(完整版)组合机床外文翻译
机械及模具中英文对照(完整版)
机械专业英语词汇陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆rocker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip—flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel上课认真听讲，课后按时完成作业。
组合机床外文文献
1 Introduction
Most classical shop scheduling models disregard the fact that products are often produced in lots, each lot (process batch) consisting of identical parts (items) to be produced. The size of a job lot (i.e., the number of items it consists of) typically ranges from a few items to several hundred. In any case, job lots are assumed to be indivisible single entities, although an entire job lot consists of many identical items. That is, partial transfer of completed items in a lot between machines on the processing routing of the job lot is impossible. But it is quite unreasonable to wait for the
2 Problem description
and Alfredson [6] examined two- and three-machine flowshops assuming there is no limit on the number of transfer batches so that it is optimal to use unit sized transfer batches. They showed that the two-machine problem with unit sized transfer batches is easily solved by a slight modification of Johnson’s well known algorithm, and also proved that pre-emption of job lots is not necessary in the optimal solution. That is, a job is split into unit sized transfer batches that are processed consecutively (not intermingled with the transfer batches of other job lots). Cetinkaya and Kayaligil [7] and Baker [8] extended this study to obtain a unified solution procedure, which handles separable and inseparable setups, respectively. Cetinkaya [9] and Vickson [10] independently showed that the scheduling problem with either equal or unequal transfer batches decomposes into an easily identifiable sequence of single job problems, even with setup times and transfer times. Sriskandarajah and Wagneur [11] studied the lot streaming and scheduling multiple products in two-machine, no-wait flowshops. Kim et al. [12] proposed a scheduling rule for a two-stage flowshop with identical parallel machines at each stage. On the other hand, studies on job lot scheduling with transfer batches for different shop structures are very limited. Examples of these studies include Dauzere-Peres and Lasserre [13] and Sen and Benli [14], which examine the job shops and open shops, respectively.
【机械类文献翻译】多用途组合机床
英文原文Multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool timeRegarding the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, in the industrial field has many names to describe it, like “the multitasking installment”, “the multi-purpose engine beds”, “the multi-procedure production system” and so on, it may be called the processing domain truly the nova, may reduce the cost, the simplified disposition, and has maintained in the US territory produces. Inthe past only then used the duty which many machine operations could complete, now may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes.As a result of market demand's unceasing change, the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, today's market more intense demand multitasking installment concept. Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment, compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit.Some tradition's manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools are too complex,very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working Basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training.Intuition type technical controlThe equipment use “carries off the quantity of heat” the type design, has different material which the lathe bed, the steeliness straight line rolling guide, on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle, the equipment uses, all these combine make an engine bed together. These with the thermal conductivity, the volume expansion are related. All different size's thing can by the different speed growth.As a result of this reason, needs to make the hot friendly engine bed, with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where, can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design. The part is the entire journey movement. The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly. The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place, the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which. Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool, will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostability. The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has had the milling and cutting power “the versatile machine”.According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition. The anti-collision preservation technology was already mature, in certain circumstances, even if uses the manual operation pattern, can also avoid the occurrence which collides. Because the control software has the very good intuition, the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing. Believe the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools by its survivability world-wide in the more different processing scenes.The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control system's formation already made this technology to be easier to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, does not need to spend many time tune-up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to provide the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining, in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult, because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed. The AdMac system may realize tool rest's automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these, and can cause the correct main axle speed, the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization.Okuma Corporation's collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti-collision simulation, therefore, if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool or has established the wrong parameter, the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition. Through cooperates with the Siemens, INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now “the hypothesized engine bed”, has custom-made according to some specific model's engine bed. The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar, is the one-to-one copy simply.The intuition type control