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期末复习专用资料 英国文学史整理
English LiteraturePart 1. The Anglo-Saxon PeriodBeowulf (the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements. CaedmonParaphrase of the Bible/ (the first known religious poet of England) Cynewulf The Christ /( poet on religious subjects) Part 2. The Anglo-Norman Period Sir Gawain and the Green Knight/ a mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry and French poetry. (alliterative verse with metrical verse), The poem reflects the ideal of feudal knighthood. A true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church, but also possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity. Part 3. Geoffrey Chaucer GeoffreyChaucer1340-1400 The House of Fame ; Troilus and Criseyde (long narrative poem);Legend of Good Women (first used heroic couplet); The Parliament of Fowls poetry ：Canterbury Tales / Significance: It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer‟s time ; It has a dramatic structure; It reflects Chaucer‟s humor ; It shows Chaucer‟s contribution to the English language and poetry. his contribution to English poetry: introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. He is considered as the founder of English poetry.Part 4. The English renaissanceThomas More Utopia ( He is the outstanding humanist) Lyrical poems Thomas Wyatt(the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature); Henry Howard; Philip Sidney; Thomas Campion Epic poem Edmond Spenser The Faerie Queen Novels John Lyly(Eupheus gives rise to the term euphuism ); Thomas Lode (they dealing with court life and gallantry Thomas Deloney; Thomas Nashe(they are realistic authors devoted to the everyday life of craftsman, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes.) Francis Bacon1561-1626 The philosophical: Advancement of Learning ;Novum Organum 新工具;De Augmentis The literary: Essays(Of Truth, Of Death; Of Revenge, Of Friendship ) The professional: treatises entitled Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses The founder of English materialist philosophy Drama Christopher Marlowe( the greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama); Robert Greene George Green /the Pinner of W akefield William Shakespeare1564-1616 (37plays, two narrative poems, 154sonnets) The Tempest 暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure 恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors 错中错;Much Ado about Nothing 无事自扰;Love ’s Labour ’s Lost 空爱一场;A Midsummer Night ’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人;As Y ou Like It 如愿;The T aming of the Shrew 驯悍记;All ’s Well That Ends Well 皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night 第十二夜;The Winter ’s T ale 冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Thir d 约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth 亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth 亨利六世（上、中、下）;The Life of King Henry the Eighth 亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida 脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus 考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus 泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar ;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth 麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet 哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear 李尔王;Othello 奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline 辛白林;Pericles 波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis 维诺斯·阿都尼斯; Lucrece 露克利斯;The Sonnets 十四行诗 The Great Comedies: A Midsummer Night ’s Dream; The Merchant ofVenice; As You Like It ;Twelfth Night;The Great Tragedies: The Tragedy of Hamlet; Othello; King Lear;The Tragedy of Macbeth;The Later Comedies(romances): Pericles; Cymbeline; The Winter’s Tale; The Tempest;Part 5. The English Bourgeois revolution period and RestorationJohnMilton1608-1674 Shorter poems: L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas;Principle pamphlets: Areopagitica论出版自由; Eikonoklastes; Defense for the English people;Poem: Paradise Lost(The poem was written in blank verse); Paradise Regained;JohnBunyan1628-1688 The Pilgrim‟s Progress(It is the greatest English allegory, its style is simple and biblical)JohnDonne1572-1631 Poetry(love lyrics & religious poems);Sonnets(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)John Dryden Critic, poet and playwright of restoration periodHistory and Anthology of English Literature IPart I The Anglo-Saxon Period（449-1066）（In Chin. Chr.: Northern and Southern Dynasties – Northern Song Dyn.)History of the English LanguageOld English: Anglo-Saxon times —1100Middle English:1150 -- 1500Modern English:1500 – present times(Early Modern English:1500 – 1700)In 43 A.D. the Romans landed in Britain and made south Britain a Roman province When the Roman Empire declined and its troops left England, the tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded the island from Northern Europe around the 5th century(about 449 A. D.).*Epic: a long narrative poem about heroic deeds and adventures.The storyAccording to the contents of the story, the poem can be divided into three parts: Part I: the fight against GrendelPart II: the fight against Grend el‘s motherPart III: the fight against the Fire DragonThe artistic featuresAlliteration, metaphor, understatement, vivid poetic diction and parallel expressions for a single ideaThe themesThe chief significance of this epic lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, strong and courageous and selfless and ever helpful to his people and kinsfolk. The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed English national epic and its hero Beowulf – one of the national heroes of the English people.*Alliteration: the deliberate repetition of the first consonants in associated words or next to stressed syllables.Part II The Anglo—Norman Period（1066—1350）(In Chinese chronology: Northern Song Dyn.—Yuan Dyn.)Medieval RomanceIt was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.1st Canto: Gawain returns the blow2nd Canto: Gawain‘s long journey3rd Canto: Gawain‘ life in the castle4th canto: …gets to the Green Chapel… warned to turn back…terrif ying sound of sharpening ax…Green Knight appears…two swings harmlessly…third one wounds him…Green Knight explains…lord …shame…atone(make repayment)…free gift…Gawain returns to Arthur‘s…tells his story…knights wear a green girdle ever sinceThe themeSir Gawain and the Green knight is the best of the surviving Middle English romances, characterized by passages of beautiful poetry, moments of gentle comedy and keenly observed psychology. It has two motifs (main subject or idea) in the story, one is the testing of faith, courage and purity, the other is the proving of human weakness forself-preservation. The two motifs provide the poem with unmistakable traits of chivalric romances, plus some strong Christian colouring.The artistic features : AlliterationPart III Geoffrey Chaucer（1340?