国际货代英语讲义Unit_1
国际货代专业英语.ppt
International Freight Forwarding English
Unit 1 International Trade
Unit 1 International Trade
Teaching Objectives:
To grasp the related the technical forms; To understand the general information of international trade;
专业特性的词汇： offer: 提议，提供 order:命令，订购
customs clearance quotation 引语，引用
出价 订购，订单 报关
报价劳动密集型 知识密集型 ：knowledge - intensive
Text: 1.Definition
国际贸易的特点
1. 是一项具有涉外性质的 经济利益、涉外活动 商业活动：
2. 贸易环境错综复杂，变 不同的政治制度、法律体系、文化背景、价值
化多端：
观念等
3. 风险远比国内贸易大：
距离远、自然灾害、意外事件、国际市场情况、 恐怖、海盗
4. 线长、面广、中间环节 商检、仓储、运输、保险、金融、车站、港口、
4. Risks in International Trade
Economic risks: 1. insolvency; 2. failure to pay the amount; 3. non-acceptance; 4. exchange rate, and so on
国际货币基金组织 The World Bank 世界银行
Important uses
Multi-: pref. 表示“多，多种，多个”之义 e.g multinational 多国的，n.跨国公司 multicultural （融合、具有）多种文化的 multilateral 多边的 multiplication 增加，乘数，乘法运算
新编国际货运代理专业英语
新编国际货运代理专业英语New International Freight Forwarding Professional EnglishUnit 1 Introduction to International Freight Forwarding1.1 Definition and Functions of International Freight Forwarding 1.2 Main Participants in International Freight Forwarding1.3 Types of International Freight Forwarding Services1.4 Overview of International Trade and TransportationUnit 2 Documentation in International Freight Forwarding2.1 Bill of Lading and Its Types2.2 Air Waybill2.3 Consignment Note2.4 Packing List2.5 Certificate of OriginUnit 3 Transportation Modes in International Freight Forwarding 3.1 Sea Freight Transportation3.2 Air Freight Transportation3.3 Road Freight Transportation3.4 Rail Freight Transportation3.5 Multimodal TransportationUnit 4 Customs Clearance in International Freight Forwarding 4.1 Customs Regulations and Procedures4.2 Import and Export Declarations4.3 Tariffs and Duties4.4 Customs Duty Calculation4.5 Customs Exemptions and Special ProgramsUnit 5 Logistics Management in International Freight Forwarding 5.1 Supply Chain Management5.2 Inventory Management5.3 Warehousing and Distribution5.4 Risk Management in Logistics5.5 Emerging Trends in LogisticsUnit 6 International Trade Terms and Incoterms6.1 International Trade Terms and Definitions6.2 Incoterms - International Commercial Terms6.3 Incoterms 2020 Updates and Changes6.4 Role of Incoterms in International Freight Forwarding6.5 Case Studies of Incoterms UsageUnit 7 International Finance and Payment in Freight Forwarding 7.1 Trade Financing Methods7.2 Letters of Credit7.3 Documentary Collections7.4 Documentary Credits and UCP 6007.5 Payment Methods and Risk MitigationUnit 8 Insurance and Claims in International Freight Forwarding 8.1 Marine Insurance and Coverage8.2 Cargo Insurance Policies and Terms8.3 Claims Handling and Procedures8.4 Claims Settlement and Compensation8.5 Dispute Resolution MechanismsUnit 9 Quality Management in International Freight Forwarding 9.1 Quality Assurance and Quality Control9.2 ISO 9001 Certification9.3 Process Improvement in Freight Forwarding9.4 Key Performance Indicators for Freight Forwarding9.5 Customer Satisfaction and FeedbackUnit 10 Emerging Technologies in International Freight Forwarding10.1 Digitalization and Automation in Logistics10.2 Internet of Things (IoT) in Freight Forwarding10.3 Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain10.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Logistics10.5 Future Perspectives and Challenges in Freight Forwarding。
