2007应用语言学(初试)
语言学 考研真题
语言学考研真题和答案第一章语言学Fill in the blanks1. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _______it is associated with. （人大2007研）meaning 语言有任意性，其所指与形式没有逻辑或内在联系2. Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as _______. （北二外2003研）displacement 移位性指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点3. By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _______ level are composed of elements of the __________ level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. （北二外2006研）primary, secondary 双重性指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则4. The features that define our human languages can be called _______ features. （北二外2006）design人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
2007年中国传媒大学语言学及应用语言学试题+答案
中国传媒大学2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试语言学理论试题答题说明：答案一律写在答题纸上，不需抄题，标明题号即可，答在试题上无效。
一：论述题1、必答题（40分）就目前语言运用中新出现的现象尽你所知进行论述。
2.选答题（30分）A．就“被理解的意义”尽你所知进行论述。
B．就语言结构分析尽你所知进行论述。
二、分析题（30分，每小题10分）1、很多人对下面这道脑筋急转弯题想不出答案来，为什么？一位将军与一个小孩正在下棋，将军说男孩是亲生儿子，男孩也承认他们有血缘关系，但将军不是他的爸爸，请回答他们是什么关系？（正确答案：母子关系）。
2、判断下列句子中“和”的词性和句法功能，并说明判断所依据的理论和方法。
从大脑神经网络的研究来看，记忆至少和环路、突触和化学成分有关。
3、cctv-4 2005年3月21日报道伊拉克为题时说了这样一句话“美国赔了信誉又折兵”。
请从语言表达角度对这句话进行全面分析。
中国传媒大学2007年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试语言学理论试题（答案）一：论述题1.必答题（40分）就目前语言运用中新出现的现象尽你所知进行论述。
1.中式英语。
中式英语是指带有汉语的语音、词汇或语法特点的、不规范的英语翻译形式，比如不少餐厅、商场将“欢迎光临”译作：welcome you /welcome again，私家菜：private vegetables. 等有的英译是错的，需要改正，而有的不能说是错的但也不是地道的英语，因为汉语有自己固有的特点。
有人提出“中式英语”也是一种文化，应该予以保护。
至于“中式英语”的规范化问题，根据中介理论和层次理论，规范是有层次的，不规范也是有层次的，不同的层次有不同的要求，只要不是有明显的错误的中式英语，应该不能算是不规范的。
2.汉字问题：①恢复繁体字的争论。
近年来，两会上，多次出现恢复繁体字的呼声，一些学者如季羡林等认为繁体字承载了几千年来中华文明。
苏培成、任继愈等支持简体者认为汉字简化是实际需要造成的，是群众需要造成的恢复繁体字是不可能的。
2007年四川大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷及答案
2007年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案一、名词解释1 productivity(design feature of language)2 phatic function of language3 descriptive study of linguistics4 bilabial consonant5 minimal pairs6 morpheme7 inflection8 compound9 stem10 back-formation二、词汇题11 rational12 moral13 regular14 political15 effective16 human17 relevant18 legal19 proportionate20 resistible三、简答题21 How is the relation between sound and meaning classified?22 What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?四、分析题23 They are moving sidewalks.24 Tom said Marl would go yesterday.25 the synthetic buffalo hides26 the fat mayor's wife27 old man and women一、名词解释1 【正确答案】 By productivity,language is designed to make its users form and understand infinitesentences，most of which are never before produced or heard．【试题解析】本题考查语言的定义特点之一——多产性，答案从《语言学教程(第三版)》(胡壮麟主编)(以下简称《教程》)第7页可以找到，同时，考生也应掌握语言的任意性、二层性和移位性。
中国传媒大学历年年应用语言学考研试题(1)
2、孟尝君客我
3、范增数目项王
语音学（50分）
一、名词解释：韵母，音素，调值，辅音，音位
二、填空题
1、舌面前、高、圆唇元音
2、舌面后、半高、不圆唇兀音
3、舌面央、低、不圆唇元音
4、舌面前、半低、不圆唇元音
5、舌尖前、高、不圆唇元音
6、舌面央、中、不圆唇元音
7、普通话韵母按结构可以分为
二、解释下列带下划线的词语。
1、上与群臣论止盗，或请重法以禁之
2、吾生平知韩信为人，易 与尔。
3、寡助之至，亲戚畔之。
三、说明下列句子的句法特点
1、臣何力之有焉
2、臣恐见欺于王而负赵
四、指岀下列句中带下划线的词的词性及意义。
1、子非鱼，安知鱼之乐。
2、是可忍，孰不可忍。
3、孟子之平陆。
五、说明下列带下划线的词的活用用法。
B、构形语素
C、成词语素
D、词根语素
8、“奥林匹克运动会”这个词包含的语素数量是
A、2B、3C、4D、7
9、世界上最早的表音文字是什么？
10、下列语句中符合变换要求的平行句式是
A、小张卖了十斤米一一小张卖了五公斤米
B、小张卖了十斤米——小李把十斤米卖了
C、十斤米被小张卖了一一小张把十斤米卖了
D、小张卖了五公斤米一一小张把十斤菜卖了
一、名词解释：音位、发音方法、部件、语义场、形声造字法
二、填空（其他几个非常基础，没记）
2.舌尖中、送气、清、塞擦音 （）5．汉字结构方式（）（）（）（）
6.汉语的语素义包含（）（）两部分
三、分析
1.辨析异同
（1）雪崩——雪白 （2）可笑——搞笑 （3）合并——合格 （4）笔友——笔误
英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1【精选文档】
1。
3考研真题与典型题详解I。
Fill in the blanks. 1。
The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. （北二外2006研）2。
Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4。
In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences b ased on limited rules。
This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______。
6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe.7。
One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8。
The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______。
研究生入学考试试题