—1400）(In Chinese history: early Ming Dynasty)The Canterbury TalesThe themeIn The Canterbury Tales, one of the most famous works in all literature, Chaucer has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled.Chaucer‘s contribution to English poetryChaucer’s contribution to English poetryChaucer‘s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter (to be called later the ―heroic couplet‖) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo- Saxon alliterative verse. Chaucer also greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet.Metre*Metre (格律): the organization of rhythm in verse into various regular patterns or units. In English verse, these units are based on stress, and it is the combination of stressed and unstressed syllables into various patterns or units that gives each poem its rhythm or metre.Iamb (iambic): one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable. __︶（抑扬格）Anapest ( anapestic) __ __ ︶（抑抑扬格）Trochee(trochaic) ︶__ （扬抑格）Dactyl (dactylic) ︶__ __ （扬抑抑格）Spondee (spondaic) ︶︶__ __ （扬扬抑抑格）Foot or Metrical FootFoot (音步): the basic unit of measurement in a line of poetry. Generally a foot consists of two or three syllables, one of which is stressed.Monometre: 1 foot Pentametre: 5 feetDimetre: 2 feet Hexametre: 6 feetTrimetre: 3 feet Heptametre: 7 feetTetrametre: 4 feet Octametre: 8 feetPopular balladsBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission. The origin of them can be traced back as early as the 13th century, few of them were printed before the 18th Century and some not until the 19th.Analysis of Get up and Bar the DoorForm: Four-line stanzas, rime-scheme of abcb, colloquial language, the use of dialogues and exaggerated actions, story, the length of verse linesContent: This is a good example of the humorous ballad. It is a light tale humorously told, showing the simple life and the innocent fun of the common people.Part IV The RenaissanceThe Renaissance: This word, meaning ―rebirth‖ is commonly applied to the movement or period which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe.Humanism: Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural, divine elements—or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements. In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively—in particular, those dealing with the life, thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.John Donne（1572-1631）Death Be not proudDeath Be Not Proud is one of Donne‘s 19 holy sonnets, which were believed to have been written before his ordination .The poem reveals his belief in life after death. Here death is compared to rest or sleep. Death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal. But this religious idea is curiously expressed in the author‘s supposeddialogue with―death‖, a s various reasons are given in the poem to argue against the common belief in death as ―mighty and dreadful‖. In this way the sonnet was a typical work of the school of metaphysical poetry. This is a sonnet written in the strict Petrarchan pattern, with 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhyming abba, abba,cddcee. Donne’s distinguishing artistic featuresDonne‘s originality stems from his freedom to draw on a number of different conventions and to adapt them to his own peculiar voice. In the first place his poetry is in one respect less classical than that of his predecessors. There is far less in it of the superficial evidence of classical learning with which the poetry of the ―universitywits‖abounds, pastoral and mythological imagery. The texture of his poetry is more dialectical, and the imagery is less picturesque, more scientific, philosophic, realistic and homely. Nevertheless, in spite of the closeness of the argument, the abstractness of the ideas, the absence of visual imagery, and the strictly denotative use of words, the effect of his poetry is not abstract in the pejorative sense. Each stanza, in fact is a compressed syllogism the conclusion and the minor premise being reserved, as a kind of surprise, until the end.Image: One of the most distinguishing features of poetry is the employment of image. Image is the soul of poetry. It means that the poet uses specific form/ figure or picture to express what people experience, intellectually or emotionally.(a word picture; putting into words of a sound, sight, smell, taste, etc. by describing it.) Imagery: using images such as metaphors and similes to produce an effect in the reader‘s imagination.Enjambment：a device used in verse when both the sense and the grammatical structure are carried over to the next line, /running on the sense of one line of poetry to the nextConceit:from the Italian concetto, used to mean a precise and detailed comparison of something more remote or abstract with something more present or concrete, and often detailed through a chain of metaphors or similes.Wit:the ability to use contrasting and unlikely associations to express a clever and amusing idea.Donne‘s image ry has always impressed readers by its range and variety and its avoidance of the conventionally ornamental. Donne had a different conception of the function of imagery from that of the other Elizabethan poets. The purpose of an image in his poetry is to define the emotional experience by an intellectual parallel. His images must be followed logically; point by point they fit the emotion illustrated.In short, the poetry of Donne is characterized by complex imagery and irregularity of form. He frequently employs the conceit, an elaborate metaphor making striking syntheses of apparently unrelated objects or ideas. His intellectuality, introspection, and use of colloquial diction, seemingly unpoetic but always uniquely precise in meaning and connotation, make his poetry boldly divergent from the smooth, elegant verse of his day.John Milton（1608—1674）Analysis of Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton‘s masterpiece, and greatest English epic. It consists of 12 books, containing about ten thousand lines in blank versePlotThe stories were taken from the Old Testament: the creation; the rebellion in Heaven of Satan and his fellow angels; their defeat and expulsion from Heaven; the creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve; the fallen angels in hell plotting aga inst God; Satan‘s temptations of Eve; and departure of Adam and Eve from Eden.*Blank verseunrhymed verse written in iambic pentameter.The themeThe poem, as we are told at the outset, was to ―justify the ways of God to man‖, i.e., to advocate submission to the Almighty. But after reading it one gets the impression that the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God‘s authority.In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. His long speeches are never pleasing. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan. His Archangel is a bore. His angels are silly. While the rebel Satan who rose against God and, though defeated, still sought for revenge, is by far the most striking character in the poem.Adam and Eve embody Milton‘s belief in the powers of man. Their craving for knowledge, as Milton stresses, adds a particular significance to their characters. This longing for knowledge opens before mankind a wide road to an intelligent and active life.It has been noticed by many critics that the picture of God surrounded by his angels, who never think of expressing any opinions of their own, resembles the court of an absolute monarch, while Satan and his followers, who freely discuss all issues in council, sufficient to prove that Milton‘s revolutionary feelings made him forsake religious orthodoxy.This epic is an eloquent expression of the revolutionary spirit of the English bourgeois revolution, a call to resist tyranny and to continue the fight for freedom.The image of SatanSatan is the central figure in Paradise lost. He is human as well as superhuman. We think of Satan either as an abstract conception or else, more immediately, as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction by the flaw ofself-love. The figure of Satan is undoubtedly impressive, powerful, and immense, looming up as a magnificent figure, a mighty, a terrible, and an immortal Being; he is infinitely superior to man, as well in the dignity of his nature, entirely different from the devil of the miracle plays and completely overshadowing the hero both in interest and in manliness. He has about him the last flickers of heavenly radiance, the traces of his ruined greatness.There is undoubtedly something thrilling as he summons up his defeated powers, collect together the scattered legions of the lost angels, addresses them with words of defiance of God, and draws forth response of militaristic assent as his troops ―Clashe d on their sounding shields the din of war,/ Hurling defiance towards the vault of heaven.