国际市场营销第4章
第四章 国际政治法律环境 国际市场营销学第二版第二编 国际市场营销环境
小结
➢ 一国的政治环境主要包括：政府与政党体制，政 府政策的稳定性，以及政治风险等。世界上多数 国家的政府可分为两类：议会政府和专制政府， 政府内部的政党体制可以分为四种：两党制、多 党制、一党制和一党专制。当今世界影响国际营 销最关键的政治因素应数强烈的经济民族主义
➢ 国际市场营销的法律环境是由企业本国法律、国 际法律和东道国法律组合而成的。影响国际市场 营销活动最经常、最直接的因素是东道国有关外 国企业在该国活动的法律规范。随着互联网应用 的迅速发展，各国必须重视网络法规的制定，这 是网上交易顺利展开的保证
四、政治风险
市场营销学 第四章消费者市场购买行为 第四节影响消费者购买行为的因素
成员资格型 参考团体
相关群体对消费者购买行为的 影响
• 第一，为个人提供可供选择的行为模式或 生活方式。
• 第二，影响人们的价值观、审美观、消费 偏好、消费需求，引起人们的仿效欲望。
• 第三，影响人们对产品品种、花色以至品 牌的看法和选择，促使人们的行为趋向于 某种一致性。
七、家庭
家庭是一种最重要的相关群体， 它对其成员的购买行为具有强烈和 持续的影响。随着传统的三代同堂 的主干家庭向一对夫妻与子女的核 心家庭的转化，核心家庭已成为我 国消费者市场上非常重要的购买单 位
八、社会阶层
社会阶层，指的是根据职业、收入、财产、 教育程度等可变因素对人们进行的群体划 分。处于同一社会阶层的人，通常在社会 经济地位、利益、价值取向、思维方式、 生活方式、生活目标、兴趣、消费欲望、 消费偏好、购买行为等方面存在着许多相 似之处；处于不同社会阶层的人，往往在 上述方面存在着较大的差别
三、经济状况、生活方式
• （一）经济状况 • 一个人的经济状况，是指他的收入状况（收入的
水平、稳定性和时间分布）、储蓄和财产状况、 借贷能力等方面的综合情况 • （二）生活方式 • 生活方式，指的是人们在自己的中心目标、价值 观念、个性心理及经济条件等的制约下，在一系 列外部环境因素的影响下形成的物质生活和精神 生活的方式
家庭因素
• 家庭类型的变化： • 家庭规模 家庭结构 • 家庭生命周期：
单身 阶段
备婚 阶段
新婚 阶段
育婴 阶段 满巢1
育儿 阶段 满巢2
未分 阶段 满巢3
已分 阶段 空巢
鳏寡 阶段
二、教育程度、职业
教育程度对消费者的需求、购买行为的影响， 表现在教育程度较高的消费者对书刊等文 化用品的需求量较大，购买行为的理性度 较高，审美能力较强，购买决策过程较全 面，更善于利用非商业性来源的信息，教 育程度较低的消费者则经常表现出与此相 反的一些情况
国际市场营销调研
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2.1 传感器的基本概念
考察、搜集市场信息。 （2）委托本国驻外经济贸易机构进行调查，获取信息。 （3）委托本国出国人员(特别是经济、技术访问团)对有关国际市场进行专门
调查或附带调查。 （4）企业在世界各地的销售网点，不断从市场上反馈得到的信息资料。 （5）委托市场所在国的代理商、零售商、进口商、批发商或其他的中间商，
1.传感器的静态特性 传感器的静态特性是指被测量的值处于稳定状态时的输出—输入关系。
衡量静态特性的重要指标是线性度、灵敏度、迟滞、重复性、分辨率、 稳定性和漂移等。
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2.1 传感器的基本概念
1) 线性度 传感器的线性度是指其输出量与输入量之间的实际关系曲线(即静特
性曲线) 偏离直线的程度, 又称为非线性误差, 静特性曲线可通过实际 测量获得。在实际应用中,大多数传感器为非线性的, 为了得到线性关 系, 常引入各种非线性补偿环节。如采用非线性补偿电路或计算机软 件进行线性化处理。但如果传感器非线性的次方不高, 输入量变化范 围较小时, 可用一条直线(切线或割线) 近似地代表实际曲线的一段, 如 图2.1 - 2 所示, 使传感器输出—输入线性化, 所采用的直线称为拟合直 线。实际特性曲线与拟合直线之间的偏差称为传感器的非线性误差 (或线性度), 通常用相对误差γL表示, 即
产品调研的内容很多，主要包括的内容有：