interface, the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive, the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity, the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority. The work which does to the machine are more, the machine will be more complex, also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it.If machinist past one day operated 3 engine beds, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now, might produce more components. More importantly, he may draw support from software's help to cause the production efficiency to be higher, regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. Because the replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. Regarding the multi-purpose engine beds, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower, the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine bed's some workshops fully, very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop may only use an operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person.In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were also more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, so long as trains 1 individual line, but is not 3individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming, and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has become this components control. In addition, but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect, must make any model the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool to succeed, the workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist, has ability and completes many kinds of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important. Regarded as the milling and the lathe work the different belongs to their time. Regarding personnel who will program, will understand the engine bed and controls it, this will be their ability manifestation.The cutting tool will choose most people not to install the passenger vehicle tire to the race car on, but processed the cutting tool to have such situation. The cutting tool should match with the new engine bed, is conceivably redundant on the new engine bed uses the old cutting tool to the production efficiency influence. In order to match the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, the new cutting tool and the cutting tool adapter technology was already developed. At present the industrial field is developing the development the processing cutting tool, may complete the turning on the identical tool rest, boring and drills truncates the processing, is only processes the phase to differ from regarding the work piece angle. The processing operates the difference even confuses is unclear. The new processing cutting tool may complete the milling and the turning. The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the machine manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application, after in the 60s, to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine-building industry to the market nimble rapid reaction's ability, starts to establish the variable automation production system,namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation, the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing, the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components. The social practice proved that under this kind of definition's manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprises are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology, the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production method's machine-building industry, the difficulty can bigger.The aggregate machine-tool future development more use transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw,will simplify structure, the reduction production metre; Uses the numerical control system and the headstock, the jig automatic replacement system, enhancesthe craft controllability; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.中文译文多用途组合机床对于多功能组合机床，在工业领域有许多名字来描述它，如“多任务处理装置”，“多功能机床”，“多工序生产系统”等，它确实可称为加工领域的新星，可降低成本，简化配置，和一直保持在美国本土生产。
外文翻译--- 多功能组合机床时代
外文翻译专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名班级学号指导教师专业系主任外文资料名称：Multi-purpose aggregatemachine-tool time外文资料出处：U.S.A. Michigan university附件：1.外文资料翻译译文2．外文原文多功能组合机床时代蒂莫西雅各布斯，丹尼斯阿斯纳斯，卓然飞利浦美国密西根大学王雷译摘要：组合机床加工中心可使加工制造业适应不断变化的需求，有效利用劳动力资源，并在全球范围的市场上更具竞争力。
关键字：组合机床对于多功能组合机床，工业领域内有很多称呼来形容它，如“多任务处理装置”、“多功能机床”、“多程序生产系统”等，它确实可称为加工领域的新星，可降低成本，简化配置，并一直保持在美国本土生产。
过去只有使用多机操作才能完成的任务，现在可以集中到一台机床上加工完成。
由于市场需求的不断变化，产品的生命周期在不断缩短，今天的市场更加强烈需求多任务处理装置概念。
在整个生产环境中推行精益管理时，没有比把零件加工集中到一台机器上完成更精一些传统的制造业厂商认为多功能组合机床过于复杂，很难找到合适的操作人员也就不足为奇了。
在一些劳动力市场，要找到能够对多轴组合机床加工中心进行手工编程的人是不太可能的事。
但资料显示，解决方案可有两个，一个是现代多功能组合机床的直觉式技术，另一个是针对金属加工基本原理及在生产车间现场有关新机床使用中难题创新解决方面的培训。
直觉式技术控制设备采用“带走热量”式设计，有床身、钢制直线滚动导轨、钢制转塔刀架、设备上使用的不同材料，所有这些组合到一起建造成一台机床。
这些都与导热系数、体积膨胀相关。
所有不同尺寸的东西都会以不同的速度生长。
由于这个原因，需要制造热友好机床，以便知道发热的薄弱点在哪里，可以通过合理的机床设计来补偿。
元件是全程运动。
机床滑动产生摩擦并转化为热。
切削加工产生的热屑掉到不同地方，在整个过程中冷却液会混合在其中。
在切削刀具上会持续出现很多不同的温度区域，所以也会有很多东西对热稳定性产生影响。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译609组合机床现状与前景
ⅡAggregate machine-tool and from generatortechnological developmentIn uses the CNC three coordinates processing’s module from the generator in and transfers the tow the aggregate machine-tool and the aggregate machine-tool from the generator are one kind of special-purpose highly effective automation technical equip, at present, because it still was the mass mechanical product realization is highly effective, high grade and the efficient production key equipment, thus is widely applied to the automobile, the tractor, the internal combustion engine and the compressor and soon many industrial productions domain. Among them, specially the automobile industry, is the aggregate machine-tool and from the generator biggest user. If the German populace automotive factory in the Slaughter engine factory, the metal-cutting machine tool which at the beginning of the 90's uses mainly is from the generator (60%),the aggregate machine-tool (20%) and the processing center (20%).Obviously, in the mass production mechanical industry sector, the equipmentwhich massively uses is the aggregate machine-tool and from the generator. Therefore, aggregate machine-tool and its from the generator technical performance and the synthesis automation level, has decided these industry sector products production efficiencies, the product quality and the ent erprise production organization’s structure in the very great degree, also has decided the enterprise product competitive ability in the very great