almost all the words concerning female are pejorative to use as euphemism for prostitute. For example, housewife, lady, girl, mistress, nun and so on. Even nurse, spinster, daughter, mother have the same meaning. The appearance of euphemism also change the meaning of the words that are used for pleasant connotation. Accident originally meaned 'in a way that is not planned or intended', now it means 'car accident or air accident such bad things'. Gay , the original meaning is 'happiness', later becomes the euphemistic statement of 'homosexual'.These are the example of degeneration.We know more about euphemism is the euphemistic statement of death. Avoided the unpleasant felling of death, people think of many phrase to substitute death. For example, to be no more, to be deceased, to be gone, to pass away, to pass on, to lose one's life, to join the silent majority, to go the way of all flesh, to be gathered to one's fathers, to go west, to yield up the ghost, to go to one's last reckoning, to go hence, etc. So all these extend the vocabulary. Shakespeare wrote death his play Julius Caesar as surcease, taking-off. Another we know better is toilet, such as rest room, comfort room, comfort station, powder room. Go to the toilet only say "May I use the rest room?" or "May I wash my hands?" The real meaning of "Commit no nuisance!" which sticks on the wall is "no peeing! " The euphemistic statement of pregnant is big, big with child, expectant, great, great with child, heavy, heavy with child, laden, in the family way, in an interesting condition, being with child.There are a lot of euphemism concerning unpleasant professions. Garbage collector became sanitation engineer or barbologist in America, while in England it became disposal operative; Gardener became landscape architect; Servant became engineer. Hairdresser becomes beautician; Foreman became plant superintendent; shoemaker became shoes rebuilders;Undertaker became funeral undertaker,mortician, funeral director. These are a kind of specialization.Some euphemisms are concerning the life in society. People think of some phrase for avoiding empressement.The disadvantaged , the underprivileged and the low-income group for the poor people. Forgotten man for the people who doesn't have a job. Upward price readjustment for rise of prices. Culturally deprived environment for slum. Food insecure for starve. Pre-owned car for second-hand car. Termination of employment, declaring staff redundant for firing. Medically indigent person for people who can't afford for medicine.Above all, we can see many phrases are created which reflect euphemism is a cause of semantic change.ConclusionIn a word, semantic change is an important part of change of English words. From this paper, first we know the definition of semantic change. Second, the cause of semantic change. Last, we talk about the relation between euphemism and semantic change. At the same time, we talk bout the types of semantic change. In a word, the relation between euphemism and semantic change in this paper we talk about is that euphemism is an important cause of semantic change, and is the reflection of semantic changeWhile semantic change was, due to its apparently complete unpredictability, for a long time the black sheep of the family of areas of language change, as a result of recent developments it is now very well respected, and as such is likely to attract a lot more research in the future.References[1]Koenraad Kuiper and Li fuyin. Semantics:A Course Book[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1999.[2]Feng shimei. English Lexicology[M]. Shenyang: China WaterPower Press,2002.[3]Wang rongpei and Lu xiaojuan. A Survey of English Lexicology[M].Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press,1997.[4]Li jianbo.Studies on the Development and Structure of English Words[M]. Wuhan:ChinaUniversity of Geosciences Press,2007.[5]Freeborn, Dennis. From Old English to Standard English[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2002。
英语词汇学教程第四版中文版
英语词汇学教程第四版中文版1、Most cities in the country have introduced “Clean Air Zones”whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.在全国大部分城市都有“洁净空气区”因此工厂和家庭只能燃烧无烟燃料。
2、He knows that the pursuit of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort. 他知道，追求社会地位可以消耗大量的时间和精力。
3、The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to inhibit the spread of the disease.医生们正在进行损失，因为到目前为止，没有任何药物能抑制疾病的传播。
4、We see many special education directors trying to maintain the qualityof their programs with much less money and much smaller staff.我们看到许多特殊教育董事试图保持他们的节目的质量以少得多的钱和更少的工作人员。
5、People there are told it is their patriotic duty to support the na t ional cconomy by buying their own products. 人们有人告诉他们，通过购买自己的产品来支持国民经济是他们的爱国义务。
6、Darwin' s thinking both drew upon and transcendedthe conventional ideas of his time.达尔文的思想是借鉴和超越他的时代的传统观念。
英语词汇学论文-构词法
Abstract词汇是我们在英语学习过程中最大的障碍。
然而，英语构词法能够帮助我们很好的辨别并正确理解英语，同时也可以在短时间内增加我们的词汇量，英语构词法是学习英语的有效途径和强有力的“武器”，在所有的英语构词法中，词缀法能够生成的新单词是最多的也是最广泛，它被认为英语学习的最佳途径之一。
除了词缀发以外，复合法、转类法、混成法、截短法、首字母拼音法、逆向构词法也都是英语学习的有效途径V ocabulary is one of the main obstacles of English study. However English word formation can help us recognize English words, understand them correctly, and enlarge our vocabulary quickly. It is an efficient way and powerful weapon for English study. Among them，affixation is the strongest one to form a great range of vocabulary, and it is claimed to be one of the best ways of learning English. Besides, compounding, conversion, blending, clipping, acronyms, back-formation are also efficient ways of learning English. In the paper the ways and characteristics of word formation is analyzed form these aspects: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending.Key words: English, lexicology, word formation, affixation（关键字：英语、词汇学，构词法，词缀法）IntroductionThe expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. There is a variety of means being at work now. The most