三峡工程(Three Gorge Project)
三峡电站
三峡水利枢纽三峡水利枢纽(Three Gorges Hydro Projeot) 开发和治理长江的关键性骨干工程。
位于中国长江干流三峡中的西陵峡，坝址在湖北省宜昌市三斗坪，距三峡出口南津关38km，在已建的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游40km，是开发和治理长江的关键性骨干工程，具有防洪、发电、航运等巨大的综合效益，是当今世界上最大的水利枢纽工程。
简称三峡工程。
规划概要枢纽控制流域面积100万km2，占长江流域面积的56%。
坝址处多年平均流量14300m3/s，实测最大洪水流量71100m3/s，历史最大洪水流量105000m3/s，多年平均悬移质输沙量5.3亿t。
坝区地壳稳定，地震基本烈度为Ⅵ度。
坝址区河谷开阔，谷底宽约1000m，河床右侧有中堡岛，将长江分为大江和后河。
两岸谷坡平缓，冲沟发育，岩石风化层较厚。
坝址基岩为坚硬的前震旦纪闪云斜长花岗岩，强度高，断层不发育，裂隙规模较小，以陡倾角为主，微风化和新鲜岩体的透水性微弱。
坝址具备修建高坝的良好地质条件。
中国对兴建三峡水利工程的设想和探索由来已久。
早在20世纪初，孙中山先生曾提出开发三峡水力资源的设想。
1944年中国资源委员会与美国垦务局的萨凡奇，J.L.博士等协作进行了建坝方案的研究，提出了在南津关建坝的扬子江三峡计划初步报告。
中华人民共和国成立后，开展了三峡工程建设的前期工作，水利部长江水利委员会做了大量的勘测、科研和规划设计工作。
1986年原水利电力部组织各方面专家对三峡工程的可行性进行论证，认为三峡工程对长江中游防洪的作用不可代替，发电、航运效益巨大，移民及环境问题可以妥善解决，应早日兴建。
根据论证成果，水利部长江水利委员会于1989年提出三峡工程可行性研究报告，经国务院审查后，于1992年4月3日在第7届全国人大第5次会议上审议通过，将兴建长江三峡水利枢纽列入国民经济和社会发展十年规划。
三峡水利枢纽工程方案的要点是，合理选择枢纽工程规模和确定水库正常蓄水位。
The Three Gorges Projects(三峡水利枢纽工程)
The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposalThe Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important water conservancy project buildings1. damThe dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185 meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stationsThe power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factorybuildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3. open up to navigation buildingThe open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the water conservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges ProjectsThe Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..1. prevent floodPrimary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent flood standard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2. generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development andenvironmental pollution of reducing.Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant an d abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shippingSanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the Changjiang River of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. silt issuethe Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, inflood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam site potential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying,and repair the test and use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing, Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoirimmigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in SanxiaThe exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China set up of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appearedby the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in SanxiaThe reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct, resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insist reason is expanded.Seven. Investment and benefit questionInvests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three GorgesProjects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.三峡水利枢纽工程一、坝址及基本枢纽布置三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。
三峡大坝介绍英文
Hydroelectric generating sets of the Three Gorges Project in central China's Hubei Province are shown in this April 9, 2003 photo. Four of the hydroelectric generating sets, which are in the final phase of installation and test, will be put into operation later this year. (AP Photo/Xinhua, Du Huaju)
Geography Case Study - Chang Jiang
Cons and Pros of the Three Gorges Project
Introduction
China's massive Three Gorges hydroelectric project has generated plenty of controversy from the start. It was first proposed in 1919 by revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen as a way of providing energy to fuel the nation's industrial development. The plan was revived in 1954 as a way to control the chronic overflow of the legendary Yangtze river after tens of thousands were killed in widespread flooding. After several false starts, work began in earnest in 1979.