degree.The modern aggregate machine tool and from the generator took the integration of machinery product, it is technical the and so on control, actuation, survey, monitoring, cutting tool and mechanical module synthesis reflection. In the recent 20 years, these technologies have make great strides, simultaneously as aggregate machine-tool main profession and so on user's automobile and internal combustion engine also has the very big change, its produce market life unceasingly reduces, the variety increases day by day also the quality unceasingly enhances. These factors powerfully impelled and have driven the aggregate machine tool and from the generator technology unceasing development.1Aggregate machine-tool variety development keyIn aggregate machine-tool this kind of special purpose machine, the rotation type multiplex position aggregate machine-tool and holds thievery important status from the generator. Because these two kind of engine beds may assign the work piece many processing’s working procedure to many Canadian location in, and at the same time can carryon the processing from many directions to the work piece several surface, in addition, but also may through the indexing jig (on rotary table engine bed) or through indexing, the turn over installment (inform generator in) realizes the work piece five processing’s or completely processes, thus has the very high automat city and the production efficiency, by industry sector and so on the automobile, motorcycle and compressor uses.According to related statistical data, Germany in 1,990 ~ in 1992period, the rotation type multiplex position aggregate machine-too land approximately respectively accounts for the aggregate machine-tool total from the generator output about 50%.Should point out that, the rotation type multiplex position tool-tool is in fact one kind of special pattern small from the generator, suits to processing overall size <= 250mm center small. With compares from the generator, in the processing identical kind of work piece situation, the rotation type multiplex position tool-tool occupies the work area to have to be approximately smaller than from the generator 2/3.2 Further reduces from the generator meter timeAt present, take the mass production as the characteristic passenger vehicle and the light truck, its engine annual output usually is about600, 000, the realization such great volume production, the rotation type multiplex position aggregate machine-tool and from the generator in three class of movements situations, its meter time generally is 20~ 30 seconds, when the components production batch is bigger, the engine bed meter time also must shorter (table 1). In the 70's, must realize the such short meter from the generator, often must use the compound double location or the establishment double thread means, namely to decides from the generator meter,the working procedure time longest processing working procedure to have through the parallel two same proc essing’s location, if the restrictive working procedure are more time, then through uses two same from the generator balances from generator system processing meter. Obviously, like this must increase the equipment investment and the work area.Reduces the non-cutting time mainly is reduces including the work piece transportation, the processing module fast introduction as wells the processing module by quickly enters transforms enters after the labor cuts into the time to the cutting tool which the work piece spend. In order to reduce this part of spatial travel time, generally uses enhance the work piece (work piece direct transportation) or accompanies the jig the transfer rate and the processing module rapid traverse speed. At present, accompanies the jig the transfer rate tube possible to reach 60m/min or higher, the processing module rapid traverse speed reaches 40m/min. At present, accompanies the jig high speed feed way commonly used to have the proportion valve to control or the cycloid actuation feedway. At the end of the 70's, Hon berg Corporation has used the feed way in its processing gear box body from the generator in which the proportion valve controls. Should from generator long 18.2m, some 12 Canadian location, transportation step of distance be 1400mm, the transportation weights 7000kg, the transfer rate reaches 45.6m/min, step of distance transportation time is only 2.5s. Chart 4 is this feed way state of motion curve. Because the proportion valve control system haste good start and the braking quality, also the system structure is simple, until now, this kind of feed way still many is used from the generator.3 Aggregate machine-tool flexibility progress is rapidMore than ten for years, took the aggregate machine-tool important user the automobile industry, for caters to the people individuality demand, the automobile aberration variety increases day by day, launches the competition by the multi- varieties to become one of auto market competition characteristics, this causes the tool-tool manufacturing industry to face is changing form thematic- varieties production challenge. In order to adapt themulti-varieties production, the tradition processes the sole variety the rigidity aggregate machine tool and must enhance its flexibility from the generator. In the 70's, the numerical control system reliability had the very big enhancement, therefore to at the end of the 70's and at the beginning of the 80's, like Align, Hüller-Hille and company and so on Ex-cell-o develops the numerical control processing module and the flexibility one after another from the generator, from this time on the numerical control aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility increase year by year from the generator. From 1988 to1992, the Japan aggregate machine-tool and (including partial other forms special purpose machine) the output numerical control rate has reached 32% from the generator ~ 39%, the output value numerical control ratio reaches 35% ~ 51%; The Germany aggregate machine-too land from the generator output numerical control rate is 18% ~ 62%, the output value numerical control rate reaches 45% ~ 66%. These numerals indicated that, in the recent ten years, the tool-tool numerical control development is extremely rapid. Should point out that, since has entered for the 90's, the auto market competition hastens intensely, the produce market lifefurther reduces, the new vehicle type development cycle reduces (at present