‖ Then simple ―Satanist‖ case is, then that Milton allowed the revolutionary in himself to take root in Satan. Though Milton thought of himself as a Christian, his inner sympathies with rebellion, anger and revolution often color the poem. Satan‘s defianceof the Divine will is indispensable to the continuance of his identity, a predicament which raises him to tragic status.John Bunyan（1628—1688）Allegory is a story which teaches a lesson because the people and places in it stand for other ideas. One of the greatest of all allegories is Pilgrim‘s Progress by John Bunyan. The themePilgrim‘s Progress is a biting satire on the English society with which the writer wasfa miliar. It reveals Bunyan‘s Puritan ideal.The success of The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe secret of its success is probably simple. It is, first of fall, not a procession of shadows repeating the author‘s declamations, but a real story, the first extended story in English. The Puritans may have read the story for religious instruction; but all classes of men have read it because they found in it true personal experience told with strength, interest humor, in a word, with all the qualities that such a story should possess. Young people have read it, first for its intrinsic worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lure them on to the very end; and second, because it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having a story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government. He saw and detested the injustice of laws, trials and magistrates, between whom and his saints there was a perpetual war. That is why his Pilgrim‘s Progress had won immediate success among the bakers, weavers, cobblers, tailors, tinkers, shepherds, ploughmen, diary-maids, seamstresses and servant girls of his time, and has become one of the most popular works in the English Language.Bunyan‘s prose is admirable. It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. Spenser‘s allegory in The Faerie Queen appears ornate when compare with Bunyan.The Eighteenth CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment in EnglandClassicism: As a critical term, a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greece and Roman Culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art or criticism.Neoclassicism: In English literature, the stylistic trend between the Restoration（1660）and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century is referred to as neoclassicism.Sentimentality and sensibility are two terms frequently used in reference to some literary works of the 18th century. They are today used as mutually exchangeable terms, Poetry and fiction of sentimentality or sensibility, as a literary genre, didn‘t start all of a sudden in the 18th century, though it was not often found earlier than that. It was a direct reaction against the cold, hard commercialism and rationalism which had dominated people‘s life since the last decades of the 17th century.Romanticism: Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson. Satire: a piece of writing in which public personalities, current affairs, human weaknesses, etc are mocked using sarcasm and irony.Daniel Defoe （1660-1731）The themeIn Robinson Crusoe the author eul ogizes labour and man‘s indefatigable efforts to conquer nature, but at the same time he beautifies colonialism.The styleThough most of his works are written in the picaresque tradition, Defoe is, in fact, an anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.Defoe‘s style is characterized by a plain, smooth, easy, direct, and almost colloquial but never coarse language.Jonathan Swift （1667-1745）The themeIt is a satire on the eighteenth century English society, touching upon the political, religious, legal, military, scientific, philosophical as well as literary institutions, about almost every aspect of the society. Bitterly satirical, the book takes great pains to bring to light the wickedness of the then English society, with its tyranny, its political intrigues and corruption, its aggressive wars and colonialism, its religious disputes and persecution, and its ruthless oppression and exploitation of the common people.The ugliness of the eighteenth century society is no elsewhere so thoroughly and forcefully exposed and condemned as in this single book. And, the satire, as it is, is not only of practical significance in its own day in England and Europe but its exposure is also true of all countries, all ages. Its satires are applicable to any class, any society, anywhere in the world and in any period of history.To conclude, Swift‘s Gulliver‘s Travels gives us an unparalleled satirical depiction of the vices of his age and the weaknesses of man.Some narrative featuresThe novel is at once a fantasy and a realistic work of fiction.The Language here, as is typical of all Swift‘s works, is very simple, unadorned, straightforward and effective.The novel is noted for its exceptionally tidy structural arrangement. The four seemingly independent parts are linked up by the central idea of social satire and make up an organic whole. The four parts are complementary, each supporting, adding to and developing the central satire. This is especially true of the first two parts. The narrative pattern of the book is also outstanding.Swift’s point of viewA defender of human freedomAn irreligious clergymanSwift’s styleSwift is one of the greatest writers of satiric prose. No reader of his can escape being impressed by the great simplicity, directness and vigor of his style. Easy, clear, simple, and concrete diction, uncomplicated syntax, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings. Seldom is there ornament or singularity of any kind. Never is the meaning obscure. Everything is in complete control of the writer.And yet, it seems inadequate to define Swift‘s style simply as what he says: ―proper words in proper pla ces‖, for his is one of great richness and variety. His simplicities, more often than not, are a camouflage for insidious intentions, for big serious matters, and an outward earnestness, simplicity, innocence and an apparently cold impartial tone render his satire all the more powerful and effective. Sometimes even a ferocious joke does the job. His ―A Modest Proposal‖— a ferocious joke really — is generally held as the example of best satirical work in English.But to say that Swift has invented a complete new prose style is to overstate. When we emphasize his abandonment of ―serious‖ or ―lofty‖ styles brought to high refinement by his cousin Dryden and his friend Pope, we do not exclude his cousin Dryden and his friend Pope, we do not exclude his indebtedness to the old tradition, particularly the tradition of Rabelais. It is by adapting and modifying the old forms and techniques, by infusing them with his own strong personality that he is able to play with learned or pseudo-learned ideas, to put forward his own judgment, to carry his parody, satire, ridicule and condemnation until ―the wit of man carry it no further.