①有关产品的内在质量和外观形态、商标、包装及售后服务 等方面。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?（全球本土化策略）Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries，leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation：views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces：Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces：Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage：P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. （Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan）International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping；Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响？Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
市场营销学复习第四章—第六章
第四章购置行为研究概念消费者行为指消费者为满足其个人或家庭生活需要而发生的购置商品的决策或行动。
相关群体指能直接或间接影响一个人的态度、行为或价值观的团体。
重点问题一、影响消费者行为的内、外在因素影响消费者行为的内在因素包括:1.动机。
动机及行为有直接的因果关系，动机导致行为。
消费者行为的直接原因是动机。
消费者动机是很复杂的，可以把它们概括为两局部：生理动机与心理动机。
马斯洛指出人类的需要可以由低到高顺序排列成不同的层次，即生理需要、平安需要、社会需要、自尊需要、自我实现需要，前两个层次需要属生理的与物质方面的需要，后三个层次主要是心理的、精神方面的需要。
2．感受。
指消费者在其了解的范围内，通过其眼、耳、鼻、舌、身承受外界色、形、味等刺激或环境所形成的心理上的反响，是个体对于社会与物质环境的最简单、最初的理解。
感受有四个特征：〔１〕感受的选择性。
〔２〕感受的有组织性。
〔３〕感受受外在刺激的影响。
〔４〕感受个人因素的影响。
营销人员要掌握以上特点，充分利用企业的营销策略，使本企业的产品或效劳被更多的消费者感受到、理解正确。
3．态度。
通常指个体对事物所特有的一种协调一致的、有组织的、习惯性的内在心理反响。
态度不仅是在后天环境中产生的，也是针对某一对象产生的。
营销者研究“态度〞，主要从以下几个方面入手：消费者的态度形成、消费者态度的内容4、学习。
即指“在相似的情况下，由过去的行为所引发的行为改变〞，换言之，学习是指由于经历面引起的个人行为的改变。
影响消费者行为的外在因素包括：1、相关群体。
相关群体指能直接或间接影响一个人的态度、行为或价值观的团体。
相关群体可分为参及群体及非所属群体。
相关群体对消费者购置行为的影响。
主要有以下方面：第一，向消费者展示新的生活方式与消费模式，供人们选择；第二，相关群体能够影响人们的态度，帮助消费者在社会群体中认识消费方面的“自我〞；第三，相关群体的“仿效〞作用，使某群体内的人们消费行为趋于一致化；第四，相关群体中的“意见领袖〔或意见领导者〕〞，有时有难以估计的示范作用。
人民大王晓东 国际市场营销(第6版数字教材版)PPT完整版
呢绒
酒
英国
100
120
葡萄牙
90
80
• 英国专门生产呢绒：220人（100+120）一年可生产2.2单位 • 葡萄牙专门生产酒：190人（110+80）一年可生产2.375单位
第二节：国际市场营销的理论基础
一、比较利益学说 2、相对成本优势
英国和葡萄牙的相对成本差异
呢绒
酒
英国
100
120
葡萄牙
90
第二节 国际市场社会与文化环境
审美情趣
数字：0、4、8、13。 色彩: 红-中国（德国） 绿-美国（日本）黄-泰国（埃
塞俄比亚） 蓝-埃及、荷兰、瑞典。 图案:罗马尼亚-三角形和环形；德国-方形；伊朗-狮子；
日本-鸭子；中东-孔雀。 音乐：美国-民谣；巴西-桑巴。
第二节 国际市场社会与文化环境
语言文字
语言表达要求严谨、准确，避免语言歧义 “Come Alive with Pepsi” “Dart is Power” “Golden Cock”
第一节 影响国际市场的经济因素
三、国际货币制度 国际货币基金组织 世界银行
第二节 影响国际市场的政治因素
双边关系 国家之间的贸易联系不单纯是两国经济关系的反映,
同时也体现着包含政治因素的非经济因素。 多边关系 东西方关系 南北关系
03 第三章 国际市场营销环境（下）
PART THREE
1、能源供给 2、运输条件 3、通信保证 4、商业基础设施
市场需求规模
1、国民生产总值 2、人均收入 3、个人消费
第一节 国际市场经济与人口环境
二、人口环境
人口数量 人口增长 人口结构 人口分布 人口流动
《国际市场营销》第四章：国际市场调查与预测
图4-1国际营销信息系统 国际营销信息系统
营销决策与沟通
第二节
国际市场调研
一．市场调研的含义与特点 市场调研（Market research）是一种以系 统、科学的方法，客观地搜集、整理、分 析、说明与经营管理有关的各种资料，在 调查研究的基础上，力争准确地发现整个 生产和经营过程中存在的问题，提出解决 的方法或依据，为管理人员进行决策和处 理问题时提供重要参考。