generally is day by day 35 months), the automobile variety unceasingly increases, thus the automobile industry increases day by day to the flexible automation technical equip demand quantity. If the Japanese Toyota car company, is the company subordinate factory flexibility processing system popular rate achieves 100% in this century's end goal. Very obviously, the aggregate machine tool and its at maintains its high production efficiency from the generator under the condition, further enhances its flexibility on increasingly to have the vital significance.The aggregate machine-tool flexibility mainly is through uses the numerical control technology to realize. The development flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility develops the numerical control processing module from the generator important premise, but has the longer development history the processing center technology to provide the mature experience for the development numerical control processing module. Flexibility aggregate machine-tool and flexibility’scomposed which by the numerical control processing module from generator, the passable application and the change numerical control procedure realizes from moves the knife, automatically replaces the change processing traveling schedule, the operating cycle, the cutting parameter as well as processes the position and soon, adapts the aberration variety processing. The flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility the numerical control processing module which use from the generator, according to its numerical control coordinates (axis) the number, mainly has the single coordinates (Z), the double coordinates (X-Z, Y-Z, Z-U and Z-B and soon) and three coordinates (X-Y-Z) processes the module; According toots main axle number, has the single axle and the multiple spindle processing module, also has the single axle and the multiple spindle compound process.The column moves the type CNC three coordinates processing’s module tube possible to use X axis and the Y axis linkage realizes the peripheral craft, specially when gear box body this kind of rigidity worse work piece, mayuse compares the minor diameter the milling cutter, the realization is high speed (cutting speed to reach 2500m/min) peripheral, from this reduces time the processing the work piece distortion. This uses the double coordinates processing module with the large diameter milling cutter to carry on much more superior than. The multiple spindle-processing module is another kind of important module, mainly uses in to process the box body and the plate class work piece flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility from the generator. This kind of module has the many kinds of different structural style, but basically may divide into from moves the box type multiple spindle processing module (chart 7), transfers the tower system multiple spindle processing module (chart 8) and the rotation work table model multiple spindle processing module (chart 9). From moves the box type module because may specially establish in many storehouses stores up therefore may use for to process more different varieties the work piece. But transfers the tower system and the rotation work table model multiplespindle processing module, because allows the rotary table which installs to be limited (generally is 4 ~ 6), therefore this kind of processing module only can realize the limited variety processing system multiple spindle processing module, not only may realize the different variety work piece processing, moreover in from generator meter time in (if metre adequate time), this kind of processing module also may in the identical Canadian location through it from moves the knife or trades the box, realizes the multi channel processing working procedure (to bethink in turn The drill hole, drills outland attacks the silk), thus reduces from the generator processing labor figure, reduces from the generator length. The single axle and the multiple spindle compound processing module is one kind of three coordinates numerical controls processing module, passable from has moved the knife either automatically replaces realizes the single axle processing or the multiple spindle processing. Is worth mentioning, Corporation promotes the CNCMACH modulation system in 80'sintermediate stages Germany Hon berg (chart 10) is hasthe characteristic very much one kind of modular system, this system full application modulation structure principle, in took the system base module in the CNC three coordinates module, through fluctuates each kind of different function module, assembles Cheng Gashing the different coordinates or does not use the craft use the processing module. To be specific, looking from the coordinates, besides three coordinates, but also may the group form a pair the coordinates and the single coordinates processing module; Looking from the knife storehouse that, may install the cutting tool store house may alone realize the cutting tool automatic replacements, also may realize the cutting tool replacements in turn.CNC MACH system, not only in mechanism aspect, moreover in aspect ands on control and software also is the modulation. Therefore, uses this system module, may very conveniently assemble the flexibility from the generator (FTL), the flexible processing unit (FMC) or the flexible manufacture system (FMS). Besides above each kind of CNCprocessing module, the robot and the servo actuatethe jig also are the flexibility aggregate machine-tool and the flexibility from the generator important part. Specially in the flexibility from the generator in, at present comparatively generally has used the Dragon Gate type spatial frame robot to carry on the work piece on the automatic yummy treats, uses in work piece indexing or the turn over. In order to transport the different work piece, may in from the generator nearby the establishment fingernail storehouse, the realization fingernail automatic replacement. The jig provides the servo drive, adapts in the work piece race the different work piece automatically to clamp. Chart 11 shows are a processing carrying capacity truck eight kind of gearboxes bodies’ flexibility from the generator. This line uses the numerical control processing module has four double coordinates numerical controls module, six numerical controls transfers the tower system multiple spindle processing module and six numerical controls three coordinates processing