productive are affixation, compounding and conversion. Talking about word formation patterns means dealing with rules. But not all words which are produced by applying the rule are acceptable. The acceptability is gained only when the word have gained an institutional currency in the language. Therefore rules only provide a constant set of models from which new word are created from day to day. Rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certain extent. For instance, affixes and compounding processes may become productive at one time or lose their productivity. By word formation processes, we concentrate on productive or on productive rules. While applying the rules, we should keep in mind that there are always exceptions. In my opinion, the most important principle for all these rules of word formation is economy.Chapter 1 the function of English word formation1.1 Word formation is an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.Nowadays, more and more people have taken notice of learning English. The number of the people who begin to learn English has increased at a high speed. How can we improve our English effectively is undoubtedly the focus of our attention. Generally speaking, vocabulary and grammatical rules are keys to learning Englishwell. Among the two aspects, vocabulary apparently plays a more important role.V ocabulary is the foundation of language. If a language learner doesn‟t have enough vocabulary to express his or her opinions and understand other people, even if his or her grammatical rules and pronunciations are excellent, but he can not communicate with others well, he shouldn‟t be a good language learner.Under the influence of traditional teaching mode, teachers often emphasis more on grammatical rules and pronunciations than vocabulary. As a result, students spend a lot of time on remembering new words, but the results are not so efficient. However if we have a knowledge of English word formation, the results will be not that bad. Word formation is really an effective way to enlarge our English vocabulary.1.2 Word formation can help us have a better comprehension of an article.When we are reading a new article, we often encounter with some new words that we have never seen before. In this case, most of us will leave out the new word and go on with the following sections. However, this is not a good habit. If we want to improve our English, we have to take every new word seriously either look them up in the dictionary or search for the internet. But don‟t you think that these methods are inefficient? If we know something about English word formation, maybe the article would not be so difficult for us to understand. In this way, we can guess the meaning of the new word according to what we have learned about English word formation. It has been proved that our guess is correct in most cases. So we say word formation can help us have a better comprehension of a new article.1.3 Many new words can be derived based on the rules of word formationRecent years, the use of computers as a medium of communication has given birth to a new language phenomenon-cyber language. A large amount of cyber language has sprung up. Not all the new vocabulary can be recognized by human society. Some new words only emerged in a very short time and then disappeared, however, there are still a lot of words are shared by many people. Finally, these words are recognized by the whole human society. Some are even added to the reversed dictionary. Can we say that these words are unreasonable and irrational? The answer is absolutely “No”.Most of the new words that have been recognized are derived based on certain rules of word formation. For example, the sentence “3QU” is widely used in the chatting room on the internet by foreigners. This is also known as one important characteristics of English word-productivity. So it is necessary for us to learn English word formation.Chapter 2 AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, by which new words derived from old or base forms. The words that are created in this way arecalled derivatives. According to the position affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into three subcategories: pre-fixation, in-fixation and suffixation.Pre-fixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases, which do not generally change the word-class of the base. That is to say, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. In my opinion, prefixes can be divided into: negative prefixes, pejorative prefixes, prefixes of degree or size, prefixes of time and order, and so on.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. Their primary function is to change the grammatical function of the base, such as the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning, though there are a few exceptions. Suffixes can be divided into noun suffixes, adjective suffixes, adverb suffixes, and verb suffixes. I can give you an example. The word “countless”, “-less”change the part of form and show the negative meaning of the stem.Infixes are not so common and they usually show a kind attitude of the speaker and will not change the part of form and meaning of words.Chapter 3 CompoundingCompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a …lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word‟ (Quirk).Compounds can be written solid, hyphenated and open. Compounds have remarkable characteristics which are different from noun phrases. It comes down to three major ones:1) Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first constituent whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally accented if there is only one stress. In cases where there are two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the second stress, if any, on the second, whereas the opposite is true of free phrase.2) Semantic features. Compounds differ from free phrases semantically. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. The meaning of a free phrase can not be inferred from the two components of itself. Nevertheless, a lot of compound are transparent, that is to say, the meaning can be obtained from the separate elements of compounds. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3) Grammatical features. Two elements of a compound each plays a separate grammatical role, which can be seen in the way the expressions are handled morphological. For example, compound nouns often show their plural forms by taking inflectional –s at the end. Though there are exceptions, their …one-wordness‟identity is apparent.Chapter 4 ConversionIn English learning, students will often confused with words which have two or more part of form. Many of such conditions are caused by conversion. Conversion is the formation of mew words by converting words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, without changes in morphological structures but in function. Words created in this way are new only in a grammatical sense. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs. It deserves nothing that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the item involved but with it the different range of meaning is originally carried.Chapter 5 BlendingBlending is a very productive process and many coinages are resulting from blending have become well established. Moreover, they can sever as models for new formation. It is not the Combination of two words directly, but to combine parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. This kind of word formation is called blending. This processes including:The first part of the first word +the last part the second word.The whole part of the first part +the last part the second word.The first part of the first word +the first part the second word.The whole part of the second word + the first part of the first word.The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have already achieved currency in English, they are still considered by the serious-minded peopleto be slang and informal. However, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.ConclusionLanguage develops with the development of society and vocabulary is sensitive to the changes of society. Some old words are abandoned and some new ones are created. Most of the new words in English are created according to certain rules and conformed to certain methods. These rules and methods are closely related to English word formation. So it is essential, as well as important, for us to learn word formation, especially for the students of English major.参考文献（5条）：外语语言文学系列教程张维友英语词汇学教程2009学术论文魏红构词法是迅速扩大英语词汇量的有效方法2009期刊论文丁琳徐玲English word formation processes 2009期刊论文张莉浅谈英语构词法中的词缀发2008广州大学学报卢春媚浅谈英语构词法2002。
词汇学论文
词汇学论文英汉词汇文化内涵对比研究摘要词汇是语言的载体，是沟通和交流的基础，是文化的组成部分，同时也具有文化内涵。
文化，是语言发展的成果，是社会意识形态的集中反映，影响着社会生活，也影响着词汇的发展和变迁。
英汉词汇因所属国的文化历史国情不同而具有不同的文化内涵，集中体现在构词、语义和词义上等等。
本文通过分析对比英汉词汇文化内涵上的差异及其原因，旨在指导读者正确认识不同语言间的文化差异，更好地联系文化内涵深入地了解词汇的相关知识，从而在对语言的把握上提高一个层次。
关键词：词汇，对比，文化内涵，文化差异1. 引言人类社会在发展过程中产生了语言和文化，在语言的各个组成成分中，最能反映民族文化特征的是该民族语言的词汇，词汇背后反映的是该民族的文化认知方式。
英汉词汇因本民族的文化成就而有所差异，通过对比研究这两种语言的文化内涵，不仅可以凸显被对比语言的共性和特性，有重要的学术价值，也有利于有针对性地制定学习和教学策略，更可以为语言的综合研究提供相关资料，为词汇学的发展做出积极贡献。
2. 文化内涵2.1 文化内涵的定义英国人类学家爱德华·泰勒于1871年提出——文化是一个复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一切能力和习惯。
这是以后文化被重复和扩展定义的基础。
文化具有传承性，动态性，民族性和多样性，文化作为一种历史现象，不同民族拥有不同文化，不同的文化之间既有共性又有个性。
语言作为文化的载体，语言的使用离不开作为社会河文化成员的人以及使用的语言环境。
2.2 文化与词汇的联系3.3 谚语谚语是心理，语言与文化的综合产物。
英汉中存在具有共同比喻的谚语，如：火上浇油——pour oil in the flame半斤八两——sin and half dozen破釜沉舟——burn one's boats以牙还牙——a tooth for a tooth但由于两个民族有各自独特的文化背景和各自独特的风俗习惯，思维方式，因此谚语联想，引申和比喻上有很大的不同。
英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]
![英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6ecb7b3191c69ec3d5bbfd0a79563c1ec5dad7fa.png)
英语词汇学的论文怎么写[共5篇]第一篇：英语词汇学的论文怎么写英语词汇学的论文怎么写？英语词汇学习在英语词汇学习过程中，学习者要遵循第二语言习得的规律，掌握并灵活运用多种词汇学习策略。
可分为词汇表策略、语境策略、精加工策略、语义场策略。
一．词汇表策略（Word list strategy）词汇表策略一般为：一列是按字母顺序排列的英语单词，另一列是这些单词的汉语意思（等值词、同义词或近义词）。
有些学者认为，通过词汇表策略能够迅速且有效地学会大量的词汇。
然而，Gaims 和Redman 却指出，通过词汇表记忆词汇会阻碍对所记词汇进行充分地处理和系统地组织，因此就失去了有效的长时记忆的基础。
语言大师桂诗春教授也认为，词汇表策略既费时又费力，徒劳无功，因为这种做法不仅把外语的词语和母语的词语等同起来，而且把它从语言和语境中孤立出来。
二．语境策略（Context strategy）语境策略就是学习者通过上下文语言环境所提供的信息对出现在语境中的生词进行猜测，从而习得这个单词。
语境策略是目前比较流行的词汇学习策略之一，它不仅仅可以扩大词汇量，而且可以让学生了解有关目的语的文化知识。
但是，Channell(Carter &McCarthy ,1988:89)认为，音节认知和重音认知对学习者理解词汇起着非常重要的作用。
为了更好地理解词汇，学习新单词的方法应使学习者准确地内化和吸收新单词：即学会单个音标的发音、了解音节数、掌握重音位置。
从这一方面来看，运用语境策略学习词汇不能算是一个很好的方法。
三．精加工策略（Elaborative strategy）精加工策略是指通过对学习材料进行深入细致的分析、加工，理解其内在的深层意义并促进记忆的一种策略。
皮连生（1998）在《学与教的心理学》一书中也曾提到：“精细加工策略”（同“精加工策略”）指对学习材料作精细的加工活动，即通过在要记忆的材料上增加相关的信息来达到对新的材料记忆的学习方法。
英语词汇学课程论文
英语词汇学课程论文题目：网络英语的词汇类型及其特点院系：辽宁大学外国语学院英语国际商务系班级：09级01班学号：290811507姓名：金文Abstract: With the development and popularity of Internet, English thereupon develops and changes as main language in Internet. New vocabulary of English on Internet has a new vocabulary which either describes the new things, or the newly formed abbreviation for easy inputting, or the common symbolic language of the world. New vocabulary of the English has the character of easy- to- understand, vivid and proper, succinct and easy to remember the meaning of a word and swift input. It also has certainmetaphor nature. The semantics of the English neologisms of network appears and upgrades fast and in large quantity.Keywords: Internet; English; V ocabulary; CharacteristicBody:In twenty-first Century, the mankind has entered the era of the Internet network, as the economic, social development of the most powerful agents, to promote human. The society enters a new era. The development of society, the progress of language development is the important soil. With the development and popularity of Internet, Englishas the main language in Internet thereupon develops and changes.I. New vocabulary of English on InternetSince the Internet has been generated, about generate more than1000English new words. The lexicons mainly has the following kinds. 一．