‖What is more, Swift is in the habit of writing in the capacity of a fictitious character. This provides him opportunities to let out his pent-up emotions, mostly his contempt, disappointment, bitterness and desperate indignation, and also allows him freedom in the choice of an idiom which is appropriate to the assumed character and a style which is most suitable to his theme and purpose.Joseph Addison （1672 - 1719）ContributionThough Addison considered himself a poet and distinguished himself with his tragedy ―Cato‖, and Steele was successful with his many sentimental comedies, they have been remembered chiefly as editors of the two literary periodicals. The Tattler and The Spectator are chief contributors to the English periodical literature of the early eighteenth century. Their new genre of familiar essays, characterized by an informal, easy style, by the creation of characters and by their comments on the manners and morals of the time, which were illustrated by interesting brief sketches and tales pavedthe way for the flourishing of literary periodicals and the arrival of English novels in the days to come.Henry Fielding （1707-1754）The ThemeIn ―Tom Jones‖ Fielding gives a vivid panoramic picture of English society in mid-18th century, and shows his great sympathy for the poor and oppressed and his strong antipathy toward all the wicked and deceitful persons in the story. The character of Blifil is an embodiment of vice, while Tom Jones is an upright, kind-hearted youth in spite of his minor shortcomings and Sophia Western is a courageous young woman who battles successfully against feudal bondage.Features of Fielding’s novels1)Fielding‘s method of relating a story is telling the story directly by the author.2) Satire abounds everywhere in Fielding‘s works.3) Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel. The object of his novels is to present a faithful picture of life, while sound teaching is woven into their texture.4) Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and musical rhythm. His command of language is remarkable.Thomas Gray（1716-1771）Analysis of Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardRelevant information about Elegy Written in a Country ChurchyardElegy Written in a Country Churchyard（1751）, one of the best known lyrics in the English language. The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially ―the Graveyard school.‖ His poems, as awhole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present.·Graveyard schoolshow sympathy for the poor and indulge in the meditation of death and loneliness Although neo-classicism dominated the literary scene in 18th century, there were poets whose poetry had some elements that deviated from the rules and regularities set down by neo- classicist poets. These poets had grown weary of the artificiality and controlling ideals of neo-classicism. They craved for something more natural and spontaneous in thoughts and language. In their poetry, emotions and sentiments, which had been repressed, began to play a leading role again. Another factor marking this deviation is the reawakening of an interest in nature and in the natural relations between man and man. Among these poets, one of the representatives was Thomas Gray.Analysis of “Elegy”It is originally in classical Greek and Roman literature, a poem composed of couplets. Classical elegies addressed various subject, including love, lamentation, and politics, and were characterized by their metric form. Since the 16th century elegies have been characterized not by their form but by their content, which is invariably melancholy and centers on death. The best-known elegy in English is Gray‘s―Elegy‖.Milton‘s Lycidas was an elegy to his friend who drowned. Gray‘s Elegy in a Country Churchyard is a sad poem about mankind‘s mortality.Epitaph: Something written on a tombstone, or a poem about someone after their death.Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is the best-known meditative poem by Thomas Gray. The churchyard is perhaps that of Stoke Poges, where Gray often visited。
英国文学史选读复习资料
英国文学简史复习资料General introduction of English literature1. 1) Old English Literature (449-1066) 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》2) Medieval English Literature (1066-15th century) 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer (1340_1400) 杰弗里·乔叟2. Renaissance English literature (late 15th century ~ early 17th century) 文艺复兴——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚——Ben Jonson 本·琼生——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛3. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (1640-1688) 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁——William Blake威廉·布莱克——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯5. Romantic English Literature (1798-1832) 浪漫主义时期——William Wordsworth, 威廉·华兹华斯——Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治——George Gordon Byron, 乔治·戈登·拜伦——Percy Bysshe Shelley 佩西·比舍·雪莱——John Keats, 约翰·济慈——Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特——Jane Austen简·奥斯汀6. Critical Realistic Literature in the 19th Century 维多利亚时期（批判现实主义）——W.M. Thackeray, 萨克雷——C harles Dickens, 查尔斯·狄更斯——Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁——Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Ann Bronte——George Eliot乔治·艾略特——Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德——Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代——Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德7. 20th Century English Literature——George Bernard Shaw乔治·萧伯纳——Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德——William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝——Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫——James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯——D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯——T. S. Eliot 爱略特一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) ，Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻metaphor手法3、Alliteration 头韵（写作手法）例子：of m an was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷的故事集》(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
《英国文学简史》重点笔记(完整版)
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures（1）The Venerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Li fe: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissancesecularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV.English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of “humour”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into therevolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and calledthemselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. （2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as aliterary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.（2）Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love forfreedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3）Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poemsa.loved beauty;b.seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet。