>中国人民大学2000年研究生入学考试试题之三十七> 招生专业：语言学与应用语言学，汉语言文字学> 考试科目：语言学概论> 试题> 一、解释概念(每题3分，共15分)> 共振峰互补分布内部屈折> 组合关系粘着语> 二、简答题(每题5分，共15分)> l、简述语法意义和词汇意义的联系和区别?> 2、一种方言成为基础方言应具备哪些条件?> 3、什么是语言的规范化?三、论述题(70分)> 1、为什么说语言是人类特有的交际工具? (10分)> 2、语言的接触对语言的发展会产生怎样的影响? (15分)> 3、我国境内的语言分属哪几个语系?汉藏语系语言的主要特点是什么? (15分) > 4、音位的系统性表现在哪些方面?请以普通话为例说明．(15分)> 5、什么是语法范畴?汉语有没有语法范畴，请谈谈您的看法，并说明理由．(15分) 中国人民大学2001年研究生入考试试题之二十六> 招生专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学> 考试科目：语言学概论> 试题> 一、解释概念(每题3分，共有15分)> 1、非音质音位 2、单纯词 3、洋泾浜语4、人称 5、书面语> 二、简答题(每题5分，共20分)> 1、简述语言与言语的联系和区别。
> 2、汉语在吸收外来语汇成分方面具有哪些特点?> 3、什么是语法规则?> 4、简述文字的发展阶段。
> 三、分析判断题；(每题5分，共20分) > 判断下列说法的正误，并说明理由。
> 1、英语／P／音位和汉语普通话／P ／音位不是对等的．> 2、词义和要领有密不可分的联系，不表现概念的词义是没有的。
> 3、语言符号具有任意性的特点，但复合符号的组合不是任意的。
> 4、根据“词是造句的时候能够独立运用的最小语法单位”这一定义，判断下面对词的切分哪个正确。
温州大学语言学概论2007--2018,2020年考研专业课真题
2020年硕士研究生招生考试试题
科目代码及名称:615 语言学概论适用专业：汉语言文字学/语言学及应用
（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）
一、判断题。
（每题1分，共10分）
1、一种语言中句子的数目是无限的。
（）
2、语言具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性。
（）
3、声调由音强和音高决定。
（）
4、“花”由“花朵”的“花”引申为“花架子”的“花”是换喻。
（）
5、同一聚合群中的音位往往有相同的组合关系。
（）
6、词缀按其功能可以分为派生词缀和附加词缀。
（）
7、汉语是没有形态的孤立语。
（）
8、渐变性和平衡性是语言演变的两大特点。
（）
9、汉语和藏语、越南语同属于汉藏语系语言。
（）
10、茉莉、葡萄、荔枝、柠檬、玫瑰都是借词。
（）
二、名词解释。
（每题4分，共16分）
1、音位
2、语素
3、共同语
4、语言联盟
三、应用题。
（每题24分，共48分）
1、用国际音标给下面一段文字注音。
语言替换的过程大体上是先出现双语或多语现象，然后是几种语言中的优势语言逐渐排挤、替代其他语言而完成语言的替换。
这是一个漫长的过程，不是在几年中就能得出结果的一次性行为。
2、分析现代汉语a音位的变体以及出现的语音条件。
四、论述题。
（每题38分，共76分）
1、试论语音演变的规律性及其所具有的特点。
2、试论词义演变的方式与途径。
第1页，共1页。
北京外国语大学2007年语言学考研真题
北京外国语大学2007年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学和应用语言学1．Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said“哎，几点了？”and the second said“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您带表了吗？”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (25 points)2．Explain this statement and give at least two examples of it :“In studying other cultures , we do so from the perspective of our own culture.”(25points)3. (1) Give an account of what you know about the English present perfect tense. (20points)(2) If you are to teach a group of junior middle school students the present perfect tense in 45 minutes , how are you going to plan your class? （20points）4. A teacher drilled his/her students in the structure called indirect questions:Do you know where my book is?Do you know what time it is?Did he tell you what time it is?As a direct result of the drills, all the students were able to produce the structure correctly in calss, a student came up to the teacher and asked, “Do you know where is Mrs.Smith?”, which shows that only minutes after the class the student used the structure incorrectly in spontaneous speech . What do you think is the reason for this misuse? Was the lesson a waste of time? Why or why not? (30points)5.(1) what do you think are the differences between a good language learner and a poor language learner? (15points)(2) If we know what strategies good language learners use, does it follow that teaching so-called poor language learners to use those strategies will result in their successful language learning? Why or why not? (15points)参考答案1.As to the 1st one , an immediate assumption coming to our mind would be the person isasking for the time . The assumption that the hearer gets arises out of the conventional meaning of the expression. The conventional meaning is related to the existing knowledge of the world , and is the meaning that is achieved by the conventions , and is generally accepted by the society.It can be accessed to when we turn to the knowledge towards the world that we have . The expression “几点了”is such an conventional meaning that when it is spoken out , everyone will unexceptionally accept it as a way of asking for the time.As to the explanation of the 2nd one ,Levinson’s M-principle could come into use. Considering the context , which is in the bus stop , what it expresses is no longer a conventional one , but rather a conversational implicature. According to M-principle , the speaker normally will not use a prolix , obscure or marked expression without reason ; on the hearer’s side , if the speaker used aprolix or marked expression , he did not mean the same as he would have had when he used the unmarked expression. That is to say , in the normal situation , in the bus stop as the example above has shown , the intention of that the speaker asks others whether they wear the watch or not is not merely to care about