市场调研的几个基本特点
1、市场调研方法的科学性 有效的营销调研活动必须使用科学的研究方法，在调研活动的整个过程中都 要按照科学的原则和步骤来进行。 2、市场调研的系统性 一项营销调研活动对研究程序都有周密的规划和安排，研究人员一般要遵循 既定的研究程序和日程安排去开展活动。 3、市场调研的客观性 他要求研究人员在研究活动中应当以公正和中立的态度对信息进行出版、整 理和分析，而不应当受个人或其他权威人士的价值取向及信仰的影响。 4、市场调研的针对性 它是指营销调研往往是针对某个特定的营销问题而展开的，它并不是组织中 的一项连续的营销职能，而是根据需要间断进行。 5、市场调研的局限性 营销调研知识信息管理的工具和手段，它能够在一定程度上提供营销决策所 需要的信息，降低决策风险和失误率，但是它不能保证决策一定是正确的。
3、因果性调研(Causal Research) 、因果性调研
因果性调研的目的是为了证明一种变量的变化能够引起另 一种变量变化，这种调研方法是以实验为基础的调研，因 此又被称为实验调研。在这种调研中，研究人员成了研究 过程的积极参与者，他们会改变一些因素（自变量），观 察这些因素的变化对其他因素（因变量）有什么影响。在 营销实验中，因变量经常是衡量销售的一些指标，如总销 售额、市场份额等，而自变量则经常是营销组合中的一些 因素，如价格、广告支出、产品质量等。
国际市场营销(双语版)第4章 国际目标市场选择与国际市场进入方式
2. 影响国际目标市场营销战略的因素 (1)外部因素。 ①目标国家的市场因素。 ②目标国家的环境因素。 ③目标国家的生产因素。 ④国内因素。 (2)内部因素。 影响企业进行国际市场目标选择的内部因素包括产品因素和企
（2）文化标准。 Cultural factors
东西方文化的差异决定了中国市场与欧美市场的根本不同，生活方式密 切地受到文化的影响，所以按照文化标准细分国际市场对营销决策是非 常有益的。文化对国际营销决策的重要影响之一，就是文化的诸因素(如 语言、教育、宗教、种族、美学、价值观和社会组等)都能构成国际市场 的细分标准。
4.2 国际目标市场选择
4.2.1 国际目标市场的含义 国际目标市场是企业在对国际市场进行细分之后，通
过对细分市场的市场潜力、竞争状况、本企业资源条 件等多种因素进行评估分析，最终决定进入的那部分 市场，即企业所选择的准备以相应的产品和服务满足 其需要的那部分购买者群体。
4.2.2 评估国际目标市场的标准 1.细分市场的规模和发展潜力 Segment Size and Growth
4.1.2 国际市场细分的原则与步骤
1.国际市场细分的原则 (1)可测量性。这是指国际目标市场的销售潜量及购
买力的大小必须是能被测量的。 Measurable: the size, purchasing power, and profiles the
segments can be measured.
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第4章全球市场评估中的文化因素
概念与思考题
1. 名词解释
文化敏感性事实性知识
文化解释性知识
民族优越感文化价值观
文化文化借鉴
语言距离物质文化
无计划变革策略审美
社会制度有计划变革策略
2．营销者作为变革的催化剂起着什么样的作用？
3．试分析国外市场营销者可能采取的三种文化变革策略。
4．“文化渗透到一切营销活动中，”请讨论
5．对国际市场营销者来说“文化共鸣”有多重要？如何取得“文化共鸣”？
6．为什么国际市场营销者必须认真研究文化？
7．文化的通俗定义是什么？人类学家对文化是怎样定义的？二者有何差异？
8．有人说社会成员可以借鉴其他文化寻求解决共同问题的方法。
这句话的含义是什么？它对营销有何重要意义？
9．“对于缺乏经验的营销者而言，文化的这种…既相似又相异‟的特征会引起错觉，对并不存在的相似之处信以为真。
”请举例讨论。
10．试列举人类学家指出的各种文化因素。
营销者应该如何利用这一文化体系？
11．什么是物质文化？对营销有何意义？试举例说明。
12．社会制度以各种形式影响着营销活动。
请举例讨论。
13．“市场是营销活动，经济环境以及所有其他文化因素三者共同作用的产物”，试评论之。
14．语言会给国际市场营销者带来哪些头痛的问题？试讨论。
15．假如要你提供一份关于某个潜在市场的文化分析报告。
你将怎么做？列举你的工作步骤并对每一步骤予以简要说明。
16．文化是动态的，那么文化是如何变革的呢？是否存在文化变革不仅没有遭遇阻
力反而受到欢迎的情况？这与市场营销有何联系？
17．文化变革的阻力是如何影响产品导入市场的？在国内市场上有类似情况吗？请举例说明。
18．新事物不是有利就是有弊。
试各举一例说明。
19．跨国公司应对新产品的直接后果如安全性和功能等负责，除此没有任何责任。
试为该论点进行辩护。
20．列举一种可能会给别国带来不良后果的产品，说明如何才能既消除这些影响又有利可图？。