英国文学史复习资料整理
英国文学史复习资料整理篇一：英国文学史复习资料整理(1)? historical background: the making of BritainA. Briton (Celtic tribes)B. the Roman Conquest---Roman Briton1thJulius CaesarA.D.43ClaudiusC. mid-5thAnglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)Anglo-Saxon periodD. Danish invasionlate 8th, Daneslate 9th, Alfred the Greatthe literaturethe literature of this period falls naturally isto two divisions—pagan and Christianpagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagasChristian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks..All of the earliest poetry of England was copied by the monks, and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The angles, an important Teutonis tribe, furnished the name for the new home, which was called Angle-land afterward shortened into England. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon.Literary term★ Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.(examples: Iliad, Odyssey, Chanson de Roland)2. Beowulf– national epic★ the longest and most monument of A-S poems★ the oldest surviving epic in British literature.? oral form (6th), earliest written record (7th or 8th)? set in Denmark and SwedenBeowulf1. 3183 lines2. contents:Beowulf centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure beowulf.3 adventuresMonster---GrendelGrendel’s motherfiery dragonTheme: primitive peo ple’s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people.Features:＊part-historical and part legendary＊heathen tribal society, feudal elements, Christian coloring＊A-S or old English; alliteration metaphorIn the year 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.Brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.England literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.The three chief effects of the conquest were1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England2. the growth of nationality a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes3. the new language and literature were proclaimed in Chaucer1the Norman conquest accelerated the development of feudalism.? on land: the ruling class possessed large tracts of land? on society: distinct class division, miseries of peasants? on language: scholar wrote in French and Latin; eiched English.The developmentof romance and knights’ legends★ Romance: A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble man. The central character is the Knight, who has a noble birth, is skillful in the use of weapon and devotes to the church or King. The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.? Themes of romance:the matter of Britain— king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (Arthurian romances) the matter of France— Charlemagne and his knights (Chanson deRoland)the matter of Rome— from the Trojan War to Alexander the GreatKing Arthur:＊historical figure of Celts; mythological figure in Welsh literature;＊legendary hero in ? Geoffery of Monmouth: “History of the Kings of Britain” ?Layamon:“Brut”? Sir Tomas Malory: “Le Morte D?Arthur”? Anglo-Saxon? Later legends about a hero named Arthur were placed in this period of violence. The invaders were variously Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, but were similar in culture and eventually identified themselves indifferently as Angles or Saxons.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend—―Sir Gawain and the Green Knig ht‖ (four sections)a.The fight between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at King Arthur?s Christmas feast.b. Gawain?s adventures on the way to find the Green Knight of the Green Chapel篇二：英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
(完整word版)英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)
I. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400The father of English poetry.①<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫II The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616①Historical plays:Henry VI 亨利六世; Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;<Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗;<King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost （爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor. 温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty; Of Marriage and Single Life EnglishBourgeois Revolution，<The Advancement of Learning>学术的推进III：the period of the English bourgeois revolution.Milton：1608~1674Paradise Lost; Samson Agonistes (力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，<Paradise Regained>复乐园<On His Blindness>我的失明<Areopagitica>论出版自由<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim’s Progress>天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy WarJohn Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）The Flea; 跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnetsIV The 18th Century：EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason:the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。
(完整word版)英国文学史学生复习资料
I.Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (30 points inall, 1.5 point for each)1. ( ) Edmund Spenser A. Women In Love2. ( ) Oliver Goldsmith B. Sense and Sensibility;3. ( ) Laurence Sterne C. Queen Mab4. ( ) Daniel Defoe D. Young Goodman Brown5. ( ) Henry Fielding E. The Portrait of A Lady6. ( ) George Gordon Byron F. The Sound and the Fury7. ( ) Percy Bysshe Shelley G. The Great Gatsby8. ( ) Jane Austen H. For Whom the Bell Tolls9. ( ) Sir Walter Scott I. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage10. ( ) Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell J. The Faerie Queene11. ( ) George Eliot K. Ivanhoe12. ( ) John Galsworthy L. Mary Barton13. ( ) William Shakespeare M. The Forsyte Saga14. ( ) Nathaniel Hawthorne N. Robinson Crusoe15. ( ) Henry James O. Tom Jones16. ( ) Theodore Dreiser P. The Vicar of Wakefield17. ( ) Scott Fitzgerald Q. A Sentimental Journey18. ( ) Ernest Hemingway R. American Tragedy19. ( ) William Faulkner S. Middlemarch20. ( ) David Herbert Lawrence T. Othello1-10 JPQNO ICBKL 11-20 SMTDE RGHFAplete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the ______, who migrated to the British Islesabout 600 B.C. .2.The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people before they accepted ______.3.After the Norman conquest, Latin and ______ were the languages of the upper class,spoken at courts and used in churches and schools.4.______ in the 14th century claimed the lives of one third of the whole population in Europe.5.The House of Lancaster and the House of York fought the Thirty Years’ War from 1455 to1485, the House of York using ______ as its emblem.6.The Elizabethan spectators paid a penny to stand throughout the performance in the pitwere called ______.7.Sonnets was first written by the Italian poet ______ who wrote them to a lady named Laura.8.As a philosopher Bacon is praised by Marx as “______” because he stressed the importanceof experience, or experiment.9.Pope translated the entire “______”and half of the “Odyssey”, the other half beingtranslated by two Cambridge scholars.10.The Rape of the Lock is a brilliant satire written in the form of a ______ poem.1. the Celts2. Christianity3. French4. Black Death5. a white rose6. groundlings7. Petrarch8. the progenitor of English materialism9. Iliad10. mock-heroicIII.