the recipient has a watch or not , but has some other reason , because it would be bizarre to ask a stranger in the bus stop about such a personal staff. Therefore ,the hearer has to assume that the expression is related to the situation , and this expression is not what it literally mean. Following this , the hearer reaches a connection between the bus stop and the watch , that is the time. As s consequence , he knows what the speaker intends is the inquiring of the time.2. Culture is a semiotic meaning system in which symbols function to communicate meaning from one mind to another. It is related to language in such a way that language is a part of culture and a part of human behavior , and also the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Therefore , without language , culture would not be possible . Consequently , when studying a culture , we often rely on the language . Therefore , we may use our own language to describe the target culture , which may be the one interpretation of the statement “In studying other cultures , we do so from the perspective of our own culture .”What’s more , when studying other cultures , we will definitely come across the differences between the target culture and our own culture. We will subconsciously compare the two different cultures . Seeing from the perspective of our own culture ,we find how the target culture is different from our own culture, and this makes the target culture more distinctive from our own .3. (1) The English present perfect tense is to express the idea that although an action or state happened (or started to happen ) in the past , it has some connection with the present . It may be that the ( present ) result of the action is more important than the action itself . Alternatively , we may be inferring that the action is important , but the time when it occurred is not .(2) I may probably choose the top-down approach to lead the students to the recognition of this tense .First , I will list out a group of sentences that are all in the present perfect tense , and make the students generalize the general feature in the form of those sentences , and figure out the basic construction of the present perfect tense , that is “have + V-en ”.Second , to make the students clear about the conditions in which the present perfect tense can use , I would turn to pictures to explain the sentences listed out in the 1st step ; therefore , the students can find out the use of this tense in a more visual way .Third , considering the possibility that the students may mix up the present perfect tense with the past tense , I would help students figure out their differences . In this step , pairs of sentences with present perfect tense and past simple tense respectively would be listed out , and accompanying them would be the time axis , which could distinguish the different referring of the two different tenses . The students would found out the differences themselves with the help of the time axis .Forth , I would create a situation for the students to practice : two friends who haven’t seen each other for a long time and just met each other . I would encourage the students to make up a dialogue based on such a situation , trying to use the present perfect tense in the places where they think it is appropriate to use it . After students show their dialogue to the class , the class would be asked to decide whether the use of that tense is appropriate according to what they expressed .4. The misuse shows a separation of the abstract grammatical rules from the everyday use of language . The core of the teaching method above could be said as the habit formation throughrepetition . This method seems to concerns only the formation and performance of habits but not problem-solving . As a result , the students may only know the form ,but not know when and where this form is used , which is essential to the actual use of language . This type of teaching reveals the defect of the traditional grammar teaching , that is,it concentrates only on the grammatical forms and the meaning of individual words , whereas the meaning of the whole sentence is thought to