module. The auxiliary location has cleans the location and uses the robot to carry on the operation the attire to clamp the workstation.Because composes from the generator processing module all is the numerical control, when by one kind of work piece processing transformation for another kind of work piece processing, only must be good through the change numerical control procedure, but did not need to carry on aspect the and so on machinery adjustment and the equipment.The aggregate machine-tool reduces day by day from the generator flexibility rapid development and the meter time, fully had demonstrated the CNC technology and the cutting tool technology the huge technology advancement which bring for the aggregate machine-tool automatic line, causes the flexibility from the generator in thematic- varieties, the mass production to become the important technical equip. But must point out in here that, during the tool-tool and from generator realization flexibility development, the processing center high-speed development exceptionally is rapid. At the beginning of the 90's, the flexible production line which discomposed by this kind of high speed processing center enter the mass realm of production, appeared the processing center and from thegenerator competition aspect.------ Rajput R K Elements of Mechanical Engineering. Katson Publ.House 组合机床现状与前景 组合机床和组合机床自动线是一种专用高效自动化技术装备，目前，由于它仍是大批量机械产品实现高效、 高质量和经济性生产的关键装备，因而被广泛应用于汽车、拖拉机、内燃机和压缩机等许多工业生产领域。
机床行业中英文对照
机床行业中英文对照下面是机床行业中常见的英文对照：- 机床行业：Machine tool industry- 机床：Machine tool- 数控机床：Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tool - 金属切削机床：Metal cutting machine tool- 金属加工机床：Metal processing machine tool- 金属成型机床：Metal forming machine tool- 车床：Lathe- 铣床：Milling machine- 钻床：Drilling machine- 磨床：Grinding machine- 塑料加工机床：Plastic processing machine tool- 精密机床：Precision machine tool- 自动化机床：Automated machine tool- 机床控制系统：Machine tool control system- 数控系统：Numerical control system- 机床加工能力：Machine tool processing capacity- 加工精度：Processing accuracy- 切削速度：Cutting speed- 进给速度：Feed rate- 主轴转速：Spindle speed- 工件夹紧：Workpiece clamping- 工件定位：Workpiece positioning- 刀具选择：Tool selection- 刀具更换：Tool change- 冷却液：Coolant- 刀柄：Tool holder- 加工中心：Machining center- 排屑：Chip removal- 刀具磨损：Tool wear- 折弯机：Bending machine- 冲床：Punching machine- 压力机：Press machine- 剪板机：Shearing machine- 抛光机：Polishing machine- 螺纹机床：Thread cutting machine tool - 铸造机床：Casting machine tool- 灰铁：Gray iron- 球墨铸铁：Ductile iron- 铝合金：Aluminum alloy- 不锈钢：Stainless steel- 最大加工尺寸：Maximum processing size - 机床设计：Machine tool design- 机床制造：Machine tool manufacturing - 机床市场：Machine tool market- 机床出口：Machine tool export- 机床进口：Machine tool import- 机床行业协会：Machine tool industry association。
机床专业英语明细（部分整理）
机床专业英语明细（部分整理）关于机床的英文翻译A．金属切削机床—Metal Cutting Machine Tools1.0 车床（含数控）--Lathe (CNC included)1.1 卧式车床—Horizontal lathes1.2 立式车床—Vertical lathes1.3 多轴车床—Multi-spindle lathes1.4 多刀车床—Multi-tool lathes1.5 超精车床—Ultra-precision turning mathines1.6 专用车床—Special purpose lathes1.7 车削中心—Turning center1.8 车/铣复合中心—Turning/Milling machines1.9 其他—Others2.0铣床（含数控）--Milling Machines (CNC included)2.1 升降台铣床—Knee type milling machines2.2 万能工具铣床—Universal tool milling machines2.3 床身式铣床—Bed type milling machines2.5 刨台式铣床—Plano milling machines2.6 多头铣床—Multi-spindle milling machines2.7 桥式/龙门式铣床—Bridge type/gantry milling machines2.8其他—Others3.0 镗床（含数控）--Boring Machines (CNC included)3.1 卧式镗床—Horizontal boring machines3.2 立式镗床—Vertical boring machines3.3 定柱式镗铣床—Fixed column boring and milling machines3.4 动柱式镗铣床—Moving column boring and milling machines3.5 龙门式镗铣床—Gantry type boring and milling machines3.6 坐标镗床—Jig boring machines3.7其他—Others4.0 钻削和攻丝机床（含数控）--Drilling and Tapping Machines(CNC ncluded) 4.1 立式钻床—Vertical drilling machines4.2 摇臂钻床—Redial drilling machines4.3 深孔钻床—Deep hole drilling machines4.4 多轴钻床—Multi-spindle drilling machines4.5 钻削中心—Drilling center4.6 攻丝机—Tapping machines4.7其他—Others5.0 磨床（含数控）--Grinding Machines(CNC included)5.1 砂带磨床—Abrasive belt grinding machines5.2 外圆磨床—Cylindrical grinding machines5.3 内圆磨床—Internal grinding machines5.4 无心磨床—Centerless grinding machines5.5 平面磨床—Surface grinding machines5.6 工具磨床—T ool grinding machines5.7 成型磨床—Form grinding machines5.8 凸轮轴和曲轴磨床—Camshaft and crankshaft grinding machines5.9 轴承专用磨床—Bearing grinding machines5.10 导轨磨床—Guideway grinding machines5.11 轧辊磨床—Roller grinding machines5.12 坐标磨床—Jig grinding machines5.13 超精磨床—Super-finishing grinding machines5.14 缓进给磨床—Creep feed grinding machines5.15 万能磨床—Universal grinding machines5.16 单盘/双盘盘端面磨床—Single/double-disk grinding machines5.17 珩磨机—Honing machines5.18 研磨/抛光/超精加工机—Lapping/polishing/super-finishing machines5.19 专用磨床—Special purpose grinding machines5.20其他—Others6.0 齿轮加工机床（含数控）--Gear Cutting Machines (CNC included)6.1 滚齿机床—Gear hobbing machines6.2 插齿机床—Gear shaping machines6.3 铣齿、切齿机床—Gear cutting machines6.4 剃齿机床—Gear shaving machines6.5 磨齿机床—Gear grinding machines6.6 王行齿机床—Gear honing and gear polishing machines6.7 齿轮倒圆机床—Gear chamfering machines6.8 齿轮去毛刺机床—Gear deburring machines6.9其他—Others7.1 圆锯机床—Circular sawing machines7.2 带锯机床—Band sawing machines7.3 弓锯机床—Hack sawing machines7.4 插床—Shaping machines7.5 拉床—Broaching machines7.6 刨床—Planning machines7.7 专用机床—Special purpose machines7.8其他—Others8.0 组合机床及组合部件（含数控）--Transfer Line &Modular Units (CNC included) 8.1 组合机床—Modular machine tools8.2 组合机床生产线—Transfer lines8.3 组合机床通用部件—Modular units8.4 旋转分度台部件—Rotary indexing table units8.5 装配机及装配自动线—Assembling machines & assembling systems8.6 专用机床及部件—Special purpose machines andcomponents8.7其他—Others9.0 加工中心及并联机床—Machining Centres and Parallel Kinematical Machines (PK M)9.1 卧式加工中心—Horizontal machining centres9.2 立式加工中心—Vertical machining centres9.3 龙门式加工中心—Gantry machining centres9.4 并联机床—Parallel kinematical machines (PKM)9.5其他—Others10.1 光饰机—Finishing machines10.2 抛光机—Polishing machines10.3 倒角机—Chamfering machines10.4 螺钉、螺母、螺纹和铆钉生产设备—Machines for production of bolts,nuts,screws and rivets10.5 平衡机—Banlancing machines。