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，whichone of the following is NOT such an event?A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture .B. England’s domestic rest.C. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.2._________ is the successful religious allegory in the English language.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanD. The Holy War3.Generally，the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries，its essence is _________A. scienceB. philosophyC. artsD. humanism4.Among the representatives of the Enlightenment，who was the first to introduce rationalismto England?A. John BunyanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexander PopeD. Jonathan Swift5.It is _________ alone who，for the first time in English literature，presented to us acomprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from ail walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Martin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gower6.In A Tale of Two Cities, the "two cities" refer to London and _________.A. DublinB. ParisC. New YorkD. Vienna7.The Lyrical Ballads written by Wordsworth and Coleridge was published in ________.A. 1789B. 1798C. 1829D. 19038._______ is the representative of Aestheticism and Decadence in English literature.A. R. L. StevensonB. Oscar WildeC. Samuel ButlerD. Charles Dickens9.Which of the following novels does not belong to the "stream of consciousness" school ofnovel writing?A. UlyssesB. Mrs. DallowayC. The RainbowD. To the Lighthouse10.The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existenceon a lonely island reflects _________A. man’s desire to return to natureB. the author’s criticism of the colonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD. the aristocrat s’disillusionment of the harsh social reality1-5 BADCA 6-10 DABCCIV.Explain the following literary terms. (12 points in all, 4 points for each)1.Renaissance2.The War of Roses3.Morality PlayV.Chose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (15 points in all,1.5 points for each)A. Find out the author and his work.1.( ) Thomas More a. Gorge Green2.( ) Edmund Spencer b. Eupheus3.( ) John Lyly c. The Fairy Queene4.( ) Christopher Marlowe d. Utopia5.( ) Robert Greene e. The Jew of MaltaB. Find out the work from column on the left and its content from column on theright.6.( ) Il Penseroso a. attack on the censorship7.( ) Lycidas b. defense of the Revolution8.( ) Defense for the English People c. about dear friend9.( ) Areopagitica d. Satan against God10.( ) Paradise Lost e. meditationA. Find out the author and his work.1-5 d c b e aB. Find out the work from column on the left and its content from column on theright.6-10 e c b a dVI.Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets. (15 points in all, 1.5 points for each)1.( ) The author of The Song of Beowulf is Cynwulf.2.( ) The setting of The Song of Beowulf is in Scotland.3.( ) Alfred the Great compiles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.4.( ) Venerable Bede wrote The Ecclesiastic History of the English people.5.( ) The author of Paraphrase is Caedmon.6.( ) Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to the literature of English renaissance.7.( ) Being specially fond of the great writer Boccaccio, Chaucer composes a longnarrative poem Filostrato based upon Boccaccio’s poem Troilus and Cressie.8.( ) The 32 pilgrims, according to Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that ofBo ccaccio’s Decameron.9.( ) The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of Romantic portrayal, the first of itskind in the history of English literature.10.( ) The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century ofEngland.1-10 F F T T T T F T F Fplete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)11.The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the ______, who migrated to the BritishIsles about 600 B.C. .12.Geoffrey Chaucer, the “______”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England,was born in London in about the year 1340.13.The ______ provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and itcomprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.14.In contradiction to the _______ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose themetrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.15.The House of Lancaster and the House of York fought the Thirty Years’War from1455 to 1485, the House of York using ______ as its emblem.16.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of ______ relations andthe establishing of the foundations of capitalism.17.Sonnets was first written by the Italian poet ______ who wrote them to a lady namedLaura.18.As a philosopher Bacon is praised by Marx as “______”because he stressed theimportance of experience, or experiment.19.______ is often referred to as “the poets’ poet”.20.The Rape of the Lock is a brilliant satire written in the form of a ______ poem.21.Celts 2. Father of English Poetry 3. Prologue 4. Alliterative 5. a white rose 6.feudal7.Petrarch8.the progenitor of English materialism9.Edmund Spencer10. mock-heroicVIII.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.About Edmund Spencer which of the following statements is not true?A. He was educated in Cambridge.B. His father was the Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.C. He interacted with Philip Sidney.D. He wrote “Epithalamion” to his love affair with Elizabeth Boyle2.About the Renaissance humanists which of the following statements is true?A. They thought money and social status was the measure of all things.B. They emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the presentlife.C. They couldn't see the human values in their works.D. They thought people were largely subordinated to the ruling class without anyfreedom and independence.3.In his tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare eulogizes _____.A. the faithfulness of loveB. the spirit of pursuing happinessC. the heroine's great beauty, wit and loyaltyD. both a and b4.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethan time is _____.A. the flourishing of the dramaB. the popularity of the realistic novelC. the domination of the classical poetryD. the close-down of all the theatres5.Which of the following is not John Milton's works?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Othello6.Tempest is a typical example of Shakespeare______ view of life towards human lifeand society in his late years.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. satiricalD. none of the above7.______ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England, while ______ brought in blankverse, ie. The unrhymed iambic pentameter line.A. Wyatt…SurreyB. Wyatt…SidneyC. Surrey…SidneyD. Sidney…Spencer8.Christopher Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the ______ andmade it the principal medium of English drama.A. blank verseB. free verseC. sonnetD. alliteration9.Christian is the character in ______.A. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanB. The Pilgrim’s ProgressC. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersD. None of the above10.The significance of The Canterbury Tales excludes:A. A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.B. The dramatic structure of the poem.C. Chaucer’s humour.D. “Round” characters.11.The ceremony of May Day comes from the tradition of _______.A. The CeltsB. The SaxonsC. The NormansD. The Angles1-5 BBBAD 6-10 AABDAII. Definitions of literary terms (1’×10=10’):1. A group of dramatists active in the 1950s, who believed that human life was meaningless andabsurd and that the world was irrational _____________.