三峡永久船闸岩石高边坡工程稳定技术
第21卷 第2期岩石力学与工程学报 21(2)：261～2672002年2月 Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering Feb ., 20022001年5月25日收到初稿，2001年6月15日收到修改稿。
作者 吴海斌 简介：男，36岁，1992年于河海大学岩土工程专业获硕士学位，现为航建项目部副主任、高级工程师，主要从事永久船闸工程项目管理方面的工作。
三峡永久船闸岩石高边坡工程稳定技术吴海斌(中国长江三峡工程开发总公司 宜昌 443002)摘 要 在阐述船闸高边坡工程特点的基础上，论述了该工程实施的技术路线，并重点介绍了工程规模、岩体支护、防渗排水、施工程序与爆破控制和监控技术，最后得出了施工期边坡总体和局部稳定、总体变形基本控制在预计范围内的结论。
关键词 三峡，船闸，边坡，稳定，技术分类号 TV 543，TV 554+.12 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1000-6915(2002)02-0261-071 高边坡工程特点、规模1.1 高边坡工程特点三峡工程双线连续五级永久船闸是三峡工程重要建筑物之一[1](如图1所示)，因其独特的结构要求，需在三峡坝址左岸制高点坛子岭北侧花岗岩山体中深切开挖修建，形成最大深度为170 m 、下部为45～68 m 直立闸墙的双向岩质高边坡，两线闸槽间保留宽为56 m 、高为45～68 m 的直立岩石中隔墩。
为船闸结构所需而开挖的三条贯穿主体闸室(首)段的纵向输水隧洞和每个闸首两侧开挖的36个竖井，布置在两侧边坡和中隔墩岩体内。
直立闸槽边墙结构为厚度1.5～2.4 m 的混凝土薄衬砌图1 三峡工程平面布置示意图 Fig.1 Layout of the Three Gorges Project墙，该混凝土墙通过高强锚杆与岩体连接共同组成结构。
故永久船闸高边坡既具有一般岩土工程的复杂性和不确定性，又具有结构工程的严格要求，一直受到国内外专家学者的关注。
三峡简介ThreeGorgeIntroduction
2.居世界之最的单项建筑物
(1)大坝：三峡水利枢纽大坝为混凝土重力式，挡水前沿总长为2345米， 最大坝高175米，坝体总混凝土量为1486万立方米，其大坝总方量居世界 第一。
(2)水电站：三峡水电站为坝后式厂房。水电站单机容量、总装机容量、 年发电量均居世界第一(其中单机容量与伊泰普、大古里并列第一)。水电 站送出工程包括二回(600千伏直流输电，11回500千伏交流输电线路，送 出工程规模也居世界第一。
米/月 (10)水轮发电机组安装强度 4台/年(280万千瓦/年)
三、水库淹没及移民安置难度为世界之最
三峡水库淹没陆地面积632平方公里，据 1992年调查，淹没线以下有耕地(含柑桔 地)35.94万亩，居住人口84.41万人，规 划最终需搬迁安置的人口可能达113万人。 因此，三峡水库移民搬迁和安置的规模 和难度均属世界之最。需按开发性移民 安置与当地资源开发、经济发展、环境 保护紧密结合，有计划、分阶段地组织 实施，才能完成这一艰巨的任务。
(3)双线五级梯级航闸：三峡工程梯级船闸是世界总水头最高(113米)、级 数最多(五级)的内河船闸、其单级闸室有效尺寸(长280米，宽34米，槛上 水深5米)及过船吨位(万吨级船队)，亦属世界已建船闸最高等级的内河船 闸。船闸最大工作水头49.5米，最大充泄水量26万立方米，边坡开挖最大 高度170米，均属世界最高水平，其工作水头属超世界水平。
一、世界上效益最大的水利枢纽
长江三峡水利枢纽是多目标开发的综合 利用工作，其防洪、发电、航运三大主 要效益，均居世界同类水利工程前列， 无相当的巨型水利枢纽与之比拟。
1.防洪效益最大的水利枢纽
三峡水库总库容393 亿立方米并不是世界上库容最大的 水库，根据有关资料，按水库总库容排序，三峡水库 居25位之后。但三峡水库运行时预留的防洪库容为 221.5亿立方米，水库调洪可削减的洪峰流量达 27000~33000立方米/秒，属世界水利工程之最。
三峡大坝介绍【英文】
Facts
The 16-year project is due to be completed in 2009. The river's level is expected to rise to 175 metres. By mid-June 2003 the dam was holding back 12 billion cubic metres of
Two men carry bricks to a barge at the temporary dock at Wushan, in the middle of the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River in central China, June 6, 2003. Lower lying areas of the town have been demolished in preparation for the increase in the water level as the controversial Three Gorges Dam reservoir begins to fill. (AP Photo/Greg Baker)
The dam's sluice gates were closed on June 1, 2003, allowing the reservoir behind it to begin filling. By June 10, 2003, the water was 135 metres deep, and it's expected to be 175 metres deep by 2009.