be self-evident . Therefore , in conscious training , students may be able to use a grammatical structure correctly , while in the spontaneous and subconscious speech , they may fail to still take the structure into consideration . In other words ,they may not know how to use that specific form or expression in a daily communication .The fact that this teaching method is not perfect does not mean that there is no need to teach the grammar . Therefore , it would be inappropriate to label such a lesson as a waste of time . It is true that the students should be taught how to produce appropriate utterances given a communicative situation ; yet , they have to know the correct form first , which is greatly related to grammar . It is generally agreed grammar has its due value in language learning .What’s more , there can be some improvements to this lesson . It would be appreciated to add the communicative oriented tasks in it , which will make the students understand more clearly the situations the pattern is supposed to used in , and also help the students apply them to the spontaneous communication .5. (1) The difference between the good language learners and the poor language learners significantly lies in the difference of learning strategies.The good language learners are able to use their strategies effectively . They could actively involve themselves in the language learning process by identifying and seeking preferred learning environments and exploring them . They could also develop an awareness of language as a system , and as a means of communication and interaction . What’s more , they could realize initially or with time that they must cope with the affective demands made upon them by language learning and succeed in doing so , and then monitor the performance in the target language . Whereas , the poor language learners are often unable to use the strategies appropriately .(2) It would be wrong to assume that the strategies good language learners use will result in success for the poor language learners if they follow those strategies , because language learning has individual differences . For example , everyone has his own learning style . There are generally three types of learning style , namely , visual , auditory , and tactile . We could assume that the good language learner is a more visual learner , which means he learns faster and better from visual displays including : diagrams , illustrated text books , overhead transparencies , videos , flipcharts and handouts . However , the contrasting poor learner is of every possibility more an auditory learner than a visual one , which means they can learn their best through verbal lectures , discussions , talking things through and listening to what others have to say , and written information may have little meaning until it is heard . Therefore , the strategies the good language learner uses will be more visual than auditory , which is obviously not applicable to the poor language learner . Thus , the individual differences should be taken into consideration in following other s’ learning strategies .。
(完整版)英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1
1.3考研真题与典型题详解I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研)2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研)3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication.4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______.6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe.7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing.8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研)9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研)10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研)11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研)12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研)13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society.14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研)15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguisticlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研)16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study.17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Cho