英语演讲的艺术week fiour-2
演讲的艺术
The art of effective communication between a speaker (or writer) and anThe ability to respect diversity and toFocused, organized thinking about such things as the logicalideals, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between’s messageThe sum of a person’s knowledge, experience, goals, values, andhormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical orMental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herselfStealing ideals or language from two or three sources andFailing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that areTo restate or summarize an author's ideals in one's own wordsstatement in the introduction of a speech that identifies theA method of speech organization in which the main pointsA method of speech organization in which the main points divide theA word or phrase that indicates when the speaker has finished one thoughtpresented from a brief set of notesa speechWhat a speaker wants the audience to rememberthe audience foremost in mind at every step ofThe tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own value,Audience characteristics such as age, gender, education,Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale ofthat allow respondents to answer however theymaterials used to support a speaker's ideas. The threeA story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length toa speech together in a particular way to achieve aThe major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speechesmethod of speech organization in which the main pointsmethod of speech organization in which the main points follow amethod of speech organization in which the first mainof a problem and the second main point presents aA method of speech organization in which the main points divide theA word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thoughtstatement in the body of the speech that summarizes theA very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or thatA question that the audience answers mentally rather than outstatement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the课后练习Chapter 4Topic :Studying abroadGeneral Purpose:To persuadeSpecific Purpose:To persuade the audience to study abroad will enhance your personal development,academic development,and career development.Central Idea:Main points: I. You should study abroad because it will enhance your personal development.II. You should study abroad because it will enhance your academic developmentIII. You should study abroad because it will enhance your career development.Topic : Events in triathlonGeneral purpose: To informSpecific purpose: To inform the audience of the three events in triathlon : swimming, cycling and running.Central Idea:Main points:The first event in triathlon is swimmingThe second event in triathlon is cycling.The third event in triathlon is running.I. The first major cause of airplane crashes is pilot error.II. The second major cause of airplane crashes is weather. Topical OrderIII. The third major cause of airplane crashes is mechanical failure.I. The peak of Mount Kilimanjaro has an arctic climate with snow,ice,,and violent winds.II. The middle of Mount Kilimanjaro has a rain forest climate with lush vegetation and diverse animal species.III. The base of Mount Kilimanjaro has a bushland climate with pastures and farming communities. Spatial OrderI. The Chinese film industry began in the early 20th century.II. The first golden period of Chinese cinema occurred during the 1930s.III. The second golden period occurred in the years after World War II.IV. The Chinese film industry was scaled back during the 1960s and 1970s.V. Today Chinese films are in another golden period of international acclaim.Chronological Order。
《演讲的艺术》About Introduction
2. Startle the Audience
Make sure the startling introduction relates directly to the subject of your speech
Introduction: Sample Introduction: ( A speech about the problem of sexual assault against women ) Take a moment and think of the three women closest to you. Who comes to mind? Your mother ? Your sister ? Your girlfriend? Your wife? Your best friend? Now guess which one will be sexually It’s assaulted during her lifetime. It s not a pleasant thought, but U． according to the U．S. Department of justice, one of every three American women will be sexually assaulted sometime during her life.
Task 1: Find out how many methods we’ve learned today are used in this introduction. Task 2: Give some explanation about how they are employed.
Vocabulary gridlock: (n),交通全面阻塞 cripple: (vt),使…陷入瘫痪状态 strand: (vt),使…困于某地,束手无 策. impenetrable: (adj), 费解的，难 以理解的。 simulation : (n)用计算机进行的 模拟。 stilled : (j)静止的。 earthly : (adj)现世的。 jaw-dropping apathy : (n)冷漠，不关心。
英语演讲的艺术
A successful beginning could:
I. Get the attention and interest of your audience. II. Create a positive relationship with the audience. III. Establish your credibility. IV. Preview the body of the speech.
Beginning and Ending the Speech
E. Begin with a story Example:
We usually do not have a high opinion of people who drop out of school. Well , I want to mention a man who did just that. He never finished college. In stead, in the 1970’s he tinkered in is garage with a relatively new gadget called the computer. Instead if being concerned with how to build a better computer or even different computer, this young man focused his attention on the software programs that might run on the computer. Today, Bill Gates is the richest man in the world, and the company he founded, Microsoft, makes programs for most of the computers in the world. Not bad for a college dropout.
英语演讲的艺术
The art of Public speaking
首先从“外研社杯”全国 英语大赛比赛规则讲起
The art of Public speaking
Speaking
The art of Public Speaking
比赛程序
第一阶段 1. 定题演讲：每位选手演讲时间3分钟 题目：What we cannot afford to lose
The art of Public Speaking
评分标准
第一阶段：
prepared 20% 20%
20%
questions 15% 15%
10%
total
100
content language
delivery
The art of Public Speaking
第二阶段：
即兴演讲 回答问题 综合知识 合计
theartofpublicspeakingtheartofpublicspeaking首先从外研社杯全国首先从外研社杯英语大赛比赛规则讲起全国theartofpublicspeakingspeakingtheartofpublicspeaking?比赛程序?第一阶段?1
The art of Public Speaking
The art of Public Speaking
Japanese businessmen have already applied Confucian ethics in the their business management, and the American military academy, West Point, has taken Sunzi’s The Art of War as one of their textbooks. In theses years, the cream of our culture, such as traditional medical science and medicine, acupuncture, Tai Chi, and paper cutting, has won popularity in the world.