A Chinese man sits in the rubble of the demolished old town of Wushan, as he looks out over the city's temporary dock on the Yangtze River in central China, June 6, 2003. (AP Photo/Greg Baker
Three_Gorges_Dam
Layout and Scale
The dam is made of concrete and is 2,335 m long, and 185 metres high. The project used 200,000 cubic metres of concrete, 463,000 tonnes of steel, enough to build 63 Eiffel Towers, and moved about 102,600,000 cubic metres of earth. When the water level is at its maximum of 175 metres over sea level (110 metres above the river level downstream), the dam reservoir is about 660 kilometres in length and 1.12 kilometres in width on average, and contains 39.3 km3 of water. The total surface area of the reservoir is 1,045 km² . The reservoir flooded a total area of 632 km²of land, compared to the 1,350 km²of reservoir created by the Itaipu Dam.
Economics
Funding sources include the Three Gorges Dam Construction Fund, profits from the Gezhouba Dam, loans from the China Development Bank, loans from domestic and foreign commercial banks, corporate bonds, and revenue before and after the dam is fully operational. Additional charges were assessed as follows: Every province receiving power from the Three Gorges Dam has to pay ¥ 7.00 per MWh extra. Other provinces had to pay an additional charge of ¥ 4.00 per MWh. Tibet pays no surcharge.
三峡大坝介绍英文版
三峡大坝介绍英语作文1The Three Gorges Dam is a remarkable engineering marvel that holds great significance in China. It is located in Hubei Province, and is one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the world.The construction of the Three Gorges Dam was an arduous and long process that began many years ago. Engineers and workers faced and overcame numerous technical difficulties during this time. The scale of the dam is truly astonishing. It stretches across a vast area and its height and width are impressive.The dam plays a vital role in multiple aspects. Firstly, it serves as an effective flood control measure. By regulating the water flow, it helps prevent destructive floods and protects the lives and properties of people living along the Yangtze River. Secondly, it generates a huge amount of electricity, which significantly contributes to meeting the power demands of vast regions in China. This has greatly promoted economic development and improved people's living standards. Additionally, it has greatly enhanced navigation along the river, facilitating the transportation of goods and people.In conclusion, the Three Gorges Dam is not only a symbol of China's engineering prowess but also a significant contributor to the country'seconomic and social progress. It stands as a testament to human determination and ingenuity.2The Three Gorges Dam is one of the most remarkable engineering feats in the world. It not only showcases China's advanced technological capabilities but also reflects the country's commitment to environmental protection.The technological innovations employed in the construction of the Three Gorges Dam are truly astonishing. Advanced concrete pouring techniques were utilized, ensuring the stability and durability of the dam. This involved precise calculations and meticulous execution to create a structure that could withstand the immense forces of water.In terms of environmental protection, numerous measures were taken during the construction process. Special fish migration channels were established to facilitate the movement of fish and maintain the ecological balance. This shows the consideration given to the natural ecosystem and the determination to minimize the impact on wildlife.The dam also plays a crucial role in flood control and power generation. It effectively reduces the risk of floods downstream, protecting millions of people and their properties. At the same time, the power generated by the dam contributes significantly