msky’s______.18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking，listening，writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors.19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研)20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研)II. Multiple Choice1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Duality2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness:5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation.C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.7.Which of the following is a main branch of linguistics? (大连外国语学院2008研)A. MacrolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. Sociolinguistics8. ______ refers to the system of a language, i. e. the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge of. (西安外国语学院2006研)A. LangueB. CompetenceC. Communicative competenceD. Linguistic potential9.The study of language at one point in time is a _______ study. (北二外2010研)A. historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic10. “An refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. ” This shows that language has the design feature of _ ____.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement11. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree Centigrade” is .A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative 12.Saussure is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Langue B. Competence C. EticIII. True or False1. Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. (清华2000研)2. Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations.3. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language4. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.5. The features that define our human languages can be called DESIGN FEATURES. (大连外国语学院2008研)6. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language.7. Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints.8. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.9. In language classrooms nowadays the grammar taught to students is basically descriptive, and more attention is paid to the developing learners’ communicative skills.10. Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.11. Saussure’s exposition of synchronic analysis led to the school of historical linguistics.12. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.13. Wherever humans exist, language exists. (对外经贸2006研)14. Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.15. Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.16. Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language. IV. Explain the following terms.1.Duality (北二外2010研；南开大学2010研)2.Design featurespetence4.Displacement (南开大学2010研；清华2001研)5.Diachronic linguistics6. Descriptive linguistics7.Arbitrariness(四川大学2006研)V. Short answer questions1. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two. (北外2002研)参考答案及解析I.Fill in the blanks.1.Design (人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics （应用语言学年鉴）(2007)5. Technology and Second Language AcquisitionCarol A. ChapelleEmail: carolc@（美国爱荷华州立大学TESL和应用语言学专业的教授，研究领域主要是计算机技术与应用语言学的交互作用。
）文章：科技与二语习得摘要：光碟、网页和网络交流软件等电脑技术的应用，为学习者的语言学习提供了新颖多样的互动任务选择。
计算机技术的发展为学习者的语言学习体验带来了巨大变化。
学习者可以通过多种方式接触到目标语。
因此，任何解释如何通过接触目的语促进语言习得的方法，都值得研究者们重新考虑。
鉴于所有的理论都与语言输入或语言环境有关，所以科技也应纳入考虑范围。
本文研究了信息，交流科技和二语习得的内在联系。
文中，作者首先阐述以科技为基础设计的学习任务可以通过拓展研究者设计的学习任务的特点，为二语学习者提供语言学习环境；其次指出研究任务在收集反应语言学习者表现和认知过程数据发挥的作用；最后概要讲述了二语习得教学和研究对计算机辅助学习的影响。
关键词：二语习得（Second Language Acquisition, 缩写为SLA）计算机科技（Computer Assisted Language Learning, 缩写为CALL）计算机辅助二语学习研究（Computer-assisted Second Language Research,缩写为CASLR）人机互动交流（human-computer interactions）电脑媒介交流（Computer-mediated Communication, 缩写为CMC）综述：文章第一部分讨论了电脑辅助二语研究再二语习得中的作用，二、三部分分别讨论了SLA与计算机辅助语言学习研究的关系。
第四部分指出了CALL研究的发展方向，结论部分重申了CALL研究的重要性及必要性。