Describing the new thing new vocabulary.Taking the information technology as the representative of a series of new technologies, human social life appeared a few new things. These new things and computer technology are inseparable, describe these things new vocabulary in the network produces and began to be widely used, such as knowbot, mailbot, infobahn, coopetition, E- mail, infwindow, Internet, internet, download, netspead and so on. These new vocabulary is a portmanteau word, such as interpedia, Telnet and so on. There are compound words, such as multimedia, homepage, componentware and so on. In the new course of old words, sometimes directly was given a new meaning, its meaning has been further development, it becomes the new words in a large class. For example “mouse” translate to “老鼠”，in computer technology says “鼠标”；“flame”translate to “火焰激情”，in computer technology says“反病毒程序”.二．AbbreviationsThe Internet to narrow the distance between people, and also the main way to communicate with the main text. In the Internet chat or send e-mail, in order to speed up typing speed appeareding a lot of new English abbreviations and non-standard spelling. Internet abbreviations is a major formation means, they have made use of the characteristics of simplicity, simple, has the very strong vitality. Abbreviation sentence is generally used for connecting role phrases, even if the initial network of people do not understand its meaning, will not understand each other's intentions affect too much. These abbreviations are usually soon accepted by the majority of Internet users. These words abbreviated method basically has the following kinds:1. Homophone use abbreviationsThe English emphasize shape, Chinese emphasize meaning, and the Internet words emphasize pronunciation. According to the pronunciation of the words or sentences to simplify the rewritten as Internet language characteristic there a new method to spell a word: for example “IC” means “I see”, “Y” means “Why”, “U” means “You”. There is a phrase to describe only according to pronunciation, which no longer has one one corresponding to the substitution alphabet. For example, ICQ ( I seek you ) seek K and you note together with pronunciation the same letter Q instead of.2. The beginning letter abbreviationThe beginning letter abbreviation use the first letter of each word ( usually capitalized ) are combined to replace the phrases or sentences, is the most common internet language, also the one that most early Internet users understand. Among them, also have a letter on behalf of the entire word, there is also a letter represents partial word abbreviations. For example, IOW( In other words) , LOL( Laughing out loud) , BTW( By the way) , TLA( Thanks in advance) , ASL( Age Sex Location).3. Truncated abbreviationIn order to facilitate the importation, users are sometimes truncated suffix, prefix or remove the vowels, write some new words. Section termination: hang on a sec=hang on a second, rep=reputation.Some words even as only the first letter:P=Pardon、G=Grin or Giggle.Section header: cause(or cuz) =because、m=am. To remove the vowels refers to words of vowels, consonants, retaining only the pronunciation of the prominent appearance marked the letters. For example, “ MSG” means MESSAGE“、PLS” means PLEASE“、PPL” means PEOPLE“、THX” means THANKS.4. Borrow digit abbreviationInternet English is a special abbreviated forms, namely digital alternative to repeated letters or homophones numbers instead of a letter, it can becalled a numeral abbreviation. This is a development of abbreviations, and Internet English new things. For example, B2B(商家与商家, Business to business)、3W(万维网,World Wide Web)、4P's(4p 营销策略, 电子商务中的一种营销术语, 指consumer's wants and needs, costto satisfy wants and needs, convenience, communication) 、3A( 3A 服务,anyone, anytime, anywhere).三．Universal symbol languageWith the development of Internet, also generates some features of English hieroglyphic words：“ {}”means “拥抱“, “＄- )” means “贪婪”,“ X=”means “希望成功“, XOXO”means”拥抱和亲吻“, ZZZ”means ”无聊或在睡觉”.As in Hotmail, Internet users to type in a left parenthesis, a specific letter and a right parenthesis, there will be unexpected image effect. For example, type" ( R )", there will be a rose ( because R is rose. ); type " ( G )", then there will be a gift box ( because G is gift. ). Japanese also created some of these words, and on the Internet has been recognized, as in the use of"@^- ^@" said blushed. These words and phrases first in English in the network appears, has gradually been accepted by users, has become a kind of special no pronunciation symbols, vividly expressed the people's thought. Of course, the letters and letter combinations expression power is very limited, and the different chat room setting, therefore, here is notto do further discussion. It can be expected with the development of the network, is very likely there will be unified alphabet emoticons.II. The characteristics of Internet English new wordsLanguage dynamic development process of people to meet the communicative needs, but also reflects the society and language, cognition and communication relationship. Network English is in the rapid development of network technology and social context of increasingly rich, develop gradually rise, and embodies the media popularization and the progress of science and technology. Network English is the product of net culture, with the rule of development of the language. Internet words semantic has vivid characteristics of practice, in the network communication can better express one's thoughts or ideas, but also is easy to be accepted by people.一．