演讲的艺术(共9张PPT)
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Methods of Delivery
• Reading from a manuscript • Reciting from memory • Speaking impromptu • Speaking extemporaneously
• Pause: a momentary break in a vocal delivery of a
speech
Effectively pause between every though pattern
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Vocal Variety
• Pronunciation and articulation
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Speakers’ Body
• Personal appearance • Eye contact • Gesture • Movement
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
your own voice always sound louder to you your own voice always sound louder to you than to a listener.
the speed at which a person speak
英语演讲的艺术two
Pitch 音高
• Pitch: the highness or lowness of a speaker’s voice. • Changes in pitch are called inflections. • They give voice luster, warmth, and vitality. • They reveal whether you ask a question or make a statement, whether you are sincere or sarcastic.
Pauses 停顿
• Pause: a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. • Learning how and when to pause is a major challenge for most speakers. • A keen sense of timing is partly a matter of common sense, partly a matter of experience. • Pause at the end of thought units and not in the middle.
• They make you sound happy or sad, angry or pleased, dynamic or listless, tense or relaxed. • Avoid ending all your sentences on the same inflection. Otherwise, it’s monotony. • Vary your pitch patterns to fit the meaning of your words.
《演讲的艺术》PS_ W2
Most crucial from an ethical standpoint, though, is being fully informed about your subject—doing enough research. Don’t communicate erroneous information or misleading advice!
Do your listeners lean forward in their seats, as if paying close attention?
Do they applaud in approval? Do they laugh at your jokes? Do they have quizzical looks in their faces? Do they shuffle their feet and gaze at the clock?
.
6.The Speech Communication Process :
Interference—external interference and internal interference.
As a speaker, you must try to hold your listener’s attention despite these various kinds of reference.
1. The Importance of Ethics
The goal of public speaking is to gain a desired response from the listeners— but not at any cost.
Speechmaking is a form of power and therefore carries with it heavey ethical responsibilities. In an ideal world, all public speakers would be truthful and devoted to the good of society. Yet history tells us that the power of speech is often abused—sometimes with disastrous results. The power of the spoken word needs to be guided by a strong sense of ethical integrity
英语演讲的艺术week-five
State Main Points and Subpoints in Full Sentences
• A skimpy preparation outlineபைடு நூலகம்is of little value.
• Stating main points and subpoints in full sentences will ensure that you develop your ideas fully.
Use a Consistent Pattern of Symbolization and Indentation
• See APS page 120. • Visual framework: the pattern of
symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that show the
• State main points and subpoints in full sentences.
• Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews.
• Attach a bibliography.
• Give your speech a title.
• See APS pages 122-124. Sample Preparation Outline With Commentary.
The Speaking Outline
• Speaking outline: a brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech.
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• Don’t worry about the exact wording of your introduction until you have finished the body of the speech. • Don’t apologize in your introduction. • Work out your introduction in detail. • Don’t start talking too soon. • View Stephan E. Lucas for more guidance on creating introductions and conclusions.
Relate the Topic to the Audience
• People pay attention to things that affect them directly. • Take the following introduction for instance: See APS page 104. • View the beginning of “In Your Dreams”. • Try to describe something all your listeners have experienced.
The Introduction
• A poor beginning may so distract or alienate listeners that the speaker can never fully recover. • Getting off on the right foot is vital to a speaker’s self-confidence. • Four objectives of the introduction:
State the Importance of Your Topic
• Presumably, you think your speech is important. Tell your audience why they should think so too. • See APS page 104. • By citing the striking statistics the speaker emphasized the importance of her topic.
• Your listeners will be attentive. • You will be ready to start speaking. • Keeping the attention of your audience once you start talking is more difficult. • The following are the methods used most often.
What is your most valuable possession? Do you know how many township enterprises are started each year in China? • Pose a series of questions, each of which draws the audience deeper and deeper into the speech. • See APS page 106.
• View the beginning of “Hoping to Heal”. • Make sure you can deliver your story with strong eye contact and expressive vocal variety.
Create a PoAudience
• See APS page 109. • Your credibility can be based on research, firsthand knowledge, or some combination of the two.
Preview the Body of the Speech
• Tell your listeners in the introduction what they should listen for in the rest of the speech. • Preview statement: a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.
Question the Audience
• Asking a rhetorical question is another way to get your listeners thinking about your speech. • Rhetorical question: a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud. • Sometimes a single question will do:
Get Attention and
Interest
• After you are introduced and step to the lectern, your audience will normally give you their attention. • If they don’t, wait patiently. • Look directly at the audience without saying a word. • In a few moments all talking and physical commotion will stop.
Begging and Ending the Speech
• The beginning, or introduction, prepares listeners for what is to come. • The conclusion ties up everything and alerts listeners that the speech is going to end.
Arouse the Curiosity of the Audience
• People are curious. • Use a series of statements that progressively whet their curiosity about the subject of your speech. • See APS page 105.
• •
See APS page 109. Preview statements provide a smooth leadin to the body of the
speech. • They signal the body of the speech is about to begin.
Tips for the Introduction
I.
Get the attention and interest of your audience. II. Create a positive relationship with the audience. III. Establish your credibility. IV. Preview the body of the speech.
Signal the End of the Speech
• Too sudden an ending leaves the audience puzzled and unfulfilled. • First: saying-In conclusion; My purpose has been; Let me end by saying. • Second: by your manner of delivery and by use of the voice-its tone, pacing, intonation, and rhythm.
• Keep the introduction relatively brief. • Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. • Be creative in devising your introduction.
Begin with a Quotation
• Start with an attention-getting quotation. • From Shakespeare or Confucius, from a poem, song, or film. • See APS page 106. • Keep your quotations relatively short.
The Conclusion
• “Great is the art of beginning,” said the American poet Longfellow, “but greater the art is of ending.” • Conclusion has 2 major functions: I. To let the audience know you’re ending the speech. II. To reinforce the audience’s understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.
• The speaker is controversial or advocates an unpopular position. • In cross-cultural communication. • See APS page 108.