国际货运代理货代英语
1-1 课文：Origi nally, a freight forwarder was a commissi on age nt perform ing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks such as loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arra nging local tran sport, obta ining payme nt for his customer, etc这句话是比较长，一句一段，核心句子： a freight forwarder was a commission agent performing on behalf of the exporter/importer routine tasks...注释：freight forwarder 货运代理人commission agent 委托代理人on behalf of 代表..routine tasks 日常工作loading/unloading of goods 装载/卸载货物storage of goods 货物存放，货物存储这句话大致意思是：最开始，货运代理是进出口商的委托代理人，替进出口商做一些常规事务，比如装载/卸载货物，货物的存储，安排地方运输….1-2 课文：However, the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followedenlarged the scope of his service.s 核心句子： ..... A and B enlarged the scope of his services.A 是指：expansion of international trade 国际贸易的扩大B 是指：development of different modes of transport 不同运输方式的发展注释：Over the years that followed 在随后的几年里;international trade: 国际贸易modes of transport: 运输方式这句话大致意思是：在以后的几年里，国际贸易的扩大和不同运输方式的发展加大了货运代理的服务范围。
国际货运代理专业英语课程教学大纲Internationalfreight
《国际货运代理专业英语》课程教学大纲（International freight forwarders professional English）课程类型：专业拓展课程编号：N063349适用专业：应用英语（国际贸易）专业先修课程：外贸实务后续课程：顶岗实习学分：2学分总学时：32课时其中理论学时:24 , 实践学时（实训）:8教学目的与要求：本课程的教学目的：通过本课程学习，掌握国际货运代理行业的专业词汇、常用短语和语法特点等，学生能读懂相关专业文件、进行英语业务交流、缮制英文单证、书写简单的英语商务函电，提高英语阅读理解能力，为从事国际货运代理工作打下良好的专业基础。
通过本课程的学习达到以下教学要求：1、知识：从专业的英语角度认识货代的工作性质、任务，为从事国际货代工作打下基础。
2、技能：能掌握国际货代业务的海运、空运、贸易等环节货代所需的英语语言。
3、能力：具备专业英语应用能力。
本课程为考查课程。
实行闭卷笔试，成绩按学校办法评定。
实行百分制，平时成绩占30%，实训成绩占20%，期末考试成绩占50%。
绪论一、国际贸易当前形势分析二、介绍外贸工作最新人才需求及对国际货代从业者要求。
重点介绍货代企业人才需求。
Unit One Incoterms 2000 – Six Major trade Terms1、FOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT and CIP(1)FOB – Free on board(2)CFR – Cost and freight(3)CIF – Cost, insurance and freight(4)FCA – Free carrier(5)CPT – Carriage paid to(6)CIP – Carriage and insurance paid to(7)New words and expression本章重点：FOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT and CIP本章难点：the meaning of FOB,CFR,CIF,FCA,CPT and CIPUnit Two Terms of Shipment in the Contractsfor the International Sale of Goods1、Interpretation of terms and points of the time of shipment in the contract(1)Time of shipment(2)Interpretation of terms(3)Points to be noted when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contract(4)New words and expression本章重点：Time of shipment本章难点：Points to be noted when the traders discuss the time of shipment in the contractUnit Three Marine Cargo Insurance1、Principles of marine cargo insurance(1)Principles of marine cargo insurance(2)Insurance premium(3)Insurance policy(4)Types of basic coverage(5)Institute cargo clause(6)New words and expression本章重点：Types of basic coverage本章难点：Types of basic coverageUnit Four Customs and Port Procedures1、Departure formalities(1)Arrival Formalities(2)Departure formalities(3)Custom Clearance(4)New words and expression本章重点：Arrival Formalities本章难点：Departure formalitiesUnit Five The Practice of InternationalOcean Cargo Transportation1、：Transport geography(1)Conference lines(2)Non-conference Lines(3)NVOCC(4)main shipping documents(5)New words and expression(6)Fill in the main shipping documents本章重点：main shipping documents本章难点：Fill in the main