Word easy to understand, vividNetwork communication is different from face-to-face communication, communicators exchange information only with words, not with the help of body language, this requires the network English new words must be easy to understand. Its formation should be familiar, even if the reader has not been previously in contact vocabulary, can also according to the most familiar vocabulary guess. Network English popular mainly reflectin the word-building ways to use a large number of derivatives and synthesis, so that Internet users need to understand the meaning of the affix, can be inferred and master derived from the large number of new words: “cyber” comes from the Greek, meaning the helmsman, can be understood as " computer, network" or transliterated as " cyber", derived from cyber. The word cyber activist, cyber addict, cyber attack, cyber cop, cyber brain, cyber surfing etc. Network English compound words in large quantity, variety. Many new words are common words and has specific meaning word combinations, the newsemantic equally easy to understand, easy to understand memory. As of web means " spider's Web", extended to the network, its synthesis in the word webmaster, webster, webzine, web site work people in addition to the use of some language symbols to represent tone and emotion, but also often use a few words to describe some nonverbal behavior, such as describing the netizen action, emotion and posture. People are facing the cold screen, used to describe the language users, emotion and action figure, with pure text there is nothing comparable to this role, can make the network more humane, more vivid and attractive, closer to the actual exchange. Such as" haha" means" LOL" laugh, laugh" Smile said," said smiling," Rose" means send roses," ROTFL" means roll with laughter," jump" means happy like children like skipping in the chat room," think" means tilted his head like a down" praise said," said" really smart, admire, admire".二．Succinct and easy to remember, quick inputMany novel and unique internet vocabulary is the use of commonly used roots and affixes, grouped by lexical rules, creative recombination. This kind of vocabulary has to be Yi Ming, easy reading, easy memory characteristics. Simple, easy to remember network English so that visitors will not remembering the tedious terms and jargon, effectively improve the keyboard input speed, to network dissemination of information. Network English brevity mainly embodies in the network on the emergence of abbreviated terms, abbreviations are made by simplicity, ease of use, more colloquial, less formal, lack of social other fields widely accepted rules of use. But because of its user-friendly, simple, easy to remember and spread, therefore, this kind of abbreviation in Internet communication by Internet users consistent recognition and widely accepted and used. These words common features are simple in form, with no single, rich associative meaning.The use of abbreviations can not only simplify the printing, saving space and time for reading, but also can effectively increase the input speed, so as to adapt to the computer science and network technology high speed development requirements. Therefore, in order to improve the input speed, network English often ignore the first letters.三．MetaphoricalMetaphor is an important cognitive style and mode of thinking. Richards ( Richards ) once said, metaphor is omnipresent principle. P.F'ontanier (1830) for the metaphor cognitive characteristics further elaborated, he points out that metaphor is a kind of thing as another kind of thing.Any kind of art form embodies the features of metaphors, either as a thing to experience another kind of the way things are called metaphor, network language which contains. Net language the main formation is in a category to another.A category of things, either the digital category digital network language, network language or symbols category symbols and netizen created the network language reflects its metaphorical, embodies the netizen know world usually cognitive form.Network new words often rely on people familiar vocabulary, with the aid of the metaphorical meaning, stimulate the readers' Association and imagination, showing old things or concepts similarity or relevance, endowing the old words with new meanings, to create the vivid, figurative rich description of new things, new ideas of vocabulary. The network includes a number of professional English vocabulary and vocabulary of computer network technology. In general, the metaphor cognition in humans has two functions: to create new meaning and offer new angles of viewing things. We found that, in the development ofnetwork and computer technology in the process, people continuously by means of metaphor to create new words and concepts. The general vocabulary through the semantic change of metaphor and the modification of the original meaning, extended, extension, from a new point of view to look at it, it has a new meaning. Such as the computer virus virus refers to the biology of the virus. In the computer field, is defined by the programmer designed to hide in a computer program, intended to destroy the computer operating system to disturbance or missing data and other secret program. Similar terms and gopher, archive, menu, memory, run, path etc.Thus, in the role of metaphor, reification of abstract concepts, complex meaning of scientific terminology, popular, well strengthen social science and science communication, so that a subject from another discipline of inspiration. It is because of known from concept to cognitive unknown concepts from the known to the unknown, register register mapping, network English technical terms and people's daily life vocabulary, both concise and vivid, and easy to remember. This has largely contributed to the development of network technology and the development and popularization of computer knowledge.四．Novel words in the semantic representation and update speed, numberThe rapid development of computer, the popularization of the Internet, resulted in a network of new words have emerged, including a rich network of English new words. The presentation of the new words and update speed, number of any one dictionary is difficult to collect. So in the network era of rapid development of new English words so, understanding of its structure and semantic features, contribute to the accumulation of knowledge, broaden our horizons.Nowadays, network culture influences people's learning, life, job, thinking mode, value concept. Therefore, to strengthen the network of new words in English study, the structure and semantic features, the people familiar with the Internet, learning English and daily life will be of great help.Biliography：[1]Gao Liwei ,Digital age, digital English [J]. English Today 2001(17):12-13[2]Steward ,Doug. Flame thrower [A].[3] W.H.&Turgeon Gregoire . About languages: A Reader for Writers[C][4] 付辛斌,张雪梅.英语因特网语的形式与功能[J].外语电化教学,2006(2).[5] 杨金菊.网络英语词汇特点初探[J].嘉兴学院学报,2002(3).[6] 乐勇.网络英语缩略语[J].中国科技翻译,2002(1).[7] 干福.论因特网英语的特点及意义[J].连云港师范高等专科学校学报,2001(2).[8] 林丽芳.论计算机英语的隐喻性[J].厦门大学学报: 社科版,2001(1).。