[A] the angry young men [B] the beat generation[C] the theatre of the absurd [D] dramatist of black humour2.A long narrative poem about the deeds of some national hero(es) ____________.[A] a lyric [B] an epic[C] a sonnet [D] a satirical poem3. A poem describing the life and love of shepherds and shepherdesses__________.[A] an eclogue [B] a pastoral poem[C] a lyric poem [D] a narrative poem4. The unconscious tendency of a son to be attached to his mother and hostile toward his father_______[A] psychoanalysis [B] Oedipus complex[C] inferiority complex [D] interpretation of dreams5. Works in prose or poetry meant to ridicule and correct the follies and vices of the society and of the individuals ___________.[A] sentimentalism [B] Neo-classicism[C] allegory [D] satire6. Traditionally a song that tells a story which became a form of poetry later __________[A] a folk song [B] a sonnet[C] a ballad [D] romance7. A long piece of poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight _________.[A] romance [B] epic[C] ballad [D] narrative poem or prose8.Two lines of poetry in iambic pentameter rhymed aa ____________.[A] sonnet [B] ballad[C] ode [D] heroic couplet9. Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter ____________.[A] free verse [B] blank verse[C] sonnet [D] heroic couplet10. A story in verse or prose with a double meaning, a surface meaning and an under-the-surface meaning ________[A] allegory [B] romance[C] satire [D] ballad1 C2 B 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.A1. The technique to describe various thoughts and feelings that pass through the mind _____________.[A] the angry young men [B] stream of consciousness[C] the theatre of the absurd [D] black humour2. Poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight ____________.[A] a romance [B] an epic[C] a sonnet [D] a satirical poem3. A poem describing the life and love of shepherds and shepherdesses__________.[A] a pastoral [B] an eclogue[C] a lyric poem [D] a narrative poem4. The unconscious tendency of a son to be attached to his mother and hostile toward his father_______[A] psychoanalysis [B] Oedipus complex[C] inferiority complex [D] interpretation of dreams5. Works in prose or poetry meant to ridicule and correct the follies and vices of the society and of the individuals ___________.[A] sentimentalism [B] Neo-classicism[C] allegory [D] satire6. Traditionally a song that tells a story which became a form of poetry later __________[A] a ballad [B] a sonnet[C] a folk song [D] romance7. A long piece of poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight _________.[A] romance [B] epic[C] ballad [D] narrative poem or prose8.Two lines of poetry in iambic pentameter rhymed aa ____________.[A] sonnet [B] ballad[C] ode [D] heroic couplet9. Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter ____________.[A] free verse [B] blank verse[C] sonnet [D] heroic couplet10. A story in verse or prose with a double meaning, a surface meaning and an under-the-surface meaning ________[A] ballad [B] romance[C] satire [D] allegory1 B2 .A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.DIII. Matching authors with corresponding works(1’×20=20’)1.Thomas More a. Sons and Lovers2.Geoffrey Chaucer b. Mrs. Dalloway3. Edmund Spenser c. Tess of the D’Urbervilles4. Christopher Marlowe d. Pride and Prejudice5.George Bernard Shaw e. The Pickwick Papers6.Ben Jonson f. Ivanhoe7. John Milton g.Vanity Fair8. Jonathan Swift h.Don Juan9. James Joyce i.Ode to the West Wind10. Richard B. Sheridan j. V olpone11.William Wordsworth k.Samson Agonistes12.George Gordon Byron l.Finnegans Wake13.Percy Bysshe Shelley m.The School for Scandal14.Walter Scott n. Lyrical Ballads15.Charles Dickens o.Widowers’ Houses16. W. M. Thackeray p.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus17.Jane Austen q.Faerie Queene18.Thomas Hardy r.The Canterbury Tales19.D. H. Lawrence s. Utopia20. Virginia Woolf t.Gulliver’s Travels1.s2.r3.q4.p5.o6.j7.k8.t9.l 10.m11.n 12.h 13.i 14.f 15.e 16.g 17.d 18.c 19.a 20.b1.William Shakepeare2.Samuel Johnson3. John Keats4. Christopher Marlowe5.George Bernard Shaw6.Ben Jonson7. John Milton 8.Daniel Defoe9. James Joyce 10. Richard B. Sheridan11.Geofrey Chaucer 12.George Gordon Byron13.Percy Bysshe Shelley 14.Walter Scott15.George Bernard Shaw 16. William Makepeace Thackeray17.Jane Austen 18.Thomas Hardy19.D. H. Lawrence 20. Virginia Woolfa. Tamburlaine the Greatb.A Dictionary of the English Languagec. King Leard. Major Barbarae. Pride and Prejudicef. Ivanhoeg.Vanity Fair h.Don Juani.Promethus Unbound j. V olponek.Samson Agonistes l.Finnegans Wakem.The School for Scandal n. Robinson Crusoeo..Widowers’ Houses p.Sons and Loversq.To the Lighthouse r.Tess of the D’Urbervilless.Ode to the Nightingale t.The Canterbury Tales1.c2.b3.s4.a5.o6.j7.k8.n9.l 10.m 11.t 12.h 13.i 14.f 15.d 16.g 17.e 18.r 19.p 20.qIV Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (2’×10=20’)12.About Edmund Spencer which of the following statements is not true?A. He was educated in Cambridge.B. His father was the Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.C. He interacted with Philip Sidney.D. He wrote “Epithalamion” to his love affair with Elizabeth Boyle13.About the Renaissance humanists which of the following statements is true?A. They thought money and social status was the measure of all things.B. They emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the presentlife.C. They couldn't see the human values in their works.D. They thought people were largely subordinated to the ruling class without anyfreedom and independence.14.In his tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare eulogizes _____.A. the faithfulness of loveB. the spirit of pursuing happinessC. the heroine's great beauty, wit and loyaltyD. both a and b15.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethan time is _____.A. the flourishing of the dramaB. the popularity of the realistic novelC. the domination of the classical poetryD. the close-down of all the theatres16.Which of the following is not John Milton's works?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Othello1-5 BBBAD6．In A Tale of Two Cities, the "two cities" refer to London and _________.A. DublinB. ParisC. New YorkD. Vienna7．The Lyrical Ballads written by Wordsworth and Coleridge was published in ________.A. 1789B. 1798C. 1829D. 19038．_______ is the representative of Aestheticism and Decadence in English literature.A. R. L. StevensonB. Oscar WildeC. Samuel ButlerD. Charles Dickens9．Which of the following novels does not belong to the "stream of consciousness" school of novel writing?A. UlyssesB. Mrs. DallowayC. The RainbowD. To the Lighthouse10．The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existence on a lonely island reflects _________A. man’s desire to return to natureB. the author’s criticism of the colonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD. the aristocrats’disillusionment of the harsh social reality6-10 DABCCV. Essay Questions (30%; choose only ONE of the following five topics and write a short essay of at least 200 words.)1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Victorian period?pare any two periods in the history of English literature with reference to ideological tendencies and literary trends (Find out their similarities and differences by using major writers as examples).3.Describe how your knowledge of English literature is improved after taking this course.4.Analyze why in English literature Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright or why Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist.5. Why is Thomas Hardy often regarded as a transitional writer?6．How much do you know about Romanticism?7. How much do you know about the Enlightenment Movement and Neoclassicism?8. Analyze the characteristics of the Renaissance period and the Victorian age.9. Discuss why Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist in English Literature10.Through Hamlet in Hamlet, please analyze the theme of this novel.11. What is Utopia about?12.What is the social significance of The Canterbury TalExplain the following literary terms. (18 points in all, 6 points for each)4.The Rising of 13815.John Locke6.Humanism。