shipping documentsUnit Six Chartering Business1、Bareboat Chartering(1)V oyage chartering(2)Time chartering(3)TCT(4)Bareboat Chartering(5)Contract of affreightment(6)New words and expression本章重点：V oyage chartering本章难点：Contract of affreightmentUnit Seven International Rail and Road Transport1、Carrier’s responsibilities and exceptions under CMR(1) CMR(2) Carrier’s responsibilities under CMR(3) Carrier’s exceptions under CMR(4) New words and expression本章重点：Carri er’s responsibilities under CMR本章难点：Carrier’s exceptions under CMRUnit Eight Multimodal Transport1、Meaning of multimodal transport(1) Meaning of multimodal transport(2) Advantages of multimodal transport(3) Different types of multimodal transport operations(4) New words and expression本章重点：Advantages of multimodal transport本章难点：Different types of multimodal transport operations实践教学一、实训1、Bill of Lading（8学时）1）实训项目：提单的审核及填写要求2）实训目的：通过课堂上的讲解，使学生们明了解提单的种类，能够看懂商业汇票中的英文专有词汇和表达方式，会根据要求用审核、缮制及修改提单。
国际货代英语教案新部编本Unit 1
教师学科教案[ 20 – 20 学年度第__学期]任教学科：_____________任教年级：_____________任教老师：_____________xx市实验学校Unit 1 International Trade教学目的和要求：1、了解我国国际货运代理的发展和国际货运代理专业英语的重要性2、掌握重点词汇3、了解International Trade的基本概念和特征4、了解重要的相关国际组织（WTO, IMF, the World Bank）教学重点：1、重要的单词和短语2、难点句型3、International Trade的定义和重要性4、重要的国际组织教学过程：一、课程介绍与考核要求Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (billion dollars)Country Export Value Rank Import Value Rank EU 1924.9 1 2282.2 1China 1428.3 2 1132.5 3 United States 1287.4 3 2169.5 2本课程主要注重于英语的学习，但是必须处在国际货代专业的背景下。
专业基础知识和英语相辅相成。
本课程教学过程中，除向学生讲解课本内容外，还将辅之大量的阅读材料供课堂讨论的学习方式，全面提高学生对专业英语听、说、读、写的运用能力。
考核时平时成绩占30%，主要包括出勤、课堂参与、作业等几个方面；期末考试占70%。
二、重点单词(1) claim通用义：要求文中义：索赔settle claims 理赔(2) license通用义：执照文中义：许可import license 进口许可证driver’s license 驾驶执照(3) offer通用义：提供文中义：出价quotations or offers 报价或者出价(4) order通用义：命令文中义：订单(5) outsourcing外包外包是指企业整合利用其外部最优秀的专业化资源，从而达到降低成本、提高效率、充分发挥自身核心竞争力和增强企业对环境的应变能力的一种管理模式。
货代英语讲义
2009年货运代理英语辅导资料（1）加入收藏【大中小】 [ 2009-7-30 ]Scope of Freight Forwarding ServicesOriginally, a freight forwarder (货运代理人) was a commission agent (委托代理人) performing on behalf of (代表…) the exporter/importer routine tasks suchas loading/unloading of goods, storage of goods, arranging local transport,obtaining payment for his customer, etc…However, the expansion of international trade and the development ofdifferent modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope ofhis services. Today, a freight forwarder plays an important role ininternational trade and transport. The services that a freight forwarder rendersmay often range from routine and basic tasks such as the booking of space orcustoms clearance (清关) to a comprehensive package of services covering theChoose the route, mode of transport and a suitable carrier. 句子中的:carrier(承运人) 来自动词carry(运送,携带). 它的名词是carriage(运输,运输费).关于这个carriage 还可以解释运输费的情况, 还想再言几句:carriage 运输费:例如: carriage paid to ... (CPT, 运费付至…)carriage and Insurance Paid To ... (CIP, 运费、保险费付至…)carriage free (运费免付)carriage paid (运费已付)carriage forward (运费到付)freight 运输费(租用船只或飞机的费用, 尤其指水路运费:例如: freight prepaid (运费已付)freight collect (运费到付)句子:Take delivery of the goods and issue relevant documents such as theForwarders’ Certificate of Receipt, the Forwarders’ Certificate of Transport,etc.