组合机床论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献TRANSFER AND UNIT MACHINEWhile the specific intention and application for transfer and unit machine vary from one machine type to another, all forms of transfer and unit machine have common benefits. Here are but a few of the more important benefits offered by TRANSFER AND UNIT MACHINE equipment.The first benefit offered by all forms of transfer and unit machine is improved automation. The operator intervention related to producing workpieces can be reduced or eliminated. Many transfer and unit machine can run unattended during their entire machining cycle, freeing the operator to do other tasks. This gives the transfer and unit machine user several side benefits including reduced operator fatigue, fewer mistakes caused by human error, and consistent and predictable machining time for each workpiece. Since the machine will be running under program control, the skill level required of the transfer and unit machine operator (related to basic machining practice) is also reduced as compared to a machinist producing workpieces with conventional machine tools.The second major benefit of transfer and unit machine technology is consistent and accurate workpieces. Today's transfer and unit machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical workpieces can be easily produced with precision and consistency.rd benefit offered by most forms of transfer and unit machine tools is flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different workpieceis almost as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and executed for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative with today's just-in-time (JIT) product requirements.Motion control - the heart of transfer and unit machineThe most basic function of any transfer and unit machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional machine tools, transfer and unit machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner2. All forms of transfer and unit machine equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel. The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a circular path).Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, transfer and unit machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed commands. Generally speaking, the motion type (rapid, linear, and circular), the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate (feedrate) are programmable with almost all transfer and unit machine tools.A transfer and unit machine command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rotate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw. And the ball screw drives the linear axis (slide). A feedback device (linear scale) on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3. Refer to fig.1.Fig.1Though a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a transfer and unit machine machine tool is extremely precise. The number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis.How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systemsIt would be infeasible for the transfer and unit machine user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how many times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount4. (This would be like having to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!) Instead, all transfer and unit machine controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a much simpler and more logical way by utilizing some form of coordinate system. The two most popular coordinate systems used with transfer and unit machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system.The program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in a transfer and unit machine program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a common location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed for the program can be taken directly from the print.With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one inch to the right of the program zero point, X1.0 is commanded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically determine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner. Refer to fig.2, 3.Fig.2Fig.3All discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming is used6. The most common transfer and unit machine word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion commands. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion.In the incremental mode (commonly specified by G91), end points for motions are specified from the tool's current position, not from program zero. With this method of commanding motion, the programmer must always be asking "How far should I move the tool?" While there are times when the incremental mode can be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode.Be careful when making motion commands. Beginners have the tendency tothink incrementally. If working in the absolute mode (as beginners should), the programmer should always be asking "To what position should the tool be moved?" This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position.Aside from making it very easy to determine the current position for any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one command of the program, only one movement will be incorrect. On the other hand, if a mistake is made during incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect.Assigning program zeroKeep in mind that the transfer and unit machine control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one transfer and unit machine and control to another8. One (older) method is to assign program zero in the program. With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 (or G50) command at least at the beginning of the program and possibly at the beginning of each tool.Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Refer to fig.4. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manufacturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets.Fig. 4Flexible manufacturing cellsA flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS:1.An FMC is not under the direct control of thecentral computer. Instead, instructions from the centralcomputer are passed to the cell controller.2.The cell is limited in the number of part families itcan manufacture.The following elements are normally found in an FMC:•Cell controller•Programmable logic controller (PLC)•More than one machine tool•A materials handling device (robot or pallet)The FMC executes fixed machining operations with parts flowing sequentially between operations.High speed machiningThe term High Speed Machining (HSM) commonly refers to end milling at high rotational speeds and high surface feeds. For instance, the routing of pockets in aluminum airframe sections with a very high material removal rate1. Over the past 60 years, HSM has been applied to a wide range of metallic and non-metallic workpiece materials, including the production of components with