词汇学论文模板
题目：Semantic Analysis of English Words学期2011/2012学年第一学期科目英语词汇学班级学号姓名摘要语言教学领域的变革从来没有停止过，而在近年变革中，其中最主要的一个变化是人们研究的焦点已经从教师的教转移到学生的学。
因此，学生自主学习能力的培养越来越受到外语教育界的重视。
同时，国家教育部提出了“优化学习方式，提高自主学习能力”的基本理念。
这样，传统的课堂教学正面临着一次巨大的挑战，并逐步被以“学习者为中心”的教学模式所取代。
不少人误认为“学生自主学习”就是“孤立地学习”或“没有教师的自学”，而有时候，学生自主能力被认为是完全独立于教师、其他学生和被认可的教学大纲，而实际并非如此。
完全的独立并不是自主能力，而是自闭。
本文首先分析了大学生英语自主学习的现状和必要性。
传统的教学方法，缺乏关注学生的情感需要导致了目前我国大学阶段的英语教学整体效率较低，成为大学英语教学的最大障碍。
接下来回顾了自主学习定义、自主学习的“最近发展区”理论、认知建构主义学习理论和罗杰斯的人本主义学习理论等。
最后根据大学生英语自主学习的现状和以自主学习的理论为基础，探讨了培养大学英语自主学习的方法，培养学生自主性的关键是要转换教师角色，创造一个宽松积极的学习氛围和进行系统的英语学习策略训练。
通过本文的研究，我们知道什么是学习动机，以及如何提高学生的学习动机。
我们要改变传统的教学理念，转换师生角色，提高学生的英语水平。
关键词：自主学习；角色转换；策略训练；大学英语I．IntroductionEver since its birth in the 1980s, the concept of learner autonomy has long been a hot topic in the field of linguistics both at home and abroad. Substantial research on learner autonomy has hence been carried out and turned out to be fruitful. It is generally accepted that language learning requires the active involvement of learners. Language can only be learned and not be taught. The focus of classroom activities has been shifting from teacher-centered to learner-centered. The goal of language teaching is to help learners to become independent from their teachers in their learning and use of language. “Although there has always been the Chinese idea of zi xue (self-teaching)，the idea is different from the concept of learner autonomy and is only peripheral in the Chinese educational culture.”(Bai & Jing,P52)Learning how to learn is more important than being taught something from the superior vantage point of teachers. (Cao, P39)Furthermore, recent research in psychology, sociology and linguistics, has shedlight on language teaching, learning and the roles of learners in the language learning process. The learner-centered approach, constructivism, humanism and social cognition all support and emphasize a learner’s central place in the classroom. (Qin Shen, P9-P11)Personal construct theory holds that individual learners bring their own systems of constructs to bear on learning tasks. When learning is a matter of adding information to an existing construct, it is likely to be relatively unproblematic. When new knowledge contradicts existing construct systems, learning is likely to be more difficult and resistance may be encountered. Both in therapy and in education, resistance is overcome by helping individuals to become more aware of their existing personal construct systems and gradually to assume control of their psychological processes. In education, this means helping learners to become more aware of their assumptions about learning and to assume control of their own learning processes. Humanistic approach emphasizes the importance of inner world of the learners and affective factors in learning process. Teachers should pay attention to and respect learners with decision-making power. Learner autonomy used to be considered as a concept only suitable for Western countries, but it is now regarded as an unquestionable goal and a prerequisite for lifelong learning also in China.Over the last few decades, English teaching in China has made remarkable progress. Many educational reforms have been undertaken, new frontier language learning theories have been introduced and much research on teaching has been carried out. V arious innovative teaching methods have been explored. Even new technology like computer and the Internet has been introduced into the teaching process. The achievement of these reforms cannot be denied. Y et many problems still exist and much room for improvement remains, especially in the field of lea rner’s learning. Therefore, learner autonomy catches the eye of many researchers.However, teacher-centered approaches and spoon-fed methods have been prevalent for a long time in China’s EFL context.Teachers are regarded as authority, knowledge-givers and error correctors, while students tend to limit their work to what is taught in class. As a result, many learners are accustomed to depending on teacher’s feeding. Without teacher’s timely and adequate help, students will feel disoriented, lose confidence and fail to pinpoint their goals in learning. So there is a need for a shift in English language studies from focusing on how to teach language to how to learn it, with a consequent change of perspective from the teacher to the learner.Global changes in the availability of information indicate that there is no longer a fixed body of knowledge that can be transmitted to learners. It is no longer possible toteach all students all they need to know. Learning is a lifelong endeavor. Only when learners are able to know their situation, their learning strength, weakness and avail themselves of each learning opportunity rather than simply react to various stimuli from the teacher can they be confident enough to involve into their learning and eventually become successful language learners. The situation calls for the urgent need of fostering learner autonomy in college English teaching.II．