句中:12.1 比较说明下列句词:(1) take delivery of the goods and ... (即上句)(2) ... and deliver the goods to the carrier.deliver (及物动词vt.):原意是"递送, 交付(信件、包裹、货物等)至收件处、收件人或购货人等".上句(2)的意思当然就解释为"货交承运人"了.我们也就不难理解贸易术语中的D组术语:delivered duty unpaid (DDU, 未完税交货)delivered duty paid (DDP, 完税后交货) 的意思了delivery (名词n.)例如: delivery note (交货单)delivery receipt (送货单)delivery order (提货单, 它的缩写是D/O)take delivery of = receive (词组phr. 解释"收到,接收")值得注意的是: deliver(y) 和take delivery of 意思正好向左.(1) Study the provisions of the letter of credit and ...(provision = regulation, 稍侧重于clause)(2) ... and all Government regulations ...(regulation = provision,稍侧重于rule)be applicable tbe applicable to = be able to have an effect on sth. (适用于...)transit:transit 原意是"通过、运送、搬运"等意思.贸易上的解释见下例: transit trade = entrepot trade 转口贸易,过境贸易transit country 过境国,中转国.transit operations 运输过程goods delayed in transit: 运输中延误的货物(注意介词的搭配)句子: Arrange warehousing of the goods, if necessary.句中:例如: bonded warehouse 保税仓库warehousing = storage "仓库储存","仓储费"例如: warehousing and storage activities 仓储作业2009年货运代理英语辅导资料（2）加入收藏【大中小】[ 2009-7-30 ]16. 句子:Draw the consignor’s attention to the need for insurance and arrange for the insurance of goods, if required by the consignor.句中:draw sb’s attention t 引起某人的注意, 相当于提醒货物代理人要提醒发货人注意是否需要货物保险(意译)的这半句有:A freight forwarder reminds the consignor to attend to the need for insurance ...17. 句子:Transport the goods to the port, arrange for customs clearance, related documentation formalities and deliver the goods to the carrier.句中:句子: Pay fees and other charges including freight.句中:(1) fee (手续费):含义中有"为获得做某事的许可或为得到某种认可而支付的费用"例如: registration fee (注册费、登记费)membership fee (会费)(2) charge ("因服务而索取的"费用,与free of charge 相对)含义中有"购买某种服务时按规定价目所支付的费用"例如: collection charge (托收费)delivery charge (递送费)additional charge = surcharge (附加费)fumigation charge (熏蒸费)charges prepaid / charges forward (费用预付/费用到付)(3) expense (花费,耗费,开销)含义中有"当被认为有大量花费时",这个词不仅仅用在金钱上,还用在时间或精力的花费上:例如: medical expense (医药费)living expense (生活费)注意: 会计领域中使用这个词时,通常情况下以复数形式出现的机会较多.注意是通常情况:例如: operating expenses (营业费用,经营费用)travelling expenses (差旅费)selling expense (销售费用,没有"s")income taxes expense (所得税费用,没有"s")(4) -age (费,资)-age 是表示抽象名词的后缀.没有"费、资"的说法,但是下列这些词有"费、资"的解释:例如: postage (邮资) carriage (运费) storage (仓库费)2009年货运代理英语辅导资料（3）加入收藏【大中小】[ 2009-7-30 ]句子: Arrange for transshipment en route if necessary.句中: transshipment:(1) 前缀"trans-" = to a changed state (转变、转移、转换)例如: transport, transplant (移植)(2) transhipment 的拼法是否正确呢? 严格地来说,并不正规.例如: transshipment additional (转船附加费)transshipment charge (转船费用)port of transshipment (中转港)19.2 en route:en route = on the way (在途中)这是一个单词,外来语,并非是两个单词或词组, 后通常接"for、to、from"例如: These containers were en route from shanghai to Los angeles.句子:Monitor the movement of goods all the way to the consignee through contacts with the carrier and the forwarders’agents abroad.我们这样看就简单多了:Monitor the movement of goods through contacts with the carrier.句子的其他部分再一点一点添加上去,句意就完整了.21. 我们把两句句子连在一起看:(1) Note damages or losses, if any, to the goods.(2) Assist the consignor in pursuing claims, if any, against the carrierfor loss of the goods or for damage to them.damage:damage = harm or injury that causes loss of value (有"失去价值"的含义)例如: damage by fire (火损)damage by water (水损)damage certificate (残损证明书)damage to the goods (注意介词搭配)damaged goods (损坏了的货物)goods damaged in transit (...