to meeting the energy demands of the region, promoting economic development and improvingpeople's lives.In conclusion, the Three Gorges Dam stands as a symbol of human ingenuity and the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. It is a testament to the possibility of achieving great engineering achievements while safeguarding the environment for future generations.3The Three Gorges Dam is one of the most remarkable engineering feats in China's history. It stands as a testament to the country's outstanding achievements in the field of water conservancy.The construction of the Three Gorges Dam represents China's leading position in large-scale water conservancy projects. This massive structure not only controls the flow of the Yangtze River but also generates an immense amount of electricity, powering countless cities and industries.It has also brought about significant benefits in flood control. By regulating the water levels, it has effectively reduced the damage caused by floods, safeguarding the lives and properties of millions of people.Moreover, the Three Gorges Dam has attracted a large number of experts and scholars from both at home and abroad to come for inspection and study. They are amazed by the advanced technology and engineering skills employed in its construction.The completion of the Three Gorges Dam has not only enhanced China's status in the world of water conservancy but also provided valuableexperiences and references for similar projects worldwide. It showcases China's ability to undertake and complete complex and challenging engineering tasks with remarkable success.In conclusion, the Three Gorges Dam is a symbol of China's progress and strength in the field of water conservancy, making a great contribution to the country's economic development and social stability.4The Three Gorges Dam is one of the most remarkable engineering feats in the world. It has had a profound impact on the lives of local residents and the economic development of the region.The improvement of the power supply situation in the surrounding areas is one of the most significant benefits. Before the construction of the dam, power shortages were common, affecting the daily lives and industrial production of the local people. Now, with the stable power generation of the Three Gorges Dam, people can enjoy reliable electricity, which has greatly promoted the development of various industries and improved the quality of life.The tourism industry has also flourished as a result. The magnificent scenery of the dam and the surrounding area has attracted countless tourists from all over the world. This has not only brought economic income to the local area but also created many job opportunities for the residents. Local people have started various tourism-related businesses, such as hotels,restaurants, and souvenir shops, which have significantly improved their living standards.Another important aspect is the improvement of living conditions for residents who were relocated. The government has provided new and better housing, as well as improved infrastructure and public services. Schools, hospitals, and transportation facilities have all been upgraded, providing a more convenient and comfortable life for the relocated residents.In conclusion, the Three Gorges Dam has brought about numerous positive changes to the local area. It has not only solved energy problems and promoted economic growth but also improved the living conditions of the people. It is a symbol of the great achievements of modern engineering and a driving force for the continuous development of the region.5The Three Gorges Dam is one of the most remarkable engineering feats in the world. It holds immense significance and value from an international perspective.This colossal project has become a prime example of international cooperation in water