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广东商学院硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试年度：2007年考试科目代码及名称：603-应用语言学试卷编号：A卷适用专业：（1）英语语言文学一、名词解释（6题，每题5分，共30分）1. Distinctive feature2. Morpheme3. Minimal free form4. Endocentric constructions5. Government6. Recursive rule二、填空（10题，每题2分，共20分）1. ( ) is the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive or denotative content.2. Members of a pair in ( ) are complementary to each field completely, such as male: female, present: absent.3. ( ) is a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values.4. ( ) is a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.5. ( ) refers to the reality of grammar, etc. as a purported account of structure represented in the mind of a speaker.6. ( ) is concerned primarily with investigating the psychologicalreality of linguistic structure.7. ( ) refers to a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules, conventions, etc. governing the skilled use of language in a society.8. ( ) is one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e. there is no limit to the structural diversity of languages.9. ( ) is one of the two things in sociolinguistics, in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.10. ( ) is a branch of linguistics, which studies the relationship between speaker s’ social status and phonological variations.三、回答问题（6题，每题5分，共30分）1.In the speech act theory, the philosopher Searle established a five-partclassification of speech acts. There are five sentences or situations below. Please use Searle’s theory to analyze which act each represents and define each act.(1)If you don’t stop fighting I’ll call the police.(2)(During the wedding ceremony the act of marriage is performedwhen the phrase I now pronounce you man and wife is uttered.)(3)Why don’t you close the window.(4)The meal was delicious.(5)This is a German car.2.The utterances in the following exchange seem not to be connectedwith each other, but actually they are. Use Grice’s pragmatic theory to illustrate how they are closely related.A: Let’s go to the movie.B: I have an examination in the morning.3.Explain what is Discourse Analysis and what it deals with.4.Explain “developmental functions of language”.5.Describe Relevance theory.6.Explain Cohort theory.四、判断说明（10题，每题2分，共20分）1.Basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate construction andconnective construction belong to endocentric construction. True or false?2.Coordinate construction refers to two or more words or phrases orclauses having equivalent syntactic status. Each of the separate constituents cannot stand for the original construction in terms offunction. True or false?3.In English, government applies only to pronouns among the variablewords, that is, prepositions and verbs govern particular forms of the paradigms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them.True or false?4.Explain the sense relationship between the following pairs ofsentences.(1)A: The boy killed the dog. B: The dog was killed by the boy.(2)A: John is married to Marry. B: John is a bachelor.5.From the fact that two items have the same reference, but differ insense (e.g. the morning star vs. the evening star) and items may be synonymous, even if they have no reference (e.g. pretty vs.handsome), what difference you may find between sense and reference.e Componential Analysis to define the meaning of the followinglexical element: Mare Mane the semantic analysis principle to analyze the predicators in thefollowing sentences.(1)Peter has many toys. (2)Mother gives Peter many toys.8.There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing:loanwords, loan blend, loan shift, loan translation. Each of these borrowing processes can be represented by the following examples, tea for loan blend, Chinatown for loanword, artificial satellite for loan shift, Almighty for loan translation. True or false?9.From the following exchange between a black mother and her son,what interrelation you may find between language and society?Mother: Give your brother some of these cookies.Son (9 year-old): I ain’t got no mo.Mother: For goodness sakes, can’t you do any better than that?Son: I don’t have any more.10.Difficulties in speech act theory lie in the fact that an utterance doesnot perform just one act, but two or three acts. It is not always easy to decide what act or acts an utterance performs. True or false?五、论述题（2题，每题25分，共50分）1.What contribution did Saussure make to modern linguistics?2.What is special about Systemic-functional linguistics?。