中受损的货物)loss: loss 这个词,词义很单纯, 解释"丧失,灭失",只是在字形上要把它和下列单词区分清楚:lose (动词)lost ( lose 的过去式, 过去分词, 或其他解释的形容词)loss (名词, 注意它的用法: loss of the goods)2009年货运代理英语辅导资料（4）加入收藏【大中小】 [ 2009-7-30 ]make/pursue a claim against sb for sth (就...向...提出赔偿):一提到 claim, 保险和法律的味道比较浓, pursue 还有 seek 的意思:(1) 保险领域的"索赔": claim clause (索赔条款)notice of claim (索赔通知)(2) 法律领域的(根据权利所提出的)"要求":claim for damage (要求损害赔偿)The forwarders, on behalf of the consignee (importer), would:Monitor the movement of good on behalf of the consignee when the consignee controls freight (支付运费), that is, the cargo.Receive and check all relevant documents relating to the movement of the goods.Take delivery of the goods from the carrier and, if necessary, pay the freight cost (支付运费).Arrange customs clearance and pay duties, fees and other charges to the customs and other public authorities.Arrange transit warehousing, if necessary.Deliver the cleared goods to the consignee.Assist the consignee, if necessary, in pursuing claims, if any, againstthe carrier for the loss of the goods or any damage to them.Assist the consignee, if necessary, in warehousing and distribution.句子:Monitor the movement of good on behalf of the consignee when the consignee controls freight, that is, the cargo.句中:关于"货物"的词有这么一些,请辨析清楚:(1) cargo = goods (尤其是指船、飞机、车辆所载的)货物,运输行业的用语. 例如: sepcial cargoes (特殊货物)project cargoes (工程货物)container cargo (集装箱货物)general cargo (杂货、普通货物)(2) goods 这个词与 passengers 相对应例如: the shipment of goods (货物运输)passenger transport (客运)(3) commodity (生活必需品,在经济领域中解释的商品)例如: household commodity (家庭用品)commodity inspection (商品检验)name of commodity = commodity name (品名)(4) merchandise (销售、贸易领域中所指的商品、货物)(5) article (它不象前面四个词那样的解释,即不是指商品或货物的总称,它的解释常常是"物品、物件、制品"等单件商品)例如: a bamboo article (竹器)three articles of luggage (三件行李)handmade articles (手工制品)句子:Arrange customs clearance and pay duties, fees and other charges to the customs and other public authorities.句中:duty (税,税收)customs duty (海关税)excise duties (消费税)stamp duties (印花税)duty-free goods (免税商品)authority 和 association(1) authority 作为名词,而且以复数的形式出现时:例如: the health authorities 解释"当局、权威机构"实际上,以译成"机构、机关、管理局、委员会"等比较合理(2) association 解释"社团、协会、学会、联盟"等例如: China International Freight Forwarders Association(CIFA) International Federation of Feight Forwarders Association(FIATA)货代英语辅导：如何读懂海运提单加入收藏【大中小】[ 2009-8-7 ]1．提单的正面条款（1）托运人（SHIPPER），一般为信用证中的受益人。
国际货运代理 第一章 国际货运代理概述ppt课件
第第 一
章
1.4.2国际货运代理费用计收计付的 根本要求
〔3〕业务承诺和费用确认应同时进展
〔4〕费用计收应充分留意业务的性质、 范围与要求，以及处置过程中不同方案 对费用的影响
〔5〕计收费用，留有余地
第第 一
章
1.4.2国际货运代理费用计收计付的 根本要求
〔6〕费用计收程度，应思索竞争性和效 力性，注重市场环境与企业竞争战略
第第 一
章
根本训练
4.简答题 〔1〕简述国际货运代理的概念及效力范围。 〔2〕简述国际货运代理的根本类型。 〔3〕简述国际货运代理费用的构成及计收的方 法。
第第 一
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知识运用
实训题 〔1〕上网查询与国际货运代理行业有关 的网站，并做简要的评述。 〔2〕自学我国<公司法>、国际货运代理 行业管理规定等相关法律法规，并模拟 企业的实践环境阐明如何设立一家国际 货运代理企业。
21世纪新概念教材·高职高专物流管理专业教材新系
国际货运代理
〔第三版〕
国际货运代理概述
第 一一
章
学习目的 1.1国际货运代理的概念与效力范围 1.2国际货运代理的类型 1.3国际货运代理的权益、义务与责任 1.4国际货运代理费用的计收与结算 职场对接 根本训练 知识运用
1.1国际货运代理的概念与 第 效力范围
职场对接
货代员
第第 一
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第第 一
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根本训练
知识题
1.单项选择题
〔1〕根据我国商务部的有关规定，中国国际货 运代理企业业务备案任务由〔〕担任详细组织 实施。
A. 中国国际货运代理协会 B.工商行政部门
C.人事部
D.商务部
〔2〕传统下的国际货运代理实践是〔〕。
国际货运代理人《货代英语》辅导-第一章-国际货运代理人.doc