Current Situation of English Learning and Necessity of Learner Autonomy1. Current Situation of English LearningCollege English teaching in China is still focusing on teacher’s teaching rather than student’s learning. It ignores student’s individua l variables and thus produces passive learners. Recently, with the boom in curriculum reform, more and more teachers have begun to accept new educational concepts and try new teaching methods, but influenced by traditional educational theory and exam-oriented education, China’s education reform still has a long way to go. Some existing problems need to be addressed.1.1 Teacher-Centered Classroom TeachingTeacher-centered classroom teaching is a traditional teaching style in which teaching is carried out by the teacher who is the focus of the classroom, and students only listen to him or her.In China’s EFL context, teacher-centered approaches and spoon-fed methods have been prevalent for a long time. Teachers are regarded as authority, knowledge-givers and error correctors, while students tend to limit their work to what is taught in class. Classes are usually driven by “teacher-talk”and depend heavily on textbooks. Instruction in the classroom is based on the misconception that there is a fixed body of knowledge that students must know. There is little or no room for student-initiated questions, independent thought or interaction between students. Teachers often tend to focus on teaching the target language by carefully designed steps. As a result, many le arners are accustomed to depending on teacher’s feeding. Without teacher’s timely and adequate help, students will feel disoriented, lose confidence and fail to pinpoint their goals in learning. Such situation is getting worse and worse with the expansion of college school enrolment, too many students in a class and inadequate teaching staff, who find it hard to take every student’s need into consideration.This teaching style focuses on knowledge delivery, instead of language skill training. It prevents learners from exploring their learning potentiality anddeveloping the abilities to manage their learning effectively. So there is a needfor a shift in English language studies from focusing on how to teach languageto how to learn it, with a consequent change of perspective from the teacher tothe learner.(Mo Liqun and Liu Jian, P11-P13)1.2 Exam-Oriented Language LearningSince the time we learn English, the exam-oriented system has made a lot of students feel not much interest in English. Teachers cannot escape from this notorious system either, because we have to complete the textbook within a term, and simultaneously, devote everything in the classroom to equipping students with necessary skills to get a high score in tests. Moreover, a high score in exams is considered to indicate that both teachers and students are “good”, and the prestige of parents and schools relies heavily on student’s performance. The focus of failure and extrinsic motivation sends the wrong message to students and parents. Many educators and psychologists believe that competition and comparison should not be the basis for accountability, because it puts all the emphasis on high-test scores instead of self-motivated learning for intrinsic interest and improvement. This exam-oriented language teaching decouples self-directed learning from assessments, destabilizes student’s feeling of personal responsibility and suppressed their motivations and learning at school.III.IV.…VI. Conclusion“Give a man a fish, you will feed him a day; teach the man to fish, and you will feed him for a lifetime.”Obviously, this argument shows the importance of learner autonomy.According to the paper, we can see that the current college English teaching system in China is that college English teaching is still focusing on teacher rather than students’learning. It ignores students’individual variables and thus produces passive learner. So it is important for us to shift the roles of teachers and students. And thetraditional classroom teaching should be replaced by the “learner-centered”teaching style. And the traditional exam in the field of language teaching and learning, English teachers must improve their teaching methodology and lay stress on learner’s learning in order to guide them to learn autonomously instead of learning in a passive way.According to current situation of English learning in college, teachers should shift their roles, create a relaxing and positive learning atmosphere in which students can actively involve into their language learning process, help students learn how to learn English effectively through strategy training. Only by doing this, students can finally move towards learner autonomy. In addition, English classes should be arranged in accordance with the law of human memory. In many colleges and universities, there are four or five English lessons a week. During English classes, there is no extra time to review the learning contents before. Consequently, English lesions should be added more lessons for practice. Only when students put English into practice, they can master English completely. It is suggested more English classes to learn it would be more effective.For teachers’aspect, in autonomous learning environment, the role of teachers should be identified newly. According to the current situation of the college English teaching, teachers are expected to play more various roles: guide, promoter, assessor and psychological coordinator etc. school and teachers should offer more conditions which can develop students’ faculty in autonomous learning process.It is also suggested that organization of English corner should be considered in college English teaching and learning plan. Colleges and universities should think over a complete and suitable teaching and learning system for college English. And the teaching and learning plan for college English should be more systematical, scheming and well-designed.However, language learning is a lifelong endeavor. Fostering learner autonomy in college is our long-term pedagogical goal. The author hopes this research may make contribution to the future study in this field. This paper is merely an attempt in this field and there id enormous untouched room left. With the development of science and learners. They can meet the demands for higher and higher levels of competence of English in work. And it is expected that more research will be done to accelerate students’ autonomous learning.This study is still limited, as we have only skimmed the surface of the subject called learner autonomy, and all my discussions about the ways of fostering learner autonomy in China are made only on theoretical level. But it will do great help toimprove English teaching.References[1] Bai, Shuqin and Jing, Jiangbo. Promoting EFL Learner Autonomy in China: From Theory toPractice [J]. Teaching English in China. 