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料
（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: England’s national epic.（第一部民族史诗）2. artistic feature: ① using alliteration② using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-----In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. [乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。
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I. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages :the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons <Beowulf>贝奥武夫1340(?)~1400 ?乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里The father of English poetry.<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：①) by middle English (双韵体‘heroic couplet'first time to use<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德②The House of Fame>声誉之宫③ <II The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, Renaissance:the 17th extending to beginning in the 14th century and and learning in Europe century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.rebirth or revival:–Three historical events of the Renaissancenew discoveries in geography and astrology1.the religious reformation and economic expansion2.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture3. The most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1564~1616 威廉?莎士比亚William Shakespeare①Historical plays:Henry VI 亨利六世; Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night'S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;<Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗;<King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost （爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor. 温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）EnglishLifeSingle and Marriage Of Beauty; Of Studies;Of Bacon:，Bourgeois Revolution Advancement of Learning>学术的推进<The ：the period of the English bourgeois revolution. III：1608~1674Milton力士参孙); Paradise Lost; Samson Agonistes ( 复乐园<ParadiseOn the morning of Christ's Nativity，Regained> <Areopagitica>论出版自由<On His Blindness>我的失明为英国人民声辩<The Defence of the English People>Bunyan: 1628~1688天路历程Allegory:<The Pilgrim's Progress>①ReligionaryGrace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War).John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人the diction is simple, the imagery is from 玄学诗)：（用语）Metaphysical Poetry(s beloved, the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet'（主题：love, religious, thought）with god, or with himself.歌与十四行诗，Songs And Sonnets跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，The Flea;Hely sonnetsemergent occasions 突变引起的诚念：IV The 18th Century Enlightenmentrestrainedorder, logic, interest in the old classical works, A revival of) and accuracyemotion(抑制情感the furtherance of the movement was a The Age ofEnlightenment/Reason:thth movement, intellectual centries, a 15Renaissance of the progressive and 16th century)reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18小说崛起novel English newly literary form, modern ：In the mid-century, the) 现实主义小说rised(realistic novelmystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of 哥特式小说Gothic novel()：century)1667~1745Jonathan Swift乔纳森?斯威夫特（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。
）(fictional work) Gulliver's Travels>格列佛游记①<Four parts: 大人国Brobdingnag 小人国Lilliput马岛Houyhnhnm Flying Island 飞岛一个小小的建议<A Modest Proposal> The Battle of Books>书战② <木桶的故事③ <A Tale of a Tub> 一个麻布商的书信 <The Drapper's Letters>④Bickerstaff Almanac 比克斯塔福历书⑤1660~1731笛福Daniel Defoe丹尼尔?十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠小册子作者；新闻记者，（小说家，He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is）基人。
．of the founder and he is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, realistic novel.Crusoe>< 鲁宾逊漂流记Robinson①It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.and into a shrewd a naive and artless youth Robinson grew fromhardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, getsfor live island, struggles to shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.Moll Flanders> ②<Colonel Jacque>③ < <Captain singleton> 辛格顿船长④1707~1754 Henry Fielding亨利?菲尔丁The funder of the English realistic world散”( He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. 文体史诗novels:①弃婴汤姆?琼斯<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling> 约瑟夫?安德鲁<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews> 大诗人江奈生?威尔德<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>爱米利亚<Amelia>plays:②一七三六年历史记事<The Historical Register for 1736> 堂吉柯德在英国<Don Quixote in England>1757~1827William Blake威廉?布莱克 <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌①A happy and innocent world from children's eye.经验之歌②<Songs of Experience>tone repression melancholy with a word A of misery, poverty, disease, war andfrom men eyes.扫烟囱的小孩<The Chimney Sweeper> Include:<London><The Tyger>Lamb is a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence天堂与地狱的婚姻③<The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>1759~1796罗伯特?彭斯Robert Burns The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗，苏<John Anderson, My Jo>约翰?安德生，我的爱人，Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect①格兰抒情歌谣集一朵红红的玫瑰② <A Red, Red Rose>友谊地久天长<Auld Long Syne> ③不管那一套Man's a Man for A'That><A④．⑤我的心在那高原上<My Heart's in the Highlands><Bruce At Bannockburn>⑥再见苏格兰自由树Farewell to Scotland ⑦<The Tree Of Liberty>V The Romantic Periods Coleridge'publication of Wordsworth and The romantic period began in 1798 the<Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death.人应该是独立Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual's mind.()自由的个体In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outerworld of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Scott (realistic) and Walter Jane novelists of the Romantic period are Austen Two major (romantic).who lived in the lake district.“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1770~1850威廉?华兹华斯William Wordsworth(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)<Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集①Above Behold，④My Heart Leaps up When I Lonely ②<I Wondered As A Cloud> ③Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern ⑥Tintern Abbey; ⑤Intimations of Immortality序曲⑧<The Prelude>Abbey ⑦The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女1788~1824George Gordon Byron乔治?戈登?拜伦孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。