2014国际货运代理人《货代英语》辅导:第一章-国际货运代理人点击查看：2014国际货运代理人《货代英语》章节辅导汇总UnitOneInternationalTrade(一)基本要求了解: Definition and Importance, Barriersto International Trade熟悉: Differences between International Tradeand DomesticTrade, WTO掌握: Risksin International Trade, StepsofInternational Trade(二)考试内容：1.Definitionand Importance2.Differences between International Tradeand Domestic Trade3.Risksin International Trade4.World Trade Organization5.Barriersto International Trade6.Stepsof International Trade2. Differences between International Tradeand Domestic TradeInternational tradeistypically morecostly(成本高) than domestic trade.(reason: additional costssuchastariffs,timecostsduetoboard delays andcosts associated with country differences suchas language, thelegal system, culture.)Thefactorsof production( 生产要素)are typically more mobile(流动)within acountrythanacrosscountries. (International tradeismostly restrictedtotradeingoodsand service).International tradeisalsoabranchof economics, which together with international finance, formsthelarge branchof internationaleconomics.3.Risksin International TradeEconomic risks(1)insolvency(破产)ofthebuyer;(2)thefailureofthebuyertopaytheamount;(3)non-acceptance;(4) exchangerate,etc.Politicalrisks(1)cancellation ornon-renewal ofexportorimport licenses;(2)warrisks;(3)expropriation or confiscationofthe importer’s company; (4)riskofthe impositionofanimportban(禁止进口)after theshipmentofthegoods;(5) transfer risk—imposition ofexchange controls(外汇管制)bytheimporter’s countryorforeign currency shortages; (6)influence ofpolitical partiesin importer’s company.4.World Trade OrganizationWTOdefinition(世贸组织)Itisbestdescribedasanumbrella organization(伞式组织)under whichtheagreementsthatcameoutoftheUruguayRoundofmultilateraltradenegotiations(乌拉圭多边贸易谈判) aregathered.WTO functionsto implement, administer, andcarryoutWTO Agreement andit annexes;toactasaforumfor ongoing multilateral trade negotiations;toserveasatribunalforresolving disputes;toreview(评价、回顾)the tradepoliciesandpracticesof member states.5.Steps(步骤)of International TradeStarting with marketresearchSeeking customersContact each otherby sending inquiriesStatusinquiry(询价状况)Quotationsoroffers;acceptance ornon acceptanceOrder;contractObtaining import/export license; openingL/C，receiving L/CPreparation ofgoodsbythesellerInspection orsurveyofgoodsReserving shipping space(订舱)Effecting insuranceCustoms clearanceShipping adviceNegotiation ofexport documents underL/Cbythe beneficiaryRedemption of documents (赎单)under L/CCustoms clearance for importDelivery of goodsLodgingand settling claims (索理赔)(if any)12。
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国际货运代理专业英语 Unit 1 International Trade英文原文：International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.注释：exchange: 交换，汇兑 (另外常用的一个短语：foreign exchange: 外汇)border: 边(界, 缘, 境); 界线 territory: 领土, 领地, 版图, 地区, 活动范围中文意思：国际贸易是指跨越各国国境或领土的资本、货物和服务的交换活动。
2、国际贸易重要性的表现英文原文：In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).注释：represent: 表现, 表示, 描绘, 讲述, 代表, 象征 significant: 重要的, 重大的, 值得注意的 share: 份额 gross domestic product: 国内生产总值中文意思：在大多数国家，国际贸易占国内生产总值很大的比重。
英文原文：While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries.注释：throughout: 遍及，贯穿economic: 经济(上)的，经济学的 social: 社会的，社会上的 political: 政治上的，政治的 importance: 重要(性)，重要方面(意义)on the rise: 在上涨，在增长 recent: 近来的 century: 世纪中文意思：国际贸易在整个历史发展过程中也得到了体现，国际贸易在经济、社会、政治等方面的重要性在近几个世纪的发展中不断增长。