2003(03).[2] Benson, P. Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning [M]. Beijing: ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research Press, 2005.[3] Benson, P. and V oller, P. Autonomy and Independence in Language Learning [M]. London:Longman, 1997.[4] Candy, P. C. Self-direction for Lifelong learning [M]. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1991.[5] Cao, Rongping. Respecting Individual Differences and Promoting Learner Autonomy in China’sForeign Language Teaching[J]. Teaching English in China. 2003(02).[6] Crabbe, D. Fostering autonomy from within the classroom: the teacher’s responsibility[J].System, 1993(04).[7] Dickinson, L.Self-instruction in Language Learning [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 1987.[8] Gardner, D. and Miller, L. Establishing Self-access: from Theory to Practic e [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002.[9] Gardner, R. Social Psychology and Second Language Learning: The Role of Attitude andMotivation [M]. London: Edward Arnold, 1985.[10] Little, D. Taking Control: Autonomy in Language Learning[M]. Hong Kong: Hong KongUniversity Press, 1996.[11] 何沂, 张利华．A New Role for Teachers in Autonomous Learning Contexts[J]．内蒙古师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）, 2004(06)．[12] 莫群俐，刘坚．非英语专业大学生的英语学习动机与激发策略[J]．湖南工程学院学报（社会科学版），2003(01)．[13] 秦琛．英语教学中多种激励方式的探讨[J]．成都航空职业技术学院学报，2001(02)．[14] 束定芳，庄智象．现代外语教学—理论、实践与方法[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996．[15] 杨建萍．大学生学习动机的培养与激发[J]．交通高教研究，2001(03)．[16] 张秋玲．浅论情绪激励法在英语教学中的应用[J]．嘉应大学学报，1995(04)。
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
现代英语词汇学概论第一章汉语版
《现代英语词汇学概论》是英国语言学家约翰·西诺特（John Sinclair）所著，于1966年出版的一本关于英语词汇学的经典著作。
该
书第一章的主要内容涉及了词汇学研究的背景和目标。
第一章的汉语版主要包括以下内容：
1.引言：介绍了词汇学研究的重要性和目的，以及该书的结构和内容。
2.词汇学的起源和发展：回顾了词汇学研究的历史背景和不同阶段的
发展，包括传统历史语言学和现代语言学的贡献。
3.词汇研究的方法和工具：介绍了进行词汇学研究所需的方法和工具，包括词汇统计、语料库、词典和计算机技术的运用等。
4.词汇学的理论框架：探讨了几种主要的词汇学理论，包括认知语义学、联想语义学和构式语法等，并解释了它们在研究词汇结构、意义和使
用方面的作用。
5.词汇学的研究领域：概述了词汇学研究的不同领域，包括词汇结构、词汇意义、词汇使用和词汇变化等，并举例说明了不同领域的研究方法和
发现。
总之，第一章的汉语版主要介绍了词汇学研究的基本概念、方法和理
论框架，为后续章节的词汇学内容打下基础。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英语词汇学论文(中文版)
单词记忆法细谈
一，读音规则记忆法
它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。
例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。
还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。
掌握了这些规则，记单
词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。
二.字母变化记忆法
英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。
具体方法
如下：
1.前面加字母。
例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread
2.后面加字母。
例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet
3.中间加字母。
例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four
4.减字母。
例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar
5.换字母。
例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take
6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。
例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign，
from/form
三.联想记忆法
在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。
例如：
打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉
时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。
如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。
四.归类记忆法
众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中
有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内
在或外在的联系。
因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳
出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类
1.按词的构造归类
按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质
的联系。
这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而
且也同时复习了大量的旧词。
合成词，如：
schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc.
前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us
eless,careless,etc
2.按同义词或反义词归类
随着学生词汇量的增加，可逐渐进行此项归类。
如：
takeoff(脱下)与puton(穿上)，safe(安全)与dangerous(危险)；
getto(到达)与arriveat\in(到达)与reach(到达)。
3.按题材归类
在日常交谈中有不同的话题。
按题材归类就是把同一个
话题经常出现的词汇归集在一起，如OurFamily,OurSchool,Food等。
话题的范围可大可小，可以
把上述的题目再划小些。
从OurSchool中还可以划分出
OurClassroom,AnEnglishLesson等
4.按语音或拼读规则归类
如果是开音节和闭音节，可以按其读音规则读出并记忆
单词，当然有一些特殊的不规则的单词，那就只好进行特殊
记忆。
比如根据词形和一些有关的幽默、搞笑故事联系起来
记忆单词。
转贴于中
同形异义词、同异音词、异形同音词、形音相似词等加
以分类。
同形异义词类常用的词有：
catch,carry,come,go,get,keep,play等。
例如：(1)playfootball(踢
足球)；(2)playbasketball(打篮球)；playthepiano(弹钢琴)；
playcomputergames(玩电脑游戏)；playinthepark(在公园玩
耍)。
同形异音词大体可分为三类：(1)一词两音，词义不变；
(2)读音随词性的变化而改变，其词义基本不变；(3)读音随词性、词义的变化而变化
五.构词记忆法
掌握一些构词法知识，可以大大地增加自身的词汇量。
英语构词法主要有以下三种情况：
1.派生法。
这种方法就是在一个词根的基础上加上一个前缀或后缀，从而构成另一个新词，并且与该词根的含义有着密切的联系，此类词便称为派生词。
如常用的前缀in-，im-，un-，dis-等表示否定含义；后缀-er，-or，-ist等表示人；以及后缀-y，-ly，-ful等表示形容词性等。
如：like－unlike，teach
－teacher，friend－friendly等。
2.合成法。
这种方法就是把两个或几个各自独立的单词并到一起组成一个新的单词，由此法构成的单词便称为合成词或复合词。
如：black（黑色的）＋board（木板）blackboard（黑板），class（班）＋room（房间）classroom（教室），foot（脚）＋ball（球）football （足球）等。
3.转化法。
这种方法就是在不改变拼写形式的基础上，由一种词性转化为另一种词性，主要有名词转化为动词、动词转化为名词、形容词转化为动词或名词等。
如：water（n.水）
water（v.浇水），lift（v.举起）lift（n.电梯），last（adj.过去的）last（v.持续）等。
六.循环记忆法：它是指对识记的单词反复记忆的方法。
根据遗忘规律，人的遗忘从识记后便开始，先快后慢。
因此，复习的时间间隔就应是先短后长。
例如，今天学到的单词，在当天背熟之后，第二天、第四天、第七天、第十四天、第二十八天都应复习一次，这样才能形成长时间的记忆。
总之，单词记忆的方法多种多样，只有采用科学的、行之有效的记忆方法，认真地、及时地、周期性地复习，才能大大提高英语单词的记忆效果。