specific surface topography requirements and machining of materials with hardness of 50 HRC and above. With most steel components hardened to approximately 32-42 HRC, machining options currently include: Rough machining and semi-finishing of the material in its soft (annealed) condition heat treatment to achieve the final required hardness = 63 HRC machining of electrodes and Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of specific parts of dies and moulds (specifically small radii and deep cavities with limitedaccessibility for metal cutting tools) finishing and super-finishing of cylindrical/flat/cavity surfaces with appropriate cemented carbide, cermet, solid carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN)For many components, the production process involves a combination of these options and in the case of dies and moulds it also includes time consuming hand finishing. Consequently, production costs can be high and lead times excessive.It is typical in the die and mould industry to produce one or just a few tools of the same design. The process involves constant changes to the design, and because of these changes there is also a corresponding need for measuring and reverse engineering .The main criteria is the quality level of the die or mould regarding dimensional, geometric and surface accuracy. If the quality level after machining is poor and if it cannot meet the requirements, there will be a varying need of manual finishing work. This work produces satisfactory surface accuracy, but it always has a negative impact on the dimensional and geometric accuracy.One of the main aims for the die and mould industry has been, and still is, to reduce or eliminate the need for manual polishing and thus improve the quality and shorten the production costs and lead times.Main economical and technical factors for the development of HSMSurvivalThe ever increasing competition in the marketplace is continually setting new standards. The demands on time and cost efficiency is getting higher and higher. This has forced the development of new processes and production techniques to take place. HSM provides hope and solutions...MaterialsThe development of new, more difficult to machine materials has underlined the necessity to find new machining solutions. The aerospace industry has its heat resistant and stainless steel alloys. The automotive industry has different bimetal compositions, Compact Graphite Iron and an ever increasing volume of aluminum3. The die and mould industry mainly has to face the problem of machining highhardened tool steels, from roughing to finishing.QualityThe demand for higher component or product quality is the result of ever increasing competition. HSM, if applied correctly, offers a number of solutions in this area. Substitution of manual finishing is one example, which is especially important on dies and moulds or components with a complex 3D geometry.ProcessesThe demands on shorter throughput times via fewer setups and simplified flows (logistics) can in most cases, be solved by HSM. A typical target within the die and mould industry is to completely machine fully hardened small sized tools in one setup. Costly and time consuming EDM processes can also be reduced or eliminated with HSM.Design & developmentOne of the main tools in today's competition is to sell products on the value of novelty. The average product life cycle on cars today is 4 years, computers and accessories 1.5 years, hand phones 3 months... One of the prerequisites of this development of fast design changes and rapid product development time is the HSM technique.Complex productsThere is an increase of multi-functional surfaces on components, such as new design of turbine blades giving new and optimized functions and features. Earlier designs allowed polishing by hand or with robots (manipulators). Turbine blades with new, more sophisticated designs have to be finished via machining and preferably by HSM . There are also more and more examples of thin walled workpieces that have to be machined (medical equipment, electronics, products for defence, computer parts) Production equipmentThe strong development of cutting materials, holding tools, machine tools, controls and especially CAD/CAM features and equipment, has opened possibilities that must be met with new production methods and techniques5.Definition of HSMSalomon's theory, "Machining with high cutting speeds..." on which, in 1931,took out a German patent, assumes that "at a certain cutting speed (5-10 times higher than in conventional machining), the chip removal temperature at the cutting edge will start to decrease..."Given the conclusion:" ... seems to give a chance to improve productivity in machining with conventional tools at high cutting speeds..."Modern research, unfortunately, has not been able to verify this theory totally. There is a relative decrease of the temperature at the cutting edge that starts at certain cutting speeds for different materials.The decrease is small for steel and cast iron. But larger for aluminum and other non-ferrous metals. The definition of HSM must be based on other factors.Given today's technology, "high speed" is generally accepted to mean surface speeds between 1 and 10 kilometers per minute or roughly 3 300 to 33 000 feet per minute. Speeds above 10 km/min are in the ultra-high speed category, and are largely the realm of experimental metal cutting. Obviously, the spindle rotations required to achieve these surface cutting speeds are directly related to the diameter of the tools being used. One trend which is very evident today is the use of very large cutter diameters for these applications - and this has important implications for tool design.There are many opinions, many myths and many different ways to define HSM. Maintenance and troubleshootingMaintenance for a horizontal MCThe following is a list of required regular maintenance for a Horizontal Machining Center as shown in fig.5. Listed are the frequency of service, capacities, and type of fluids required. These required specifications must be followed in order to keep your machine in good working order and protect your warranty.fig. 5DailyTop off coolant level every eight hour shift (especially during heavy TSC usage).Check way lube lubrication tank level.Clean chips from way covers and bottom pan.Clean chips from tool changer.Wipe spindle taper with a clean cloth rag and apply light oil.Weekly•Check for proper operation of auto drain on filter regulator.On machines with the TSC option, clean the chip basket on the coolant tank.Remove the tank cover and remove any sediment inside the tank. Be careful to disconnect the coolant pump from the controller and POWER OFF the control before working on the coolant tank . Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option.Check air gauge/regulator for 85 psi.For machines with the TSC option, place a dab of grease on the V-flange of tools. Do this monthly for machines without the TSC option.Clean exterior surfaces with mild cleaner. DO NOT use solvents.Check the hydraulic counterbalance pressure according to the machine's specifications.Place a dab of grease on the outside edge of the fingers of the tool changer and run through all tools".MonthlyCheck oil level in gearbox. Add oil until oil begins dripping from over flow tube at bottom of sump tank.Clean pads on bottom of pallets.Clean the locating pads on the A-axis and the load station. This requires removing the pallet.•Inspect way covers for proper operation and lubricate with light oil, if necessary.Six monthsReplace coolant and thoroughly clean the coolant tank.Check all hoses and lubrication lines for cracking.Annually•Replace the gearbox oil. Drain the oil from the gearbox, and slowly refill it with 2 quarts of Mobil DTE 25 oil.•Check oil filter and clean out residue at bottom for the lubrication chart.Replace air filter on control box every 2 years.Mineral cutting oils will damage rubber based components throughout the machine.TroubleshootingThis section is intended for use in determining the solution to a known problem. Solutions given are intended to give the individual servicing the TRANSFER AND UNIT MACHINE a pattern to follow in, first, determining the problem's source and, second, solving the problem.Use common senseMany problems are easily overcome by correctly evaluating the situation. All machine operations are composed of a program, tools, and tooling. You must look at all three before blaming one as the fault area. If a bored hole is chattering because of an overextended boring bar, don't expect the machine to correct the fault.Don't suspect machine accuracy if the vise bends the part. Don't claim hole mis-positioning if you don't first center-drill the hole.Find the problem firstMany mechanics tear into things before they understand the problem, hoping that it will appear as they go. We know this from the fact that more than half of all warranty returned parts are in good working order. If the spindle doesn't turn, remember that the spindle is connected to the gear box, which is connected to the spindle motor, which is driven by the spindle drive, which is connected to the I/O BOARD, which is driven by the MOCON, which is driven by the processor. The moral here is don't replace the spindle drive if the belt is broken. Find the problem first; don't just replace the easiest part to get to.Don tinker with the machineThere are hundreds of parameters, wires, switches, etc., that you can change in this machine. Don't start randomly changing parts and parameters. Remember, there is a good chance that if you change something, you will incorrectly install it or break something else in the process6. Consider for a moment changing the processor's board. First, you have to download all parameters, remove a dozen connectors, replace the board, reconnect and reload, and if you make one mistake or bend one tiny pin it WON'T WORK. You always need to consider the risk of accidentally damaging the machine anytime you work on it. It is cheap insurance to double-check a suspect part before physically changing it. The less work you do on the machine the better.组合机床虽然各种组合机床的功能和应用各不相同，但它们有着共同的优点。
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Development and application of combined machine tool The combination of machine tools based on general parts, workpiece supported by the specific shape and design of special processing of parts and fixtures, the composition semiautomatic or automatic special machine. Combination machine generally adopts multi shaft, knife, more processes, more or multiple locations simultaneously processes, and production efficiency ratio general machine tool high several times to several times. As generic components have been standardized and serialized, may need to be flexible configuration, can shorten design and manufacturing cycle. Therefore, the aggregate machine-tool has the advantages of high efficiency and low cost, the large, mass production to be widely applied, and can be used to compose the automatic production line. Processing, workpiece generally does not rotate, by movement of the rotatable cutter and tool and workpiece relative feed movement, to achieve drilling, reaming, counterboring, reaming, boring, milling, cutting and processing of external thread face and etc.. Some combination machine adopts clamping workpiece machining head to rotate, by the tool for the feed movement, also can achieve some rotating parts ( such as car rear axle flywheel, etc.) of the face and processing.In twentieth Century since the 70's, along with the cutting tool with indexable inserts, dense gear milling cutter, boring size automatic detection and automatic compensation for tool technology development, combination of the machining accuracy of the machine tool is improved. Milling plane plane of up to 0.05mm and1000 mm, the surface roughness can be as low as 2.5to 0.63 microns; boring accuracy up to IT7~6, hole distance precision can reach 0.03~ 0.02 micron. A dedicated machine is along with the automobile industry development. In some parts of special machine tool for repeated use, and gradually developed into a general components, resulting in a combined machine tool. The earliest combination machine is made in the United States in 1911, for the processing of auto parts. Initially, the machine tool manufacturingplant has its own general component standard. In order to improve different factory universal interchangeability of the parts, and is convenient for users to use and repair.The Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint., namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in alarge company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problemformulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading.3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.11. Introduces the design and specification of disk clutches and brakes.。