英文原文：Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system.注释：industrialization: 工业化，产业化 advanced transportation: 先进的运输globalization: 全球化 multinational corporation: 跨(多)国公司 (multinational: 多国的，跨国的)outsourcing: [商] 外部采办，外购，外包 major: 较大的，主要的 impact on: 对…冲击，碰撞;影响 international trade system: 国际贸易体系中文意思：工业化、先进的运输、全球化、跨国公司和外包服务等方面的发展对国际贸易体系都产生了较大的影响。
英文原文：Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization.注释：increasing(increase): 使(体积, 数量, 强度, 程度, 力量等)增大或增长 be crucial to (sty): 对……来说是至关重要的(crucial: 决定性的, 重要的, 严厉的)continuance：继续, 停留, 持续中文意思：国际贸易增长对全球化的持续发展是至关重要的。
英文原文：International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders.注释：source: 来源，根源 economic revenue: 经济收入(revenue: 收入，收益，税收)be considered: 被看作是，被认为是(consider: 认为，考虑)world power: 世界强国 be limited to: 局限于，被限制在…上 produce: 生产，制造中文意思：对于任何一个称为世界强国的国家来说，国际贸易是其经济收入的主要来源。
没有国际贸易，该国的经济将仅限于本国境内的货物和服务的生产制造。
1、成本差异英文原文：International trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that crossing a national border typically involves additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays, and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system, or a different culture.注释：typically: (typical) 代表性地，典型地 costly: (cost) 昂贵的, 代价(费用)高的, 费用大的 domestic trade：国内贸易 national border: 国界 involve: 包括, 使陷于,卷入，涉及 additional: 附加的，另外的tariff: 关税 due to: 由于 delay: 耽搁，延迟 associate with: 与…联系在一起，联合 difference: 差异 legal system: 法律制度，法律体系中文意思：国际贸易中的成本通常会明显高于国内贸易。
原因是国际贸易通过一个国境时通常会产生附加的成本，比如关税，边境延误产生的时间成本，以及由于国与国之间语言、法律体制或者文化等方面的差异所产生的成本。
2、生产要素差异英文原文：Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders.注释：factors of production: 生产要素 capital and labor: 资本和劳动力 mobile: 移动的，流动的中文意思：国内贸易与国际贸易的另一个差异在于生产要素的流动，比如资本和劳动力在一国国内的流动比跨越国境的流动要容易得多。
英文原文：Thus, international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services.注释：mostly: (most) 主要地 be restricted to: 仅限于…，限制在… (restrict: 限制，约束)中文意思：如此一来，国际贸易主要限于货物和服务的交易。
英文原文：Then, trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing the factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of the factor of production and are thus embodying the respective factor.注释：serve as: 被用作..., 充当..., 起...的作用 substitute: 代替品，代替物instead of: 代替，而不是… intensive: 密集的，精深的，加强的 embodying (embody): 体现，包括，包含 respective: 各自的，分别的中文意思：那么，货物与服务的贸易可替代生产要素的贸易。
一国可进口生产要素密集型的货物，这一货物分别包含了各生产要素，而不用进口生产要素。
英文原文：An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing labor, the United States is importing goods from China that were produced with Chinese labor.注释：an example: 举例，例子 labor-intensive: 劳动密集型的 United States: 美国中文意思：例如美国从中国进口劳动密集型的货物。
美国从中国进口的是用中国劳动力生产的货物而不是进口劳动力。
3、国际经济的命脉英文原文：International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics.注释：branch: 分支，支系 together with: 和，加之;共同，一起 international finance: 国际金融 form: 构成，形成，组成中文意思：国际贸易是经济的一条命脉，它与国际金融共同构成了国际经济更大的命脉。
三、国际贸易的风险国际贸易主要包括了两个方面的风险：经济风险和政治风险。
1、经济风险英文原文：Economic risks include the risk of insolvency of the buyer; the risk of the failure of the buyer to pay the amount due within six months after the due date; the risk of non-acceptance; the risk of exchange rate, and so on.注释：include: 包括，包含 insolvency: 无力偿还，破产 failure: 失败，无支付能力 amount: 金额，款额 due: 到期的，应付的non-acceptance: 不接受, 不兑现, 拒绝承兑exchange rate: 外汇汇率，外汇汇价中文意思：经济风险包括：买方破产;买方到期日后六个月内不支付应付款额;拒绝承兑;外汇风险等。