conservancy engineering. It brought together the expertise and resources of various countries, showcasing the power of global collaboration. The construction process incorporated advanced technologies and innovative solutions, setting a high standard for similar projects worldwide.The Three Gorges Dam has also provided valuable experience for other nations dealing with similar challenges. Its success story offers insights into effective flood control measures, efficient power generation, and sustainable water resource management. For instance, the techniques used in its construction can be adapted and applied in other regions facing similar geographical and climatic conditions.Moreover, the dam has had a profound impact on China's economic development. It has significantly enhanced transportation capabilities along the Yangtze River, facilitating the movement of goods and boosting trade. The abundant electricity generated has powered numerous industries, contributing to the rapid growth of the economy.In conclusion, the Three Gorges Dam is not only a symbol of China's engineering prowess but also a source of inspiration and reference for the international community in the field of water conservancy and infrastructure development.。
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长江保护与显增加，崩塌滑坡隐患处达4000多处 三峡水库建成后，有可能诱发构造性和非构造性地震。翁 立达指出，对三峡水库而言，危害最大的是构造型地震， 在第二库段仙女山断裂、九畹溪断裂、建始断裂北延和秭 归盆地西缘一些小断层的交会部位，有可能诱发水库地震。
三峡工程
Three Gorge Project
长江三峡水利枢纽工程，简称三峡工 程或三峡大坝，是中国长江上游段建 设的大型水利工程项目。 分布在重庆市到湖北省宜昌市的长江 干流上，大坝位于三峡西陵峡内的宜 昌市夷陵区三斗坪，并和其下游不远 的葛洲坝水电站形成梯级调度电站。 它是世界上规模最大的水电站，是中 国也是世界上有史以来建设的最大的 水坝。
2009年9月的三峡大坝
三峡工程施工场面
兴建中的三期工程
三峡电厂
三峡水轮机额定出力710MW，转轮直径10m。三峡左岸 电站全部14台机组均已在2003年至2005年投产，总装机 容量达到了980万千瓦。而三峡右岸电站全部12台机组已 在2007年至2008年 投产，总装机容量达到了840万千瓦。 三峡电站总装机容量已在2008年10月29日完成最后一台 机组（右岸15号）安装后，达到了1851万千瓦。
Read more: China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire - TIME /time/world/article/0,8599,1671000,00.html#ixz z2jV3YwO3A
长江上游纵向剖面
水质污染
2003年三峡库区蓄水至于135米之后，监测结果显示，12 条长江一级支流，在回水区不同程度地出现“水华”现象。 其原因是，三峡蓄水后，回水区水流减缓，严重的只有 1.2厘米/秒，几乎不再流动，引起扩散能力减弱，使库周 围近岸水域及库湾水体纳污能力下降。
2004年1月30日中国科学院、工程院两院院士清华大学水 利系教授张光斗曾表示三峡工程不会倒，但因施工技术、 施工水平、管理水平不如外国，导致施工质量不好。
2005年1月，国家环境保护总局公布了三十个未办理环 保手续就违规开工的工程项目名单，其中包括三峡电源 电站和三峡地下电站。三峡总公司一开始对此极力争辩， 并不顾环保总局的停工命令，继续施工，双方互不让步， 形成顶牛之势。后来在国家发展和改革委员会的调解下， 三峡总公司被迫认错停工，缴纳罚款。直到2005年4月， 在补办完所有手续后，方又重新开工。 三峡工程自开工以来，就一直有媒体报道其中存在部分 贪污腐败现象。到2004年末，查处的贪污资金已有4000 多万，大部分都是挪用或者侵占移民款。2007年6月29 日，中华人民共和国审计署公布了三峡工程审计结果， 因结算管理和合同管理不够严格增加建设成本4.88亿元。
三峡电站水轮机转轮
三峡水坝区域长江流量
三峡水坝年电力输出量
中国电力产量
负面事件
2003年三峡水库蓄水前，国务院三峡工程验收组在大坝 表面发现了80多条裂缝，此事经媒体披露后，引起社会 上对三峡工程质量的纷纷议论。但据验收组副组长潘家铮 解释，这些裂缝的确存在，但极为细微，最宽不超过0.2 毫米，对大坝安全几乎没有影响，而且这些裂缝的产生均 为技术问题，绝非质量问题，世界上其他一切水电站也都 存在这种裂缝。
实际上关于防洪能力的各种说法，并非完全按照递减顺序出现的。
例如，新华社曾在2006年5月15日发表新闻《三峡工程使长江中下 游防洪标准提高到“百年一遇”》，此说法比前面提到的千年一遇 标准说法，出现时间更早。
三峡新闻事件邮件截图
引用来源
由于三峡库区是我国地质灾害较为频繁的地区之一，随着 移民工程的建设及三峡水库水位的逐渐抬升，地质灾害的 活动会更加频繁。
长江重庆航道局巫山航道管理处在设置警示浮标
三峡大坝建成前后长江三斗坪段水域变化图
对景观与古迹的影响
长江三峡是中国著名的风景名胜区，它起自重庆奉节县白 帝城，蜿蜒约200公里至湖北宜昌南津关，由瞿塘峡、巫 峡和西陵峡组成，沿途地形险峻，山川秀丽，古迹众多。 在水库满蓄水后，三峡的峡谷感将会受到一定程度削弱， 但是三峡两岸山势原本高拔陡峭，“夔门天下雄”等山峦 多在1000米以上，因此视觉观感并不会差异太多。同时， 蓄水后，原先一些幽深的景区也将更加便于游人探访。不 过，由于旅游机构在1990年代广泛宣传了“告别三峡 游”，使得人们普遍认为蓄水后的三峡景致不再，因此自 2003年以来，三峡的旅游业便一落千丈。
长江三峡水利枢纽工程的位置
三峡大坝在长江的位置
三峡工程预测的静态总投资大约为900亿元（1993 年5月末价格），其中工程投资500亿元，移民安置
400亿元。预测动态总投资将可能达到2039亿元，
估计实际总投资约1800亿元左右。 建设资金主要来 自三峡工程建设基金及电费附加费。国务院1992年 规定，全国人民每使用1千瓦时电能便需附加上交 0.003元以投入三峡工程，此后这一数 字又被多次 调升，有的省份甚至达到0.0124元。1994年起，葛 洲坝水电站的利润也被直接转为三峡建设资金。
China's Three Gorges Dam Under Fire
"No one can guarantee the Three Gorges will be catastrophe-free," says Lei. But the chances are much greater that a catastrophe can be avoided "as long as the government is able to deal honestly with the situation."
蓄水后的瞿塘峡
三峡大坝防洪能力误读事件
三峡大坝防洪能力误读事件是指在2003年至2010年间，中国大陆媒 体报道再三降低三峡大坝的防洪能力，遭民众前后对比后，产生强 烈社会反响的事件。 根据被错误解读的历史新闻所撰写的评论，以及据此制成的邮件在 中国大陆地区公众之间流传较为广泛，甚至存在不同版本的但内容 类似的新闻网页截图。此事件显然对公众造成了一定的困扰，然而